Download - Day 5-Guidelines in Preparing Questions
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GUIDELINES IN PREPARING
QUESTIONS FORINTERVIEWS
By: Maria Luz Lourdes M. Paulino, RN, MBA
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Session Objectives
At the end of the session, the students willbe able to:
Discuss the types of research data
Design a data collection instrument adheringto the guidelines in preparing questions for
interviews
Prepare a cover letter for the assigned firm orcompany
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Types of research data
Primary data vs. secondary data
Quantitative vs. qualitative data
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2.1 Interview
Data Collection Methods
1. Primary Data (Observation)
2.1 Direct observation
2.2 Using instruments
2. Primary Data (Query)
2.2 Use of a questionnaire
3. Secondary Data (Review of records)
2.3 Focus Group Discussion
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1. Interview - questioning of a person or aconversation in which information are elicited ;
the form contains set of questions that are read
out by the interviewer to the respondent.2. Use of Questionnaire - a set of questions is sent
and answered separately by each survey
participant
3. Focus-group discussion - discussion ofapproximately 6 - 12 persons guided by a
facilitator
Primary Data
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Before using secondary data,
determine the following:
Secondary Data
1. if data/ information are available
2. accuracy of data
3. acceptability of the primary
method of data collection
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Steps in formulating the questions:
1. List and define the topic(s)
2. For each topic, decide - number/type of questions
3. Formulate questions
4. Pilot testing and revise
Interview/Questionnaire
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OPEN-ENDED:
questions wherein a space is providedfor the answers of the respondents
CLOSED-ENDED:
question that has a finite set ofanswers predetermined by theresearcher from which therespondent chooses
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Closed-endedLikert-scale items
Allows the respondent to agree or disagree with a
series of statements. (Note, these are statements, notquestions.)
Questions about attitudes are often asked using likertscales which force the respondent to place themselves
on a continuum of responses that typically include"strongly agree," "agree," "neutral," "disagree," and"strongly disagree".
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Closed-ended Likert-scale items
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Guides for Question Formulation
1. Use words that are:
Specific and clear
Simple words and simple/short
sentences
Know exactly what the investigator isasking.
Avoid asking questions that have several
possible meanings.
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Question Formulation2. Ask questions that one can expect to know
the answers/accurately answer
3. For closed-type,
- provide exhaustive choices (categoriesavailable to all)
- provide an option others, specify__________
- provide mutually exclusive choices (no
overlap)
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loaded questions
double-barreled
leading questions
double negatives
ambiguous
complex questions
with technical
terms
Avoid the ff types of questions
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Double-barreledQuestions that have more than one concept beingasked; do not combine conflicting statements in
one Q.
Examples: Do you think that banning liquor or alcohol is good for the health and
the economy of the country?
Loaded questionQuestions are emotionally charged, with false or disputed
presupposition.
Examples:
Would you favor or oppose abortion by agreeing with a woman's freechoice concerning delivery of a child?
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Leading QuestionQuestion that has a view or summary of a position of acurrent or recent event which asks for a response. Thistends to lead the respondent in a given direction.
Examples:
The Secretary of DOH states that drinking liquor or alcohol is harmful to one'shealth. Do you encourage your children to drink liquor or alcohol?
Double-NegativesQuestions using the word "not which are often confusing because responding
"no" creates a double negative
Do you think that not drinking liquor or alcohol is good?many respondents will either read over the word not, or will be confused bythe double negative in the question and their response.
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Ambiguous/vagueNot clear and/or different meaningExamples:
What activity do you want to participate in?
Complex questionLong and numerous ideas
Example:
Given the current trend in sports, do you think thatsteroids use should be banned even though it is notenforced?
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Question sequencing Organize the questions in sections
concerning major themes all relatedquestions should come up before a second
topic is raised.
Easy-to-answer questions at the beginningto make the respondent feel good
The more sensitive questions last
Avoid Conditional or Skip Logic questions
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FormatIntroduction
Thank the respondent for taking the time to complete thesurvey questionnaires
State the following:
purpose of survey reason for participation and the importance of the
information timeframe to complete the survey
Assurance of confidentiality and how results will be used instructions on how to accomplish the survey questionnaires contact detailsBody Double-spaced to facilitate reading
Proper section headingEnd or thank you page
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Preparation for data collectionFor questionnaire
Develop cover letterIntroduction
Ask if respondent needs any other
help from you and how you can becontacted
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THANK YOU FOR
LISTENING!!!!