jewish nobel laureates (wikipedia)

8/10/2019 Jewish Nobel Laureates (Wikipedia)

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2/10/2014 List of Jewish Nobel laureates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates 1/41

Sign on Nobel Laureates Boulevard inRishon LeZion saluting Jewish NobelLaureates.

List of Jewish Nobel laureatesrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

he Nobel Prize is an annual, international prize first awarded in 1901 forachievements in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature,and Peace. An associated prize in Economics has been awarded since

1969.[1]Nobel Prizes have been awarded to over 850 individuals,[2]ofhom at least 20% were Jews or of Jewish descent, although Jews

comprise less than 0.2% of the world's population,[3](or 1 in every 500eople). Overall, Jews have won a total of 41% of all the Nobel Prizes in

economics, 28% of medicine, 26% of Physics, 19% of Chemistry, 13%

of Literature and 9% of all peace awards.[4]

ews havebeen recipients of all six awards. The first Jewish recipient,dolf von Baeyer, was awarded the prize in Chemistry in 1905. As of013, the most recent Jewish recipients were James Rothman and Randy

Schekman (Medicine); Arieh Warshel, Michael Levitt and Martin Karplus (Chemistry); and Franois Englert(Physics), all in 2013. Jewish laureates Elie Wiesel and Imre Kertsz survived the extermination camps during the

olocaust,[5]while Franois Englert survived by being hidden in orphanages and children's homes.[6]Others, suchas Walter Kohn, Otto Stern, Albert Einstein, Hans Krebs and Martin Karplus had to flee Nazi Germany to avoid

ersecution.[7][8][9]Still others, including Rita Levi-Montalcini, Herbert Hauptman, Robert Furchgott, Arthur

ornberg, and Jerome Karle experienced significant antisemitism in their careers.[8][10]

he oldest person ever to receive a Nobel Prize was Leonid Hurwicz, a Polish-American Jew who received the

007prize inEconomics when he was 90 years old.[11]

Contents

1 Literature

2 Chemistry

3 Physiology or Medicine

4Physics

5 Peace

6 Economics

7 Forced to decline prize

8 Nobel Laureates Boulevard

9 See also

10 References

11 Further reading

12 External links

Literature
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwiczhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocausthttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyerhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prizehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwiczhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Kornberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Furchgotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Hauptmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcinihttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germanyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Einsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Sternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kohnhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englerthttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Holocausthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extermination_camphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9szhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Levitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arieh_Warshelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Schekmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Rothmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyerhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewshttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Scienceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prizehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishon_LeZionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_9696_jewish_laureates_promenade_in_rishon_lezion.jpg


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Year Laureate Country Rationale

1910Paul

Heyse[12][13][14]Germany

"as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism,which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as alyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short

stories"[15]

1927Henri

Bergson[13][14]France

"in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brilliant skill

with which they have been presented"[16]

1958Boris

Pasternak[13][14]SovietUnion

"for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical

poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition"[17]

1966

Shmuel Yosef

Agnon[13][14]Israel

"for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from

the life of the Jewish people"[18]

Nelly

Sachs[13][14]Germany

"for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets

Israel's destiny with touching strength"[18]

1976Saul

Bellow[13][14]UnitedStates

"for the human understanding and subtle analysis of

contemporary culture that are combined in his work"[19]

1978Isaac Bashevis

Singer[13][14]UnitedStates

"for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to

life"[20]

1981 EliasCanetti[13][14]

UnitedKingdom

"for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas andartistic power"[21]

1987Joseph

Brodsky[13][14]UnitedStates

"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought

and poetic intensity"[22]

1991 Nadine

Gordimer[13][14]SouthAfrica

"who through her magnificent epic writing has in the words of

Alfred Nobel been of very great benefit to humanity"[23]
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadine_Gordimerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nadine_Gordimer_01.JPGhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Brodskyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Brodsky_1988.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Canettihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elias_Canetti_2.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isaac_Bashevis_Singerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isaac_Bashevis_Singer_crop.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Bellowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saul_Bellow,_1990.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly_Sachshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nelly_Sachs_1966.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shmuel_Yosef_Agnonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agnon.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Pasternakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boris_Pasternak_cropped.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Bergsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bergson-Nobel-photo.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Heysehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adolf_Friedrich_Erdmann_von_Menzel_042.jpg


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2002Imre

Kertsz[13][24][25]Hungary

"for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual

against the barbaric arbitrariness of history"[26]

2004Elfriede

Jelinek[27]Austria

"for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels andplays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of

society's clichs and their subjugating power"[28]

2005Harold

Pinter[13][29]UnitedKingdom

"who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle

and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms"[30]

Chemistry


1905 Adolf von Baeyer[14][31][32][33][34] Germany"[for] the advancement of organic chemistryand the chemical industry, through his work onorganic dyes and hydroaromatic

compounds"[35]

1906 Henri Moissan[14][31][32][33][34][36] France

"[for his] investigation and isolation of theelement fluorine, and for [the] electric furnace

called after him"[37]

1910 Otto Wallach[14][31][32][33][34] Germany"[for] his services to organic chemistry and thechemical industry by his pioneer work in the

field of alicyclic compounds"[38]

1915 Richard Willsttter[14][31][32][33][34] Germany"for his researches on plant pigments,

especially chlorophyll"[39]

1918 Fritz Haber[14][31][32][33][34][40] Germany"for the synthesis of ammonia from its

elements"[41]

1943 George de Hevesy[14][31][32][33][34] Hungary"for his work on the use of isotopes as tracers

in the study of chemical processes"[42]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioactive_tracerhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_de_Hevesyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_de_Hevesy.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haber_processhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Haberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fritz_Haber.pnghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyllhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Willst%C3%A4tterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Willst%C3%A4tter.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicyclic_compoundhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Wallachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Voit_168_Otto_Wallach.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_arc_furnacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorinehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Moissanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henri_Moissan.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_dyehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_von_Baeyerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adolf_von_Baeyer_(1905).jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Pinterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harold-pinter-atp.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinekhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elfriede_jelinek_2004_small.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Kert%C3%A9szhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Imre_Kert%C3%A9sz_(1929-)_Hungarian_writer_II._by_Csaba_Segesv%C3%A1ri.JPG


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1961 Melvin Calvin[14][31][32][33][34]UnitedStates

"for his research on the carbon dioxide

assimilation in plants"[43]

1962 Max Perutz[14][31][32][33][34][44] UnitedKingdom"for their studies of the structures of globular

proteins"[45]

1972

Christian B. Anfinsen[31][34][46]UnitedStates

"for his work on ribonuclease, especiallyconcerning the connection between the aminoacid sequence and the biologically active

conformation"[47]

William Howard Stein[14][31][32][34] UnitedStates

"for their contribution to the understanding of

the connection between chemical structure andcatalytic activity of the active centre of the

ribonuclease molecule"[47]

1977 Ilya Prigogine[14][31][32][34][48] Belgium"for his contributions to non-equilibriumthermodynamics, particularly the theory of

dissipative structures"[49]

1979 Herbert C. Brown[14][31][32][34][50]UnitedStates

"for their development of the use of boron-and phosphorus-containing compounds,respectively, into important reagents in organic

synthesis"[51]

1980

Paul Berg[14][31][32][34][52]UnitedStates

"for his fundamental studies of the biochemistryof nucleic acids, with particular regard to

recombinant-DNA"[53]

Walter Gilbert[14][31][32][34]United

States

"for their contributions concerning thedetermination of base sequences in nucleic

acids"[53]

1981 Roald Hoffmann[14][31][32][34]UnitedStates

"for their theories, developed independently,concerning the course of chemical

reactions"[54]

1982 Aaron Klug[14][31][32][34]UnitedKingdom

"for his development of crystallographicelectron microscopy and his structuralelucidation of biologically important nucleic

acid-protein complexes"[55]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron_crystallographyhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Klughttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aaron_Klug_1979.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodward%E2%80%93Hoffmann_ruleshttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald_Hoffmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roald_Hoffmann.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_sequencinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_termination_methodhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gilberthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WalterGilbert2.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recombinant_DNAhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Berghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Berg_in_1980.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittig_reactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organoborane#Synthesishttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_C._Brownhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissipative_structures#Overviewhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Prigoginehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Howard_Steinhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleasehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_B._Anfinsenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Christian_B._Anfinsen,_NIH_portrait,_1969.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myoglobinhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Perutzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Perutz.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_cyclehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Calvinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Melvin_Calvin.jpg


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1985

Jerome

Karle[10][14][31][32][34][56][57]UnitedStates

"for their outstanding achievements indeveloping direct methods for the

determination of crystal structures"[58]Herbert A.

Hauptman[8][14][31][32][34][59][60][61]UnitedStates

1989 Sidney Altman[14][31][32][34]CanadaUnitedStates

"for their discovery of catalytic properties of

RNA"[62]

1992 Rudolph A. Marcus[14][31][32][34]UnitedStates

"for his contributions to the theory of electron

transfer reactions in chemical systems"[63]

1994 George Andrew Olah[12][31][34] Hungary"for his contribution to carbocation

chemistry"[64]

1996 Harry Kroto[34][65] England "for the discovery of fullerenes"[66]

1998 Walter Kohn[7][8][14][31][34][67] United

States

"for his development of the density-functional

theory"[68]

2000 Alan J. Heeger[14][31][32][34][69]UnitedStates

"for the discovery and development of

conductive polymers"[70]

Aaron Ciechanover[34][71][72] Israel

"for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubiquitin#Identificationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Ciechanoverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Ciehanover.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductive_polymerhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_J._Heegerhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Density_functional_theoryhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kohnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WalterKohnGraz21042006_1.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Krotohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Harold_Kroto_1c389_8471.sweden.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocationhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Andrew_Olahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ol%C3%A1h_Gy%C3%B6rgy_el%C5%91ad%C3%A1sa_8299.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_theoryhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Marcushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prof._Dr._Rudolph_A._Marcus.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribozymehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Altmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sidney_Altman_crop.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Hauptmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Hauptman_-_UB_2009.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptman-Karle_methodhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Karlehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jerome_Karle.jpg


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2004

Avram Hershko[34][71] Israel

protein degradation"[73]

Irwin Rose[34][74][75] United

States

2006 Roger D. Kornberg[71][76][77]UnitedStates

"for his studies of the molecular basis of

eukaryotic transcription"[78][79]

2008 Martin Chalfie[80]United

States

"for the discovery and development of the

green fluorescent protein, GFP".

[81]

2009 Ada Yonath[71] Israel"for studies of the structure and function of the

ribosome"[82]

2011 Dan Shechtman[83] Israel "for the discovery of quasicrystals"[84]

2012 Robert Lefkowitz[85]UnitedStates

"for studies of G-protein-coupled

receptors"[86]

2013

Arieh Warshel[9][87] Israel

"for the development of multiscale models for

complex chemical systems"[88]Michael Levitt[9][87]

UnitedStates,Britain,Israel[89][90]

Martin Karplus[9][87]

UnitedStates,

Austria[91]
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Karplushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_22_2013.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Levitthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Michael_Levitt.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arieh_Warshelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AW_TW_PS.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Lefkowitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lefkowitz3.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasicrystalshttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Shechtmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shechtman.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribosomehttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Yonathhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AdaYonath.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_fluorescent_proteinhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Chalfiehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Chalfie-press_conference_Dec_07th,_2008-4.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotic_transcriptionhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roger.Kornberg.JPGhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irwin_Rosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Rose.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avram_Hershkohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel2004chemistrylaurets-Hershko.jpg


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hysiology or Medicine


1908

lie

Metchnikoff[14][33][34][92]Russia

"in recognition of their work on immunity"[93]

Paul Ehrlich[14][33][34][92] Germany

1914 Robert Brny[14][33][34][92] Austria-Hungary

"for his work on the physiology and pathology ofthe vestibular apparatus"[94]

1922Otto Fritz

Meyerhof[14][33][34][92]Germany

"for his discovery of the fixed relationship betweenthe consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of

lactic acid in the muscle"[95]

1930Karl

Landsteiner[14][33][34][92]Austria "for his discovery of human blood groups"[96]

1931Otto Heinrich

Warburg[14][33][34]Germany

"for his discovery of the nature and mode of action

of the respiratory enzyme"[97]

1936 Otto Loewi[14][33][34][92] Austria"for their discoveries relating to chemical

transmission of nerve impulses"[98]

1944

JosephErlanger[14][33][34][92][99]

United "for their discoveries relating to the highly
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Erlangerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Erlanger_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Loewihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Loewi_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytochromehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Heinrich_Warburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Warburg.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_typehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Landsteinerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karl_Landsteiner_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lactic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Fritz_Meyerhofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Fritz_Meyerhof.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestibular_apparatushttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1nyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_Barany.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ehrlichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Ehrlich_4.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ilya_Mechnikov_nobel.jpg


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States differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"[100]

Herbert Spencer

Gasser[14][33][34]

1945Ernst Boris

Chain[14][33][34][92]UnitedKingdom

"for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect

in various infectious diseases"[101]

1946Hermann Joseph

Muller[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates

"for the discovery of the production of mutations by

means of X-ray irradiation"[102]

1947 Gerty Cori[34][92]UnitedStates

"for their discovery of the course of the catalytic

conversion of glycogen"[103]

1950Tadeusz

Reichstein[14][33][34][92]

Switzerland

/ Poland

"for their discoveries relating to the hormones of theadrenal cortex, their structure and biological

effects"[104]

1952Selman

Waksman[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates

"for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic

effective against tuberculosis"[105]

1953

Hans AdolfKrebs[8][14][33][34][92]

UnitedKingdom

"for his discovery of the citric acid cycle"[106]

Fritz Albert Lipmann[14][92]UnitedStates

"for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its

importance for intermediary metabolism"[106]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coenzyme_Ahttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Albert_Lipmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Fritz_Albert_Lipmann_(1899-1986),_Biochemist_(2551001689).jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citric_acid_cyclehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Adolf_Krebshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Adolf_Krebs.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuberculosishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibiotichttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptomycinhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selman_Waksmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Selman_Waksman_NYWTS.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrenal_cortexhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadeus_Reichsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thadeus_Reichstein_ETH-Bib_Portr_10137.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycogenhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerty_Corihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gerty_Theresa_Cori.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irradiationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-rayhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Mullerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hermann_Joseph_Muller.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penicillinhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Boris_Chainhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ernst_Boris_Chain_1945.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Gasserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Herbert_Spencer_Gasser_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nerve_fibre


9/23



1958Joshua

Lederberg[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates

"for his discoveries concerning geneticrecombination and the organization of the genetic

material of bacteria"[107]

1959

Arthur

Kornberg[10][14][33][34][92]

United

States

"for their discovery of the mechanisms in the

biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid anddeoxyribonucleic acid"[108]

1964Konrad Emil

Bloch[14][33][34][92][109]UnitedStates

"for their discoveries concerning the mechanism andregulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid

metabolism"[110]

1965

Franois Jacob[14][33][34][92]

France"for their discoveries concerning genetic control of

enzyme and virus synthesis"[111]

Andr Michel

Lwoff[14][33][34][92]

1967 George Wald[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates

"for their discoveries concerning the primaryphysiological and chemical visual processes in the

eye"[112]

1968Marshall Warren

Nirenberg[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates

"for their interpretation of the genetic code and its

function in protein synthesis"[113]

1969 Salvador Luria[14][33][34][92]UnitedStates,Italy

"for their discoveries concerning the replication

mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"[114]

1970Julius Axelrod[14][34][92]

UnitedStates

"for their discoveries concerning the humoraltransmittors in the nerve terminals and themechanism for their storage, release and

inactivation"[115]

Bernard Katz[14][33][34][92]UnitedKingdom

United "for their discoveries concerning the chemical
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Katzhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurotransmitterhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Axelrodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Axelrod01.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virushttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Luriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salvador_E._Luria_ca.1969.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_biosynthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_codehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Warren_Nirenberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MNirenberg.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Waldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Wald_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Michel_Lwoffhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andr%C3%A9_Lwoff_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provirushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacobhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Jacob_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatty_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Emil_Blochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Konrad_Bloch.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonucleic_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribonucleic_acidhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Kornberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arthur_Kornberg.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_recombinationhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Lederberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joshua_Lederberg.jpg


10/23



1972 Gerald Edelman[14][34][92] States structure of antibodies"[116]

1975

David Baltimore[14][34][92]UnitedStates "for their discoveries concerning the interaction

between tumor viruses and the genetic material of

the cell"[117]Howard Martin

Temin[14][34][92]

United

States

1976Baruch Samuel

Blumberg[14][34][92]UnitedStates

"for their discoveries concerning new mechanismsfor the origin and dissemination of infectious

diseases"[118]

1977

Andrew

Schally[34][92][119][120]

United

States

"for their discoveries concerning the peptide

hormone production of the brain"[121]

Rosalyn Sussman

Yalow[14][34][52][92]UnitedStates

"for the development of radioimmunoassays of

peptide hormones"[121]

1978 Daniel Nathans[14][34][92]UnitedStates

"for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their

application to problems of molecular genetics"[122]

1980 Baruj Benacerraf[14][34][92]United

States

"for their discoveries concerning genetically

determined structures on the cell surface thatregulate immunological reactions"[123]

1984 Csar Milstein[14][34][52][92] Argentina

"for theories concerning the specificity indevelopment and control of the immune system andthe discovery of the principle for production of

monoclonal antibodies"[124]

1985

Michael Stuart

Brown[14][34][92]UnitedStates

"for their discoveries concerning the regulation of

cholesterol metabolism"[125]

Joseph L.

Goldstein[14][34][92]UnitedStates

1986

Stanley Cohen[14][34][52][92] UnitedStates

"for their discoveries of growth factors"[126]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Growth_factorhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Cohen_(biochemist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stanley_Cohen-Biochemist.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_L._Goldsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joe_Goldstein.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholesterolhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stuart_Brownhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mike_Brown_2003.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monoclonal_antibodieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Milsteinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Milstein_lnp.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_histocompatibility_complexhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruj_Benacerrafhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_geneticshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restriction_enzymehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Nathanshttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radioimmunoassayhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rosalyn_Yalow.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide_hormonehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Schallyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schally_portrait.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infectious_diseasehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baruch_Samuel_Blumberghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baruch_Samuel_Blumberg_by_Tom_Trower_(NASA).jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Martin_Teminhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumor_virushttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Baltimorehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DavidBaltimore2008.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antibodieshttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Edelman


11/23



Rita Levi-

Montalcini[14][34][92][127]Italy

1988 Gertrude B. Elion[14][34][92] UnitedStates

"for their discoveries of important principles fordrug treatment"[128]

1989Harold E.

Varmus[14][34][52][92]UnitedStates

"for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral

oncogenes"[129]

1994

Alfred G. Gilman[14][34][92]

UnitedStates

"for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of

these proteins in signal transduction in cells"[130]Martin Rodbell[14][34][92]

1997Stanley B.

Prusiner[14][34][92]UnitedStates

"for his discovery of prions a new biological

principle of infection"[131]

1998Robert F.

Furchgott[8][34][92]UnitedStates

"for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a

signalling molecule in the cardiovascularsystem"[132]

2000

Paul Greengard[34][92]UnitedStates

"for their discoveries concerning signal transduction

in the nervous system"[133]

Eric Kandel[14][34][92]UnitedStates

2002

Sydney Brenner[34][92]UnitedKingdom "for their discoveries concerning 'genetic regulation

of organ development and programmed cell

death'"[134]H. Robert Horvitz[34][92]UnitedStates

2004Richard Axel[34][92][99][135] United

States

"for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the

organization of the olfactory system"[136]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olfactory_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odorant_receptorhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Axelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Axel.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Robert_Horvitzhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apoptosishttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Brennerhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Kandelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eric_Richard_Kandel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nervous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transductionhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Greengardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Greengard.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitric_oxidehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Furchgotthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drfurchgott.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusinerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prusiner_1.JPGhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Rodbellhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rodbell,_Martin_(1925-1998).jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signal_transductionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G-proteinhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_G._Gilmanhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oncogenehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrovirushttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_E._Varmushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Varmus,_Harold_Elliot_(1939).jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharmacologyhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nci-vol-8236-300_Gertrude_Elion.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcinihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rita_Levi_Montalcini.jpg


12/23


13/23



from them"[151]

1925

James Franck[14][32][146] Germany "for their discoveryof the lawsgoverning theimpact of anelectron upon an

atom"[152]Gustav Hertz[14][32][33]

Germany

1943 Otto Stern[14][32][146] United States

"for his contributionto the developmentof the molecular raymethod and hisdiscovery of themagnetic moment of

the proton"[153]

1944Isidor Isaac

Rabi[14][32][33][146]United States

"for his resonancemethod forrecording themagnetic propertiesof atomic

nuclei"[154]

1945 Wolfgang Pauli[14][146][155] Austria

"for the discovery ofthe ExclusionPrinciple, also calledthe Pauli

principle"[156]

1952 Felix Bloch[14][32][33][146] United States

"for theirdevelopment of newmethods for nuclearmagnetic precisionmeasurements and

discoveries inconnection

therewith"[157]

1954 Max Born[14][32][33][146] United Kingdom

"for his fundamentalresearch in quantummechanics,especially for hisstatisticalinterpretation of the

wavefunction"[158]

Ilya Frank[14][146] Soviet UnionSoviet
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya_Frankhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_mechanicshttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Bornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Max_Born.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Blochhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felix_Bloch,_Stanford_University.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauli_principlehttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Ernst_Paulihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wolfgang_Pauli_young.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Isidor_Isaac_Rabi.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic_momenthttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Sternhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_Stern.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gustav_Hertz.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Franckhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:James_Franck.jpghttp://-/?-


14/23


15/23



1965 electrodynamics,with deep-ploughingconsequences forthe physics ofelementary

particles"[169]

JulianSchwinger[14][32][33][146] United States

1967 Hans Bethe[14][146] United States

"for his contributionsto the theory ofnuclear reactions,especially hisdiscoveriesconcerning the

energy production instars"[170]

1969Murray Gell-

Mann[14][32][33][146][171]United States

"for his contributionsand discoveriesconcerning theclassification ofelementary particlesand their

interactions"[172]

1971 Dennis Gabor[14][32][146] United Kingdom

"for his inventionand development ofthe holographic

method"[173]

1972Leon

Cooper[146][146][174][175]United States

"for his jointly

developed theory ofsuperconductivity,usually called the

BCS-theory"[176]

1973

Brian David

Josephson[14][32] United Kingdom

"for his theoreticalpredictions of theproperties of asupercurrentthrough a tunnel

barrier, in particularthose phenomenawhich are generallyknown as theJosephson
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephson_effecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephson_effecthttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_David_Josephsonhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BCS-theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivityhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon_Cooperhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_Laureate_Leon_Cooper_in_2007.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holographyhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Gaborhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murray_Gell-Mann.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Bethehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hans_Bethe.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Schwingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schwinger.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richard_Feynman.png


16/23


17/23



1988 Melvin Schwartz[14][32][146] United States the doublet structureof the leptonsthrough thediscovery of the

muon neutrino"[183]Jack Steinberger[14][32][146] United States

1990Jerome Isaac

Friedman[14][146]United States

"for his pioneeringinvestigationsconcerning deepinelastic scatteringof electrons on

protons and boundneutrons, whichhave been ofessential importancefor the development

of the quark modelin particle

physics"[184]

1992 Georges Charpak[14][146] France / Poland

"for his inventionand development of

particle detectors, inparticular themultiwire

proportionalchamber"[185]

1995

Martin Lewis Perl[14][146] United States

"for the discovery ofthe tau lepton" and"for pioneeringexperimentalcontributions to

lepton physics"[186]

Frederick Reines[14][146] United States

"for the detection ofthe neutrino" and"for pioneeringexperimentalcontributions to

lepton physics"[186]

1996

David Morris Lee[12][146] United States

"for their discoveryof superfluidity in

helium-3"[187]

Douglas D. Osheroff[12] United States
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_D._Osheroffhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helium-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluidhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_M_Lee_Dec_2008.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrinohttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Reineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frederick_Reines.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tau_leptonhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Martin_Perl_-_tau.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiwire_proportional_chamberhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Charpakhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CHARPAK_Georges-24x50-2005_cropped.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark_modelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_inelastic_scatteringhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedmanhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Steinbergerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack-Steinberger-2008.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptonhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz


18/23



1997

Claude Cohen-

Tannoudji[14][146] France

"for development ofmethods to cool and

trap atoms withlaser light"[188]

2000 Zhores Alferov[12][146] Russia

"for developingsemiconductorheterostructuresused in high-speed-and

optoelectronics"[189]

2003

Alexei Alexeyevich

Abrikosov[146]RussiaUnited States "for pioneering

contributions to thetheory ofsuperconductors

and superfluids"[190]

Vitaly Ginzburg[146] Russia

2004David Gross[71][146][191] United States

"for the discovery ofasymptotic freedomin the theory of the

stronginteraction"[192]

H. David Politzer[146] United States

2005 Roy J. Glauber[146] United States

"for his contributionto the quantumtheory of optical

coherence"[193]

2010 Andre Geim[194] RussiaNetherlands

"for groundbreakingexperiments

regarding the two-dimensional material

graphene"[195]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphenehttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andre_Geimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Andre_Geim_2010-1.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coherence_(physics)http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_J._Glauberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roy_Glauber_Dec_10_2005.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._David_Politzerhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_interactionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymptotic_freedomhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Grosshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:David_Gross_cropped.JPGhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superconductivityhttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Alexeyevich_Abrikosovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AA_Abrikosov_ANL1.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optoelectronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semiconductorhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhores_Alferovhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zhores_Alferov.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudjihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douglas_Osheroff.jpg


19/23



2011

Adam

Riess[83][146][196][197][198]United States

"for providingevidence that theexpansion of theuniverse is

accelerating"[193]

Saul

Perlmutter[83][146][199][200] United States

2012 Serge Haroche[201] France

"for ground-breakingexperimentalmethods that enablemeasuring andmanipulation of

individual quantumsystems"[193]

2013Franois

Englert[6][9][202][203]Belgium

"for the theoreticaldiscovery of amechanism thatcontributes to ourunderstanding of theorigin of mass ofsubatomic particles,

and which recentlywas confirmedthrough thediscovery of the

predictedfundamental

particle, by theATLAS and CMSexperiments atCERN's Large

HadronCollider"[204]

eace
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englerthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francois_Englert.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serge_Harochehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Serge_Haroche_-_Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Commune_d%27Aubervilliers_-_4_mai_2009.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Perlmutterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_2011-Press_Conference_KVA-DSC_7744.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Riesshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Adam_Riess_Agr_cover.jpg


20/23




1911

Tobias MichaelCarel

Asser[14][205]

TheNetherlands

"Initiator of the Conferences on International Private Law at the

Hague; Cabinet Minister; Lawyer"[206]

Alfred Hermann

Fried[14][207]Austria "Journalist; Founder ofDie Friedenswarte"[206]

1968 Ren Cassin[14] France "President of the European Court for Human Rights"[208]

1973Henry A.

Kissinger[14][209]UnitedStates

"For the 1973 Paris agreement intended to bring about acease-fire in the Vietnam War and a withdrawal of the

American forces"[210][211]

1978Menachem

Begin[14][212]Israel

"for the Camp David Agreement, which brought about a

negotiated peace between Egypt and Israel"[213]

1986Elie

Wiesel[14][214]UnitedStates

"Chairman of "The President's Commission on the

Holocaust""[215]

1994

Yitzhak

Rabin[14]Israel

"to honour a political act which called for great courage onboth sides, and which has opened up opportunities for a new

development towards fraternity in the Middle East."[216]

Shimon

Peres[14]Israel

1995Joseph

Rotblat[14]

UnitedKingdomPoland

"for his efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms ininternational politics and, in the longer run, to eliminate such

arms"[217]
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rotblathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Josef_Rotblat_ID_badge.pnghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimon_Pereshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shimon_Peres_World_Economic_Forum_2007.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yitzhak_Rabin_(1986)_cropped.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elie_Wieselhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elie_Wiesel.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israelhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menachem_Beginhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menachem_Begin_2.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accordshttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Kissingerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Kissinger.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Court_of_Human_Rightshttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Cassinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ren%C3%A9_Cassin_nobel.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hermann_Friedhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alfred_Herrmann_Fried_Foto.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobias_Michael_Carel_Asserhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TMCasser.jpg


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Economics


1970Paul

Samuelson[14][14][218][219]

United

States

"for the scientific work through which he hasdeveloped static and dynamic economic theory andactively contributed to raising the level of analysis in

economic science"[220]

1971 Simon Kuznets[14][218][221]UnitedStates

"for his empirically founded interpretation ofeconomic growth which has led to new anddeepened insight into the economic and social

structure and process of development"[222]

1972 Kenneth Arrow[14][218][223] UnitedStates

"for his pioneering contributions to general economicequilibrium theory and welfare theory"[224]

1973 Wassily Leontief[218]

RussiaGermanyUnitedStates

"for the development of the input-output method andfor its application to important economic

problems"[225]

1975 Leonid Kantorovich[14][218] SovietUnion "for his contributions to the theory of optimumallocation of resources"[226]

1976Milton

Friedman[14][218][223][227]UnitedStates

"for his achievements in the fields of consumptionanalysis, monetary history and theory and for hisdemonstration of the complexity of stabilization

policy"[228]

1978 Herbert A. Simon[14][218][229] United

States

"for his pioneering research into the decision-making

process within economic organizations"[230]

1980 Lawrence Klein[14][218][229]UnitedStates

"for the creation of econometric models and theapplication to the analysis of economic fluctuations

and economic policies"[231]

1985Franco

Modigliani[14][218][219]

ItalyUnitedStates

"for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial

markets"[232]

1987 Robert Solow[14][218]UnitedStates

"for his contributions to the theory of economic

growth""[233]
http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Solowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solow_natmedal.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco_Modiglianihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Franco_Modigliani.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_Kleinhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_A._Simonhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Friedmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Milton_Friedman.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Kantorovichhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonid_Kantorovich_1975.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wassily_Leontiefhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Arrowhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kenneth_Arrow,_Stanford_University.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kuznetshttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Samuelsonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Samuelson.jpg


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1990

Harry Markowitz[14][218][229]UnitedStates "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial

economics""[234]Merton Miller[218][229]

UnitedStates

1992 Gary Becker[14][218][229]UnitedStates

"for having extended the domain of microeconomicanalysis to a wide range of human behaviour and

interaction, including nonmarket behaviour""[235]

1993 Robert Fogel[14][218][229]UnitedStates

"for having renewed research in economic history byapplying economic theory and quantitative methodsin order to explain economic and institutional

change"[236]

1994 John Harsanyi[218][229][237] Hungary"for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory

of non-cooperative games"[238]

1997Myron

Scholes[14][218][229][239]Canada

"for a new method to determine the value of

derivatives"[240][241]

2001

Joseph Stiglitz[218][229]UnitedStates

"for their analyses of markets with asymmetric

information"[242]

George Akerlof[243]UnitedStates

2002 Daniel Kahneman[218][229]IsraelUnitedStates

"for having integrated insights from psychologicalresearch into economic science, especiallyconcerning human judgment and decision-making

under uncertainty"[244]

2005 Robert Aumann[218][245]

Israel

UnitedStates

"for having enhanced our understanding of conflict

and cooperation through game-theory analysis"[246]
http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_theoryhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Aumannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9F_2010.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kahnemanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Daniel_KAHNEMAN.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Akerlofhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:George_Akerlof.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitzhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_E._Stiglitz_-_cropped.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myron_Scholeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myron_Scholes_2008_in_Lindau.pnghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Harsanyihttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Fogelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Robert_William_Fogel.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Beckerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GaryBecker-May24-2008.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merton_Millerhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Markowitz


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2007

Leonid

Hurwicz[218][247][248][249][250]UnitedStatesPoland

"For having laid the foundations of mechanism design

theory"[251]Eric Maskin[218][250][252]

UnitedStates

Roger Myerson[218][250]UnitedStates

2008 Paul Krugman[218][253] UnitedStates

"for his analysis of trade patterns and location of

economic activity"[254]

2010 Peter Diamond[255][256]UnitedStates

"for his analysis of markets with search frictions"[257]

2012 Alvin E. Roth[258] UnitedStates "for the theory of stable allocations and the practiceof market design" [259]

Forced to decline prize

oris Pasternak, a Russian Jew, winner of the 1958 prize for literature, initially accepted the award, butafter

ntense pressure from Soviet authoritiessubsequently declined it.[260][261][262][263]

obel Laureates Boulevard

he Israeli town of Rishon LeZion has a street in it dedicated to honoring all Jewish Nobel laureates. The street,called Tayelet Hatnei Pras Nobel(Nobel Laureates Boulevard/Promenade), has a monument with attached plaque

or each Nobel laureate.[61]

See also

List of Israel Prize recipients

List of Jewish Medal of Honor recipientsList of Nobel laureates

List of Christian Nobel laureates
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Medal_of_Honor_recipientshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Israel_Prize_recipientshttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishon_LeZionhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Pasternakhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvin_E._Rothhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alvin_E._Roth_3_2012.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search_and_matching_theoryhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Diamondhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Peter_Diamond_cropped.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Krugmanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Paul_Krugman-press_conference_Dec_07th,_2008-8.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Myersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myerson_roger_b_print.jpghttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Maskinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:05N3441_emaskin.jpghttp://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanism_designhttp://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://-/?-http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonid_Hurwiczhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leonid_Hurwicz.jpg

jewish nobel laureates (wikipedia)

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