the computer generations 2
TRANSCRIPT
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Arpita Kumari Priyanka Paul Nikita KanadiAnu Nair Sayali Borde
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FIRST GENERATION,
1951 1958: The Vacuum TubeThe vacuum tubeswere used in the
circuits of first generation computers.
Vacuum tubes are glass tubes with
circuits inside.Vacuum tubes have no air inside of
them, which protects the circuitry
The input and output operations weredone using punched card technology.
For external storage, magnetic tapeswere used.
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The machine was capable to do one job
at a time, therefore batch processing wasadopted.The language used by these computers
was machine language and assemblylanguage.Example of Computers: UNIVAC, IBM650
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UNIVAC(Universal AutomaticComputer)- 1951
first fully electronic digitalcomputer built in the U.S.
Created at the University ofPennsylvania
ENIAC weighed 30 tons
contained 18,000 vacuumtubes
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DISADVANTAGES:
They generate more heat causing manyproblems in temperature regulation and
climate control. Tubes were subject to frequent burn-out.
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SECOND GENERATION,1959 1964: The Transistor
The year 1959 marked the invention of transistors,which characterized the second generation ofcomputers.
TRANSISTOR was a three-legged component
which shrunk the size of the first generationcomputers. Occupied only 1/100th of the spaceoccupied by a vacuum tube
More reliable, had greater computational speed,required no warm-up time and consumed far lesselectricity.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Transistor-photo.JPG -
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The orientation was towards multiple users i.e.the machine was capable to process multipletasks concurrently.
The high level languages like FORTRAN,COBOL, BASIC etc. were used as thelanguages by the computer.
Example of Computers: IBM 1400 and 7000series, General
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THIRD GENERATION,1965 1970: The Integrated Circuit
Third generation computers arose in 1965with the invention of smaller electroniccircuits called integrated circuits (ICS)
INTEGRATED CIRCUITS are squaresilicon chips containing circuitry that canperform the functions of hundreds of
transistors.
http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062857/K=first+integrated+circuit/v=2/SID=w/l=II/R=3/SS=i/OID=76b6b666a8b43dee/SIG=1m4g8lg8e/EXP=1121298336/*-http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=first+integrated+circuit&rs=0&toggle=1&ei=UTF-8&fr=FP-tab-img-t&vf=&h=274&w=410&imgcurl=us.news1.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/p/rids/20050622/i/r1248960023.jpg&imgurl=us.news1.yimg.com/us.yimg.com/p/rids/20050622/i/r1248960023.jpg&size=18.9kB&name=r1248960023.jpg&rcurl=http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/050622/ids_photos_wl/r1248960023.jpg&rurl=http://news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/050622/ids_photos_wl/r1248960023.jpg&p=first+integrated+circuit&type=jpeg&no=3&tt=262&ei=UTF-8 -
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Integrated circuits replaced transistors. Inspite of their
smaller size they were capable to perform better than
transistors.
For data input and output operations monitors and
keyboards replaced the punched cards.
For external storage magnetic disks were used. Sophisticated operating systems, which were capable of
handling several jobs concurrently were used.
More advanced high level languages like PASCAL were
used.
Example of computers: IBM System
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ADVANTAGES:
RELIABILITYUnlike vacuum tubes,silicon will not break down easily. It is
very seldom that you will have toreplace it.
LOW COST Silicon chips are
relatively cheap because of theirsmall size and availability in the
market. It also consumes less
electricity.
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FOURTH GENERATION,1971 present: The Microprocessor
Marked by the use of microprocessor
MICROPROCESSOR is a silicon chip thatcontains the CPU part of the computerwhere all processing takes place.
4004 chipwas the first microprocessorintroduced by Intel Corporation.
http://rds.yahoo.com/S=96062857/K=microprocessor/v=2/SID=w/l=II/R=14/SS=i/OID=3687cae1a9f30154/SIG=1gb0kkujn/EXP=1121298252/*-http:/images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images?p=microprocessor&ei=UTF-8&fr=FP-tab-img-t&fl=0&x=wrt&h=184&w=245&imgcurl=www.goldkist.net/IBM-MICROPROCESSOR1.jpg&imgurl=www.goldkist.net/IBM-MICROPROCESSOR1.jpg&size=26.0kB&name=IBM-MICROPROCESSOR1.jpg&rcurl=http://www.goldkist.net/../IBM-686cpu.htm&rurl=http://www.goldkist.net/../IBM-686cpu.htm&p=microprocessor&type=jpeg&no=14&tt=30,550&ei=UTF-8 -
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The circuits used microprocessors ofvirtually microscopic size, which led todrastic cut on the size of computer.
The input output devices were the samemonitors, keyboard, printer etc.
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Generations of ElectronicComputers
First
Generation
Second
Gen.
Third
Gen.
Fourth Gen.
Technology Vacuum
Tubes
Transistors Integrated
Circuits
(multipletransistors)
Microchips
(millions of
transistors)
Size Filled Whole
Buildings
Filled half a
room
Smaller Tiny - Palm
Pilot is as
powerful as
old buildingsized
computer
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TODAYS COMPUTER5th generation
Is classified as fifth generationcomputers.
Faster, more powerful, tremendousdata storage and processing capacity
New brands and models would comeout the market almost every othermonth.
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Computers became more affordable
Computers can now be found in homes,
schools, offices etc. There has been atremendous improvement in softwaretechnology
Different software applications to choose from:word processing, spreadsheets, databasemanagement, games and entertainment.
Computer subjects are now being offered not
just to college students but even to high schooland elementary.
Computers are now used as an aid in teaching
math, science etc.
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Thank You