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Classification and Taxonomy
The student will investigate and understand how
organisms can be classified. Key concepts include:
a) the distinguishing characteristics of
kingdoms of organisms; b) the distinguishing
characteristics of major animal and plant
phyla; and c) the characteristics of
the species.
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TAXONOMY--the branch of science that classifies and names living things.
How are Living things classified?
• physical structure (how they look)• evolutionary relationships • embryonic similarities (embryos)• genetic similarities (DNA)• biochemical similarities
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Classification Systems
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HOW ARE LIVING THINGS NAMED?
NOMENCLATURE--a system for naming things
BINOMIAL NOMENCLATURE a two word naming system used in Biology to name organisms.Carolus Linnaeus devised this in the 1800's using these two subgroups for the name(uses Latin- a ‘universal’ language)
GENUS & SPECIES(more general) (more specific)* Humans are known as Homo sapiens
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Kingdom AnimaliaPhylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Primates Family Hominidae Genus Homo species sapiens
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Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic CellsEukaryotic Cells• Large• Have chromosomes• Have membrane-bound
organelles– Nucleus– Mitochondria– Centrioles– (theory of
endosymbiosis)
Prokaryotic Cells• Small• No chromosomes,
only small circle of DNA (plasmid)
• No membrane-bound organelles.
Eukaryotic Cells are Larger than Prokaryotic cells
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MONERA• Only kingdom composed of prokaryotic organisms• Single cell (no multicellular forms)• Have a cell wall• No membrane-bound organelles • Autotrophic or Heterotrophic
(ex- Bacteria, some algae)
The Archaebacteria, the most ancient of this kingdom, are so differentthat they may belong to a separate kingdom.
Other groups of Monera include the cyanobacteria (autotrophic) and eubacteria (heterotrophic).
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PROTISTA• The most ancient eukaryotic kingdom• Eukaryotic • heterotrophic, autotrophic, or both• Perhaps they are best defined as
eukaryotes that are NOT fungi, animals, or plants.
(Ex- Amoeba, Paramecium, Euglena)
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FUNGI• Eukaryotic, heterotrophic, usually
multicellular group having multinucleated cells enclosed in cells with cell walls.
• Decomposers: They obtain their energy by decomposing dead and dying organisms and absorbing their nutrients from those organisms.
• Some fungi also cause disease (yeast infections, rusts, and smuts), while others are useful in baking, brewing, as foods, drugs and sources for antibiotics.(Ex- mushrooms, yeast)
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PLANTAE
• Plants are immobile, multicellular eukaryotes that produce their food by photosynthesis (autotrophic)and have cell walls.
• Plants are important sources of oxygen, food, and clothing/construction materials, as well as pigments, spices, dyes, and drugs.
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ANIMALIA• Animals are multicellular, heterotrophic
eukaryotes that are capable of mobility at some stage during their lives, and that have cells lacking cell walls.
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