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Computer Generations and
Classifications
First generation
Second generation
Third generation
Fourth generation
Moores law
Classification of computers
By Trupti V.G,Asst. Prof, PESIT
BY PRADYUMNA S A
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First generation of computers
First electronic computer- 1946 by a team Eckert andMauchly. It was called Electronic Numerical
Integrator and calculator (ENIAC)
Vacuum tube switching devices and small memory.
Stored programming- John Von Neumann.
EDSAC(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator)- 1st computer that used stored
programming concept Table 1
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Second generation of computers
Invention of transistors made of germanium
semiconductor material.
When compared to vacuum tubes:
They were reliable since they had no filaments to burn.
Less space and power. 1/10thpower of tubes.
Switching from 0 to 1 was faster.
Cheaper than vacuum tubes.
Magnetic cores for storage- tiny rings made of
ferrite
Table 1
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Third generation of computers
Germanium transistors replaced by silicontransistors.
Integrated circuits ICs consisting oftransistors,
resistors, capacitors grown on a single chip ofsilicon and wired interconnection between
components.
Main memory size reached 4MB
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Fourth generation of computers
Advent of microprocessor chip
Magnetic core was replaced by semiconductor
memories.
semiconductor memories-16MB.
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Moores Law
1965: George E. Moore predicted on data
available at that time, that the density of
transistors in integrated circuits will double at
regular intervals of around 2 years.
The prediction was found to be accurate.
The number of transistors per integrated circuit
chip has approximately doubled every 18 months,
this observation has been called Moores law.
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In 1970 there were around 1000 transistors placed in an
integrated chip whereas now there are nearly 1 billion
transistors are placed in a chip and still the researches are
going on to increase the number.
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Classifications of computers
Pocket or hand held PCs:
Used as Fax, mobile phone. OS: Windows CE
Simputer: Simputer is a mobile handheld
computer.
Open source OS: Linux
Laptop PCs: less power, portable
Personal Computers: Desktop machines
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Workstations: Processor speed is 10 times more than PCs. High end computers for scientific applications.
They are commonly connected to a local area network.
Workstations offered higher performance than desktopcomputers, especially with respect to CPU and graphics,
memory capacity, and multitasking capability. Operating system: UNIX
Servers: Systems that provide services.
They are used for specific purposes such as high performancenumerical computing, web page hosting, e-mail service,database store
Usually connected to network.
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Thin clients:
It is a computer or a computer program which depends
heavily on some other computer (its server) to complete
its task.
its a terminal to access a server(s).
Advantages:
Cheaper than desktops
software cost is lower as they do not have native OS, virus
protection and application software.
Disadvantage:
Dependence on network,
Cannot be used as independent computer
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Mainframe computers:
Are computers used primarily by corporate and governmental
organizations for critical applications, bulk data processing suchas census, industry and consumer statistics, enterprise resource
planning, and transaction processing.
Expensive
Faster and larger than workstations Manufacturers of mainframes: IBM, Hitachi
Operating system: extensive service such as user
accounting, file security, control. They are reliable
compared to PCs. Ex: z/OS
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Supercomputers:
They are fastest computers used for intensive numerical
calculations.
are used for a wide range of computationally intensive
tasks in various fields, including quantum
mechanics, weather forecasting, climate research, oil and
gas exploration, designing aircrafts