copyright © allyn & bacon 2004 development through the lifespan chapter 14 emotional and social...

Copyright © Allyn & Bacon 2004

Development Through the Lifespan

Chapter 14

Emotional and Social Development inEarly Adulthood

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Erikson’s Theory:Intimacy versus Isolation

Intimacy Making a permanent

commitment to a life partner

Other close relationships: friends, work

Involves giving up some newfound independence, redefining identity

Isolation Loneliness, self-

absorption

Hesitate to form close ties

Fear of losing identity


Levinson’s Early Adult Season Early adult transition

Dream Mentor

Early adulthood life structure Men: “settling down” Women: continued instability,

more roles Age 30 transition

Reevaluate life structure Often focus on underdeveloped aspects


Vaillant’s Adaptation to Life

20s – intimacy concerns 30s – career consolidation 40s – generative 50s–60s – “keepers of

meaning” 70s – spiritual and reflective


Social Clock Age-graded expectations for

life events Less rigid than in earlier

generations Following a social clock lends

confidence, contributes to social stability

Distress if not following or falling behind


Selecting a Mate Physical proximity Most select partners who are

similar Gender differences

Women: intelligence, ambition, financials

Men: attractiveness, domestic skills


Triangular Theory of Love Three components:

Intimacy Passion Commitment

Passionate love early; companionate love later Passion gradually fades while

intimacy, commitment grow Cultural differences


Friendships in Early Adulthood

Friends usually similar, share common interests Same-sex friendships

Gender differences Individual differences

Other-sex friendships Fewer, shorter-lasting than same-sex Benefits to both genders Sexual attraction regulated

Siblings as friends


Loneliness and Emotional Distress at Different Ages


Traditional and Egalitarian MarriagesTraditional – clear division of

roles Woman: cares for husband,

children, home Man: head of household,

economic support

Egalitarian – partners relate as equals

Share authority Balance attention to jobs,

children, home, spouse


Gender Differences inMarital Satisfaction

Men: Just being married improves physical and mental health Attachment, belonging, social

support

Women: Relationship quality is important Overwhelming demands of many

roles cause dissatisfaction


Assaults Against Women by Intimate Partners


Trends in Having Children

Fewer married couples have children 70%

Have first child later Smaller numbers of children

Average less than 2


Transition to Parenthood

Many profound changes Roles often become more

traditional Marriage can be strained

Problems before children predict problems after

Sharing care predicts happiness Later parenthood eases transition


How Many Children?

Fewer children today Mothers’ careers Divorce

Advantages of small families: Enhances parent-child interaction Marital satisfaction Healthier, higher IQ children

Large families can work if parents well-educated, higher SES


Singlehood Increasing

30% males, 20% females ages 30-34 never married; 8-10% single for life

Divorce adds numbers Gender Differences

Women more likely to stay single More high SES women, low SES men single

Ethnic Differences African Americans single longer

Stressful periods Late 20s mid 30s for women


Increases in Cohabitation


Divorce and Remarriage Half of U.S., 1/3 Canadian marriages end in divorce; most

involve children Communication problems, individual histories predict

divorce Immediate distress, anxiety, then search

for new identity, new partner New partner more important to men

Remarriages vulnerable Reasons for marriage Negative patterns View divorce as acceptable resolution Stepfamily stress


Options in Parenthood Childlessness Step Parenting Single parents

Divorced Never married

Gay and Lesbian Parents


Career Development in Early Adulthood Disappointment near start of career

common Many job changes in 20s

Settle in after evaluation and adjustment Adjust expectations to opportunities to

advance Few opportunities, more work

disengagement Self-efficacy, mentoring affect

adjustment, success Gender and Ethnic Differences

Racial bias


Women’s Career Development

More often discontinuous Leave for child-rearing, family care

More often in low-paying, low-advancement jobs

Work-family balance challenging Higher level career,

fewer family obligations Dual-earner marriages Role overload

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identity slide

cohabitation slide

spouse slide

reflective slide

higher ses slide

fewer children