1981

Torsten N. Wiesel

(Sweden)

1924-present

Contribution:

Information

processing

in the visual system.

1982

Sune K. Bergström

1916-2004

(Sweden)

Bengt I. Samuelsson

1934-present

(Sweden)

Sir John R. Vane

1927-2004

(United Kingdom)

Contribution:

Prostaglandins and

related

biologically active

substances.

1983

Barbara McClintock

1902-1992

(United States)

Contribution:

Mobile genetic

elements.

1984

Niels K. Jerne

1911-1994

(Denmark)

Georges J.F. Köhler

1946-1995

(Federal Republic of

Germany)

César Milstein

1927-2002

(Argentina, United

Kingdom)

Contribution:

Specificity in

development and

control of the immune

system.

1985

Michael S. Brown

1941-present

(United States)

Joseph L. Goldstein

1940-present

(United States)

Contribution:

Regulation of

cholesterol

metabolism.

1986

Stanley Cohen

1922-present

(United States)

Rita Levi-Montalcini

1909-2012

(Italy,

United States)

Contribution:

Growth factors.

1987

Susumu Tonegawa

1939-present

(Japan)

Contribution:

Genetic

principle for

generation of

antibody diversity.

1988

James Black

1924-2010

(United Kingdom)

Gertrude B. Elion

1918-1999

(United States)

George H. Hitchings

1905-1998

(United States)

Contribution:

Important

principles for drug

treatment.

1989

J. Michael Bishop

1936-present

(United States)

Harold E. Varmus

1939-present

(United States)

Contribution:

Cellular

origin of retroviral

oncogenes.

1990

Joseph E. Murray

1919-2012

(United States)

E. Donnall Thomas

1920-2012

(United States)

Contribution:

Organ and cell

transplantation in the

treatment of human

disease.

1991

Erwin Neher

1944-present

(Federal Republic of

Germany)

Bert Sakmann

1942-present

(Federal Republic of

Germany)

Contribution:

Function of single ion

channels in cells.

1992

Edmond H. Fischer

1920-present

(Switzerland,

United States)

Edwin G. Krebs

1918-2009

(United States)

Contribution:

Reversible protein

phosphorylation

as a biological

regulatory mechanism.

1993

Sir Richard J. Roberts

1943-present

(United Kingdom)

Phillip A. Sharp

1944-present

(United States)

Contribution:

Split genes.

1994

Martin Rodbell

1925-1998

(United States)

Contribution:

G-proteins

and the role of these

proteins

in signal transduction

in cells.

1995

Edward B. Lewis

1918-2004

(United States)

Christiane Nüsslein-

Volhard

1942-present

(Federal Republic of

Germany)

Eric F. Wieschaus

1947-present

(United States)

Contribution:

Genetic control of

early embryonic

development.

1996

Peter C. Doherty

1940-present

(Australia)

Rolf M. Zinkernagel

1944-present

(Switzerland)

Contribution:

Specificity of the cell

mediated

immune defence.

1997

Stanley B. Prusiner

1942-present

(United States)

Contribution:

Prions - a new

biological

principle of infection.

1998

Robert F. Furchgott

1916-2009

(United States)

Louis J. Ignarro

1941-present

(United States)

Ferid Murad

1936-present

(United States)

Contribution:

Nitric oxide as a

signalling molecule

in the cardiovascular

system.

1999

Günter Blobel

1936-present

(United States)

Contribution:

Proteins have

intrinsic signals that

govern their

transport and

localization in the cell.

2000

Arvid Carlsson

1923-present

(Sweden)

Paul Greengard

1925-present

(United States)

Eric R. Kandel

1929-present

(United States)

Contribution:

Signal

transduction in the

nervous system.

2001

Leland H. Hartwell

1939-present

(United States)

Sir Tim Hunt

1943-present

(United Kingdom)

Sir Paul M. Nurse

1949-present

(United Kingdom)

Contribution:

Key

regulators of the cell

cycle.

2002

Sydney Brenner

1927-present

(South Africa)

H. Robert Horvitz

1947-present

(United States)

Sir John E. Sulston

1942-present

(United Kingdom)

Contribution:

Genetic regulation of

organ development

and programmed cell

death.

2003

Paul Lauterbur

1929-2007

(United States)

Sir Peter Mansfield

1933-present

(United Kingdom)

Contribution:

Magnetic resonance

imaging.

2004

Richard Axel

1946-present

(United States)

Linda B. Buck

1947-present

(United States)

Contribution:

Odorant

receptors and the

organization of

the olfactory system.

2005

Barry J. Marshall

1951-present

(Australia)

Robin Warren

1937-present

(Australia)

Contribution:

Bacterium

Helicobacter pylori

and its in gastritis

and peptic ulcer

disease.

2006

Andrew Z. Fire

1959-present

(United States)

Craig C. Mello

1960-present

(United States)

Contribution:

RNA

interference - gene

silencing

by double-stranded

RNA.

2007

Mario R. Capecchi

1937-present

(United States)

Sir Martin J. Evans

1941-present

(United Kingdom)

Oliver Smithies

1925-present

(United States)

Contribution:

Principles for

introducing specific

gene modifications

in mice by the use of

embryonic stem cells.

2008

Harald zur Hausen

1936-present

(Germany)

Françoise Barré-Sinoussi

1947-present

(France)

Luc Montagnier

1932-present

(France)

Contribution:

Human

immunodeficiency

virus.

2009

Elizabeth H. Blackburn

1948-present

(United States,

Australia)

Carol W. Greider

1961-present

(United States)

Jack W. Szostak

1952-present

(United States;

Poland)

Contribution:

How

chromosomes are

protected by telomeres

and the enzyme

telomerase.

2010

Sir Robert G. Edwards

1925-2013

(United Kingdom)

Contribution:

For the development of

in vitro fertilization.

2011

Bruce A. Beutler

1957-present

(United States)

Jules A. Hoffmann

1941-present

(France)

Ralph M. Steinman

1943-2011

(Canada,

United States)

Contribution:

Activation of innate

immunity.

2012

Sir John B. Gurdon

1933-present

(United Kingdom)

Shinya Yamanaka

1962-present

(Japan)

Contribution:

Mature

cells can be

reprogrammed

to become pluripotent.

2013

James E. Rothman

1950-present

(United States)

Randy W. Schekman

1948-present

(United States)

Thomas C. Südhof

1955-present

(United States)

Contribution:

Machinery

regulating vesicle

traffic, a

major transport

system in our cells .

Prepared by

C – Group

Roll : 11/109

17th batch

Chittagong veterinary and

animal sciences university