APA Reference Style APA Reference Style for University for University Assignments Assignments
Library Tutorial
Learning OutcomesLearning OutcomesIn the tutorial, you will• Learn the basic rules using the APA
reference style for formatting citations. • Be able to cite ideas from someone’s
works using the APA style in your essay.• Be able to create a reference list of
books, journals & online documents (webpages) using the APA style.
Acknowledge Acknowledge CitationsCitations
• Once you find a useful idea to support your essay argument, the source must be acknowledged.
• Whether paraphrasing or quoting an author directly, you must credit the source.
• An essay without the acknowledgement of sources will be considered as plagiarism.
• Your research paper will be complete when an adequate reference list is attached!
Today’s ContentsToday’s ContentsIntroduction:
What is APA? Why APA style?Step 1: Formatting text citations.Step 2: Formatting bibliographic information
for a reference list.Step 3: Referencing online resources in the
APA style.Step 4: Listing formatted references in your
reference list.
What is the APA What is the APA style?style?
• “APA” stands for “American Psychological Association”.
• It is also known as an “Author-Date” System, in contrast to a “Note System.”
The Author-Date Style: Citations in the text refer to
references in the bibliography at the end of essay.
Note Style (the footnote citation style) where numbers in the text refer to references in the footer
area.
Why APA style?Why APA style?• There are many Author-Date citation styles.• In the Harvard style, a citation would be:
(Woods: 2001: 45)• In the APA style, it would be:
(Woods, 2001, p. 45)• APA is the most popular international author-date
reference style for Social Sciences & Management journals.
Why APA style?Why APA style?• “APA” publishes an excellent user
manual on referencing & editorial style. • The library has many copies of the
manual in many sections of the Library. Some copies can be loaned.
This tutorial is based on the APA Publication Manual
(BF11.A69 2001 – 5th edition)
STEP 1:STEP 1: Formatting Formatting Citations Citations
in Your Essay with in Your Essay with APA styleAPA style
An Essay in APA styleAn Essay in APA styleIntroduction:
Your thesis statement.An outline of your essay.
The Body: Your arguments (Your answer to the question)
e.g. It is discussed that…. (Anderson, 2002, p.35)…
Conclusion:The summary of your answer.
Reference List: Anderson, S. (2002). Adventure tourism: An introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
A parenthetical reference refers to
Reference List.
References within References within texttext
Example 1: Direct quotations “Language involves attaching meaning to world symbols” (Samovar & Porter, 1997, p. 286).
According to Coakley (1994), the success of a professional sporting event is no guaranteed as it requires “people in a society must have time…” (pp. 303-304).
As Taylor (1983) points out, All society establishes hierarchies, In few society… are they so widespread or important as in Japan. For the
Japanese, rank is so finely determined that… (p. 42).
If your direct quotation is
more than 40 words, indent
the quoted section without
quotation marks.
References within References within texttext
Example 2: Indirect quotations (paraphrasing / summarizing)He spends years cultivating his clients, building long-term relationships based on reliability (Hall, 1983).
Lormax (1968) found that song and dance styles of a country were related to its level of social cohesion and collectivism (pp.54-55).
As discussed above, electronic commerce is typically characterised by disintermediation of supply chain. (Gould, 2001; New Zealand Tourism, 2003, pp.34-37).
When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, you
don’t have to provide a location reference (e.g. a page or paragraph
number). Nevertheless, you are encouraged to do so.
If an idea comes from two different
sources, use a semicolon (;).
References within References within texttext
Example 3: Citations from a secondary source (e.g. from a text book)
According to Steinberg and McDonald’s study (as cited in McNeil, Ballard, Atkins, & Hall, 1996), it is not always true.
However, it is always best to cite the original source, especially if you are a graduate student. (1) References could be cited incorrectly.(2) That would be dishonest.
If you want to use an idea from an author cited by another author, use “as
cited in”.In the reference list, list only
the secondary source.
STEP 2:STEP 2: Formatting Formatting
Bibliographic Data Bibliographic Data for List of Referencesfor List of References
with APA stylewith APA style
List of ReferencesList of References• Once your references are cited in the text, you
need to append a reference list to acknowledge cited materials.
• The reference list provides the information necessary to identify and retrieve each source.
• “Our purpose of listing references is to enable readers to retrieve and use the sources – reference data must be correct and complete.”
List of ReferencesList of References• All references cited in the text must
appear in the list.• Conversely, each entry in the reference
list must be cited in the text.• Make sure that the text citation and
reference list entries are identical.
List of References List of References (Exception)(Exception)
• Your lecturer’s comments in your lecture or personal email, interviews must be acknowledged in the body of your essay, but these do not need to be listed in a reference list.
e.g. In his lecture for ‘Introduction to Sociology’ on 16 April 2002, Prof. Harris said that…
or Thus, it was proved to be 3.7%. (P. Harris, personal communications, April 16, 2002)
The Components The Components • What is the minimum information to retrieve
source information?• Basic bibliographic data that are usually
included in each citation are:<1> Author’s Name
<2> Publication Date (& Access Date)<3> Title of Item <4> Publication Information
It must be italicised (or underlined)
Listing ComponentsListing Components• A bibliographic reference should not be like:
Author: John W. Creswell (1994)
Title: Research Design – Qualitative & Quantitative approaches.
Publisher: Sage Publication, LondonCall number: H62.C71 1994 <Level 3>
• But it should be like...Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative & quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publication.
Reference List doesn’t need library
call numbers.
1. Author’s Name1. Author’s Name• Invert all author’s name – give surnames and
initials.– White, R.– Dryden, G., & Vos, J.– Robbins, S. P., Bergman, R., & Stagg, I.
• For editors, use (Ed.) or (Eds.) after initials of editor(s).– Duncan, G. M. (Ed.).– Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.).
2. Publication Date2. Publication Date• Books, Journals & Audiovisual media need a
“Publication Year.”– White, R. (1997).– Knop, N., & Pope, C. (1998).
• Magazines & Newspapers etc. need “Year, Month, Day.” – Creswell, J. (1993, June). [Monthly]
– Smith, A. (1994, September 28). [daily & weekly]
– Pope, C. (n.d.). [Work with no date available]
3. Title (Books) 3. Title (Books)
Examples:
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.) (1997). Intercultural communication: A reader. (8th ed.). New York: Wadsworth Publication Company.
Gannon, M. J. (1997). Irish conversations. In L. A. Samovar, & R. E. Porter (Eds.), Intercultural communication: A reader. (8th ed.). (pp. 125-133). New York: Wadsworth Publication Company.
Enclose additional information
after the title. (trans.) (press.) or [CD], [Motion
Picture]
Additional information for authors such as
(Director), (Producer)
3. Title (Periodicals)3. Title (Periodicals)Periodicals are journals, magazines etc.
Deutsche, F. (1993). Husbands at home: Predictors of paternal participation in childcare and housework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65 (3), 1154-1166.
Henry, W. A. (1990, April 9). Beyond the melting pot. Time. 135, 28-31.
Gill, M. A. (2001, December 13). Ringing endorsement. Waikato Times. Edition 2, p. 15.
4. Publication 4. Publication InformationInformation
Publication Information is: 1: Publication Place: Publisher’s name (for Books, Audiovisual
media etc.)Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative &
quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publication.
2. Issue Number, Page Numbers (for periodicals). Volume numbers are a part of Journal Titles
Zhang, Z. (1988). A discussion of communicative culture. Journal of Chinese Language Teacher Association, 23 (2), 107-112.
No Publisher’s name & Place of Publication
4. Publication 4. Publication InformationInformation
Creswell, J. W. (1994). Research design: Qualitative & quantitative approaches. London: Sage Publication.
Robbins, S. P., Bergman, R., & Stagg, I. (1997). Management. Maryborough, Victoria, Australia: Prentice Hall.
Well-known publication places such as Tokyo and New York do not need states or country
names.
If two or more publisher locations are given, give the
location listed first in the book or the location of the
publisher’s home office.
STEP 3:STEP 3: Referencing Online Referencing Online Resources in APA Resources in APA
style. style. No matter whether it is online or print, your reference needs four basic elements:
(1) Author (2) Date (3) Title &(4) Publication Information – URLs/Database’s
name
Access DateAccess Date• A reference of an electronic source needs all
four basic elements, and also “date of retrieval” before publication information.
Palmquist, S. (2004) Kant on the web. Retrieved October 6, 2004, from http://www.hkbu.edu.hk/~ppp/Kant.html
AuthorAuthor• Wherever possible, identify the authors of
documents. Be mindful of the quality of online documents (of unknown authorship!)
• On the other hand, you might find more than one author’s name – the host organisation and webpage author(s) are not the same…
• Suppose you want to use a webpage about “Hamilton Zoo” as a reference for your essay…
• What are four reference elements?
Let’s practiceLet’s practice
The URL (Publication
Information) is in the address bar.
Webpage’s title is always on the top
bar of your browser.
If you cannot find the author’s name or publication date, scroll down the
browser.
At the bottom of the webpage, you normally
find the copyright information (Author &
Publication Date).
Otherwise, go to the homepage of the website and/or find link to ‘About
me’. Or ‘About Us’
Write it in order…Write it in order…• We identified all four basic elements:
– Author: Hamilton City Council (& Hamilton Zoo).– Date: 2001– Title: Hamilton Zoo– Pub.Info: URL & Date of Access
• This webpage will be referenced as:– Hamilton City Council. (2001). Hamilton Zoo.
Retrieved October 7, 2004, from the Hamilton Zoo Website: http://www.hamiltonzoo.co.nz/
No underline
Acknowledge website’s author before the URL if it’s different from the website’s host (e.g.
Government Agency, University department)
Websites/Webpages Websites/Webpages 1. A webpage (A document in an
Internet only journal)New Zealand’s Information Network. (n.d.). Hamilton Visitor's Guide & Visitor Information - Hamilton City, Waikato, New Zealand. Retrieved October 11, 2004, from http://www.newzealandnz.co.nz/hamilton/
Websites/Webpages Websites/Webpages 2. A website (multiple documents)
When Internet documents comprises multople pages (it has different URLs), acknowledge its homepage:
American Psychological Association. (2003). APA style; Electronic References. Retrieved October 7, 2004, from http://www.apastyle.org/elecref.html
Online Articles Online Articles 1. An online article based on a print source (The
same journal is available on the WWW: i.e. PDF version)Adderly, B. (2001). Mother nature’s medicine chest [Electronic version]. Better Nutrition, 63 (8), 30-32.
2. An Articles in a Library Database (A HTML document)Adderly, B. (2001). Mother nature’s medicine chest. Better
Nutrition, 63 (8), 30-32. Retrieved September 30, 2004, from Academic Research Library database.
How to quote it?How to quote it?1. Use PDF version if possible.
PDF is a scanned printed article. Page numbers should be available as printed articles.
2. Online Article in the HTML version.There will no page numbers. If paragraph numbers are visible, use them in place of page numbers. Use the ¶ symbol or the abbreviation para.
(Adderly, 2001, para. 5) or (Adderly, 2001,. ¶ 5).
How to quote it?How to quote it?3. Online Article in the HTML version.
If there are headings in the document, use the heading and the paragraph number.
“Privacy has long been defined as the night of an individual to be left alone and to be able to control the flow of information about him or herself” (Liu & Armett, 2002, Influence on E-commerce, para. 1)
“The current system of managed care and the current approach… are shortsighted” (Beutler, 2000, Conclusion section, para. 1).
STEP 4:STEP 4: Listing Listing
Bibliographic Bibliographic References in Your References in Your Reference List with Reference List with
APA styleAPA style
Listing EntriesListing Entries• The list should be placed after the body of
your essay.• List all reference entries alphabetically.• If no author is known, the entry should start
with its title (ignore ‘the’ or ‘a’ ‘an’).• Some webpages & many newspaper articles
do not have author’s name.
Listing EntriesListing Entriese.g.
Drivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, March 7). THE TIMARU HERALD. p.1.
• In the text, use a short title (or the full title if it is short) for the parenthetical citation.
e.g. (“Drivers reject fuel,” 2003)
Listing EntriesListing Entries• If there are two or more references by the
same author in the same year, add alphabet after the publication year.
e.g.Statistics New Zealand (2002a). The annual
report. Wellington, New Zealand: Author.
Statistics New Zealand (2002b). The New Zealand Official Year Book. Auckland,
New Zealand: Author. Use “Author” if Author and Publisher are
identical.
Listing EntriesListing EntriesIn the text…
According to Statistics New Zealand (2002b, pp. 306-310), international tourism’s contribution to NZ economy is tremendous.
Final Check!Final Check!• When you have completed your reference list, make
sure that:– each entry has four basic elements. – each entry referenced appears in both the text and the list.– the text citation and reference list entry are identical in
spelling and year.
• Always check with the APA manual if you are not sure - use “indexes.”
ConclusionConclusionYou have learned:• How to format citations in text using the APA
reference style.• How to make a reference list using the APA
reference style.• How to use the Publication Manual of the American
Psychological Association (Call Number: BF11.A69).
Enjoy Essay Writing!Enjoy Essay Writing!