GLOBAL WARMING

PROF. PRITI THAKKARSIES COLLEGE OF COMM & ECO

GREENHOUSE EFFECT

The Green House Gases

Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Chlorofluorocarbons

CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

EFFECTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

(ABIOTIC)

1.Polar Ice Caps Melting.

2.Ozone Depletion.

3.Increased probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves and economic loss.

4. Impact on health.

The 5 deadliest effects of global warming:

POLAR ICE CAP

Impacts in Alaska1. Melting

Glacial Retreat Accelerated melting of glaciers

and ice caps could add an additional 4 to 9.5 inches of sea level rise. (Science 7/07)

Alaska’s Columbia Glacier has decreased by approximately 9 miles since 1980 and thinned by as much as 1,300 feet.. (Science 7/07)

Increased probability and intensity of droughts and heat waves

What Climate change is the concern?

Global surface temperature has increased by 0.3 to 0.6 degrees Celsius since late 19th century

Climate change predicted to increase global temperatures by 0.8 to 4.5 degrees Celsius by the year 2100

Evidence:

1. More warm dayssteady rise since 19821995-2006 rank as warmest since

1850 2. Melting of snow and ice 3. Record number of icebergs 4. Sea level rise 5. Changes in Gulf Stream 6. Changes in precipitation patterns 7. Coral reef damage from algae

Effect on Biotic World

Plants Animals Humans

HUMAN HEALTH

People with heart problems are vulnerable, and some respiratory problems increase.

The 2003 European heat wave killed 22,000–35,000 people, based on normal mortality rates

Ways to Reduce Carbon

Constrain use (efficiency) Carbon offsetting Use of renewable energy sources as

substitutes in operations

Carbon Trading- How it works1. A country caps emissions at a certain level

2. Issues permits to firms and industries to emit a stated amount of carbon dioxide over a time period

3. Firms trade these credits in a free market.

4. Firms whose emissions exceed the amount of credits they possess are heavily penalized.

GLOBAL COMBAT MEASURES

CARBON BANK - Milestones1972 Stockholm Declaration1988 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change1997 Byrd-Hagel Resolution1997 Kyoto Protocol2005 Kyoto Rulebook

Kyoto Protocol

Kyoto Protocolto the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

negotiated in 1997open for signature in 1998came into force February 16, 2005

Kyoto Rule BookDecember 2, 2005

Defines how each country’s emissions and sinks (e.g. reforestation) are accounted.

Developed countries can invest in other developed countries and earn carbon allowances.

Establishes the Clean Development Mechanism which allows developed countries to invest in sustainable development projects in developing countries.

JOHANNESBERG Earth Summit (26 Aug- 4 Sept 2002).

BALI SUMMIT ON CLIMATE (3 - 15 December 2007) The summit was to find an alternative

after expiry of Kyoto Protocol. Aimed at reduction of CO2 emissions Targeted developing nations to cut

emissions Did not provide a just mechanism. Not enough funds and new technologies in

the developing nations. Did not reach any firm agreements or

targets.

:

CHALLENGES ADDRESSED BY THE COPENHAGEN SUMMITT Thrash out a successor to

Kyoto Protocol. Targets and actions for

nations. Financing for low carbon

development. Building global carbon market.

PROPOSED CHANGES IN ABSOLUTE EMISSIONS

Norway−30% to −40%Japan−25%EU−20 to −30%Russia−20 to −25%South Africa−18%Iceland−15%

New Zealand−10 to −20%Australia−4 to −24%United States−4%Brazil+5 to −1.8%China−40 to −45% (per

GDP)India−20 to −25% (per

GDP)

BACKGROUND

192 countries have signed the climatic change agreement.

US had rejected Kyoto Protocol’s requirement to cut emissions by 5%

China has emerged to be highest emitter of CO2

Developing nations believe it is responsibility of developed nations to set a role model.

RESULTS

1. China, India, etc. have rejected caps.

2. They emit over half of GHGs. Their half is growing 7 times faster.

3. With quantity commitment ruled out — Carbon Pricing remains.

INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATIC CHANGE- IPCC International body which

comprehensively assess GHGs and gives envtal reports.

2007 Nobel Peace Prize 2007 report errotically states that the

Himalayan Glaciers will be completely wiped out by 2035

23/2/2010 IPCC chairman R K Pachauri apologised for it.

But there was no ambiguity that the glaciers were melting.

INDIA’S POSITION TO MULTILATERAL NEGOTIATIONS Negotiations should proceed acc to

UNFCC’s principles and objectives. Shared vision for long term co-

operative action. Avoid deflecting the main purpose of

negotiations by trade factors. Long term and equitable approach to

climate change. Achieve specializations in

technological innovations.

COMBAT MEASURES HAVE TO BE

GEO-ENGINEERING

RAIN WATERSTORAGE

IRRIGATION

DROUGHTVARIANTVARITIES

AGRICULTURALPRODUCTION

BALANCE - ENVIRONMENT

&ECONOMY

COMBINED EFFORTS OF ALL SECTORS

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

RESIDENTIAL SECTOR

TRANSPORTATION SECTOR

ENERGY CONSERVATION(reduce 22m tons of CO2)

Technological development of high performance lasers, burners, furnaces

Introduction of energy management systems

Accelerated development and diffusion of low emission vehicles

NEW ENERGY(reduce 34m tons of CO2)

•Introducing use of bio-mass•Introduction of solar energy generation, solar thermal utilization, wind power generation, waste power generation and biomass energy•Strengthening of technological development for energy generation

FUEL CONVERSION(reduce 18m tons of CO2)

•Conversion of aging coal-fired power generation to natural gas power generation •Development of safety standards for natural gas pipelines

YOUR ROLE AS A TEACHER

Spread awareness Train them to walk on the right path Motivate the youth through interactive

talks Organize street plays with their help for

the common man Be a role model

What the teacher is, is more important than what he

teaches.Karl Menninger