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Development Through the LifespanDevelopment Through the Lifespan
Chapter 9
Physical and Cognitive Development inMiddle Childhood
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Chapter 9
Physical and Cognitive Development inMiddle Childhood
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;
Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Body Growth in Middle ChildhoodBody Growth in Middle Childhood
Slow, regular pattern Girls shorter and lighter until
about age 9 Lower portion of body growing
fastest Bones lengthen Muscles very flexible All permanent teeth arrive
Slow, regular pattern Girls shorter and lighter until
about age 9 Lower portion of body growing
fastest Bones lengthen Muscles very flexible All permanent teeth arrive
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Common Health Problems in Middle ChildhoodCommon Health Problems in Middle Childhood
Vision - Myopia Hearing - Otitis media (middle ear infection) Malnutrition Obesity Illnesses Injuries
Vision - Myopia Hearing - Otitis media (middle ear infection) Malnutrition Obesity Illnesses Injuries
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Health Risks for Obese ChildrenHealth Risks for Obese Children More likely to be overweight adults Lifelong Health risks
High blood pressure, cholesterol Respiratory problems Diabetes Liver, gall bladder disease Sleep, digestive disorders Cancer Early death
More likely to be overweight adults Lifelong Health risks
High blood pressure, cholesterol Respiratory problems Diabetes Liver, gall bladder disease Sleep, digestive disorders Cancer Early death
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Causes of Obesityin Middle ChildhoodCauses of Obesityin Middle Childhood Overweight parents Low SES Parents’ feeding practices
Bad eating habits Low physical activity Television Cultural food
environment
Overweight parents Low SES Parents’ feeding practices
Bad eating habits Low physical activity Television Cultural food
environment
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TV Viewing and Body Fat GainsTV Viewing and Body Fat Gains
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Psychological and SocialConsequences of ObesityPsychological and SocialConsequences of Obesity
Feeling unattractive Stereotyping Teasing, social isolation Depression, emotional problems School problems Problem behaviors Reduced life chances
Feeling unattractive Stereotyping Teasing, social isolation Depression, emotional problems School problems Problem behaviors Reduced life chances
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Illness in Middle ChildhoodIllness in Middle Childhood
High rates first two years of school
Chronic conditions Asthma Severe chronic illnesses
High rates first two years of school
Chronic conditions Asthma Severe chronic illnesses
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AsthmaAsthma
Bronchial tubes very sensitive to stimuli Cold, infection, pollution, stress Wheezing, coughing, breathing
problems
Increasingly common Heredity, environment increase risk
Bronchial tubes very sensitive to stimuli Cold, infection, pollution, stress Wheezing, coughing, breathing
problems
Increasingly common Heredity, environment increase risk
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Fatal Injuries in Middle Childhood and AdolescenceFatal Injuries in Middle Childhood and Adolescence
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Motor Development in Early ChildhoodMotor Development in Early Childhood Gross Motor Skills Improvements
Flexibility Balance Agility Force
Fine Motor Skills Gains Writing Drawing
Gross Motor Skills Improvements Flexibility Balance Agility Force
Fine Motor Skills Gains Writing Drawing
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Sex Differences in Motor DevelopmentSex Differences in Motor Development
Girls better at fine motor skills Boys better at gross motor skills, sports Social environment
Parental expectations Self-perceptions Coaching,
media messages
Girls better at fine motor skills Boys better at gross motor skills, sports Social environment
Parental expectations Self-perceptions Coaching,
media messages
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Physical Play Development in Middle ChildhoodPhysical Play Development in Middle Childhood
Games with rules Sports Invented games
Rough-and-tumble play Video games Adult-organized sports Physical education
Games with rules Sports Invented games
Rough-and-tumble play Video games Adult-organized sports Physical education
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Piaget’s Theory: Achievements of the Concrete Operational StagePiaget’s Theory: Achievements of the Concrete Operational Stage
Conservation Decentration, Reversibility
Classification Seriation
Transitive inference
Spatial Reasoning Directions Maps
Conservation Decentration, Reversibility
Classification Seriation
Transitive inference
Spatial Reasoning Directions Maps
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Piagetian Class Inclusion ProblemPiagetian Class Inclusion Problem
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Development of Mapping SkillsDevelopment of Mapping Skills
Preschool,
early school ageLandmarks
Ages 8 - 10Landmarks along organized route of
travel
End of middle childhood
Overall view of large-scale space
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Limitations of Concrete Operational ThoughtLimitations of Concrete Operational Thought Operations work best with concrete
information Problems with
abstract ideas Continuum of acquisition
Master concrete operational tasks gradually, step by step
Operations work best with concrete information Problems with
abstract ideas Continuum of acquisition
Master concrete operational tasks gradually, step by step
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Follow-up Research on Concrete Operational ThoughtFollow-up Research on Concrete Operational Thought Culture and schooling affect
performance on tasks
Going to school gives experience on Piagetian tasks
Relevant non-school experiences of some cultures can help too
Going to school gives experience on Piagetian tasks
Relevant non-school experiences of some cultures can help too
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Information-Processing View of Concrete Operational ThoughtInformation-Processing View of Concrete Operational Thought
Neo-Piagetians: Gains in information processing speed, rather than shift to a new stage
Neo-Piagetians: Gains in information processing speed, rather than shift to a new stage
Automatic schemas free working memory
Central conceptual structures
Automatic schemas free working memory
Central conceptual structures
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Key Information Processing ImprovementsKey Information Processing Improvements
Increase in information-processing speed and capacity
Gains in inhibition
Both may be related to
brain development
Increase in information-processing speed and capacity
Gains in inhibition
Both may be related to
brain development
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Attention in Middle ChildhoodAttention in Middle Childhood
Attention becomes more: Selective Adaptable Planful
Attention becomes more: Selective Adaptable Planful
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Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity DisorderAttention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Inattention Impulsivity Excessive motor activity
Results in Social problems Academic problems
Inattention Impulsivity Excessive motor activity
Results in Social problems Academic problems
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Development of Memory StrategiesDevelopment of Memory Strategies Rehearsal (early grade school)
Repeating information to oneself
Organization (early grade school) Grouping related items together
Elaboration (end of middle childhood) Creating a relationship between pieces of
information not in same category
Rehearsal (early grade school) Repeating information to oneself
Organization (early grade school) Grouping related items together
Elaboration (end of middle childhood) Creating a relationship between pieces of
information not in same category
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Culture, Schooling and Memory StrategiesCulture, Schooling and Memory Strategies
Memory strategies useful for remembering isolated bits of information
Memory strategies useful for remembering isolated bits of information
Western schooling gives little practice in using everyday cues: Spatial location Arrangements of objects
Western schooling gives little practice in using everyday cues: Spatial location Arrangements of objects
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Second-Order False-Belief TaskSecond-Order False-Belief Task
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Promoting Cognitive Self-RegulationPromoting Cognitive Self-Regulation
Point out important features of tasks
Stress importance of planful learning
Suggest effective learning strategies• Provide for evaluation of effectiveness
Emphasize monitoring of progress
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Information Processing and Academic LearningInformation Processing and Academic Learning Reading
Phonological awareness, info-processing speed, practice contribute to reading skills
Mix whole-language & phonics
Reading Phonological awareness, info-processing
speed, practice contribute to reading skills Mix whole-language & phonics
Mathematics Learn facts & skills through
practice, reasoning, strategies Blend drill and “number
sense” approaches
Mathematics Learn facts & skills through
practice, reasoning, strategies Blend drill and “number
sense” approaches
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Intelligence TestsIntelligence Tests
Group Tests Allow testing of large
groups Require little training to
administer Useful for instructional
planning Identify students who
need individual testing
Group Tests Allow testing of large
groups Require little training to
administer Useful for instructional
planning Identify students who
need individual testing
Individual Tests Examiners need training
& experience Provide insights about
accuracy of score
Identify highly intelligent children and children with learning problems
Individual Tests Examiners need training
& experience Provide insights about
accuracy of score
Identify highly intelligent children and children with learning problems
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Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Successful IntelligenceSternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Successful Intelligence
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Gardner’s Multiple IntelligencesGardner’s Multiple Intelligences
Linguistic Logico-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Naturalist Interpersonal Intrapersonal
Linguistic Logico-mathematical Musical Spatial Bodily-kinesthetic Naturalist Interpersonal Intrapersonal
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Social and Emotional IntelligenceSocial and Emotional Intelligence
Perceiving Understanding Regulating
Emotions
Perceiving Understanding Regulating
Emotions
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Genetics and IQGenetics and IQ
Adoption studies show influence of both
Ethnic differences may be more cultural than genetic
Adoption studies show influence of both
Ethnic differences may be more cultural than genetic
May account for about half of differences Disagreement about interaction with
environment
May account for about half of differences Disagreement about interaction with
environment
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Cultural Bias in TestingCultural Bias in Testing
Two views:
1. Tests not biased; represent success in the common culture
Two views:
1. Tests not biased; represent success in the common culture
2. Cultural factors can hurt test performance• Communication styles
• Test content
• Stereotypes
2. Cultural factors can hurt test performance• Communication styles
• Test content
• Stereotypes
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Communication StylesCommunication Styles
Higher SES, whites
Knowledge-training questions
Hierarchical task style
Higher SES, whites
Knowledge-training questions
Hierarchical task style
Lower SES, minorities
Real questions No right answer Develop complex verbal
skills
Collaborative task style
Lower SES, minorities
Real questions No right answer Develop complex verbal
skills
Collaborative task style
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Effects of Stereotype Threat on PerformanceEffects of Stereotype Threat on Performance
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Reducing Cultural Bias in TestingReducing Cultural Bias in Testing
Reduce high-stakes testing
Reduce high-stakes testing
Combine tests with assessment of adaptive behavior
Dynamic Assessment
Combine tests with assessment of adaptive behavior
Dynamic Assessment
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Language Development in Middle ChildhoodLanguage Development in Middle Childhood
Vocabulary Increases fourfold during school years 20 new words a day
Grammar
Mastery of complex constructions Advanced understanding of infinitive phrases
Pragmatics Adjust to people and situations Phrase requests to get what they want
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Learning Two LanguagesLearning Two Languages
Bilingual Development Learn both languages at the same time OR learn
first language, then second Sensitive period - childhood
Bilingual Education Language immersion English-only programs
Risk of semilingualism
Bilingual Development Learn both languages at the same time OR learn
first language, then second Sensitive period - childhood
Bilingual Education Language immersion English-only programs
Risk of semilingualism
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Characteristics of High-Quality Elementary EducationCharacteristics of High-Quality Elementary Education
Class size Physical setting Curriculum Daily activities Teacher-student interactions Evaluation of progress Relationships with families
Class size Physical setting Curriculum Daily activities Teacher-student interactions Evaluation of progress Relationships with families
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Academic Achievement and Class SizeAcademic Achievement and Class Size
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Educational Philosophies Educational Philosophies
Traditional v. Constructivist New Philosophical Directions
Social-constructivist Teachers and children as partners Many types of symbolic communication Meaningful activities Zone of proximal development Reciprocal teaching
Traditional v. Constructivist New Philosophical Directions
Social-constructivist Teachers and children as partners Many types of symbolic communication Meaningful activities Zone of proximal development Reciprocal teaching
Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2007
Teacher-Student InteractionTeacher-Student Interaction
Good teachers: caring, helpful, stimulating Too many use repetitive drill Better achievement in stimulating classrooms
Individual differences Well-behaved, high achievers
get more attention More impact of attention
on low SES Self-fulfilling prophecy
Good teachers: caring, helpful, stimulating Too many use repetitive drill Better achievement in stimulating classrooms
Individual differences Well-behaved, high achievers
get more attention More impact of attention
on low SES Self-fulfilling prophecy
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Grouping Practices in Elementary SchoolsGrouping Practices in Elementary Schools
Homogeneous ability groups Multigrade classrooms Cooperative learning
Homogeneous ability groups Multigrade classrooms Cooperative learning
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Children with Learning DifficultiesChildren with Learning Difficulties Difficulties include:
Mild mental retardation Learning disabilities
5–10% of children
Law requires “least restrictive” environment Mainstreaming Full inclusion
Difficulties include: Mild mental retardation Learning disabilities
5–10% of children
Law requires “least restrictive” environment Mainstreaming Full inclusion
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CreativityCreativity
The ability to produce original, appropriate work
The ability to produce original, appropriate work
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Convergent and Divergent ThinkingConvergent and Divergent ThinkingConvergent Single correct
answer Emphasized on
intelligence tests
Convergent Single correct
answer Emphasized on
intelligence tests
Divergent Generating
multiple, unusual possibilities
Divergent Generating
multiple, unusual possibilities
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Educating Gifted and Talented ChildrenEducating Gifted and Talented Children
Enrichment in regular classroom
Pull out for special instruction
Move to higher grade Multiple intelligences models
Enrichment in regular classroom
Pull out for special instruction
Move to higher grade Multiple intelligences models
Gifted - high IQ Talented - outstanding in a specific field Several education methods:
Gifted - high IQ Talented - outstanding in a specific field Several education methods:
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Academic Achievement Around the WorldAcademic Achievement Around the World
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Asian Schools versus North American SchoolsAsian Schools versus North American Schools
Asian schools show more: Cultural valuing of academic achievement Emphasis on effort High-quality education
for all Time devoted
to instruction
Asian schools show more: Cultural valuing of academic achievement Emphasis on effort High-quality education
for all Time devoted
to instruction