Done By:Calvin Mau (2)

Metals

IntroductionMetal is any of a class of elementary substances, as gold, silver, or copper, all of which are crystalline when solid and many of which are characterized by opacity, ductility, conductivity, and a unique luster when freshly fractured.

Metals in general, are:• Strong and hard. • Solid a room temperature • Have a shiny luster when polished. • Good heat conductors and electrical conductors. • Dense • Have high melting points• Malleable (capable of being shaped or extended by beating with a hammer or using other tools) • Make a sonorous sound when struck

Brief history of metalCopper Copper is the first metal mined and crafted by man, and played a significant part in early civilizations. Tools, weapons, decorative articles, and many more were wrought from copper by early civilizations. The metal was also very durable, and resistant to corrosion. Tin Tin is one of the earliest known metals, and has been used as early as 3500 BC as a component for bronze. Because it bonds easily, it was sometimes used to coat other metals to prevent corrosion.AluminumThough was discovered in the around the 1700’s, A name for it was not established till 1808. There were not many uses for it at the time as it would take much more research to find an efficient method unlock the metal from it’s ore.ZincZinc was recognized as a new metal by 1374, though it was widely used long before that. It was used to make brass, which could then be used to make coins, ornaments, and many more. SilverSilver was discovered by ancient civilizations, who used it to make many things, including jewellery, religious artifacts, and storage vessels. From as early as 700BC, silver was used as a medium for trading, though silver coins only came about later.LeadLead was probably one of the first metals to be produced by man, being known since 3500BC. It was widely used as building material, decorative fixtures, and many more, though the method ancient civilizations used to extract lead from its minerals is not well known.PlatinumPlatinum was discovered around 700 BC, where it was used together with gold for ceremonial jewellery. During the 1700’s platinum’s chemical properties made it a common component for potions made by inventors trying to change lead into gold. It was only in 1751 that it was categorized as a precious metal. TitaniumFirst discovered in an impure form during 1791. It was later named titanium after the Titans in Greek mythology. Though it was discovered as early as 1791, it was only in 1910 that a way to manufacture pure titanium was made.

Uses of MetalsAluminium

Aluminium is a shiny, non-toxic, light metal that does not rust easily.

It is very useful for such things as:

1. Carbonated drink cans as it is non-toxic so that people will not get poisoned after drinking from the drink can.

2. Top decks of warships as it is light so that it can let the warship move with ease and would no rust when in contact with seawater.

3. Bicycles are made of aluminium as it is light and does not rust easily

Lead

Lead is used as to sheathe cables for burial, to protect roofs from the atmosphere, and has many uses in technology.

It is used in machines of all kinds

It is used for bullets

Lead metal is sometimes used for metal pipes

Iron

Iron is the most widely used of all the metals, accounting for 95% of worldwide metal production.

Its low cost and high strength make it indispensable in engineering applications such as the

construction of machinery and machine tools.

It can be used for :

1. Automobiles such as cars trucks and vans.

2. Structural components for buildings.

3. Hulls for larger ships.

Uses of MetalsCopperCopper is a good conductor of heat, electricity and it is cheap compared to other metals. 1. Copper electrical wires as it is a good conductor of electricity. 2. Copper is very resistant to corrosion, so it is sometimes used to coat other metals to prevent rusting.3. Copper can be used in many useful alloys.4. Copper was used to make tools, ornaments and more.

Building Wire. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16% Plumbing & Heating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14%Automotive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11%Electric Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9%Air Conditioning & Commercial Refrigeration. . . . . . .8%Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7%Factory Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6%Electronics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6%Appliances & Extension Cords . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3%Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20%TOTAL-----------------------------------------------> 100%

What are alloys and pure metals?

Alloys Alloys are metals that are combined together to be formed into another new metal.

Examples of alloys are: Steel, Bronze, Brass,……etc.

The metals might be combined for their properties too.

Let’s see bronze for an example. Bronze is made up of copper and tin. It was first used by ancient civilizations to make decorate ornaments. At fist they were using pure copper to make ornaments and decorations. Later, they found out that adding tin to the mixture gave it a natural luster and made it stronger and durable. So, from then on, they kept using the mixture. This started the bronze age.

Pure metals Pure metals are metals that are not mixed together with another metal.

Examples of pure metals are: Copper, Tin, Silver,……etc.

They are cheaper and easier to manufacture.

Metal ExtractionHow Metal is extracted.Metals have to be dug out of the ground.

The first mines were open-cast mines, or quarries. As the need for metals grew, mines were dug deeper and deeper down into the earth. Miners worked in underground galleries in near darkness.

Not only was the work dirty, it was also dangerous, as there was always the risk that the tunnels might cave in.

The metals were dug out.

It’s an ore, so what do they do?

When they heated the ore with charcoal, the metal was released, leaving behind the rock. They could then pour off the molten metal into moulds, to make all sorts of useful things.

There is a lot of iron ore in the ground, but to obtain the metal the rock has to be heated to over 1,000 degrees Celsius. So, where do we get the heat? The furnace! Let’s continue on the next slide.

What is a furnace? A furnace is a structure or apparatus in which heat may be generated, as for heating houses, smelting ores, or

producing steam.

It is also to heat a metal piece so that the metal can be worked with easier than without heating.

What keeps a furnace at such a high temperature of thousands? The bellows kept the furnace white-hot.

What happens to the waste materials and the metal? The waste material ran out through the hole at the front, while the metal sank to the bottom of the furnace.

My Reflection:Through making these slides, I have learnt more about metals, how were they smelted and much more. Also, I learnt about

how metals were extracted from ores too, and about furnaces, where metals are smelted. Although I did face some difficulties through making these slides, I soon overcame them by looking up more on metals.

Acknowledgements We are not ingrates

List of our sources:

-Wikipedia

-Books on metallurgy from the library