untitled - cdn

Copyright copy 2020 American School of Classical Studies at Athens originally published in The Mycenaean Settlement on Tsoungiza Hill (Nemea Valley Archaeological Project III) by James C Wright and Mary K Dabney This offprint is supplied for personal noncommercial use only

NEMEA VALLEY ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT

VOLUME III

THE MYCENAEAN SETTLEMENT ON TSOUNGIZA HILL

PART 1 CONTEXT STUDIES

BY

JAMES C WRIGHT AND MARY K DABNEY

With contributions by

Phoebe Acheson Susan E Allen Kathleen M Forste Paul Halstead S M A Hoffmann Anna Karabatsoli Konstantina Kaza-Papageorgiou Bartłomiej Lis Rebecca Mersereau Hans Mommsen Jeremy B Rutter

Tatiana Theodoropoulou and Jonathan E Tomlinson

A MER IC A N SCHOOL OF CL A SSIC A L STUDIES AT ATHENS

PR INCETON N EW JER SE Y

2020

NVAP3_2ndProofsindb 3 8220 741 PM

copy American School of Classical Studies at Athens 2020

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Names Wright James C 1946ndash author | Dabney Mary K 1954ndash authorTitle The Mycenaean settlement on Tsoungiza Hill by James C Wright and

Mary K Dabney with contributions by Phoebe Acheson Susan E Allen Kath-leen M Forste Paul Halstead S M A Homann Anna Karabatsoli Konstan-tina Kaza-Papageorgiou Bartłomiej Lis Rebecca Mersereau Hans Mommsen Jeremy B Rutter Tatiana Theodoropoulou and Jonathan E Tomlinson

Description Princeton New Jersey American School of Classical Studies at Ath-ens 2020 | Series Nemea Valley Archaeological Project Volume 3 | Includes bibliographical references and index

Identifiers LCCN 2019036328 | ISBN 978-0-87661-924-7 (cloth)Subjects LCSH Mycenae (Extinct city) | Civilization Mycenaean | Nemea Region

(Greece)mdashAntiquities | GreecemdashAntiquities | Bronze agemdashGreecemdashNemea Region | Excavations (Archaeology)mdashGreecemdashNemea Region | Nemea Val-ley Archaeological Project

Classification LCC DF221M9 W75 2020 | DDC 9387mdashdc23 LC record available at httpslccnlocgov2019036328

Publication of this book has been aided by

the Publications Fund and the Alwin C Carus

Elizabeth Carus and Christine Carus Fund of the

Department of Classical amp Near Eastern Archaeology

Bryn Mawr College


CONTENTS

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ix

LIST OF TABLES xxi

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xxv


1 INTRODUCTION by Mary K Dabney and James C Wright 3

2 TOPOGRAPHY by James C Wright 29

3 SURFACE POTTERY by Phoebe Acheson 45

4 PHASES OF OCCUPATION by Mary K Dabney and James C Wright 85

5 DESCRIPTION OF EXCAVATIONS AND FINDS by Mary K Dabney and James C Wright with a contribution by Konstantina Kaza-Papageorgiou 89

6 THE EXCAVATIONS ON TSOUNGIZA IN 1926ndash1927 CONDUCTED BY JAMES PENROSE HARLAND by James C Wright and Mary K Dabney 303

7 CONCLUSIONS by Mary K Dabney and James C Wright 347

PART 2 SPECIALIST STUDIES

8 BUILDING MATERIALS AND TECHNIQUES by Rebecca Mersereau 373

9 MIDDLE HELLADIC IIIndashLATE HELLADIC II POTTERY GROUPS by Jeremy B Rutter 473

10 INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSES 819Procedures Analysis and Initial Commentary by S M A Hoffman and Jonathan E TomlinsonEvaluation with Bonn Statistical Program by Hans MommsenFinal Commentary and Conclusions by Jeremy B Rutter

11 LATE BRONZE AGE COOKING VESSELS by Bartłomiej Lis 853

12 CHIPPED STONE PRODUCTION by Anna Karabatsoli 901

13 GROUND STONE TOOLS by James C Wright 967

14 TOOLS WEAPONS FIGURINES AND PERSONAL ORNAMENTS by Mary K Dabney and James C Wright 1023

15 ARCHAEOBOTANICAL REMAINS by Susan E Allen and Kathleen M Forste 1029

16 AQUATIC FAUNAL REMAINS by Tatiana Theodoropoulou 1063

17 FAUNAL REMAINS by Paul Halstead 1077

CONCORDANCE OF STRATIGRAPHIC UNITS 1159

CONCORDANCE OF NVAP INVENTORY NUMBERS AND CATALOGUE NUMBERS 1173

GENERAL INDEX 1183



BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Adam W 1960 Faune de Belgique Mollusques I Mollusques terrestres et dulcicoles Brussels

Adams J 2014 Ground-Stone Analysis A Technological Ap-proach 2nd ed Salt Lake City

Agora = The Athenian Agora Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens Prince-tonXII = B A Sparkes and L Talcott Black and Plain Pottery

of the 6th 5th and 4th Centuries BC 1970XIII = S A Immerwahr The Neolithic and Bronze Ages

1971Aringkerstroumlm Aring 1968 ldquoA Mycenaean Potterrsquos Factory at Ber-

bati near Mycenaerdquo in Atti e memorie del primo Congresso internazionale di Micenologia (Incunabula Graeca 25) Rome pp 48ndash53

mdashmdashmdash 1987 Berbati 2 The Pictorial Pottery StockholmAlden M 2000 Well Built Mycenae The Helleno-British Exca-

vations within the Citadel at Mycenae 1959ndash1969 7 The Prehistoric Cemetery Oxford

Allen S E 2005 ldquoA Living Landscape The Palaeoethno-botany of Sovjan Albaniardquo (diss Boston Univ)

mdashmdashmdash In press ldquoLandscape Vegetation and Plant Use at the Bonjakeumlt Sanctuary Macrobotanical Remains from Illyrian Apolloniardquo in A Sanctuary in the Hora of Illyrian Apollonia Excavations at the Bonjakeumlt Site (2004ndash2006)ed J L Davis I Pojani V Dimo and S Stocker Lon-don pp 127ndash139

Alt-Aumlgina = Alt-Aumlgina MainzIII = H Walter and F Felten Die vorgeschichtliche Stadt

1981IV1 = S Hiller Mykenische Keramik 1975IV2 = H B Siedentopf Mattbemalte Keramik der Mittleren

Bronzezeit 1991IV3 = I Kilian-Dirlmeier Das mittelbronzezeitliche Schacht-

grab von Aumlgina 1997Anderson P C and M-L Inizan 1994 ldquoUtilisation du

tribulum au deacutebut du IIIegraveme milleacutenaire Des lames lsquocananeacuteennesrsquo lustreacutees agrave Kutan (Ninive V) dans la reacute-gion de Mossoul en Iraqrdquo Paleacuteorient 20 pp 85ndash103

Aravantinos V and A Vasilogamvrou 2012 ldquoThe First Linear B Documents from Ayios Vasileios (Laconia)rdquo in Eacutetudes myceacuteniennes 2010 Actes du XIIIe Colloque interna-tional sur les textes eacutegeacuteens Segravevres Paris Nanterre 20ndash23 septembre 2010 ed P Carlier C de Lamberterie M Egetmeyer N Guilleux F Rougemont and J Zur-bach Pisa pp 41ndash54

Aschenbrenner S E 1992 ldquoLate Helladic Settlement Stratigraphy and Architecture The SE Quadrantrdquo in McDonald and Wilkie 1992 pp 433ndash443

Ash S 1992 ldquoA Provenance Study of 173 Samples Thought to Originate from Aeginardquo (3rd year project for BSc de-gree Univ of Manchester)

Asouti E 2003 ldquoWood Charcoal from Santorini (Thera) New Evidence for Climate Vegetation and Timber Imports in the Bronze Agerdquo Antiquity 77 pp 471ndash484

Aringstroumlm P 1977 The Cuirass Tomb and Other Finds at Dendra(SIMA 4) Goumlteborg

Aringstroumlm P and D S Reese 1990 ldquoTriton Shells in East Mediterranean Cultsrdquo JPR 4 pp 3ndash4 5ndash14

Atherden M J Hall and J C Wright 1993 ldquoA Pollen Diagram from the Northeast Peloponnesos Greece Im-plications for Vegetation History and Archaeologyrdquo The Holocene 3 pp 351ndash356

Atkinson T D R C Bosanquet C C Edgar A J Evans D G Hogarth D Mackenzie C Smith and F B Welch 1904 Excavations at Phylakopi in Melos Conducted by the British School at Athens London

Avila R A J 1983 Bronzene Lanzen- und Pfeilspitzen der griechischen Spaumltbronzezeit (Praumlhistorische Bronzefunde 51) Munich

Bachelard G 1964 The Poetics of Space trans M Jolas New York

Baker J and D Brothwell 1980 Animal Diseases in Archae-ology (Studies in Archaeological Science) New York

Banks E C 1967 ldquoThe Early and Middle Helladic Small Objects from Lernardquo (diss Univ of Cincinnati)

Banks E C with R Janko 2008 ldquoThe Middle Helladic Small Finds Including the Linear A Inscriptionrdquo in Tay-lour and Janko 2008 pp 417ndash444

Barber R L N 1992 ldquoThe Origins of the Mycenaean Pal-acerdquo in Philolakon Lakonian Studies in Honour of Hector Catling ed J M Sanders London pp 11ndash23

Barnard K A and T M Brogan 2003 Mochlos IB Period III Neopalatial Settlement on the Coast The Artisansrsquo Quar-ter and the Farmhouse at Chalinomouri The Neopalatial Pot-tery (Prehistory Monographs 8) Philadelphia

Bartosiewicz L W van Neer and A Lentacker 1997 Draught Cattle Their Osteological Identification and History (Annales Sciences Zoologiques 281) Tervuren

Batsiou-Efstathiou A 1985 ldquoΜυκηναϊκά από τη Νέα Ιωνία Βόλουrdquo ArchDelt 40 Αprime pp 17ndash70

Baumgartner P O 1985 Jurassic Sedimentary Evolution and Nappe Emplacement in the Argolis Peninsula (Peloponnesus Greece) (Denkschriften der Schweizerischen Natur-forschenden Gesellschaft 99) Basel

Beck H C 1928 ldquoClassification and Nomenclature of Beads and Pendantsrdquo Archaeologia 77 pp 1ndash76


xxvi BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Becker C 1986 Kastanas Ausgrabungen in einem Siedlungs-huumlgel der Bronze- und Eisenzeit Makedoniens 1975ndash1979 Die Tierknochenfunde (Praumlhistorische Archaumlologie in Suumldosteuropa 5) Berlin

Beier T and H Mommsen 1994 ldquoModified Mahalanobis Filters for Grouping Pottery by Chemical Compositionrdquo Archaeometry 36 pp 287ndash306

Bennet J 2007 ldquoThe Aegean Bronze Agerdquo in The Cambridge Economic History of the Greco-Roman World ed W Scheidel I Morris and R Saller Cambridge pp 175ndash210

mdashmdashmdash 2008 ldquoPalaceTM Speculations on Palatial Produc-tion in Mycenaean Greecerdquo in Vitreous Materials in the Late Bronze Age Aegean (Sheeld Studies in Aegean Ar-chaeology 9) ed C M Jackson and E C Wager Ox-ford pp 151ndash172

Benzi M 1975 Ceramica micenea in Attica MilanBerg I 2004 ldquoThe Meanings of Standardization Conical

Cups in the Late Bronze Age Aegeanrdquo Antiquity 78 pp 74ndash85

Betancourt P P 1980 Cooking Vessels from Minoan Kommos A Preliminary Report (UCLAPap 7) Los Angeles

mdashmdashmdash 1985 The History of Minoan Pottery PrincetonBetancourt P P V Karageorghis R Laneur and W-D

Niemeier eds 1999 Meletemata Studies in Aegean Ar-chaeology Presented to Malcolm H Wiener as He Enters His 65th Year (Aegaeum 20) Liegravege

Bevan A 2007 Stone Vessels and Values in the Bronze Age Med-iterranean Cambridge

Bevan A E Kiriatzi C Knappett E Kappa and S Papa-christou 2002 ldquoExcavation of Neopalatial Deposits at Tholos (Kastri) Kytherardquo BSA 97 pp 55ndash96

Biers W R 1969 ldquoExcavations at Phlius 1924 The Prehis-toric Depositsrdquo Hesperia 38 pp 443ndash458

mdashmdashmdash 1971 ldquoExcavations at Phlius 1970rdquo Hesperia 40 pp 424ndash447

Binford L R 1978 Nunamiut Ethnoarchaeology New Yorkmdashmdashmdash 1981 Bones Ancient Men and Modern Myths New

YorkBirtacha K E Asouti A Devetzi D Mylona A Sarpaki

and K Trantalidou 2008 ldquolsquoCookingrsquo Installations in LC IA Akrotiri on Thera A Preliminary Study of the lsquoKitchenrsquo in Pillar Shaft 65rdquo in HorizonΟρίζων A Collo-quium on the Prehistory of the Cyclades ed N Brodie J Doole G Gavalas and C Renfrew Cambridge pp 349ndash376

Blegen C W 1921 Korakou A Prehistoric Settlement near Corinth Boston

mdashmdashmdash 1925 ldquoThe American Excavation at Nemea Sea-son of 1924rdquo Art and Archaeology 19 pp 175ndash184

mdashmdashmdash 1926 ldquoThe December Excavations at Nemeardquo Art and Archaeology 22 pp 127ndash134

mdashmdashmdash 1927 ldquoExcavations at Nemea 1926rdquo AJA 31 pp 421ndash440

mdashmdashmdash 1928 Zygouries A Prehistoric Settlement in the Valley of Cleonae Cambridge Mass

mdashmdashmdash 1937 Prosymna The Helladic Settlement Preceding the Argive Heraeum Cambridge Mass

mdashmdashmdash 1975 ldquoNeolithic Remains at Nemea Excavations of 1925ndash1926rdquo Hesperia 44 pp 251ndash279

Blitzer H 1990 ldquoΚορωνέϊκα Storage-Jar Production and Trade in the Traditional Aegeanrdquo Hesperia 59 pp 675ndash711

mdashmdashmdash 1991 ldquoMiddle to Late Helladic Chipped Stone Implements of the Southwest Peloponnese Part I The Evidence from Malthirdquo Hydra 9 pp 1ndash73

mdashmdashmdash 1992 ldquoThe Chipped Stone Ground Stone and Worked Bone Industriesrdquo in McDonald and Wilkie 1992 pp 712ndash756

Boardman S and G Jones 1990 ldquoExperiments on the Eects of Charring on Cereal Plant Componentsrdquo JAS17 pp 1ndash11

Boessneck J H-H Muumlller and M Teichert 1964 ldquoOste-ologische Unterscheidungsmerkmale zwischen Schaf (Ovis aries Linneacute) und Ziege (Capra hircus Linneacute)rdquo Kuumlhn-Archiv 78 pp 1ndash129

Bogaard A 2004 Neolithic Farming in Central Europe An Archaeobotanical Study of Crop Husbandry Practices Lon-don

mdashmdashmdash 2005 ldquolsquoGarden Agriculturersquo and the Nature of Early Farming in Europe and the Near Eastrdquo WorldArch37 pp 177ndash196

Borojevic K 2011 ldquoInterpreting Dating and Reevaluat-ing the Botanical Assemblage from Tell Kedesh A Case Study of Historical Contaminationrdquo JAS 38 pp 829ndash842

Brain C K 1981 The Hunters or the Hunted ChicagoBrecoulaki H 2014 ldquolsquoPrecious Coloursrsquo in Ancient Greek

Polychromy and Painting Material Aspects and Sym-bolic Valuesrdquo RA 2014 pp 1ndash35

Brecoulaki H A Andreotti I Bonaduce M P Colombi-ni and A Lluveras 2012 ldquoCharacterization of Organic Media in the Wall-Paintings of the lsquoPalace of Nestorrsquo at Pylos Greece Evidence for a Secco Painting Tech-niques in the Bronze Agerdquo JAS 39 pp 2866ndash2876

Brogan T M and E Hallager eds 2011 LM IB Pottery Relative Chronology and Regional Dierences Acts of a Work-shop Held at the Danish Institute at Athens in Collaboration with the INSTAP Study Center for East Crete 27ndash29 June 2007 (Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 11) Athens

Brogan T M R A K Smith and J S Soles 2002 ldquoMyce-naeans at Mochlos Exploring Culture and Identity in the Late Minoan IB to IIIA1 Transitionrdquo Aegean Archae-ology 6 pp 89ndash118

Bronk Ramsey C 2009 ldquoBayesian Analysis of Radiocarbon Datesrdquo Radiocarbon 51 pp 337ndash360

Broodbank C E Kiriatzi and J Rutter 2005 ldquoFrom Pha-raohrsquos Feet to the Slave Women of Pylos The History and Cultural Dynamics of Kythera in the Third Palace Periodrdquo in Autochthon Papers Presented to O T P K Dickinson on the Occasion of His Retirement (BAR-IS 1432) ed A Dakouri-Hild and S Sherratt Oxford pp 70ndash96

Bryan N D S M A Homann V J Robinson and E B French 1997 ldquoPottery Sources in Bronze Age Cyprus A Provenance Study by Neutron Activationrdquo RDAC 1997 pp 31ndash64

Bull G and S Payne 1982 ldquoTooth Eruption and Epiphys-ial Fusion in Pigs and Wild Boarrdquo in Wilson Grigson and Payne 1982 pp 55ndash71

Ccedilakirlar C 2009a Mollusk Shells in Troia Yenibademli and Ulucak An Archaeomalacological Approach to the Environ-ment and Economy of the Aegean (BAR-IS 2051) Oxford

mdashmdashmdash 2009b ldquoTo the Shore Back and Again Archaeo-malacology at Troiardquo Studia Troica 18 pp 59ndash86

Cappers R T J R Neef and R Bekkers 2009 The Digital Atlas of Economic Plants Groningen

Cappers R T J R Neef R Bekkers and L Boulos 2012 The Digital Atlas of Economic Plants in Archaeology Gron-ingen


BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xxvii

Carter T 2003 ldquoThe Chipped Stone and Ground Stonerdquo in The Asea Valley Survey An Arcadian Mountain Valley from the Paleolithic Period until Modern Times (ActaAth 4ordm 51) ed J Forseacuten and B Forseacuten Stockholm pp 129ndash157

mdashmdashmdash 2004 ldquoA Second Report on the Chipped Stone from Geraki (1999ndash2001)rdquo Pharos Journal of the Nether-lands Institute in Athens 10 (2002) pp 33ndash43

mdashmdashmdash 2011 ldquoThe Chipped Stonerdquo in Mochlos IIC Period IV The Mycenaean Settlement and Cemetery The Human Remains and Other Finds (Prehistory Monographs 32) ed J Soles and C Davaras Philadelphia pp 92ndash123

mdashmdashmdash 2013 ldquoThe Chipped Stonerdquo in Fouilles exeacutecuteacutees agrave Malia Le quartier Mu V Vie quotidienne et techniques au Minoen Moyen II (EacutetCreacutet 34) ed J-C Poursat Athens pp 5ndash26

Caskey J L 1956 ldquoExcavations at Lerna 1955rdquo Hesperia25 pp 147ndash173

mdashmdashmdash 1957 ldquoExcavations at Lerna 1956rdquo Hesperia 26 pp 142ndash162

mdashmdashmdash 1964 ldquoExcavations in Keos 1963rdquo Hesperia 33 pp 314ndash335

mdashmdashmdash 1972 ldquoInvestigations in Keos Part II A Conspectus of the Potteryrdquo Hesperia 41 pp 357ndash401

Caskey L D nd ldquoLexikon of Architectural Termsrdquo (un-published manuscript Blegen Library American School of Classical Studies at Athens)

Casselmann C M Fuchs D Ittameier J Maran and G Wagner 2004 ldquoInterdisziplinaumlre landschaftsarchaumlol-ogische Forschungen im Becken von Phlious 1998ndash2002rdquo AA 2004 pp 1ndash57

Catling H W 1977 ldquoExcavations at the Menelaion Spar-ta 1973ndash1976rdquo AR 23 pp 24ndash42

mdashmdashmdash 1981 ldquoArchaeology in Greece 1980ndash81rdquo AR 27 pp 1ndash48


mdashmdashmdash 1989 Some Problems in Aegean Prehistory c 1450ndash1380 BC (J L Myres Memorial Lecture 14) Oxford

mdashmdashmdash 2009 Sparta Menelaion I The Bronze Age (BSA Suppl 45) London

Cavanagh W and C Mee 1998 A Private Place Death in Prehistoric Greece (SIMA 125) Jonsered

Chadwick J 1976 The Mycenaean World CambridgeCherry J and J Davis 2001 ldquolsquoUnder the Sceptre of

Agamemnonrsquo The View from the Hinterlands of Myce-naerdquo in Urbanism in the Aegean Bronze Age (Sheeld Stu-ies in Aegean Archaeology 4) ed K Branigan New York pp 141ndash159

Cherry J F J L Davis A Demitrack E Mantzourani T F Strasser and L E Talalay 1988 ldquoArchaeological Survey in an Artifact-Rich Landscape A Middle Neo-lithic Example from Nemea Greecerdquo AJA 92 pp 159ndash176

Cherry J F J L Davis and E Mantzourani eds 1991 Landscape Archaeology as Long-Term History Northern Keos in the Cycladic Islands from Earliest Settlement to Modern Times (Monumenta Archaeologica 16) Los Angeles

mdashmdashmdash 2000 The Nemea Valley Archaeological Project Archaeo-logical Survey Internet Edition httpclassicsuceduNVAP

Chesterman C W 1979 National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Rocks and Minerals New York

Claassen C 1998 Shells (Cambridge Manuals in Archaeol-ogy) Cambridge

Clason A T and W Prummel 1977 ldquoCollecting Sieving and Archaeozoological Researchrdquo JAS 4 pp 171ndash175

Cline E H 1994 Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean (BAR-IS 591) Ox-ford

Coldstream J N and G L Huxley eds 1972 Kythera Excavations and Studies Conducted by the University of Pennsylvania Museum and the British School at AthensLondon

Corinth = Corinth Results of Excavations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies PrincetonXIII = C W Blegen H Palmer and R S Young The

North Cemetery 1964XX = C K Williams II and N Bookidis eds Corinth the

Centenary 1896ndash1996 2003Cosmopoulos M B 2014 The Sanctuary of Demeter at Eleu-

sis The Bronze Age 2 vols (Archaeological Society of Athens Library 295ndash296) Athens

Costin C L 1991 ldquoCraft Specialization Issues in Defining Documenting and Explaining the Organization of Pro-ductionrdquo Archaeological Method and Theory 3 pp 1ndash56

Counihan C M 1999 The Anthropology of Food and Body Gender Meaning and Power London

Courty M A and V Roux 1995 ldquoIdentification of Wheel Throwing on the Basis of Ceramic Surface Features and Microfabricsrdquo JAS 22 pp 17ndash50

Coy J 1986 ldquoThe Faunal Remains from Period Vrdquo in Keos V pp 109ndash111

Cumming K S 1999 Freshwater Mussel (Unionida) Genera of the World httpwwwfreshwatermusselsinlsuiucedu

Dabney M K 1997 ldquoCraft Product Consumption as an Economic Indicator of Site Status in Regional Studiesrdquo in ΤΕΧΝΗ Craftsmen Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 16) ed R Laneur and P P Betancourt Liegravege pp 467ndash471

mdashmdashmdash 1999 ldquoLocating Mycenaean Cemeteriesrdquo in Betan-court et al 1999 pp 171ndash175

mdashmdashmdash 2016a ldquoConsumerism Debt and the End of the Bronze Age Civilisations in the Eastern Mediterraneanrdquo in RA-PI-NE-U Studies on the Mycenaean World Oered to Robert Laneur for His 70th Birthday (Aegis 10) ed J Driessen Louvain-la-Neuve pp 95ndash107

mdashmdashmdash 2016b ldquoMycenaean Funerary Processions as Shared Ritual Experiencesrdquo In Metaphysis Ritual Myth and Symbolism in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 39) ed E Alram-Stern F Blakolmer S Deger-Jalkotzy R La-neur and J Weilhartner Liegravege pp 229ndash234

Dabney M K S E Allen A Kugler A Papathanasiou and J C Wright 2020 ldquoThe Neolithic Settlement on Tsoungiza at Ancient Nemeardquo Hesperia 89 pp 1ndash65

Dabney M K P Halstead and P Thomas 2004 ldquoMyce-naean Feasting on Tsoungiza at Ancient Nemeardquo Hespe-ria 73 pp 197ndash215

Dabney M K and J C Wright 2013 ldquoΜεσοελλαδικός καιμυκηναϊκός οικισμός στην Τσούγκιζα της Αρχαίας Νεμέ-αςrdquo in Kissas and Niemeier 2013 pp 351ndash361

Dakouri-Hild N 2001 ldquoThe House of Kadmos in Myce-naean Thebes Reconsidered Architecture Chronolo-gy and Contextrdquo BSA 96 pp 81ndash122

Damm U 1997 ldquoDie spaumltbronzezeitlichen Miniaturge-faumlsse und Hohlgeformten Stiere von Tiryns Ein Analyse der Form und Funktionrdquo (diss Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universitaumlt zu Bonn)

DrsquoAngelo G and S Gargiullo 1978 Guida alle conchiglie mediterranee Conoscerle cercarle collezionarle Milan


xxviii BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Darcque P 2005 Lrsquohabitat myceacutenien Formes et fonctions de lrsquoespace bacircti en Gregravece continentale agrave la fin du IIe milleacutenaire avant J-C (BEacuteFAR 319) Athens

Davey N 1971 A History of Building Materials New YorkDavis E N 1977 The Vapheio Cups and Aegean Gold and

Silver Ware New YorkDavis J L 1978 ldquoThe Mainland Panelled Cup and Pan-

elled Stylerdquo AJA 82 pp 216ndash222mdashmdashmdash 1979 ldquoLate Helladic I Pottery from Korakourdquo Hes-

peria 48 pp 234ndash263mdashmdashmdash 1988 ldquoIf Therersquos a Room at the Top Whatrsquos at the

Bottom Settlement and Hierarchy in Early Mycenaean Greecerdquo BICS 35 pp 164ndash165 (abstract)

Davis J L and H B Lewis 1985 ldquoMechanization of Pot-tery Production A Case Study from the Cycladic Is-landsrdquo in Prehistoric Production and Exchange The Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean ed A B Knapp and T Stech Los Angeles pp 79ndash92

Davis J L and S Stocker 2016 ldquoThe Lord of the Gold Rings The Grin Warrior of Pylosrdquo Hesperia 85 pp 627ndash655

Day L P and L M Snyder 2004 ldquoThe lsquoBig Housersquo at Vronda and the lsquoGreat Housersquo at Karphi Evidence for Social Structure in LM IIIC Creterdquo in Crete beyond the Palaces ed M S Mook J D Muhly and L P Day Phila-delphia pp 63ndash80

deFrance S D 2009 ldquoZooarchaeology in Complex Societ-ies Political Economy Status and Ideologyrdquo Journal of Archaeological Research 17 pp 105ndash168

Delamotte M and E Vardala-Theodorou 1994 Shells from the Greek Seas Athens

Demakopoulou K 1990 ldquoThe Burial Ritual in the Tholos Tomb at Kokla Argolisrdquo in Celebrations of Death and Di-vinity in the Bronze Age Argolid (ActaAth 4ordm 40) ed R Haumlgg and G C Nordquist Stockholm pp 113ndash123

mdashmdashmdash 1993 ldquoArgive Mycenaean Pottery Evidence from the Necropolis at Koklardquo in Zerner Zerner and Winder 1993 pp 57ndash75

mdashmdashmdash ed 1996 The Aidonia Treasure AthensDemakopoulou K and N Valakou 2009 ldquoMycenaean

Figures and Figurines from Mideardquo in Schallin and Pak-kanen 2009 pp 37ndash53

Deniz E and S Payne 1982 ldquoEruption and Wear in the Mandibular Dentition as a Guide to Ageing Turkish An-gora Goatsrdquo in Wilson Grigson and Payne 1982 pp 155ndash205

Dickinson O T P K 1972 ldquoLate Helladic IIA and IIB Some Evidence from Korakourdquo BSA 67 pp 103ndash112

mdashmdashmdash 1974 ldquoThe Definition of Late Helladic Irdquo BSA 69 pp 109ndash120

mdashmdashmdash 1977 The Origins of Mycenaean Civilization (SIMA49) Goumlteborg

mdashmdashmdash 1992 ldquoMycenaean Pottery from the Settlement Part I The Late Helladic I and II Potteryrdquo in McDonald and Wilkie 1992 pp 469ndash488 521ndash534

mdashmdashmdash 2014 ldquoLate Helladic I Revisited The Kytheran Connectionrdquo in Nakassis Gulizio and James 2014 pp 3ndash15

Dickinson O T P K L Papazoglou-Manioudaki A Naf-plioti and A J N W Prag 2012 ldquoMycenae Revisited Part 4 Assessing the New Datardquo BSA 107 pp 1ndash28

Dietler M 2010 Archaeologies of Colonialism Consumption Entanglement and Violence in Ancient Mediterranean France Berkeley

Dietz S 1980 Asine II2 The Middle Helladic Cemetery The Middle Helladic and Early Mycenaean Deposits Stockholm

mdashmdashmdash 1991 The Argolid at the Transition to the Mycenaean Age Studies in the Chronology and Cultural Development in the Shaft Grave Period Copenhagen

mdashmdashmdash 1998 ldquoThe Cyclades and the Mainland in the Shaft Grave PeriodmdashA Summaryrdquo Proceedings of the Danish In-stitute at Athens 2 pp 9ndash35

Dietz S and N Divari-Valakou 1990 ldquoA Middle Helladic IIILate Helladic I Grave Group from Myloi in the Ar-golid (Oikopedon Manti)rdquo OpAth 18 pp 45ndash62

Dietz S C Zerner and G Nordquist 1988 ldquoConcerning the Classification of Late Middle Helladic Wares in the Argolidrdquo Hydra 5 pp 15ndash16

Doumlhl H 1975 ldquoTiryns-Stadt Sondage 1968rdquo in TirynsVIII pp 137ndash154

Donnan C B 1971 ldquoAncient Peruvian Pottersrsquo Marks and Their Interpretation through Ethnographic Analogyrdquo AmerAnt 36 pp 460ndash466

Dor L J Jannoray H van Eenterre and M van Een-terre 1960 Kirrha Eacutetude de preacutehistoire phocidienneParis

Driessen J 2008 ldquoChronology of the Linear B Textsrdquo in A Companion to Linear B Mycenaean Greek Texts and Their World I ed Y Duhoux and A Morpurgo Davies Lou-vain pp 69ndash79

Driessen J and C F Macdonald 1997 The Troubled Island Minoan Crete before and after the Santorini Eruption (Ae-gaeum 17) Liegravege

Earle T 1987 ldquoChiefdoms in Archaeological and Ethno-historical Perspectiverdquo Annual Review of Anthropology 16 pp 279ndash308

Eder B 2017 ldquoRise and Fall of an Early Mycenaean Site Kakovatos in Triphyliardquo BICS Mycenaean Seminar 2015ndash2016 no 6 doi 101429612179781905670857

Engels L L Bavay and A Tsingarida 2009 ldquoCalculating Vessel Capacities A New Web-Based Solutionrdquo in Shapes and Uses of Greek Vases (7thndash4th Centuries BC) ed A Tsin-garida Brussels pp 129ndash133

Ervynck A W van Neer H Huumlster-Plogmann and J Schibler 2003 ldquoBeyond Auence The Zooarchaeol-ogy of Luxuryrdquo WorldArch 34 pp 428ndash441

Evely D and C Runnels 1992 Well Built Mycenae The Helleno-British Excavations within the Citadel at Mycenae 1959ndash1969 27 Ground Stone Oxford

Evely R D G 1993 Minoan Crafts Tools and Techniques (SIMA 92) Goumlteborg

Evershed R P S J Vaughan S N Dudd and J S Soles 2000 ldquoOrganic Residue Petrographic and Typological Analyses of Late Minoan Lamps and Conical Cups from Excavations at Mochlos in East Crete Greecerdquo in Paleo-diet in the Aegean ed S Vaughan and W Coulson Ox-ford pp 37ndash54

Faraklas N 1972 Φλειασία AthensFelten F W Gauss and R Smetana eds 2007 Middle Hel-

ladic Pottery and Synchronisms Proceedings of the Interna-tional Workshop Held at Salzburg October 31stndashNovember 2nd 2004 (Aumlgina-Kolonna Forschungen und Ergeb-nisse 1) Vienna

Fischer W M L Bauchot and M Schneider eds 1987 Fiches FAO drsquoidentification des espegraveces pour les besoins de la pecircche Meacutediterraneacutee et mer Noire zone de pecircche 37 2 vols Rome

Fitzsimons R 2011 ldquoMonumental Architecture and the Construction of the Mycenaean Staterdquo in State Forma-tion in Italy and Greece Questioning the Neoevolutionist Paradigm ed R Terrenato and D C Haggis Oxford pp 75ndash118


BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xxix

Forste K M 2012 ldquoAgricultural Adaptations during the Late Bronze Age Archaeobotanical Evidence from Sov-jan Albania and Tsoungiza Greecerdquo (MA thesis Univ of Cincinnati)

Forstenpointner A A Galik S Zohmann and G Weis-sengruber 2007 ldquoSaitenspiel und Purpurschimmer-archaumlozoologische Ehrengaben aus dem spaumlthella-dischen Aumlgina Kolonnardquo in Keimelion Elitenbildung und Elitaumlrer Konsum von der mykenischen Palaztzeit bis zur hom-erischen EpocheThe Formation of Elites and Elitist Lifestyles from Mycenaean Palatial Times to the Homeric Period Akten des internationalen Kongresses von 3 bis 5 Februar 2005 in Salzburg ed E Alram-Stern and G Nightingale Vien-na pp 141ndash148

French D and E French 1971 ldquoPrehistoric Pottery from the Area of the Agricultural Prison at Tirynsrdquo in Tiryns V pp 21ndash40

French E 1964 ldquoLate Helladic IIIA1 Pottery from Myce-naerdquo BSA 59 pp 241ndash261

mdashmdashmdash 1971 ldquoThe Development of Mycenaean Terracotta Figurinesrdquo BSA 66 pp 101ndash187

mdashmdashmdash 2002 Mycenae Agamemnonrsquos Capital StroudFrench E B S M A Homann V J Robinson and J E

Tomlinson 2008 ldquoThe Perlman and Asaro Analyses of Late Helladic IndashIII Sherds from the 1963 Excavations A Statistical Re-evaluationrdquo in Taylour and Janko 2008 CD-ROM 118ndash123

French E and K Shelton 2005 ldquoEarly Palatial Mycenaerdquo in Autochthon Papers Presented to O T P K Dickinson on the Occasion of His Retirement (BAR-IS 1432) ed A Dak-ouri-Hild and S Sherratt Oxford pp 175ndash184

French E B and J E Tomlinson 1999 ldquoThe Mainland lsquoConical Cuprsquordquo in Betancourt et al 1999 pp 259ndash265

Frizell B S 1980 An Early Mycenaean Settlement at Asine The Late Helladic IIBndashIIIA1 Pottery Goumlteborg

mdashmdashmdash 1986 Asine II The Late and Final Mycenaean PeriodsStockholm

Furumark A 1941 The Chronology of Mycenaean PotteryStockholm

mdashmdashmdash 1972 Mycenaean Pottery I Analysis and Classification (ActaAth 4ordm 201) Stockholm

Galaty M L 2016 ldquoThe Mycenaeanisation Processrdquo in Be-yond Thalassocracies Understanding Processes of Minoanisa-tion and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean ed E Gorogi-anni P Pavuacutek and L Girella Oxford pp 207ndash218

Galaty M D Nakassis and W Parkinson eds 2011 ldquoFo-rum Redistribution in Aegean Palatial Societiesrdquo AJA115 pp 175ndash244

Galik A G Forstenpointner G E Weissengruber U Than-heiser M Lindblom R Smetana and W Gauss 2013 ldquoBioarchaeological Investigations at Kolonna Aegina (Early Helladic III to Late Helladic III)rdquo in Diet Econo-my and Society in the Ancient Greek World Towards a Better Integration of Archaeology and Science (Pharos Suppl 1) ed S Voutsaki and S M Valamoti Leuven pp 163ndash171

Gallagher D E 2014 ldquoFormation Processes of the Macro-botanical Recordrdquo in Method and Theory in Paleoethno-botany ed J M Marston J drsquoAlpoim Guedes and C Warinner Boulder pp 19ndash34

Gamble C 1985 ldquoFormation Processes and the Animal Bones from the Sanctuaryrdquo in The Archaeology of Cult The Sanctuary at Phylakopi ed C Renfrew London pp 479ndash484

Gauss W and E Kiriatzi 2011 Pottery Production and Sup-ply at Bronze Age Kolonna Aegina An Integrated Archae-

ological and Scientific Study of a Ceramic Landscape (Aumlgina-Kolonna Forschungen und Ergebnisse 5) Vienna

Gauss W E Kiriatzi M Lindblom B Lis and J E Morri-son 2017 ldquoAeginetan Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Cooking Potteryrdquo in Hruby and Trusty 2017 pp 46ndash56

Gauss W G Klebinder-Gauss and C von Ruumlden eds 2015 The Transmission of Technical Knowledge in the Pro-duction of Ancient Mediterranean Pottery Proceedings of the International Conference at the Austrian Archaeological Insti-tute at Athens 23rdndash25th November 2012 (Oumlsterreichisches Archaumlologisches Institut Sonderschriften 54) Vienna

Gauss W M Lindblom R A K Smith and J C Wright eds 2011 Our Cups Are Full Pottery and Society in the Ae-gean Bronze Age Papers Presented to Jeremy B Rutter on the Occasion of His 65th Birthday Oxford

Gejvall N-G 1983 ldquoAppendix VI Animal Bones from the Acropolisrdquo in The Cuirass Tomb and Other Finds at Dendra 2 Excavations in the Cemeteries the Lower Town and the Cidatel (SIMA 42) ed P Aringstroumlm Goumlteborg pp 51ndash53

Gelbert A 1997 ldquoDe lrsquoeacutelaboration au tour au tournage sur motte Diculteacutes motrices et conceptuellesrdquo Techniques amp Culture 30 pp 1ndash23

Gercke P W Gercke and G Hiesel 1971 ldquoGrabungen in der Unterstadt von Tiryns von 1884 bis 1929rdquo in Tiryns V pp 1ndash19

mdashmdashmdash 1975 ldquoTiryns-Stadt 1971 Graben Hrdquo in Tiryns VIII pp 7ndash36

Gillis C 1990 Minoan Conical Cups Form Function and Sig-nificance (SIMA 89) Goumlteborg

mdashmdashmdash 1991 ldquoTin-Covered Vessels in the Aegean Bronze Agerdquo Hydra 8 pp 1ndash30

mdashmdashmdash 1997 ldquoTin-Covered Late Bronze Age Vessels Anal-yses and Social Implicationsrdquo in Trade and Production in Premonetary Greece Production and the Craftsman (SIMA-PB 143) ed C Gillis C Risberg and B Sjoumlberg Jon-sered pp 131ndash138

Gilstrap W D P M Day N Muumlller E Kardamaki K Kaza-Papageorgiou C Marabea and Y Lolos Forthcoming Ceramics and Palatial Power The Identification and Charac-terisation of a Ceramic Production Installation in Late Bronze Age Attica through Thin-Section Petrography 39th Interna-tional Symposium on Archaeometry 28th Mayndash1st June 2012 Leuven

Girella L 2009 ldquoPatterns of Exchange and Mobility The Case of the Grey Ware in Middle and Late Minoan Creterdquo SMEA 51 pp 279ndash314

Goldman H 1931 Excavations at Eutresis in Boeotia Cam-bridge Mass

Gorogianni E P Pavuacutek and L Girella eds 2016 Beyond Thalassocracies Understanding Processes of Minoanisation and Mycenaeanisation in the Aegean Oxford

Grant A 1982 ldquoThe Use of Tooth Wear as a Guide to the Age of Domestic Ungulatesrdquo in Wilson Grigson and Payne 1982 pp 91ndash108

Graziadio G 1988 ldquoThe Chronology of the Graves of Cir-cle B at Mycenae A New Hypothesisrdquo AJA 92 pp 343ndash372

mdashmdashmdash 1991 ldquoThe Process of Social Stratification at Myce-nae in the Shaft Grave Period A Comparative Examina-tion of the Evidencerdquo AJA 95 pp 403ndash440

Green F J 1979 ldquoPhosphatic Mineralization of Seeds from Archaeological Sitesrdquo JAS 6 pp 279ndash284

Greenfield H J 1988 ldquoBone Consumption by Serbian Pigs in a Contemporary Serbian Village Implications for the Interpretation of Prehistoric Faunal Assemblag-esrdquo JFA 15 pp 473ndash479


xxx BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Grigson C 1982 ldquoSex and Age Determination of Some Bones and Teeth of Domestic Cattle A Review of the Literaturerdquo in Wilson Grigson and Payne 1982 pp 7ndash23

Gulizio J and C W Shelmerdine 2017 ldquoMycenaean Cooking Vessels from Iklainardquo in Hruby and Trusty 2017 pp 27ndash38

Gustason S 2000 ldquoCarbonized Cereal Grains and Weed Seeds in Houses An Experimental Perspectiverdquo JAS 27 pp 65ndash70

Hachtmann V 2013 ldquoThe Bronze Age Settlement at Aido-niardquo in Kissas and Niemeier 2013 pp 405ndash416

Hale C 2014 ldquoMiddle Helladic Matt Painted and Dull Painted Pottery at Mitrou An Important Distinction in Central Greecerdquo Melbourne Historical Journal 422 pp 31ndash57

Hallager E and B P Hallager eds 2000 The Greek-Swedish Excavations at the Agia Aikaterini Square Kastelli Khania 1970ndash1987 II The Late Minoan IIIC Settlement (ActaAth 4ordm 472) Jonsered

mdashmdashmdash 2003 The Greek-Swedish Excavations at the Agia Aika-terini Square Kastelli Khania 1970ndash1987 and 2001 III The Late Minoan IIIB2 Settlement (ActaAth 4ordm 473) Jon-sered

Hally D J 1983 ldquoUse Alteration of Pottery Vessel Surfaces An Important Source of Evidence for the Identification of Vessel Functionrdquo North American Archaeologist 4 pp 3ndash26

Halstead P 1985 ldquoA Study of Mandibular Teeth from Ro-mano-British Contexts at Maxeyrdquo in Archaeology and En-vironment in the Lower Well and Valley 1 (East Anglian Archaeology 27) ed F Pryor and C French Cam-bridge pp 219ndash224

mdashmdashmdash 1987 ldquoTraditional and Ancient Rural Economy in Mediterranean Europe Plus ccedila changerdquo JHS 107 pp 77ndash87

mdashmdashmdash 1992 ldquoAgriculture in the Bronze Age Aegean To-wards a Model of Palatial Economyrdquo in Agriculture in Ancient Greece ed B Wells Stockholm pp 105ndash117

mdashmdashmdash 1995 ldquoPlough and Power The Economic and So-cial Significance of Cultivation with the Ox-Drawn Ard in the Mediterraneanrdquo Bulletin on Sumerian Agriculture8 pp 11ndash22

mdashmdashmdash 1996 ldquoPastoralism or Household Herding Prob-lems of Scale and Specialization in Early Greek Animal Husbandryrdquo WorldArch 28 pp 20ndash42

mdashmdashmdash 1999 ldquoToward a Model of Mycenaean Palatial Mo-bilizationrdquo in Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces New Interpre-tations of an Old Idea ed M L Galaty and W A Parkin-son Los Angeles pp 35ndash41

mdashmdashmdash 2001 ldquoMycenaean Wheat Flax and Sheep Pala-tial Intervention in Farming and Its Implication for Ru-ral Society Economy and Politicsrdquo in The Mycenaean Palace States ed S Voutsaki and J T Killen Cambridge pp 38ndash58

mdashmdashmdash 2002 ldquoTexts Bones and Herders Approaches to Animal Husbandry in LBA Greecerdquo in A-NA-QO-TA Studies Presented to John T Killen ed J Bennet and J Driessen pp 149ndash189

mdashmdashmdash 2003 ldquoTexts and Bones Contrasting Linear B and Archaeological Evidence for Animal Exploitation in My-cenaean Southern Greecerdquo in Zooarchaeology in Greece Recent Advances (BSA Studies 9) ed E Kotjabopoulou Y Hamilakis P Halstead C Gamble and P Elefanti London pp 257ndash261

mdashmdashmdash 2011 ldquoThe Faunal Remainsrdquo in Pullen 2011 pp 741ndash803

mdashmdashmdash 2014 Two Oxen Ahead Pre-mechanized Farming in the Mediterranean Chichester

Halstead P P Collins and V Isaakidou 2002 ldquoSorting the Sheep from the Goats Morphological Distinctions be-tween the Mandibles and Mandibular Teeth of Adult Ovis and Caprardquo JAS 29 pp 545ndash553

Halstead P and V Isaakidou 2011a ldquoA Pig Fed by Hand Is Worth Two in the Bush Ethnoarchaeology of Pig Husbandry in Greece and Its Archaeological Implica-tionsrdquo in Ethnozooarchaeology The Present and Past of Human-Animal Relationships ed U Albarella and A Trentacoste Oxford pp 160ndash174

mdashmdashmdash 2011b ldquoPolitical Cuisine Rituals of Commensality in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegeanrdquo in Guess Whorsquos Coming to Dinner Feasting Rituals in the Prehistoric Societiesof Europe and the Near East ed G Aranda Jimeacutenez S Montoacuten-Subiacuteas and S Romero Oxford pp 91ndash108

Halstead P and G Jones 1980 ldquoAppendix Bioarchaeo-logical Remains from Assiros Toumbardquo BSA 75 pp 265ndash267

Hamilakis Y 2003 ldquoThe Sacred Geography of Hunting Wild Animals Social Power and Gender in Early Farm-ing Societiesrdquo in Zooarchaeology in Greece Recent Advanc-es (BSA Studies 9) ed E Kotjabopoulou Y Hamilakis P Halstead C Gamble and P Elefanti London pp 239ndash247

Hamilakis Y and E Konsolaki 2004 ldquoPigs for the Gods Burnt Animal Sacrifices as Embodied Rituals at a Myce-naean Sanctuaryrdquo OJA 232 pp 135ndash151

Hampe R and A Winter 1962 Bei Toumlpfer und Toumlpferinnen in Kreta Messenien und Zypern Bonn

Hansen J M 1988 ldquoAgriculture in the Prehistoric Aege-an Data versus Speculationrdquo AJA 92 pp 39ndash52

Hansen J M and S E Allen 2011 ldquoPalaeoethnobotanyrdquo in Pullen 2011 pp 805ndash891

Harland J P 1925 Prehistoric Aigina A History of the Island in the Bronze Age Paris

mdashmdashmdash 1928 ldquoThe Excavations of Tsoungiza the Prehis-toric Site of Nemeardquo AJA 32 p 63 (abstract)

mdashmdashmdash nd ldquoTsoungiza The Excavations at Tsoungiza the lsquoPrehistoricrsquo Site at Nemeardquo (unpublished manuscript Nemea Valley Archaeological Project Archive Bryn Mawr College)

Hather J 2009 The Identification of Northern European Woods A Guide for Archaeologists and Conservators London

Hatzaki E 2007 ldquoNeopalatial (MM IIIBndashLM IB) KS 178 Gypsades Well (Upper Deposit) and SEX North House Groupsrdquo in Knossos Pottery Handbook Neolithic and Bronze Age (Minoan) (BSA Studies 14) ed N Momigliano Lon-don pp 151ndash196

Helmer D 2000 ldquoDiscrimination des genres Ovis et Capraagrave lrsquoaide des preacutemolaires infeacuterieures 3 et 4 et interpreta-tion des ages drsquoabattage Lrsquoexemple de Dikili Tash (Gregravece)rdquo Anthropozoologica 31 pp 29ndash38

Hershenson C R 1998 ldquoLate Helladic IIB at Ayia Irini Keosrdquo in KeandashKythnos History and Archaeology ed L G Mendoni and A J Mazarakis Ainian Athens pp 161ndash168

Hiesel G 1982 ldquoAusgrabungen in Tiryns 1980 Bericht zur unbemalten mykenischen Keramik von Tirynsrdquo AA 1982 pp 431ndash439

mdashmdashmdash 1990 Spaumlthelladische Hausarchitektur Studien zur Ar-chitekturgeschichte des griechischen Festlandes in der spaumlten Bronzezeit Mainz

Higham C F W 1968 ldquoPatterns of Prehistoric Economic Exploitation on the Alpine Forelandrdquo Vierteljahrsschrift der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Zuumlrich 113 pp 41ndash92


BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xxxi

Hilditch J 2014 ldquoAnalyzing Technological Standardiza-tion Revisiting the Minoan Conical Cuprdquo in Kotsonas 2014a pp 25ndash37

Hill B H 1966 The Temple of Zeus at Nemea PrincetonHirsch E S 1977 Painted Decoration on the Floors of Bronze

Age Structures on Crete and the Greek Mainland (SIMA 53) Goumlteborg

Homann S M A and V J Robinson 1993 ldquoNeutron Activation Groupings of Imported Material from Tell Abu Hawamrdquo in Zerner Zerner and Winder 1993 pp 7ndash10

Homann S M A V J Robinson and E B French 1992 ldquoReport on the PerlmanAsaro Analysis of Selected Ni-choria Sherdsrdquo in McDonald and Wilkie 1992 pp 779ndash782

Homann S M A and V J Robinson with R E Jones and E B French 2013 ldquoPart II The Problem of the North East Peloponnese and Progress to Its Solution Eects of Measurement Errors and Element-Element Correlations in Defining Ceramic Reference Groupsrdquo in E B French and J E Tomlinson eds Well Built Mycenae The Helleno-British Excavations within the Citadel at Mycenae 1959ndash1969 341 Technical Reports The Results of Neutron Activa-tion Analysis of Mycenaean Pottery Oxford pp 5ndash22

Hope Simpson R 2017 Mycenaean Messenia and the King-dom of Pylos (Prehistory Monographs 45) Philadelphia

Hope Simpson R and O T P K Dickinson 1979 A Gazet-teer of Aegean Civilization in the Bronze Age 1 The Main-land and the Islands (SIMA 52) Goumlteborg

Hruby J 2013 ldquoThe Palace of Nestor Craft Production and Mechanisms for the Transfer of Goodsrdquo AJA 117 pp 423ndash427

mdashmdashmdash 2014 ldquoMoving from Ancient Typology to an Un-derstanding of the Causes of Variability A Mycenaean Case Studyrdquo in Kotsonas 2014a pp 49ndash58

mdashmdashmdash 2017 ldquoFinding Haute Cuisine Identifying Shifts in Food Styles from Cooking Vesselsrdquo in Hruby and Trusty 2017 pp 15ndash26

Hruby J and D A Trusty eds 2017 From Cooking Vessels to Cultural Practices in the Late Bronze Age Aegean Oxford

Hughes M 1992 ldquo102 Aegina Samples Analysed by INAArdquo (unpublished manuscript British Museum London)

Hughes-Brock H 1999 ldquoMycenaean Beads Gender and Social Contextsrdquo OJA 18 pp 277ndash296

Hurcombe L M 2014 Perishable Material Culture in Prehis-tory Investigating the Missing Majority London

Iakovidis S E 1962 Η μυκηναϊκή ακρόπολις των Αθηνών Athens

mdashmdashmdash 1969ndash1970 Περατή το νεκροταφείον Οι τάφοι καιτα ευρήματα (Βιβλιοθήκη της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 67) Athens

mdashmdashmdash 1990 ldquoMycenaean Roofs Form and Constructionrdquo in Lrsquohabitat eacutegeacuteen preacutehistorique (BCH Suppl 19) ed P Darcque and R Treuil Paris pp 147ndashl60

mdashmdashmdash ed 1998 Γλας ΙΙ Η ανασκαφή 1981ndash1991 (Βιβλιο-θήκη της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 173) Ath-ens

InsideWood 2004ndashonward httpinsidewoodlibncsuedusearch [accessed February 2012ndashJanuary 2013]

Isaakidou V 2006 ldquoPloughing with Cows Knossos and the lsquoSecondary Products Revolutionrsquordquo in Animals in the Neo-lithic of Britain and Europe ed D Serjeantson and D Field Oxford pp 95ndash112

mdashmdashmdash 2007a ldquoCooking in the Labyrinth Exploring lsquoCui-sinersquo at Bronze Age Knossosrdquo in Cooking Up the Past Food and Culinary Practices in the Neolithic and Bronze Age Aegean ed C Mee and J Renard Oxford pp 5ndash24

mdashmdashmdash 2007b ldquoFaunal Remains and Evidence for Horn-Workingrdquo in Knossos Protopalatial Deposits in Early Maga-zine A and the South-West Houses ed C F Macdonald and C Knappett London pp 139ndash142

mdashmdashmdash 2011 ldquoGardening with Cows Hoe and Plough in Prehistoric Europerdquo in The Dynamics of Neolithisation in Europe ed A Hadjikoumis E N Robinson and S Vin-er Oxford pp 90ndash112

Isaakidou V and P Halstead 2013 ldquoBones and the Body Politic A Diachronic Analysis of Structured Deposition in the Neolithic-Early Iron Age Aegeanrdquo in Bones Be-haviour and Belief The Zooarchaeological Evidence as a Source for Ritual Practice in Ancient Greece and Beyond(ActaAth 4ordm 55) ed G Ekroth and J Wallensten Stock-holm pp 87ndash99

Jones G 1995 ldquoCharred Grain from Late Bronze Age Gla Boiotiardquo BSA 90 pp 235ndash238

Jones G M Charles A Bogaard J G Hodgson and C Palmer 2005 ldquoThe Functional Ecology of Present-Day Arable Weed Floras and Its Applicability for the Identification of Past Crop Husbandryrdquo Vegetation His-tory and Archaeobotany 14 pp 493ndash504

Jones G K Wardle P Halstead and D Wardle 1986 ldquoCrop Storage at Assirosrdquo Scientific American 2543 pp 96ndash103

Jones G G 2006 ldquoTooth Eruption and Wear Observed in Live Sheep from Butser Hill the Cotswold Farm Park and Five Farms in the Pentland Hills UKrdquo in Recent Ad-vances in Ageing and Sexing Animal Bones ed D Ruscillo Oxford pp 155ndash178

Jones G G and P Sadler 2012 ldquoAge at Death in Cattle Methods Older Cattle and Known-Age Reference Ma-terialrdquo Environmental Archaeology 17 pp 11ndash28

Jones R E and J E Tomlinson 2009 ldquoChemical Analysis of Mycenaean Pottery from the Menelaion and Its Vicin-ityrdquo in Catling 2009 CD-ROM pp 147ndash169

Kalogeropoulos K 1998 Die fruumlhmykenischen Grabfunde von Analipsis (suumldostliches Arkadien) Athens

Karabatsoli A 1997 ldquoLa production de lrsquoindustrie lithique tailleacutee en Gregravece centrale pendant le Bronze Ancien (Li-tharegraves Manika Nemeacutee Pefkakia)rdquo (diss Univ de Paris X)

mdashmdashmdash 2011 ldquoThe Chipped Stone Industryrdquo in Pullen 2011 pp 661ndash726

mdashmdashmdash 2016 ldquoEarly Bronze Chipped Stone Technology on the Greek Mainland A Re-examination of the Mate-rial and Theoretical Parameters of Productionrdquo in Lith-ics Past and Present Perspectives on Chipped Stone Studies in Greece (SIMA 144) ed P Elefanti N Andreasen P N Kardulias and G Marshall Uppsala pp 111ndash120

Karali L 1990 ldquoSea Shells Land Snails and Other Marine Remains from Akrotirirdquo in Thera and the Aegean WorldIII Proceedings of the Third International Congress Santo-rini Greece 3ndash9 September 1989 ed D A Hardy C G Doumas J A Sakellarakis and P M Warren London pp 410ndash415

Kardamaki E 2015 ldquoConclusions from the New Deposit at the Western Staircase Terrace at Tirynsrdquo in Schallin and Tournavitou 2015 pp 79ndash97

Kardulias P N 1992 ldquoThe Ecology of Bronze Age Flaked Stone Tool Production in Southern Greece Evidence from Agios Stephanos and the Southern Argolidrdquo AJA 96 pp 421ndash442

Kardulias P N and C Runnels 1995 ldquoThe Lithic Arti-facts Flaked Stone and Other Non-flaked Lithicsrdquo in Artifact and Assemblage The Finds from a Regional Survey of the Southern Argolid Greece 1 The Prehistoric and Early


xxxii BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Iron Age Pottery and the Lithic Artifacts ed C N Runnels D J Pullen and S Langdon Stanford pp 74ndash139

Karimali L 1994 ldquoThe Neolithic Mode of Production and Exchange Reconsidered Lithic Production and Exchange Patterns in Thessaly Greece during the Transitional Late NeolithicndashBronze Age Periodrdquo (diss Boston Univ)

mdashmdashmdash 2008 ldquoLithic and Metal Tools in the Bronze Age Aegeanrdquo in Aegean Metallurgy in the Bronze Age ed I Tzachili Rethymno pp 315ndash325

Karo G 1930 Die Schachtgraumlber von Mykenai MunichKasimi P 2015 ldquoThe Mycenaean Cemeteries of the North-

Eastern Corinthia and the Early Tholos Tomb at An-cient Corinthrdquo in Schallin and Tournavitou 2015 pp 503ndash514

Kaza-Papageorgiou D 1985 ldquoAn Early Mycenaean Cist Grave from Argosrdquo AM 100 pp 1ndash21

mdashmdashmdash 2013 ldquoΑγία Ειρήνη Φλιασίαςrdquo in Kissas and Nie-meier 2013 pp 387ndash395

mdashmdashmdash 2015 ldquoAgia Eirene Phliasiasrdquo in Schallin and Tour-navitou 2015 pp 233ndash240

Kaza-Papageorgiou K and E Kardamaki 2012 ldquoΚοντοπή-γαδο Αλίμου Ο οικισμός των ΥΕ χρόνωνrdquo ArchEph 151 pp 141ndash199

Keos = Keos Results of the Excavations Conducted by the Univer-sity of Cincinnati under the Auspices of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens MainzIII = W W Cummer and E Schofield Ayia Irini House A

1984V = J Davis Ayia Irini Period V 1986X = E Schofield Ayia Irini The Western Sector 2011

Killen J T 1987 ldquoPiety Begins at Home Place-Names on Knossos Records of Religious Oeringsrdquo in Tractata My-cenaea Proceedings of the Eighth International Colloquium on Mycenaean Studies Ohrid ed P H Ilievski and L Cre-pa jac Skopje pp 163ndash177

mdashmdashmdash 1993 ldquoThe Oxenrsquos Names on the Knossos Ch Tab-letsrdquo Minos 27ndash28 pp 101ndash107

mdashmdashmdash 1998 ldquoThe Role of the State in Wheat and Olive Production in Mycenaean Creterdquo Aevum Rassegna di scienze storiche linguistiche e filologiche 72 pp 19ndash23

mdashmdashmdash 2001 ldquoSome Thoughts on TA-RA-SI-JArdquo in Econo-my and Politics in the Mycenaean Palace States Proceedings of a Conference Held on 1ndash3 July 1999 in the Faculty of Clas-sics Cambridge ed S Voutsaki and J Killen Cambridge pp 161ndash180

Kiriatzi E 2010 ldquolsquoMinoanizingrsquo Pottery Traditions in the Southwest Aegean during the Middle Bronze Age Un-derstanding the Social Context of Technological and Consumption Practicerdquo in Mesohelladika The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age (BCH Suppl 52) ed A Philippa-Touchais G Touchais S Voutsaki and J C Wright Paris pp 683ndash699

Kissas K and W-D Niemeier eds 2013 The Corinthia and the Northeast Peloponnese Topography and History from Pre-historic Times until the End of Antiquity Proceedings of the International Conference Organized by the Directorate of Pre-historic and Classical Antiquities the LZ´ Ephorate of Prehis-toric and Classical Antiquities and the German Archaeologi-cal Institute Athens Held at Loutraki March 26ndash29 2009(Athenaia 4) Munich

Klintberg L 2011 ldquoThe Late Helladic Periodrdquo in Mastos in the Berbati Valley An Intensive Archaeological Survey ed M Lindblom and B Wells Stockholm pp 97ndash118

Knappett C J 1999 ldquoCanrsquot Live without Them Producing and Consuming Minoan Conical Cupsrdquo in Betancourt et al 1999 pp 415ndash421

Knappett C J and J Hilditch 2015 ldquoColonial Cups The Minoan Plain Handleless Cup as Icon and Indexrdquo in Plain Pottery Traditions of the Eastern Mediterranean and Near East Production Use and Social Significance ed C Glatz Walnut Creek Calif pp 91ndash113

Konsolaki E 2003 ldquoΗ μυκηναϊκή εγκατάσταση στο νησάκι Μόδι της Τροιζηνίαςrdquo in Η Περιφέρεια του Μυκηναϊκού κόσμου The Periphery of the Mycenaean World B´ Διεθνές Διεπιστημονικό Συμπόσιο Λαμία 26ndash30 Σεπτεμβρίου Λαμία 1999 ed N Kiparissi-Apostolika and M Papa- konstantinou Athens pp 417ndash432

Kotsonas A ed 2014a Understanding Standardization and Variation in Mediterranean Ceramics Mid 2nd to Late 1st Millennium BC (BABesch 25) Leuven

mdashmdashmdash 2014b ldquoStandardization Variation and the Study of Ceramics in the Mediterranean and Beyondrdquo in Kot-sonas 2014a pp 7ndash23

Kotzamani G and A Livarda 2017 ldquoArchaeobotanical Remainsrdquo in Ayia Sotira A Mycenaean Chamber Tomb Cem-etery in the Nemea Valley Greece ed R A K Smith M K Dabney E Pappi S Triantaphyllou and J C Wright Philadelphia pp 139ndash145

Kourakou-Dragona S 2012 Νεμέα Ιστορικό οινοπέδιοAthens

Kozłowski J K M Kaczanowska and M Pawlikowski 1996 ldquoChipped-Stone Industries from Neolithic Levels at Lernardquo Hesperia 65 pp 295ndash372

Kramer J L 2004 ldquoAnalysis and Classification of the Late Helladic I Pottery in the Northeastern Peloponnese of Greecerdquo (diss Univ of Cincinnati)

Kratochwil Z 1969 ldquoSpecies Criteria on the Distal Section of the Tibia in Ovis ammon f aries L and Capra aegagrus f hircus Lrdquo Acta Veterinaria (Brno) 38 pp 483ndash490

Krattenmaker K 2011 ldquoThe Ground-Stone Toolsrdquo in Pul-len 2011 pp 727ndash740

Kreuz A E Marinova E Schaumlfer and J Wiethold 2005 ldquoA Comparison of Early Neolithic Crop and Weed As-semblages from the Linearbandkeramik and the Bul-garian Neolithic Cultures Dierences and Similaritiesrdquo Vegetation History and Archaeobotany 14 pp 237ndash258

Kroll H 1982 ldquoKulturpflanzen von Tirynsrdquo AA 1982 pp 467ndash485

Krzyszkowska O H 1984 ldquoClassification of the Bone Toolsrdquo in Keos III pp 43ndash45

Lambropoulou A 1991 ldquoThe Middle Helladic Period in the Corinthia and the Argolid An Archaeological Sur-veyrdquo (diss Bryn Mawr College)

Legge A J 1981 ldquoThe Agricultural Economyrdquo in Grimes Graves Excavations 1971ndash72 ed R J Mercer London pp 79ndash103

Lennstrom H A and C A Hastorf 1995 ldquoInterpretation in Context Sampling and Analysis in Paleoethnobota-nyrdquo AmerAnt 60 pp 701ndash721

Lenuzza V 2013 ldquoOf Roofs and Roof Drainage A Survey of the Evidence in Bronze Age Creterdquo in Philiki Sunav-lia Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology for Mario Benzi(BAR-IS 2460) ed G Graziadio R Guglielmino V Lenuzza and S Vitale Oxford pp 79ndash98

Lerna = Lerna a Preclassical Site in the Argolid Results of Exca-vations Conducted by the American School of Classical Studies at Athens PrincetonI = N-G Gejvall The Fauna 1969III = J B Rutter The Pottery of Lerna IV 1995IV = M H Wiencke The Architecture Stratification and

Pottery of Lerna III 2000Lewis H B 1983 ldquoThe Manufacture of Early Mycenaean

Potteryrdquo (diss Univ of Minnesota)


BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xxxiii

Lindblom M 2001 Marks and Makers Appearance Distribu-tion and Function of Middle and Late Helladic Manufactur-ersrsquo Marks on Aeginetan Pottery (SIMA 128) Jonsered

mdashmdashmdash 2007 ldquoEarly Mycenaean Mortuary Meals at Lerna VI with Special Emphasis on Their Aeginetan Compo-nentsrdquo in Felten Gauss and Smetana 2007 pp 115ndash135

mdashmdashmdash In prep The Shaft Graves and Other Remains of Lerna VI

Lindblom M and G Ekroth 2016 ldquoHeroes Ancestors or Just Any Old Bones Contextualizing the Consecration of Human Remains from the Mycenaean Shaft Graves at Lerna in the Argolidrdquo in Metaphysis Ritual Myth and Symbolism in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 39) ed E Alram-Stern F Blakolmer S Deger-Jalkotzy R La-neur and J Weilhartner Liegravege pp 235ndash245

Lindblom M W Gauss and E Kiriatzi 2015 ldquoSome Re-flections on Ceramic Technology Transfer at Bronze Age Kastri on Kythera Kolonna on Aegina and Lerna in the Argolidrdquo in Gauss Klebinder-Gauss and von Ruumlden 2015 pp 225ndash237

Lindblom M and J B Rutter Forthcoming ldquoAn Explo-sion of Polychromy Establishing Localized Ceramic Identities at the Dawn of the Mycenaean Erardquo in (Social) Place and Space in Early Mycenaean Greece International Discussions in Mycenaean Archaeology ed B Eder and M Zavadil Vienna

Lindblom M and B Wells eds 2011 Mastos in the Berbati Valley An Intensive Archaeological Survey Stockholm

Lis B 2008a ldquoCooked Food in the Mycenaean Feastmdash Evidence from the Cooking Potsrdquo in Dais The Aegean Feast Proceedings of the 12th International Aegean Confer-ence University of Melbourne Centre for Classics and Archae-ology 25-29 March 2008 (Aegaeum 29) ed L A Hitch-cock R Laneur and J L Crowley Liegravege pp 142ndash150

mdashmdashmdash 2008b ldquoThe Role of Cooking Pottery and Cooked Food in the Palace of Nestor at Pylosrdquo Archeologia Roc-znik Instytutu Archeologii i Etnologii Polskiej Akademii Nauk 57 pp 7ndash24

mdashmdashmdash 2010 ldquoCooking Pottery in the Late Bronze Age Ae-geanmdashAn Attempt at a Methodological Approachrdquo in Analysing Pottery Processing Classification Publication ed B Horejs R Jung and P Pavuacutek Bratislava pp 235ndash244

mdashmdashmdash 2012a ldquoAeginetan Cooking Pottery in Central Greece and Its Wider Perspectiverdquo in Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Θεσσαλίας και Στερεάς Ελλάδας Πρακτικά επι-στημονικής συνάντησης 3 Proceedings of the 3rd Archaeo-logical Meeting of Thessaly and Central Greece 2006ndash2008 From Prehistory to the Contemporary Period ed A Maza- rakis Ainian and A Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou Volos pp 1203ndash1211

mdashmdashmdash 2012b ldquoLate Bronze Age Cooking Pots from Mi-trou and Their Change in the Light of Socio-economic Transformationsrdquo (diss Polish Academy of Sciences)

mdashmdashmdash 2015 ldquoFrom Cooking Pots to Cuisine Limitations and Perspectives of a Ceramic-Based Approachrdquo in Ce-ramics Cuisine and Culture The Archaeology and Science of Kitchen Pottery in the Ancient Mediterranean World ed M Spataro and A Villing Oxford pp 104ndash114

mdashmdashmdash 2017a ldquoFoodways in Early Mycenaean Greece In-novative Cooking Sets and Social Hierarchy at Mitrou and Other Settlements on the Greek Mainlandrdquo AJA121 pp 183ndash217

mdashmdashmdash 2017b ldquoMycenaean Cooking Pots Attempt at an Interregional Comparisonrdquo in Hruby and Trusty 2017 pp 39ndash45

Lis B and Š Ruumlckl 2011 ldquoOur Storerooms Are Full Im-pressed Pithoi from Late BronzeEarly Iron Age East Lokris and Phokis and Their Socio-economic Signifi-cancerdquo in Gauss Lindblom Smith and Wright 2011 pp 154ndash168

Lis B Š Ruumlckl and M Choleva 2015 ldquoMobility in the Bronze Age AegeanmdashThe Case of Aeginetan Pottersrdquo in Gauss Klebinder-Gauss and von Ruumlden 2015 pp 63ndash75

Lister A 1996 ldquoThe Morphological Distinction between Bones and Teeth of Fallow Deer (Dama dama) and Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)rdquo International Journal of Osteoar-chaeology 6 pp 119ndash143

Lolos Y 1987 The Late Helladic I Pottery of the Southwestern Peloponnesos and Its Local Characteristics (SIMA-PB 50) Goumlteborg

Lord L E 1947 A History of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens 1882ndash1942 Cambridge Mass

Lucas A 1948 Ancient Egyptian Materials and Industries 3rd rev ed Timperley Altrincham

Lyman R L 1994 Vertebrate Taphonomy CambridgeMacGillivray J A 1987 ldquoPottery Workshops and the Old

Palaces in Creterdquo in The Function of the Minoan Palaces (ActaAth 4ordm 35) ed R Haumlgg and N Marinatos Stock-holm pp 273ndash279

Maier A M and L A Hitchcock 2011 ldquoAbsence Makes the Hearth Grow Fonder Searching for the Origins of the Philistine Hearthrdquo ErIsr 30 pp 46ndash64

Mallaburn A C 1991 ldquoA Provenance Study of 57 Samples from Tsoungizardquo (3rd year project for BSc degree Univ of Manchester)

Mangafa M and K Kotsakis 1996 ldquoA New Method for the Identification of Wild and Cultivated Charred Graperdquo JAS 23 pp 409ndash418

Manning S W 2010 ldquoChronology and Terminologyrdquo in The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca 3000ndash1000 BC) ed E H Cline Oxford pp 11ndash28

Manning S W F Houmlflmayer N Moeller M W Dee C Bronk Ramsey D Fleitmann T Higham W Kutschera and E M Wild 2014 ldquoDating the Thera (Santorini) Eruption Archaeological and Scientific Evidence Sup-porting a High Chronologyrdquo Antiquity 88 pp 1164ndash1179

Manning S W C B Ramsey W Kutschera T Higham B Kromer P Steier and E M Wild 2006 ldquoSupporting Online Material for Chronology for the Aegean Late Bronze Age 1700ndash1400 bcrdquo Science 312 pp 565ndash569 wwwsciencemagorgcgicontentfull3125773 565DC1

Maran J 1988 ldquoZur Zeitstellung der Grabhuumlgel von Mar-marardquo ArchKorrBl 18 pp 341ndash355

mdashmdashmdash 1992a Die deutschen Ausgrabungen auf der Pevkakia-Magula in Thessalien III Die mittlere Bronzezeit IndashII (Be-itraumlge zur ur- und fruumlhgeschichtlichen Archaumlologie des Mittelmeer Kulturraumes 30ndash31) Bonn

mdashmdashmdash 1992b Kiapha Thiti Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen II2 2 Jt v Chr Keramik und Kleinfunde (MarbWPr 1990) Marburg

mdashmdashmdash 2001 ldquoZur Frage des Vorgaumlngers des ersten Dop-pelpalastes von Tirynsrdquo in Ithake Festschrift fuumlr Joumlrg Schaumlfer zum 75 Geburtstag am 25 April 2001 ed S Boumlhm and K-V von Eickstedt Wuumlrzburg pp 23ndash29

mdashmdashmdash 2009 ldquoMycenaean Citadels as Performative Spacerdquo in Constructing Power Architecture Ideology and Social Practice ed J Maran C Juwig H Schwengel and U Thaler Berlin pp 75ndash88

mdashmdashmdash 2010 ldquoTirynsrdquo in The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (ca 3000ndash1000 BC) ed E H Cline Oxford pp 722ndash734


xxxiv BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

mdashmdashmdash 2011 ldquoLost in Translation The Emergence of My-cenaean Culture as a Phenomenon of Glocalizationrdquo in Interweaving Worlds Systemic Interactions in Eurasia 7th to 1st Millennia BC ed T C Wilkinson S Sherratt and J Bennet Oxford pp 282ndash294

mdashmdashmdash 2015 ldquoTiryns and the Argolid in Mycenaean Times New Clues and Interpretationsrdquo in Schallin and Tournavitou 2015 pp 277ndash293

Marthari M 1980 ldquoΑκρωτήρι κεραμεική μεσοελλαδικήςπαράδοσης στο στρώμα της ηφαιστειακής καταστροφήςrdquo ArchEph 1980 pp 182ndash210

mdashmdashmdash 1993 ldquoThe Ceramic Evidence for Contacts be-tween Thera and the Greek Mainlandrdquo in Zerner Zern-er and Winder 1993 pp 249ndash256

Martin S L 1992 ldquoMycenaean Pottery from the Settle-ment Part II The Late Helladic IIIA1 Potteryrdquo in Mc-Donald and Wilkie 1992 pp 488ndash495 534ndash537

Mathioudaki I 2011 ldquoΗ lsquoηπειρωτική πολύχρωμηrsquo κεραμει-κή στην ηπειρωτική Ελλάδα και το Αιγαίοrdquo 2 vols (diss Univ of Athens)

Mattern T 2013 ldquoKleonai Neue Forschungen in einer Stadt des lsquoDritten Griechenlandsrsquo rdquo in Kissas and Nie-meier 2013 pp 323ndash332

Matthaumlus H 1980 Die Bronzegefaumlsse der kretisch-mykenischen Kultur (Praumlhistorische Bronzefunde II1) Munich

McDonald W A and N C Wilkie eds 1992 Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece II The Bronze Age Occupa-tion Minneapolis

McNamee C 2016 ldquoStarch Grain Analysis from Ground Stone Tools at Tsoungizardquo (unpublished draft report June 1 2016)

Megaloudi F 2006 Plants and Diet in Greece from Neolithic to Classic Periods The Archaeobotanical Remains (BAR-IS1516) Oxford

Miksicek C H 1986 ldquoFormation Processes of the Ar-chaeobotanical Recordrdquo Advances in Archaeological Meth-od and Theory 10 pp 211ndash247

Miller N F 1988 ldquoRatios in Paleoethnobotanical Analy-sisrdquo in Current Paleoethnobotany Analytical Methods and Cultural Interpretations of Archaeological Plant Remainsed C A Hastorf and V S Popper Chicago pp 72ndash96

Miller S G 1975 ldquoExcavations at Nemea 1973ndash1974rdquo Hesperia 44 pp 143ndash172

mdashmdashmdash 1976 ldquoExcavations at Nemea 1975rdquo Hesperia 45 pp 174ndash202


mdashmdashmdash 1982a ldquoExcavations at Nemea 1981rdquo Hesperia 51 pp 19ndash40

mdashmdashmdash 1982b ldquoKleonai the Nemean Games and the La-mian Warrdquo in Studies in Athenian Architecture Sculpture and Topography Presented to Homer A Thompson (Hesperia Suppl 20) Princeton pp 100ndash108

mdashmdashmdash 1988a ldquoExcavations at Nemea 1984ndash1986rdquo Hespe-ria 57 pp 1ndash20

mdashmdashmdash 1988b ldquoThe Theorodokoi of the Nemean Gamesrdquo Hesperia 57 pp 147ndash163

Minnis P E 1981 ldquoSeeds in Archaeological Sites Sources and Some Interpretive Problemsrdquo AmerAnt 46 pp 143ndash152

Mommsen H 2014 ldquoProvenance by Neutron Activation Analyses and Results of Euboean and Euboean-Related Potteryrdquo in Archaeometric Analyses of Euboean and Euboean-Related Pottery New Results and Their Interpretations (Er-gaumlnzungshefte zu den Jahresheften des Oumlsterreichi-

schen Archaumlologischen Instituts in Wien 15) ed M Kerschner and I S Lemos pp 13ndash36

Mommsen H M Bentz and A Boix 2016 ldquoProvenance of Red-Figured Pottery of the Classical Period Excavat-ed at Olympiardquo Archaeometry 58 pp 371ndash379

Mommsen H W Gauss S Hiller D Ittameier and J Ma-ran 2001 ldquoCharakterisierung bronzezeitlicher Keramik von Aumlgina durch Neutronaktivierungsanalyserdquo in Ar-chaumlologisches Zellwerk Beitraumlge zur Kulturgeschichte in Eu-ropa und Asien Festschrift fuumlr Helmut Roth zum 60 Geburt-stag ed E Pohl U Recker and C Theune Rahden pp 79ndash96

Mommsen H A Kreuser and J Weber 1988 ldquoA Method for Grouping Pottery by Chemical Compositionrdquo Ar-chaeometry 30 pp 47ndash57

Mommsen H E Lewandowski J Weber and C Podzu-weit 1988 ldquoNeutron Activation Analysis of Mycenaean Pottery from the Argolid The Search for Reference Groupsrdquo in Proceedings of the 26th International Archaeom-etry Symposium ed R M Farquhar R G V Hancock and L Pavlish Toronto pp 165ndash171

Mommsen H and P Pavuacutek 2007 ldquoProvenance of Grey and Tan Wares from Troy Cyprus and the Levantrdquo Stu-dia Troica 17 pp 25ndash41

Mommsen H and B L Sjoumlberg 2007 ldquoThe Importance of the Best Relative Fit Factor When Evaluating Elemen-tal Concentration of Pottery Demonstrated with Myce-naean Sherds from Sinda Cyprusrdquo Archaeometry 49 pp 357ndash369

Moody J H L Robinson J Francis L Nixon and L Wil-son 2003 ldquoCeramic Fabric Analysis and Survey Archae-ology The Sphakia Surveyrdquo BSA 98 pp 37ndash105

Moore A D and W D Taylour 1999 Well Built Mycenae The Helleno-British Excavations within the Citadel at Myce-nae 1959ndash1969 10 The Temple Complex Oxford

Morris C and R Jones 1998 ldquoThe Late Bronze Age III Town of Ayia Irini and Its Aegean Relationsrdquo in KeandashKythnos History and Archaeology ed L G Mendoni and A J Mazarakis Ainian Athens pp 189ndash199

Moundrea-Agrafioti A 1981 ldquoLa Thessalie du sud-est au neacuteolithique Outillage lithique et osseuxrdquo (thegravese de 3e

cycle Univ de Paris X)mdashmdashmdash 1990 ldquoAkrotiri The Chipped-Stone Industry Re-

duction Techniques and Tools of the LC I Phaserdquo in Thera and the Aegean World III Proceedings of the Third International Congress Santorini Greece 3ndash9 September 1989 ed D A Hardy C G Doumas J A Sakellarakis and P M Warren London pp 390ndash406

mdashmdashmdash 2008 ldquoNeolithic and Early Bronze Age Flaked Stone Industry of Ayios Dhimitrios (Lepreo)rdquo in Ayios Dhimitrios a Prehistoric Settlement in the Southwestern Pelo-ponnese The Neolithic and Early Helladic Periods (BAR-IS 1770) by K Zachos Oxford pp 231ndash266

Mountjoy P A 1981 Four Early Mycenaean Wells from the South Slope of the Acropolis at Athens (Miscellanea Graeca 4) Gent

mdashmdashmdash 1983 ldquoThe Ephyraean Goblet Reviewedrdquo BSA 78 pp 265ndash271

mdashmdashmdash 1984 ldquoThe Marine Style Pottery of LM IBLH IIA Towards a Corpusrdquo BSA 79 pp 161ndash219

mdashmdashmdash 1986 Mycenaean Decorated Pottery A Guide to Identi-fication (SIMA 73) Goumlteborg

mdashmdashmdash 1999 Regional Mycenaean Decorated Pottery Rahdenmdashmdashmdash 2003 Knossos The South House (BSA Suppl 34)

London


BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xxxv

mdashmdashmdash 2008 ldquoThe Late Helladic Potteryrdquo in Taylour and Janko 2008 pp 299ndash387

Mountjoy P A R E Jones and J F Cherry 1978 ldquoProve-nance Studies of the LM IBLH IIA Marine Stylerdquo BSA73 pp 143ndash171

Mountjoy P A and M J Ponting 2000 ldquoThe Minoan Thalassocracy Reconsidered Provenance Studies of LH IIALM IB Pottery from Phylakopi Ay Irini and Athensrdquo BSA 95 pp 141ndash184

Moutafi I and S Voutsaki 2016 ldquoCommingled Burials and Shifting Notions of the Self at the Onset of the My-cenaean Era (1700ndash1500 bce) The Case of the Ayios Vasilios North Cemetery Laconiardquo JAS Reports 10 pp 780ndash790

Muumlller W 1997 Kretische Tongefaumlsse mit Meeresdekor Ent-wicklung und Stellung innerhalb der Feinen Keramik von Spaumltminosich IB auf Kreta Berlin

Munsell Color Company 1991 Munsell Soil Color ChartsBaltimore

Mylona D 2007 ldquoThe Fish Remainsrdquo in Palaikastro Two Late Minoan Wells (BSA Suppl 43) ed J A MacGillivray L H Sackett and J M Driessen London pp 217ndash220

Mylonas G E 1959 Aghios Kosmas An Early Bronze Age Settlement and Cemetery in Attica Princeton

mdashmdashmdash 1973 Ο ταφικός κύκλος Β των Μυκηνών (Βιβλιοθή-κη της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 73) Athens

mdashmdashmdash 1975 Το δυτικόν νεκροταφείον της Ελευσίνος (Βι-βλιοθήκη της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 81) 3 vols Athens

Mylonas-Shear I 1987 The Panagia Houses at Mycenae (Uni-versity Museum Monograph 68) Philadelphia

Nakassis D 2013 Individuals and Society in Mycenaean Pylos (Mnemosyne Suppl 358) Leiden

mdashmdashmdash 2015 ldquoLabor and Individuals in Late Bronze Age Pylosrdquo in Labor in the Ancient World ed P Steinkeller and M Hudson Dresden pp 583ndash615

Nakassis D J Gulizio and S A James eds 2014 KE-RA-ME-JA Studies Presented to Cynthia W Shelmerdine (Prehis-tory Monographs 46) Philadelphia

Nelson M C 2001 ldquoThe Architecture of Epano Englia-nos Greecerdquo (diss Univ of Toronto)

mdashmdashmdash 2007 ldquoPylos Block Masonry and Monumental Ar-chitecture in the Late Bronze Age Peloponneserdquo in Power and Architecture Monumental Public Architecture in the Bronze Age Near East and Aegean (Orientalia Lovani-ensia Analecta 156) ed J Bretschneider J Driessen and K van Lerberghe Leuven pp 143ndash159

mdashmdashmdash 2017 ldquoThe Architecture of the Palace of Nestorrdquo in The Minnesota Pylos Project 1990ndash98 (BAR-IS 2856) ed F A Cooper and D Fortenberry Oxford pp 283ndash418

Newhard J 2001 ldquoThe Chert Beds at Ayia Eleni New Dis-coveries and Lithic Ecology in the Bronze Age Argolidrdquo AJA 105 p 280 (abstract)

Niekamp A N 2016 ldquoCrop Growing Conditions and Agri-cultural Practices in Bronze Age Greece A Stable Iso-tope Analysis of Archaeobotanical Remains from Tsoun-gizardquo (MA thesis Univ of Cincinnati)

Niemeier W-D 1985 Die Palaststilkeramik von Knossos Stil Chronologie und historischer Kontext Berlin

Nikolakopoulou I 2007 ldquoAspects of Interaction between the Cyclades and the Mainland in the Middle Bronze Agerdquo in Felten Gauss and Smetana 2007 pp 347ndash359

Noll W 1982 ldquoMineralogie und Technik der Keramiken Altkretasrdquo Neues Jahrbuch fuumlr Mineralogie Abhandlungen 143 pp 150ndash199

Noll W R Holm and L Born 1971 ldquoChemie und Tech-niken altkretischer Vasenmalerei vom Kamares-Typrdquo Die Naturwissenschaften 58 pp 615ndash618

Nordquist G 1985 ldquoFloor Deposits on the Barbouna Slope at Asinerdquo Hydra 1 pp 19ndash33

mdashmdashmdash 1987 A Middle Helladic Village Asine in the Argolid(Uppsala Studies in Ancient Mediterranean and Near Eastern Civilizations 16) Uppsala

mdashmdashmdash 1999 ldquoPairing of Pots in the Middle Helladic Peri-odrdquo in Betancourt et al 1999 pp 569ndash573

Orchomenos V = P A Mountjoy Mycenaean Pottery from Orcho-menos Eutresis and other Boeotian Sites (Orchomenos V)Munich 1983

Orton C P Tyers and A G Vince 1993 Pottery in Archae-ology Cambridge

Palaima T G 1988 ldquoThe Development of the Mycenaean Writing Systemrdquo in Texts Tablets and Scribes (Minos Sup-pl 10) ed J-P Olivier and T G Palaima Salamanca pp 269ndash342

Palmer R 1992 ldquoWheat and Barley in Mycenaean Societyrdquo in Mykenaiumlka Actes du IXe Colloque international sur les textes myceacuteniens et eacutegeacuteens (BCH Suppl 25) ed J-P Olivier Paris pp 475ndash497

mdashmdashmdash 2008 ldquoWheat and Barley in Mycenaean Society 15 Years Laterrdquo in Colloquium Romanum Atti del XII colloquio internazionale di micenologia Roma 20ndash25 febbraio 2006 2 (Pasiphae 2) ed A Sacconi M Del Freo L Godart and M Negri Pisa pp 621ndash639

Palyvou C 2005 Akrotiri Thera An Architecture of Auence 3500 Years Old (Prehistory Monographs 15) Philadel-phia

mdashmdashmdash 2016 Akrotiri Thera An Architecture of Auence 3500 Years Old (Prehistory Monographs 15) repr Phil-adelphia

Pantelidou-Gkopha M 1991 Η νεολιθική Νέα Μάκρη Οικοδομικά Athens

Papadimitriou N 2001 Built Chamber Tombs of Middle and Late Bronze Age Date in Mainland Greece and the Islands (BAR-IS 925) Oxford

Papadimitriou N A Philippa-Touchais and G Touchais 2015 ldquoArgos in the MBA and LBArdquo in Schallin and Tournavitou 2015 pp 161ndash184

Papadopoulos T J 1998 The Late Bronze Age Daggers of the Aegean 1 The Greek Mainland (Praumlhistorische Bronze-funde VI11) Stuttgart

Papazoglou-Manioudaki L 2010 ldquoThe Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I Periods at Aigion in Achaiardquo in Mesohelladika The Greek Mainland in the Middle Bronze Age (BCH Suppl 52) ed A Philippa-Touchais G Tou-chais S Voutsaki and J C Wright Paris pp 129ndash 141

Papazoglou-Manioudaki L A Nafplioti J H Musgrave R A H Neave D Smith and A J N W Prag 2009 ldquoMycenae Revisited Part 1 The Human Remains from Grave Circle A Stamatakis Schliemann and Two New Faces from Shaft Grave VIrdquo BSA 104 pp 233ndash277

Papazoglou-Manioudaki L A Nafplioti J H Musgrave and A J N W Prag 2010 ldquoMycenae Revisited Part 3 The Human Remains from Grave Circle A Behind the Masks A Study of the Bones of Shaft Graves IndashVrdquo BSA 105 pp 157ndash224

Pappi E and V Isaakidou 2015 ldquoOn the Significance of Equids in the Late Bronze Age Aegean New and Old Finds from the Cemetery of Dendra in Contextrdquo in Schallin and Tournavitou 2015 pp 469ndash481


xxxvi BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Parkinson W A 2007 ldquoChipping Away at a Mycenaean Economy Obsidian Exchange Linear B and lsquoPalatial Controlrsquo in Late Bronze Age Messeniardquo in Rethinking Mycenaean Palaces II (Cotsen Institute Monograph 60) ed M L Galaty and W A Parkinson 2nd ed Los An-geles pp 87ndash101

Parkinson W A and J F Cherry 2010 ldquoPylos Regional Archaeological Project Part VIII Lithics and Land-scapes A Messenian Perspectiverdquo Hesperia 79 pp 1ndash51

Parkinson W A D Nakassis and M L Galaty 2013 ldquoCrafts Specialists and Markets in Mycenaean Greece Introductionrdquo AJA 117 pp 413ndash422

Parkinson W A and D J Pullen 2014 ldquoThe Emergence of Craft Specialization on the Greek Mainlandrdquo in Na-kassis Gulizio and James 2014 pp 73ndash81

Parlama L and N C Stampolidis eds 2000 Athens The City beneath the City Athens

Pavuacutek P and B Horejs 2012 Sammlung Fritz Schacher-meyr 3 Mittel- und spaumltbronzezeitliche Keramik Griechen-lands Vienna

Payne S 1972 ldquoPartial Recovery and Sample Bias The Re-sults of Some Sieving Experimentsrdquo in Papers in Econom-ic Prehistory ed E S Higgs London pp 49ndash64

mdashmdashmdash 1973 ldquoKill-O Patterns in Sheep and Goats The Mandibles from Aşvan Kaleacuterdquo AnatSt 23 pp 281ndash303

mdashmdashmdash 1985a ldquoMorphological Distinctions between the Man dibular Teeth of Young Sheep Ovis and Goats Caprardquo JAS 12 139ndash147

mdashmdashmdash 1985b ldquoZoo-archaeology in Greece A Readerrsquos Guiderdquo in Contributions to Aegean Archaeology Studies in Honor of William A McDonald ed N C Wilkie and W D E Coulson Minneapolis pp 211ndash244

mdashmdashmdash 1987 ldquoReference Codes for Wear States in the Mandibular Cheek Teeth of Sheep and Goatsrdquo JAS 14 pp 609ndash614

Payne S and G Bull 1988 ldquoComponents of Variation in Measurements of Pig Bones and Teeth and the Use of Measurements to Distinguish Wild from Domestic Pig Remainsrdquo Archaeozoologia 2 pp 27ndash66

Pearson C L P W Brewer D Brown T J Heaton G W L Hodgins A J T Jull T Lange and M W Salzer 2018 ldquoAnnual Radiocarbon Record Indicates 16th-Century bce Date for the Thera Eruptionrdquo Science Advances 4 doi 101126sciadvaar8241

Pelegrin J 1995 Technologie lithique Le Chacirctelperronien de Roc-de-Combe (lot) et de la cocircte (Dordogne) (Cahiers du Qua-ternaire 20) Paris

Perlegraves C 1990 ldquoLrsquooutillage de pierre tailleacutee neacuteolithique en Gregravece Approvisionnement et exploitation des matiegraveres premiegraveresrdquo BCH 114 pp 1ndash42

mdashmdashmdash 1992 ldquoSystems of Exchange and Organization of Production in Neolithic Greecerdquo JMA 5 pp 115ndash164

mdashmdashmdash 1994 Les industries lithiques tailleacutees de Tharrounia (Eubeacutee) (Ateliers 15) Paris

Petrakis V P 2011 ldquoPolitics of the Sea in the Late Bronze Age IIndashIII Aegean Iconographic Preferences and Tex-tual Perspectivesrdquo in The Seascape in Aegean Prehistory (Monographs of the Danish Institute at Athens 14) ed G Vavouranakis Athens pp 185ndash234

Philippa-Touchais A 2002 ldquoAperccedilu des ceacuteramiques meacuteso-helladiques agrave deacutecor peint de lrsquoAspis drsquoArgosrdquo BCH 126 pp 1ndash40

mdashmdashmdash 2007 ldquoAeginetan Matt Painted Pottery at Middle Helladic Aspis Argosrdquo in Felten Gauss and Smetana 2007 pp 97ndash113

Philippa-Touchais A and G Touchais Forthcoming ldquoThe Social Dynamics of Argos in a Constantly Chang-ing Landscape (HM IIndashHR IIIA1)rdquo in (Social) Place and Space in Early Mycenaean Greece ed B Eder and M Za-vadil Vienna

Pieacuterart M and G Touchais 1996 Argos Une ville grecque de 6000 ans Paris

Podzuweit C 1977 ldquoEin mykenischer Kieselmosaikfuss-boden aus Tiryns Die Fundsituation und Datierung des Mosaiksrdquo AA 1977 pp 123ndash134

Popham M R 1984 The Minoan Unexplored Mansion at Knossos (BSA Suppl 17) London

Poppe G T and Y Goto 1991 European Seashells 1 Poly-placochora Caudofoveata Solenogastra Gastropoda Wies-baden

Popper V S 1988 ldquoSelecting Quantitative Measurements in Paleoethnobotanyrdquo in Current Paleoethnobotany Ana-lytical Methods and Cultural Interpretations of Archaeological Plant Remains ed C A Hastorf and V S Popper Chi-cago pp 53ndash71

Pritchett W K 1969 Studies in Ancient Greek Topography Part II (Battlefields) Berkeley

Privitera S 2013 Principi Pelasgi e pescatori LrsquoAttica nella Tarda Etagrave del Bronzo Athens

Protonotariou-Deiumllaki E 1980 Οι τύμβοι του Άργους Ath-ens

Pruckner K 2010 ldquoAumlginetische Keramik der Schachtgrauml-berzeit Bichrom und vollstaumlndig bemalte Keramik aus dem Brunnen SH B106 in Aumlgina Kolonnardquo (diss Univ of Salz burg)

mdashmdashmdash 2011 ldquoVollstaumlndig und bichrom bemalte aumlgi-netische Keramik des spaumlten MH bis fruumlhen SH aus Aumlgina-Kolonnardquo in Oumlsterreichische Forschungen zur Aumlgaumli-schen Bronzezeit 2009 ed F Blakolmer C Reinholdt J Weilhartner and G Nightingale Vienna pp 241ndash252

Prummel W 1987a ldquoAtlas for Identification of Foetal Skel-etal Elements of Cattle Horse Sheep and Pig Part 1rdquo Archaeozoologia 11 pp 23ndash30

mdashmdashmdash 1987b ldquoAtlas for Identification of Foetal Skeletal Elements of Cattle Horse Sheep and Pig Part 2rdquo Ar-chaeozoologia 12 pp 11ndash42

Prummel W and H-J Frisch 1986 ldquoA Guide for the Dis-tinction of Species Sex and Body Side in Bones of Sheep and Goatrdquo JAS 13 pp 567ndash577

Pullen D 1992 ldquoOx and Plow in the Early Bronze Age Aegeanrdquo AJA 96 pp 45ndash54

mdashmdashmdash 1994 ldquoA Lead Seal from Tsoungiza Ancient Nemea and Early Bronze Age Sealing Systemsrdquo AJA 98 pp 35ndash52

mdashmdashmdash 2008 ldquoThe Early Bronze Age in Greecerdquo in Shelmerdine 2008b pp 19ndash46

mdashmdashmdash 2011 Nemea Valley Archaeological Project I The Early Bronze Age Village on Tsoungiza Hill Princeton

mdashmdashmdash 2013 ldquoExchanging the Mycenaean Economyrdquo AJA117 pp 437ndash445

Radu V 2003 ldquoExploitation des ressources aquatiques dans les cultures neacuteolithiques et chalcolithiques de la Roumanie meacuteridionalerdquo (diss Univ drsquoAix-Marseille I)

Rahmstorf L 2008 Kleinfunde aus Tiryns Terrakotta Stein Bein und GlasFayence vornehmlich aus der Spaumltbronzezeit(Tiryns Forschungen und Berichte 16) Wiesbaden

Rapoport A 1982 The Meaning of the Built Environment A Non-Verbal Communication Approach Beverly Hills

Reese D S 1983 ldquoThe Use of Cone Shells in Neolithic and Bronze Age Greecerdquo BSA 78 pp 353ndash357


BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xxxvii

mdashmdashmdash 1992 ldquoAppendix I Recent and Fossil Invertebrates (with a Note on the Nature of the MHI Fauna)rdquo in Mc-Donald and Wilkie 1992 pp 770ndash778

mdashmdashmdash 1995 ldquoThe Marine Invertebratesrdquo in Kommos I The Kommos Region and the Houses of the Minoan Town Part 1 The Kommos Region Ecology and Minoan Industries ed J W Shaw and M C Shaw Princeton pp 240ndash273

mdashmdashmdash 2006 ldquoThe Shells Appendix 2rdquo in Lefkandi IV The Bronze Age The Late Helladic IIIC Settlement at Xeropolis(BSA Suppl 39) ed D Evely London CD-ROM pp 20ndash29

mdashmdashmdash 2007 ldquoShellsrdquo in Palaikastro Two Late Minoan Wells (BSA Suppl 43) ed J A MacGillivray L H Sackett and J M Driessen p 221

mdashmdashmdash 2008a ldquoFaunal Remains from Late Helladic Lerna (Argolid Greece)rdquo Mediterranean Archaeology and Ar-chaeometry 8 pp 5ndash25

mdashmdashmdash 2008b ldquoThe Marine and Fresh-Water Inverte-brates 1973ndash1977rdquo in Taylour and Janko 2008 pp 519ndash524

Reese D S D Mylona J Bending and M Ntinou 2011 ldquoFauna and Florardquo in Mochlos IIC Period IV The Myce-naean Settlement and Cemetery The Human Remains and Other Finds (Prehistory Monographs 32) ed J S Soles and C Davaras Philadelphia pp 125ndash148

Reimer P J A Bard A Bayliss and W Beck 2013 ldquoInt-Cal13 and Marine13 Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curves 0ndash50000 Years Cal bprdquo Radiocarbon 55 pp 1869ndash1887

Reitz E J and E S Wing 1999 Zooarchaeology (Cam-bridge Manuals in Archaeology) Cambridge

Renfrew A C and M Wagsta 1982 An Island Polity The Archaeology of Exploitation in Melos Cambridge

Rice P M 1987 Pottery Analysis A Sourcebook ChicagoRichards M P and R E M Hedges 2008 ldquoStable Isotope

Evidence of Past Human Diet at the Sites of the Neo-lithic Cave of Gerani the Late Minoan III Cemetery of Armenoi Grave Circles A and B at the Palace Site of Mycenae and Late Helladic Chamber Tombsrdquo in Ar-chaeology Meets Science Biomolecular and Site Investigations in Bronze Age Greece ed H Martlew and Y Tzedakis Ox-ford pp 220ndash230

Riley J A 1981 ldquoLate Bronze Age Aegean and the Roman Mediterranean A Case for Comparisonrdquo in Production and Distribution A Ceramic Viewpoint (BAR-IS 120) ed H Howard and E Morris Oxford pp 133ndash143

Risch R 2002 Recursos naturales medios de produccioacuten y ex-plotaciacuteon social (Iberia Archaeologica 3) Mainz

Rose M J 1994 ldquoWith Line and Glittering Bronze Hook Fishing in the Aegean Bronze Agerdquo (diss Indiana Univ)

mdashmdashmdash 1995 ldquoThe Fish Remainsrdquo in Kommos I The Kom-mos Region and the Houses of the Minoan Town Part 1 The Kommos Region Ecology and Minoan Industries ed J W Shaw and M C Shaw Princeton pp 204ndash239

mdashmdashmdash 2008 ldquoThe Fish Remains 1973ndash1977rdquo in Taylour and Janko 2008 pp 517ndash519

Roux V and M A Courty 1998 ldquoIdentification of Wheel-Fashioning Methods Technological Analysis of 4thndash3rd Millennium bc Oriental Ceramicsrdquo JAS 25 pp 747ndash763

Runnels C N 1981 ldquoA Diachronic Study and Economic Analysis of Millstones from the Argolid Greecerdquo (diss Indiana Univ Bloomington)

mdashmdashmdash 1985a ldquoThe Bronze Age Flaked-Stone Industries from Lerna A Preliminary Reportrdquo Hesperia 54 pp 357ndash391

mdashmdashmdash 1985b ldquoTrade and the Demand for Millstones in Southern Greece in the Neolithic and the Early Bronze Agerdquo in Prehistoric Production and Exchange The Aegean and Eastern Mediterranean (UCLAMon 25) ed A B Knapp and T Stech Los Angeles pp 30ndash43

Ruppenstein F 2012 ldquoGesellschaftliche Transformationen und politisch-soziale Krisen im fruumlhen Griechenland Uumlberlegungen zur Entstehung mykenischer Palaststaat-enrdquo in Krise und Transformation Beitraumlge des internation-alen Symposiums vom 22 bis 23 November 2010 an der Oumls-terreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften ed S Deger Jalkotzy and A Suppan Vienna pp 37ndash68

Rutter J B 1983 ldquoSome Thoughts on the Analysis of Ce-ramic Data Generated by Site Surveysrdquo in Archaeological Survey in the Mediterranean Area (BAR-IS 155) ed D R Keller and D W Rupp Oxford pp 137ndash143

mdashmdashmdash 1985 ldquoMiddle Helladic Pottery from Tsoungiza (Archaia Nemea) A Brief Reportrdquo Hydra 1 pp 34ndash36

mdashmdashmdash 1989 ldquoA Ceramic Definition of Late Helladic I from Tsoungizardquo Hydra 6 pp 1ndash19

mdashmdashmdash 1990 ldquoPottery Groups from Tsoungiza of the End of the Middle Bronze Agerdquo Hesperia 59 pp 375ndash458

mdashmdashmdash 1993a ldquoEarly Helladic Pottery Inferences about Exchange and Production from Style and Clay Compo-sitionrdquo in Zerner Zerner and Winder 1993 pp 19ndash37

mdashmdashmdash 1993b ldquoA Group of Late Helladic IIA Pottery from Tsoungizardquo Hesperia 62 pp 53ndash93

mdashmdashmdash 1993c ldquoThe Prepalatial Bronze Age of the South-ern and Central Greek Mainlandrdquo AJA 97 pp 745ndash797

mdashmdashmdash 2001 ldquoReview of Aegean Prehistory II The Pre-palatial Bronze Age of the Southern and Central Greek Mainlandrdquo in Aegean Prehistory A Review ed T Cullen Boston pp 95ndash155

mdashmdashmdash 2005 ldquoSouthern Triangles Revisited Lakonia Mes-senia and Crete in the 14thndash12th Centuries bcrdquo in Ariadnersquos Threads Connections between Crete and the Greek Mainland in Late Minoan III (LM IIIA2 to LM IIIC) (Tri-podes 3) ed A L DrsquoAgata J Moody and E Williams Athens pp 17ndash50

mdashmdashmdash 2007 ldquoReconceptualizing the Middle Helladic lsquoType Sitersquo from a Ceramic Perspective Is lsquoBiggerrsquo Really lsquoBetterrsquordquo in Felton Gauss and Smetana 2007 pp 35ndash44

mdashmdashmdash 2012a ldquoMigrant Drinking Assemblages in Aegean Bronze Age Settingsrdquo in Materiality and Social Practiceed J Maran and P Stockhammer Oxford pp 73ndash88

mdashmdashmdash 2012b ldquoSize Matters So What Do Giant Semi-globular Cups Signifyrdquo in Kretes Minoidos Tradizione e identitagrave minoica tra produzione artigianale pratiche cerimo-niali e memoria del passato Studi oerti a Vincenzo La Rosa per il Suo 70ordm compleanno ed F Carinci N Cucuzza P Militello and O Palio Padua pp 139ndash149

mdashmdashmdash 2013 ldquoWhat Happened to the Lights Changes in the Usage of Ceramic Lamps at Neopalatial and Early Postpalatial Kommosrdquo in Philike Sunavlia Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology for Mario Benzi (BAR-IS 2460) ed G Graziadio R Guglielmino V Lenuzza and S Vi-tale Oxford pp 31ndash38

mdashmdashmdash 2014 ldquoThe Canaanite Transport Amphora within the Late Bronze Age Aegean A 2013 Perspective on a Frequently Changing Picturerdquo in Nakassis Gulizio and James 2014 pp 53ndash69

mdashmdashmdash 2015 ldquoCeramic Technology in Rapid Transi-tion The Evidence from Settlement Deposits of the Shaft Grave Era at Tsoungiza (Corinthia)rdquo in Gauss Klebinder-Gauss and von Ruumlden 2015 pp 207ndash223


xxxviii BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

mdashmdashmdash 2017 House X at Kommos A Minoan Mansion near the Sea 2 The Pottery (Prehistory Monographs 57) Phila-delphia

Rutter J B and S H Rutter 1976 The Transition to Myce-naean A Stratified Middle Helladic II to Late Helladic IIA Pottery Sequence from Ayios Stephanos in Lakonia (Monu-menta Archaeologica 4) Los Angeles

Saumlflund G 1965 Excavations at Berbati 1936ndash1937 Stock-holm

Sahlins M 1972 Stone Age Economics ChicagoSarpaki A 1992 ldquoThe Palaeoethnobotanical Approach

The Mediterranean Triad or Is It a Quartetrdquo in Agricul-ture in Ancient Greece Proceedings of the Seventh Interna-tional Symposium at the Swedish Institute at Athens 16ndash17 May 1990 ed B Wells Stockholm pp 61ndash76

Schachermeyr F 1976 Die aumlgaumlische Fruumlhzeit 2 Die mykenische Zeit und die Gesittung von Thera (SBWien 309) Vienna

Schallin A-L 1997 ldquoThe Late Bronze Age Potterrsquos Work-shop at Mastos in the Berbati Valleyrdquo in Trade and Pro-duction in Premonetary Greece Production and the Crafts-man (SIMA-PB 143) ed C Gillis C Risberg and B Sjoumlberg Jonsered pp 73ndash88

mdashmdashmdash 2002 ldquoPots for Sale The Late Helladic IIIA and IIIB Ceramic Production at Berbatirdquo in New Research on Old Material from Asine and Berbati in Celebration of the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Swedish Institute at Athens ed B Wells Stockholm pp 141ndash155

Schallin A-L and P Pakkanen 2009 Encounters with My-cenaean Figures and Figurines Papers Presented at a Semi-nar at the Swedish Institute at Athens 27ndash29 April 2001(ActaAth 8ordm 20) Stockholm

Schallin A-L and I Tournavitou eds 2015 Mycenaeans Up to Date The Archaeology of the North-Eastern PeloponnesemdashCurrent Concepts and New Directions (Acta-Ath 4ordm 56) Stockholm

Scheer C 1984 ldquoAegean Bronze-Age Spit Supports with Scalloped Topsrdquo OpAth 15 pp 155ndash162

Schofield E 1984 ldquoDestruction Deposits of the Earlier Late Bronze Age from Ayia Irini Keosrdquo in The Prehis-toric Cyclades ed J A MacGillivray and R L N Barber Edinburgh pp 179ndash183

Schweingruber F H 1990 Anatomy of European WoodsStuttgart

Schweingruber F H A Boumlrner and E D Schulze 2008 Atlas of Woody Plants Evolution Structure and Environ-mental Modifications Berlin

Shaw J W 1977 ldquoNew Evidence for Aegean Roof Con-struction from Bronze Age Therardquo AJA 81 pp 229ndash233

Shay J and T Shay 1978 ldquoModern Vegetation and Fossil Plant Remainsrdquo in Excavations at Nichoria in Southwest Greece 1 Site Environs and Techniques ed G Rapp and S E Aschenbrenner Minneapolis pp 41ndash59

Shay J T Shay and M R M Kapinga 1998 ldquoAppendix 4 The Bronze Age Plant and Insect Remains and Modern Vegetationrdquo in Excavations on the Acropolis of Midea Re-sults of the Greek-Swedish Excavations 11 The Excavations on the Lower Terraces 1985ndash1991 (ActaAth 4ordm 49) ed G Walberg Stockholm pp 299ndash357

Shelmerdine C W 2001 ldquoReview of Aegean Prehistory VI The Palatial Bronze Age of the Southern and Central Greek Mainlandrdquo in Aegean Prehistory A Review ed T Cullen Boston pp 329ndash381

mdashmdashmdash 2008a ldquoBackground Sources and Methodsrdquo in Shelmerdine 2008b pp 1ndash18

mdashmdashmdash ed 2008b The Cambridge Companion to the Aegean Bronze Age Cambridge

Shelton K S 1996 The Late Helladic Pottery from Prosymna(SIMA-PB 138) Jonsered

mdashmdashmdash 2009 ldquoThe Figurines from Petsas Houserdquo in Schal-lin and Pakkanen 2009 pp 55ndash60

mdashmdashmdash 2010 ldquoCitadel and Settlement A Developing Economy at Mycenae The Case of Petsas Houserdquo in Po-litical Economies in the Aegean Bronze Age ed D Pullen Oxford pp 184ndash204

Shepard A O 1965 Ceramics for the Archaeologist Washing-ton DC

Siennicka M 2010 ldquoSpatial Organisation of Late Mycenae-an Settlementsrdquo in Siedlung und Handwerk Studien zu sozialen Kontexten in der Bronzezeit Beitraumlge zu den Sitzun-gen der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Bronzezeit auf der Jahrestagung des Nordwestdeutschen Verbandes fuumlr Altertumsforschung in Schleswig 2007 und auf dem Deutschen Archaumlologen kongress in Mannheim 2008 (Universitaumltsforschungen zur praumlhis-torischen Archaumlologie 194) ed B Horejs and T L Kienlin Bonn pp 69ndash94

Silver I 1969 ldquoThe Ageing of Domestic Animalsrdquo in Sci-ence in Archaeology ed D Brothwell and E Higgs 2nd ed London pp 283ndash302

Skibo J M 1992 Pottery Function A Use-Alteration Perspec-tive New York

Smith R A K M K Dabney E Pappi S Triantaphyllou and J C Wright 2017 Ayia Sotira A Mycenaean Chamber Tomb Cemetery in the Nemea Valley Greece (Prehistory Monographs 56) Philadelphia

SPSS 2011 SPSS Statistics Version 20 Armonk NYStanzel M 1991 ldquoDie Tierreste aus dem ArtemisndashApollondash

Heiligtum bei Kalapodi in BoumlotienGriechenlandrdquo (diss Universitaumlt Muumlnchen)

Sterba J H H Mommsen G Steinhauser and M Bichler 2009 ldquoThe Influence of Dierent Tempers on the Com-position of Potteryrdquo JAS 36 pp 1582ndash1589

Stocker S R and J L Davis 2004 ldquoAnimal Sacrifice Ar-chives and Feasting at the Palace of Nestorrdquo in The My-cenaean Feast (Hesperia 73) ed J C Wright Princeton pp 179ndash195

mdashmdashmdash 2017 ldquoThe Combat Agate from the Grave of the Grin Warrior at Pylosrdquo Hesperia 86 pp 583ndash605

Stockhammer P 2008 ldquoKontinuitaumlt und Wandel Die Keramik der Nachpalastzeit aus der Unterstadt von Tirynsrdquo (diss Ruprecht-Karls-Universitaumlt Heidel- berg)

Strack S 2011 ldquorsquoErfahrungsberichtrsquo of Application of Dif-ferent Quantitative Methods at Kalapodirdquo in Early Iron Age Pottery A Quantitative Approach Proceedings of the In-ternational Round Table Organized by the Swiss School of Ar-chaeology in Greece (Athens 2008) (BAR-IS 2254) ed S Verdan T Theurillat and A Kenzelmann-Pfyer Oxford pp 45ndash60

Stroulia A 2003 ldquoGround-Stone Celts from Franchthi Cave A Close Lookrdquo Hesperia 72 pp 1ndash30

mdashmdashmdash 2010 Flexible Stones Ground-Stone Tools from Franch-thi Cave (Excavations at Franchthi Cave Greece 14) Bloomington Ind

Stummer A 1911 ldquoZur Urgeschichte der Rebe und des Weinbauesrdquo MAGW 41 pp 283ndash296

Sutton S B 1988 ldquoWhat Is a Village in a Nation of Mi-grantsrdquo Journal of Modern Greek Studies 6 pp 187ndash215

Tachet H P Richoux M Bournaud and P Usseglio-Polatera 2000 Inverteacutebreacutes drsquoeau douce Systeacutematique biolo-gie eacutecologie Paris

Tartaron T F D J Pullen R K Dunn L Tzortzopoulou-Gregory A Dill and J I Boyce 2011 ldquoThe Saronic


BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xxxix

Harbors Archaeological Research Project (SHARP) In-vestigations at Mycenaean Kalamianos 2007ndash2009rdquo Hesperia 80 pp 559ndash634

Taylour W D and R Janko eds 2008 Ayios Stephanos Ex-cavations at a Bronze Age and Medieval Settlement in South-ern Laconia (BSA Suppl 44) London

Themelis P 1968 ldquoSkillousrdquo ArchDelt 23 Αprime pp 284ndash292Theodoropoulou T 2007 ldquoLrsquoexploitation des ressources

aquatiques en Egeacutee septentrionale aux peacuteriodes preacute- et protohistoriquesrdquo (diss Univ de Paris I)

mdashmdashmdash 2011a ldquoFishing in Dark Waters A Review of the Archaeological and Archaeozoological Evidence of the Exploitation of Aquatic Resources in the Greek Early Iron Agerdquo in Dark Ages Revisited Acts of an International Symposium in Memory of William D E Coulson ed A Maz-arakis Ainian Volos pp 995ndash1013

mdashmdashmdash 2011b ldquoSpondylus gaederopus in Aegean Prehistory Deciphering Shapes from Northern Greecerdquo in Spondy-lus in Prehistory New Data and Approaches Contributions to the Archaeology of Shell Technologies (BAR-IS 2216) ed F Ifantidis and M Nikolaidou Oxford pp 37ndash47

mdashmdashmdash 2012 ldquoSearching for the Sea The Exploitation of Marine Resources in Late Bronze Age Aegeanrdquo Talanta44 pp 295ndash314

mdashmdashmdash 2014 ldquoExcavating the Sea Recent Advances in Ma-rine Zooarchaeology of Prehistoric Aegeanrdquo in Physis Lrsquoenvironnement naturel et la relation homme-milieu dans le monde eacutegeacuteen protohistorique Actes de la 14e Rencontre eacutegeacuteenne internationale Paris 11ndash14 deacutecembre 2012 (Aegae-um 37) ed G Touchais R Laneur and F Rouge-mont Leuven pp 359ndash373

Thomas P M 1992 ldquoLH IIIB1 Pottery from Tsoungiza and Zygouriesrdquo (diss Univ of North Carolina Chapel Hill)

mdashmdashmdash 1997 ldquoMycenaean Kylix Painters at Zygouriesrdquo in TEXNΗ Craftsmen Craftswomen and Craftsmanship in the Aegean Bronze Age (Aegaeum 16) ed R Laneur and P P Betancourt Liegravege pp 377ndash383

mdashmdashmdash 2004 ldquoSome Observations on the lsquoZygouriesrsquo Kylix and Late Helladic IIIB Chronologyrdquo in ΧΑΡΙΣ Essays in Honor of Sara A Immerwahr (Hesperia Suppl 33) ed A Chapin Princeton pp 207ndash224

mdashmdashmdash 2005 ldquoA Deposit of Late Helladic IIIB1 Pottery from Tsoungizardquo Hesperia 74 pp 451ndash573

mdashmdashmdash 2011a ldquoA Deposit of Late Helladic IIIA2 Pottery from Tsoungizardquo Hesperia 80 pp 171ndash228

mdashmdashmdash 2011b ldquoMycenaean Tablewares and the Curious Careers of the Angular Kylix and Shallow Angular Ba-sinrdquo in Gauss et al 2011 pp 297ndash305

Thompson N 2006 ldquoProjectile Points from the MHndashLH Site of Magoula Galatasrdquo (paper Methana 2006)

Tiryns = Tiryns Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen des Instituts MainzV = P Gercke G Hiesel D H French E B French

P Grossman J Schaumlfer H B Siedentopf and W Ru-dolph Grabungen in der Unterstadt von Tiryns von 1889 bis 1929 1971

VIII = K Muumlller P Gercke W B Gercke G Hiesel L Godart J P Olivier P Grossmann et al Das Kup-pelgrab von Tiryns 1975

XII = W Guumlntner Figuumlrlich bemalte mykenische Keramik aus Tiryns 2000

Tomlinson J E 1991 ldquoProvenance of Minoan Ceramics by Multivariate Analysis of Neutron Activation Datardquo (diss Univ of Manchester)

mdashmdashmdash 1995a ldquoChemical Analysis of Some Mycenaean Pottery from Perati Atticardquo ArchEph 1995 pp 227ndash230

mdashmdashmdash 1995b ldquoMultivariate Analysis of Neutron Activa-tion Data on Heavy Ware Stirrup Jars at Mycenaerdquo in The ldquoIvory Housesrdquo at Mycenae (BSA Suppl 24) ed I Tournavitou London pp 305ndash308

mdashmdashmdash 1996 ldquoChemical Evidence for a Cretan Origin of Heavy Ware Stirrup Jars Found at Mycenaerdquo in Proceed-ings of the Second Symposium of the Hellenic Archaeometrical Society Archaeometrical and Archaeological Research in Macedonia and Thrace ed I Stratis M Vavelidis K Ko-tsakis G Tsokas and E Tsoukala Thessaloniki pp 371ndash378

mdashmdashmdash 1997 ldquoStatistical Evaluation of the Asaro-Perlman Neutron Activation Data on Mycenaean Pottery from the Peloponneserdquo BSA 92 pp 139ndash164

mdashmdashmdash 1998 ldquoA Provenance Investigation of Mycenaean Pottery from Gla by Neutron Activation Analysisrdquo in Γλας II Η ανασκαφή 1981ndash1991 (Βιβλιοθήκη της ενΑθήναις Αρχαιολογικής Εταιρείας 173) ed S E Iakovi-dis Athens pp 205ndash209

mdashmdashmdash 2000 ldquoStatistical Analysis of Neutron Activation Data on Mycenaean Pottery from Gla Thebes Eutresis Kallithea and Tanagra in Boeotiardquo in Πρακτικά του Γ΄ Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου Βοιωτικών Μελετών Θήβα 4ndash8Σεπτεμβρίου 1996 (Επετηρίς της Εταιρείας Βοιωτι- κών Μελετών 31) ed V Aravantinos Athens pp 253ndash263

mdashmdashmdash 2004 ldquoStatistical Evaluation of Neutron Activation Data on Mycenaean Pottery Found at Lachishrdquo in The Renewed Archaeological Excavations at Lachish 1973ndash1994(Monograph Series of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 22) ed D Ussishkin Tel Aviv pp 1437ndash1445

mdashmdashmdash 2013 ldquoStatistical Analysis of Neutron Activation Data on Mycenaean Pottery from the Argolid and Corinthiardquo in Well Built Mycenae The Helleno-British Ex-cavations within the Citadel at Mycenae 1959ndash1969 341 Technical Reports The Results of Neutron Activation Analy-sis of Mycenaean Pottery Oxford pp 23ndash35

Tomlinson J E and V J Robinson In prep ldquoNeutron Activation Analysis of Minoan Pottery from Crete The Search for Reference Groupsrdquo

Torrence R 1986a ldquoChipped Stonerdquo in Keos V pp 90ndash96mdashmdashmdash 1986b Production and Exchange of Stone Tools Prehis-

toric Obsidian in the Aegean CambridgeTouchais G 1997 ldquoAux marges du monde myceacutenien Re-

cherches sur les origines et la diusion de la civilisation helladiquerdquo (diss Univ de Paris I)

Tournavitou I 1999 ldquoHearths in Non-Palatial Settlement Contexts The LBA Period in the Peloponneserdquo in Be-tancourt et al 1999 pp 833ndash839

Tsartsidou G nd ldquoPhytolith Analysis from the Sediments of Ayia Sotira Report for Excavating Seasons 2006 2007 2008 (unpublished manuscript Nemea Valley Ar-chaeological Project Archive Bryn Mawr College)

Tzedakis Y and H Martlew eds 1999 Minoans and Myce-naeans Flavours of Their Time Athens

Tzonou-Herbst I 2009 ldquoTrashing the Sacred The Use-Life of Mycenaean Figurinesrdquo in Schallin and Pakkanen 2009 pp 161ndash175

Uerpmann M and W van Neer 2000 ldquoFischreste aus den neuen Grabungen in Troia (1989ndash1999)rdquo Studia Troica10 pp 145ndash177

Valamoti S M M Mangafa C Koukouli-Chrysanthaki and D Malamidou 2007 ldquoGrape-Pressings from North-ern Greece The Earliest Wine in the Aegeanrdquo Antiquity81 pp 54ndash61


xl BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

Van de Moortel A 2001 ldquoThe Area around the Kiln and the Pottery from the Kiln and the Kiln Dumprdquo in A LM IA Ceramic Kiln in South-Central Crete Function and Pottery Production (Hesperia Suppl 30) ed J W Shaw A Van de Moortel P M Day and V Kilikoglou Princeton pp 25ndash110

mdashmdashmdash 2002 ldquoPottery as a Barometer of Economic Change From the Protopalatial to the Neopalatial Society in Central Creterdquo in Labyrinth Revisited Rethinking ldquoMino-anrdquo Archaeology ed Y Hamilakis Oxford pp 189ndash211

van der Veen M and N Fieller 1982 ldquoSampling Seedsrdquo JAS 9 pp 287ndash298

Van Horn D 1977 ldquoA New Bronze Age Chipped Stone Type The Denticulated Tranchetrdquo JFA 4 pp 386ndash392

Van Neer W and A Ervynck 2004 ldquoRemains of Traded Fish in Archaeological Sites Indicators of Status or Bulk Foodrdquo in Behaviour behind Bones The Zooarchaeology of Ritual Religion Status and Identity ed S J OrsquoDay W Van Neer and A Ervynck Oxford pp 203ndash214

Vasilogamvrou A 2010 ldquoΑνασκαφή στον Άγ ΒασίλειοΛακωνίαςrdquo Prakt 165 pp 65ndash80

mdashmdashmdash 2013 ldquo7 Άγ Βασίλειος Λακωνίαςrdquo Ergon 2013 pp 27ndash30

mdashmdashmdash 2014 ldquoTracing the Rulers of Mycenaean Laconia New Insights from Excavations at Ayios Vasileios (Xero-kampi) near Spartardquo BICS 57 pp 132ndash133

Verdan S 2011 ldquoPottery Quantification Some Guide-linesrdquo in Early Iron Age Pottery A Quantitative ApproachProceedings of the International Round Table Organized by the Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece (Athens 2008)(BAR-IS 2254) ed S Verdan T Theurillat and A Ken-zelmann-Pfyer Oxford pp 165ndash171

Verdelis N 1962 ldquoThe West Houserdquo in The Mycenae Tab-lets 3 (TAPS ns 527) ed J Chadwick Philadelphia pp 13ndash29

Vermeule E and V Karageorghis 1982 Mycenaean Picto-rial Vase Painting Cambridge Mass

Veropoulidou R 2012 ldquoΌστρεα από τους οικισμούς του Θερμαϊκού κόλπου Ανασυνθέτοντας την κατανάλωση των μαλακίων στη Νεολιθική και την Εποχή του Χαλ-κούrdquo (diss Aristotle Univ of Thessaloniki)

Vicente N 1995 ldquoLes mollusques lrsquohomme et lrsquoimagi-nairerdquo in Vingt ans de malacologie Meacutemoires de lrsquoInstitut Oceacuteanographique Paul Ricard ed J-P Peyret pp 99ndash108

Vika E and T Theodoropoulou 2012 ldquoRe-investigating Fish Consumption in Greek Antiquity Results from Fish Bone Collagen δ13C and δ15N Analysesrdquo JAS 39 pp 1618ndash1627

Vitale S 2012 ldquoLocal Traditions and Mycenaeanization in Central Greece A Preliminary Report on the Late Hel-ladic IIA to Late Helladic IIIB Pottery from Mitrou East Lokris and Its Significancerdquo in Αρχαιολογικό Έργο Θεσ-σαλίας και Στερεάς Ελλάδας Πρακτικά επιστημονικήςσυνάντησης 3 Proceedings of the 3rd Archaeological Meet-ing of Thessaly and Central Greece 2006ndash2008 From Prehis-tory to the Contemporary Period ed A Mazarakis Ainian and A Doulgeri-Intzesiloglou Volos pp 1147ndash1158

Vollgra W 1907 ldquoFouilles drsquoArgos B Les eacutetablissements preacutehistorique drsquoAspis (suite)rdquo BCH 31 pp 139ndash144

Vonck E 1933 Mollusques de Belgique Brusselsvon den Driesch A 1976 A Guide to the Measurement of Ani-

mal Bones from Archaeological Sites (Peabody Museum Bul-letin 1) Cambridge Mass

von den Driesch A and J Boessneck 1990 ldquoDie Tierreste von der mykenischen Burg Tiryns bei NafplionPelo-

ponnesrdquo in Tiryns Forschungen und Berichte 11 ed H-J Weisshaar I Weber-Hiden A von den Driesch J Boess-neck A Rieger and W Boumlser Mainz pp 87ndash164

Voyatzoglou M 1972 Τα πιθάρια στο Θραψανό της Κρή-της Η τεχνική και οι συντεχνίες των πιθαράδων Thes-saloniki

mdashmdashmdash 1984 ldquoThrapsano Village of Jar Makersrdquo in East Cretan White-on-Dark Ware Studies on a Handmade Pottery of the Early to Middle Minoan Periods (University Museum Monograph 51) ed P P Betancourt Philadelphia pp 130ndash142

Wace A J B 1932 Chamber Tombs at Mycenae (Archaeologia82) Oxford

mdashmdashmdash 1956 ldquoEphyraean Warerdquo BSA 51 pp 123ndash127Walberg G 2007 Midea The Megaron Complex and Shrine

Area Excavations on the Lower Terraces 1994ndash1997 (Pre-history Monographs 20) Philadelphia

Waldstein C 1905 The Argive Heraeum II BostonWalsh V A and W A McDonald 1986 ldquoGreek Late

Bronze Age Domestic Architecture Toward a Typology of Stone Masonryrdquo JFA 13 pp 493ndash499

mdashmdashmdash 1992 ldquoHouse Construction and Town Layoutrdquo in McDonald and Wilkie 1992 pp 455ndash466

Warren P M 1969 Minoan Stone Vases Cambridgemdashmdashmdash 1972 Myrtos An Early Bronze Age Settlement in Crete

(BSA Suppl 7) LondonWarren P and V Hankey 1989 Aegean Bronze Age Chronol-

ogy BristolWashington H S 1923 ldquoExcavations at Phlius in 1892rdquo

AJA 27 pp 428ndash446Weiberg E 2009 ldquoProduction of Female Figurines at Mas-

tos Berbatirdquo in Schallin and Pakkanen 2009 pp 61ndash75Wells B and C Runnels 1996 The Berbati-Limnes Archaeo-

logical Survey 1988ndash1990 (ActaAth 4ordm 44) StockholmWhitbread I K 2003 ldquoClays of Corinth The Study of a

Basic Resource for Ceramic Productionrdquo in Corinth XX pp 1ndash13

Whittaker H 2009 ldquoThe Cultic Function of Mycenaean Anthropomorphic Terracotta Figuresrdquo in Schallin and Pakkanen 2009 pp 99ndash111

Wiener M H 1984 ldquoCrete and the Cyclades in LM I The Tale of the Conical Cuprdquo in The Minoan Thalassocracy Myth and Reality ed R Haumlgg and N Marinatos Stock-holm pp 17ndash26

mdashmdashmdash 2011 ldquoConical Cups From Mystery to Historyrdquo in Gauss et al 2011 pp 355ndash368

mdashmdashmdash 2018 ldquoThe Absolute Chronology of Late Hellad-ic III and the Recent Bronze Age in Italy in Light of Recent Developments in Egyptian Chronologyrdquo in Med-iterranea Itinera Studies in Honour of Lucia Vagnetti (Incu-nabula Graeca 106) ed M Bettelli M Del Freo and G J van Wijngaarden Rome pp 3ndash10

Wiersma C 2014 Building the Bronze Age Architecture and Social Change on the Greek Mainland during Early Hellad-ic III Middle Helladic and Late Helladic I Oxford

Wilson B C Grigson and S Payne 1982 Ageing and Sex-ing Animal Bones from Archaeological Sites (BAR-BS 109) Oxford

Wiseman J R 1978 The Land of the Ancient Corinthians(SIMA 50) Goumlteborg

Wishart D 1987 CLUSTAN User Manual Cluster Analysis Software 4th ed Edinburgh

Wohlmayr W 2007 ldquoAegina Kolonna MH IIIndashLH I Ce-ramic Phases of an Aegean Trade-Domainrdquo in Felten Gauss and Smetana 2007 pp 45ndash55


BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS xli

Wright G R H 1990 ldquoOf Fishes and Men Fish Symbols in Ancient Religionrdquo JPR 3ndash4 pp 30ndash43

Wright H 1984 ldquoPrestate Political Formationsrdquo in On the Evolution of Complex Societies Essays in Honor of Harry Hoi-jer 1982 ed W T Sanders H Wright and R M Ad-ams Malibu pp 41ndash77

Wright J C 1978 ldquoMycenaean Masonry Practices and Ele-ments of Constructionrdquo (diss Bryn Mawr College)

mdashmdashmdash 1982 ldquoExcavations at Tsoungiza (Archaia Nemea) 1981rdquo Hesperia 51 pp 375ndash397

mdashmdashmdash 1987 ldquoDeath and Power at Mycenae Changing Symbols in Mortuary Practicerdquo in Thanatos Les coutumes funeacuteraires en Egeacutee agrave lrsquoacircge du Bronze Actes du colloque de Liegravege 21-23 avril 1986 (Aegaeum 1) ed R Laneur Liegravege pp 171ndash184

mdashmdashmdash 1990 ldquoAn Early Mycenaean Hamlet on Tsoungiza at Ancient Nemeardquo in Lrsquohabitat eacutegeacuteen preacutehistorique Actes de la Table Ronde internationale organiseacutee par le Centre Na-tional de la Recherche Scientifique lrsquoUniversiteacute de Paris I et lrsquoEacutecole franccedilaise drsquoAthegravenes 23ndash25 juin 1987 (BCH Suppl 19) ed P Darcque and R Treuil Paris pp 347ndash357

mdashmdashmdash 1994 ldquoThe Spatial Configuration of Belief The Ar-chaeology of Mycenaean Religionrdquo in Placing the Gods Sanctuaries and Sacred Space in Ancient Greece ed S E Alcock and R Osborne Oxford pp 37ndash78

mdashmdashmdash 1999 ldquoA Marble Figurine from Tsoungizardquo in Be-tancourt et al 1999 pp 945ndash951

mdashmdashmdash 2004a ldquoComparative Settlement Patterns during the Bronze Age in the Northeastern Peloponnesos Greecerdquo in Side-by-Side Survey Comparative Regional Stud-ies in the Mediterranean World ed S E Alcock and J F Cherry Oxford pp 114ndash131

mdashmdashmdash 2004b ldquoMycenaean Drinking Services and Stan-dards of Etiquetterdquo in Food Cuisine and Society in Prehis-toric Greece (Sheeld Studies in Aegean Archaeology 5) ed P Halstead and J C Barrett Sheeld pp 90ndash104

mdashmdashmdash 2004c ldquoA Survey of Evidence for Feasting in Myce-naean Societyrdquo in The Mycenaean Feast (Hesperia 73) ed J C Wright Princeton pp 13ndash58

mdashmdashmdash 2006 ldquoThe Social Production of Space and the Ar-chitectural Reproduction of Society in the Bronze Age Aegean during the 2nd Millennium bcerdquo in Construct-ing PowermdashArchitecture Ideology and Social Practice ed J Maran C Juwig H Schwengel and U Thaler Ham-burg pp 49ndash74

mdashmdashmdash 2008 ldquoEarly Mycenaean Greecerdquo in Shelmerdine 2008b pp 230ndash257

mdashmdashmdash 2015 ldquoThe Nature of Mycenaean Occupation of the Watersheds That Comprise the Longopotamos Nemea and Asopos Valleysrdquo in Schallin and Tournavi-tou 2015 pp 211ndash219

mdashmdashmdash 2020 ldquoMycenaean Ashlar Masonry An Overviewrdquo in ASHLAR Exploring the Materiality of Cut Stone Masonry in the Eastern Mediterranean Bronze Age ed M Devolder J Driessen and I Kreigermann Louvain-la-Neuve pp 187ndash214

Wright J C J F Cherry J L Davis E Mantzourani S B Sutton and R F Sutton Jr 1990 ldquoThe Nemea Valley Archaeological Project A Preliminary Reportrdquo Hesperia59 pp 579ndash659

Wright J C and M K Dabney 2011 ldquoInterpreting Quan-titative Analyses of Mycenaean Potteryrdquo in Gauss et al 2011 pp 369ndash381

Wright J C E Pappi S Triantaphyllou M K Dabney P Karkanas G Kotzamani and A Livarda 2008 ldquoNemea Valley Archaeological Project Excavations at Barnavos Final Reportrdquo Hesperia 77 pp 607ndash654

Yasur-Landau A 2006 ldquoThe Last Glendi in Halasmenos Social Aspects of Cooking in a Dark Age Cretan Vil-lagerdquo Aegean Archaeology 7 pp 49ndash66

Yalouris N 1965 ldquoΜυκηναϊκός τύμβος Σαμικοΰrdquo ArchDelt20 Αprime pp 6ndash40

Zerner C W 1986 ldquoMiddle Helladic and Late Helladic I Pottery from Lernardquo Hydra 2 pp 58ndash74

mdashmdashmdash 1988 ldquoMiddle Helladic and Late Helladic I Pottery from Lerna Part II Shapesrdquo Hydra 4 pp 1ndash10

mdashmdashmdash 1990 ldquoCeramics and Ceremony Pottery and Buri-als from Lerna in the Middle and Early Late Bronze Agesrdquo in Celebrations of Death and Divinity in the Bronze Age Argolid ed R Haumlgg and G C Nordquist Stock-holm pp 23ndash34

mdashmdashmdash 1993 ldquoNew Perspectives on Trade in the Middle and Early Late Helladic Periods on the Mainlandrdquo in Zerner Zerner and Winder 1993 pp 39ndash56

mdashmdashmdash 2008 ldquoThe Middle Helladic Pottery with the Mid-dle Helladic Wares from Late Helladic Deposits and the Pottersrsquo Marksrdquo in Taylour and Janko 2008 pp 177ndash298

Zerner C P Zerner and J Winder eds 1993 Wace and Blegen Pottery as Evidence for Trade in the Aegean Bronze Age 1939ndash1989 Amsterdam

Zohary D M Hopf and E Weiss 2012 Domestication of Plants in the Old World The Origin and Spread of Domesti-cated Plants in Southwest Asia Europe and the Mediterra-nean Basin 3rd ed Oxford


xlii BIBLIOGRAPHY AND ABBREVIATIONS

ABBREVIATIONS OF PERIODICALS AND SERIES

AA = Archaumlologischer AnzeigerActaAth = Skrifter utgivna av Svenska Institutet i Athen (Acta

Instituti Atheniensis Regni Sueciae)AJA = American Journal of ArchaeologyAM = Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archaumlologischen Instituts

Athenische AbteilungAmerAnt = American AntiquityAnatSt = Anatolian StudiesAR = Archaeological Reports (supplement to JHS)ArchDelt = Αρχαιολογικόν ΔελτίονArchEph = Αρχαιολογική ΕφημερίςArchKorrBl = Archaumlologisches KorrespondenzblattBAR-BS = British Archaeological Reports British SeriesBAR-IS = British Archaeological Reports International SeriesBCH = Bulletin de correspondence helleacuteniqueBEacuteFAR = Bibliothegraveque des Eacutecoles franccedilaises drsquoAthegravenes et de RomeBICS = Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies of the Univer-

sity of LondonBSA = Annual of the British School at AthensErgon = Tο Έργον της εν Aθήναις Aρχαιολογικής EταιρείαςErIsr = Eretz-IsraelEacutetCreacutet = Eacutetudes creacutetoisesJAS = Journal of Archaeological ScienceJFA = Journal of Field Archaeology

JHS = Journal of Hellenic StudiesJMA = Journal of Mediterranean ArchaeologyJPR = Journal of Prehistoric ReligionMAGW = Mitteilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft (Vi-

enna)MarbWPr = Marburger Winckelmann-ProgrammOJA = Oxford Journal of ArchaeologyOpAth = Opuscula AtheniensiaPrakt = Πρακτικά της εν Αθήναις Αρχαιολογικής ΕταιρείαςRA = Revue archeacuteologiqueRDAC = Report of the Department of Antiquities CyprusSBWien = Sitzungsberichte Oumlsterreichische Akademie der Wis-

senschaften (Wien) Philosophisch-historische KlasseSIMA = Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and LiteratureSIMA-PB = Studies in Mediterranean Archaeology and Litera-

ture PocketbookSMEA = Studi micenei ed egeo-anatoliciTAPS = Transactions of the American Philosophical SocietyUCLAMon = University of California at Los Angeles Institute of

Archaeology MonographUCLAPap = University of California at Los Angeles Institute of

Archaeology Occasional PaperWorldArch = World Archaeology

ABBREVIATIONS

CP cooking potteryD depthDiam diameterdim dimensionEBA Early Bronze AgeEH Early HelladicEN Early Neolithicest estimatedext exteriorEU excavation unitEVE estimated vessel equivalentsFM Furumark motifFN Final Neolithicfr frr fragment fragmentsFS Furumark shapeGAS Greek Archaeological ServiceH heightICP-AES inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission

spectroscopyINAA instrumental neutron activation analysisint interiorL lengthLBA Late Bronze AgeLH Late HelladicLM Late MinoanLN Late Neolithic

masl meters above sea levelmax maximumMaxAU maximum numbers of anatomical unitsMBA Middle Bronze AgeMFF macroscopic fabric familyMFG macroscopic fabric groupMH Middle Helladicmin minimumMinAU minimum numbers of anatomical unitsMNI minimum numbers of individualsMURR University of Missouri Research ReactorNAA neutron activation analysisNISP numbers of identified specimensNR not recordedNVAP Nemea Valley Archaeological ProjectNVAP-AS Nemea Valley Archaeological Project-

Archaeological Surveyp preservedperf perforationSMU square meter unitSU stratigraphic unitTh thicknessTS TsoungizaUCB University of California at BerkeleyW widthWt weight


1 Washington 1923 Lord 1947 p 772 Blegen 1975 Miller 1988a p 1 n 13 Biers 1969 1971 Faraklas 1972 Wiseman 1978 Charles

K Williams II had assumed responsibility for finishing and

publishing the study of the Temple of Zeus at Nemea by Bert H Hill and Louis T Lands (Hill 1966)

4 Blegen 1975 p 255

1

INTRODUCTIONby Mary K Dabney and James C Wright

The Mycenaean settlement on Tsoungiza in Ancient Nemea is located around the southern knoll of a serpentine ridge at the head of the Nemea Valley in the Corinthia

Greece (Fig 11) The knoll occupies the western edge of the modern village of Iraklio (of-ficially Archaia Nemea) and lies about 1 km west of the Sanctuary of Zeus which is located in the plain through which the Nemea River courses These Mycenaean settlement remains are the uppermost cultural deposits of a site also occupied in the Neolithic (N) and Early Helladic (EH) periods and are comprised of Middle Helladic (MH) late through Late Hel-ladic (LH) III remains The results of the Nemea Valley Archaeological Project- Archaeological Survey (NVAP- AS) have indicated that Tsoungiza was the largest settlement in the Nemea Valley during the Early and Late Mycenaean periods The proximity of Tsoungiza to the fortified citadel at Mycenae raises questions regarding the social political and economic relationship between the two sites

HISTORY OF EXCAVATION AND THE FORMATION OF THE PROJECT

The American School of Classical Studies at Athens (ASCSA) first began exploration in this region in 1892 when under the supervision of Director of the School Charles Waldstein Henry S Washington undertook excavations at Ancient Phlious1 Interest in this area led to a School expedition in 1924 when then Director of the School Bert Hodge Hill undertook excavations of the Sanctuary of Zeus at Nemea that were supported by the University of Cin-cinnati Concurrently Carl W Blegen the Schoolrsquos assistant director launched two addi-tional explorations one at the prehistoric settlement of Tsoungiza near the Sanctuary of Zeus at the western limits of the modern village of Iraklio and the other at Ancient Phlious farther to the northwest in the valley of New Nemea (formerly Ayios Giorgios)2 More re-cently each of these excavations was resumed by archaeologists working under ASCSA permitsmdashPhlious by William Biers of the University of Missouri at Columbia and the Sanc-tuary of Zeus and Tsoungiza Hill by Stephen G Miller and Stella G Miller of the University of California at Berkeley3

Blegen recognized prehistoric remains on the hill of nearby Tsoungiza and in 1924 com-menced trial trenches atop the hill He had hoped to uncover ldquoan early rock- hewn tombrdquo4 but instead found a massive Neolithic refuse dump along the southern slope and traces of


4 INTRODUCTION

5 Harland 19286 George Mylonas gave Wright the archival manuscript

that had been entrusted to him by Harland with the wish that it might be published Afterward Kenneth Sams of the De-partment of Classics at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill delivered to Wright all the archives that remained at the university including notebooks catalogues photo-graphs and a small collection of finds which today are housed at Bryn Mawr College Subsequently Wright was informed by

Dora Vasilikou that more archival material was in the archives at the Archaeological Society at Athens This material was in the archives of Spiros Iakovidis who had received them when he inherited the Mylonas archives Wright thanks Dora Vasi-likou and Ioanna Ninou archivist of the Archaeological Soci-ety for their generous assistance in giving him full access to the archives

7 Reports in Miller 1982a pp 37ndash40 Pullen 2011 p 8

Early Bronze Age (EBA) and later remains around the top of the hill Preoccupied with new excavations at nearby Zygouries Blegen turned the project over to James P Harland who directed much more comprehensive excavations in 1926 and 19275 The results of Harlandrsquos excavations were never published but his manuscript and field records are now available in the Nemea Valley Archaeological Project Archive at Bryn Mawr College and the archives of the Archaeological Society at Athens6

In response to a building permit request Konstantina Kaza-Papageorgiou of the Nau-plion Ephoreia of the Greek Archaeological Service began test excavations on Tsoungiza in 1973 The work was continued in 1973ndash1975 and 1979 by members of the University of California at Berkeley Project whose work was focused on excavating in the Sanctuary of Zeus at Ancient Nemea Excavations on Tsoungiza by the Nemea Valley Archaeological Proj-ect (NVAP) began in 1981 and continued through 1986 These comprised the pilot project of 1981 a salvage project conducted by Robert Bridges and Daniel Pullen in 1982 in the Chatzaras field on the eastern slope and reported by Pullen7 and test excavations and cor-

Figure 11 Topographic map of the Corinthia J Herbst


HISTORY OF EXCAVATION AND THE FORMATION OF THE PROJECT 5

8 Wright et al 1990 p 620 especially describing augering of the site Pullen 2011 p 8

9 LH IIIA1 pottery is found in many places on site but no good deposit and no architecture were found dating to this period

10 Wright 1982 Wright et al 1990 The pilot season was generously financed by Stephen G Miller and conducted un-der the University of California at Berkeley permit held by him

11 Cavanagh and Mee 199812 For a survey of such architecture see Hiesel 199013 For Tiryns see Gercke Gercke and Hiesel 1971 from

Mycenae MH remains of architecture were known from near the West House (Verdelis 1962 pp 19ndash20) at Argos remains were known from Vollgrarsquos excavations (Vollgra 1907)

but only recently has systematic excavation clarified the se-quence and dates of occupation see Papadimitriou Philippa- Touchais and Touchais 2015 for an up- to- date account for Asine see Dietz 1980 1991 For Athens Iakovidis (1962 pp 69ndash70) claimed nothing could be dated to this period though much throughout Attica is now known (Privitera 2013 pp 27ndash33)

14 Two plots of land were acquired the top of the hill from Mrs Ioannis Skleris and a field on the southern slope from Mr Sotiropoulos Wright is grateful to Stephen G Miller for his assistance in arranging these purchases and to the late Dimitrios Kallis a protonotary (συμβουλαιογράφος) in New Nemea

ing conducted by James C Wright and Mary K Dabney in 1982 and 1983 in preparation for the three-year season that took place in 1984ndash19868 This expedition was fortunate to dis-cover a series of strata sealed waste deposits and architectural ensembles that preserve re-mains from MH III early terminal MH III LH I in several phases LH IIA LH IIB LH IIIA2 early LH IIIA2 late LH IIIB1 LH IIIB2 and some LH IIIC early Together with the disparate evidence from 1924 through 1983 these remains permit a detailed account of the life of the settlement over more than 500 years of continuous habitation9 Unless otherwise stated the materials appearing in this volume are the results of the excavations conducted by NVAP

The origins of NVAP date from 1981 when Wright and Dabney conducted a pilot season of excavation on the hill of Tsoungiza in the village of Ancient Nemea Their aim was to as-certain if the remains uncovered during previous research and salvage work undertaken from the 1920s through 1979 merited further excavation Wright had been asked by Ste-phen G Miller to take on the responsibility of publishing the prehistoric remains on Tsoun-giza that had been explored by Blegen and then by Harland during the 1920s but were never published except for brief notes and a posthumous report on the Neolithic remains from Tsoungiza10

The discovery during the pilot season of 1981 of the burnt remains of a household of LH I date was sucient encouragement for Wright to take on this work Evidence for LH I settlement was scarce earlier excavations throughout central and southern Greece had re-covered many tombs of this period most famously in Grave Circles A and B at Mycenae but also from cemeteries elsewhere11 but LH I architectural remains were not common and what existed had never been excavated with care to recover and document all the organic and inorganic remains in context12 The lack of such remains at Mycenae in particular but also at the major centers of Tiryns and Argos as well as at Pylos Athens and Thebes for example meant that the early phases of those places that later developed into palace centers were not only poorly understood but also not able to be assessed in terms of the sociopoliti-cal and economic evolution of Mycenaean society13 In addition the prospect that a settle-ment close to Mycenae (a three-hour walk) dated from this period oered the opportunity to compare the nature of settlement at a distance from the emerging centers in the Argolid Thus the idea for a research project at Ancient Nemea began to take shape

Wright devised a plan for excavation and proceeded to purchase the property on Tsoun-giza Hill in order to excavate more thoroughly the prehistoric remains there in hopes of uncovering more of an Early Mycenaean settlement14 A natural question was not only what was the nature of Bronze Age settlement in the Nemea Valley and how it might compare to that elsewhere in the northeastern Peloponnese but also what could be learned from a more systematic survey of human activity and settlement throughout the valley Therefore Wright turned to Jack L Davis who with John F Cherry had undertaken an intensive regional


6 INTRODUCTION

15 Cherry Davis and Mantzourani 1991 Davis was at that time at the University of Illinois at Chicago and Cherry was at Cambridge University

16 Present at this planning workshop were Cherry Dabney Davis and Wright as well as Robin Torrence then at Sheeld University Susan Sutton then at Indiana UniversityndashPurdue University Indianapolis and Robert Sutton then at Loyola University Wright et al 1990 p 583

17 A matching grant from NEH (RO 20731) and grants from NGS (2971ndash1984) the Institute for Aegean Prehistory

(INSTAP) and private donors were secured for the first part of the work Later grants were received from NEH (outright grant RO 21715) INSTAP (1985 1986 1987) and NGS (3265ndash1986) as well as from William Broekhuysen in honor of his wife Elizabeth and from Alwin Carus Elisabeth Carus Fran-ces F Jones Lucien Levy Rueben Resnick James H Wright and Margaret G Wright and Carl Youngdale

18 Miller 1982b pp 106ndash107 1988b pp 162ndash16319 Wright et al 1990 pp 585ndash588 for general discussion

of the route of the Kelossa Pass see Pritchett 1969 pp 98ndash99

survey in northwest Kea15 They in turn brought in Eleni Mantzourani of the University of Athens and the three of them developed an ambitious plan to improve on the methods of survey that in conjunction with the ongoing excavations would cover all periods of human activity in the region An informal planning workshop in December 1983 in Chicago devel-oped a proposal for a multidisciplinary three-year project in the Nemea Valley ldquoto document and explain changes in patterns of settlement and land use at all times in the pastrdquo16 Fund-ing was secured from the National Endowment for the Humanities (NEH) and the National Geographic Society (NGS) and a permit was approved by the Ministry of Culture for three yearsrsquo work from 1984 through 198617

GOALS OF THE PROJECT

The previous archaeological and historical research demonstrated very long habitation of the Nemea Valley and the adjacent valleys to the east and west which respectively supported the city-states of Kleonai and Phlious The Nemea Valley without an apparent independent polity instead housed the Sanctuary of Zeus and the attendant and famous Nemean Games which were under the domination of neighbors18 The intermediate position of the Nemea Valley was further emphasized by its proximity to the Tretos Pass at nearby Dervenakia which was well known from classical sources (Paus 2152) and continued to be used for the main modern rail line and highway between the Corinthia and the Argolid South of the valley the ancient Kelossa Pass (Xenophon Hell 477 Paus 2113) led from the Phliasia into the Argolid debouching near Phiktia above Argos and near Mycenae19 The Nemea Valley thus seemed ideal for a study of long-term change in the northeastern Peloponnese focusing on the interactions of major players within the region from the Bronze Age through the period of the classical city-states and beyond from late antiquity to the present A mod-ern methodologically up-to-date excavation of the prehistoric occupation of Tsoungiza Hill presented an excellent opportunity to obtain stratigraphic information and a rich body of data that in combination with information gathered by a systematic survey would enable a thorough study of the nature of the changing relationship between the study area and the external worldmdashboth adjacent and more distant

Out of these considerations five principal goals were developed The first was to complete and complement the archaeological explorations on Tsoungiza Hill over the years and to prepare a final publication It followed from this that the hill needed to be surveyed and exploratory trenches needed to be made to determine the maximal extent of settlement and to clarify its chronological range This work had also to be coordinated with the work done by Blegen and Harland as established through consultation with their archives The second goal was to understand the processes of site formation which meant making sound-ings to bedrock and coordinating with the projectrsquos geomorphologist The third goal was to find evidence of the economic basis of the settlements on Tsoungiza Hill The fourth was to


METHODS OF THE PROJECT 7

20 Cherry Davis and Mantzourani 200021 We thank George Papaioannou for this information

and also for permitting us to use the sheds for washing the finds and for conducting our water- sieving operations at the site without having to pay for water

22 Wright et al 1990 pp 618ndash62423 The collection by 1 times 1 m grids had been experimented

with in 1981 and was systematically carried out for all excava-tion with the grids being oriented to the Hellenic Military Geographical Service markers in the region This grid was first laid out by Frederick Cooper to be in line with that established

in the Sanctuary of Zeus It was later corrected for the master topographical map of Tsoungiza by Walter C Payne chief of surveys for the Philadelphia Electric Company (PECO) and in charge of site topographical survey in 1985ndash1987

24 Wright et al 1990 p 61925 These surface collections were not processed prior to

excavation and therefore not used to guide excavation Chap-ter 3 retrospectively examines the issues of the relation of this surface material to what was found below it

26 Wright et al 1990 p 620 n 79

place the prehistoric remains within the context of the Nemea Valley as a whole in com-parison especially with the survey data20 The fifth was to gather enough architectural and habitation material to understand in detail the changing relationship of the settlements on Tsoungiza with discoveries from the rest of the Nemea Valley and with excavated settlements throughout the northeastern Peloponnese and beyond To these ends the project devel-oped explicit methods for excavation survey geological studies and coordinating with the environmental and archaeological work of the survey Managing these goals required the fashioning of fieldwork protocols for excavation sampling recovery documentation con-servation and storage

METHODS OF THE PROJECT

When excavation on Tsoungiza by NVAP began the area was under cultivation with the use of mechanical plows In various fields the crops included olives grapes and grain The depth of soil above bedrock was relatively shallow therefore the plow zone reached bedrock in some areas Erosion from the top of the hill was also evident One area of the site was covered by two large cinder block structures periodically used as chicken sheds Accurate records of earthmoving by earlier excavators including the locations of dumps and the depth of backfill were not available though from interviews with the landowners it was ap-parent that the lower fields to the east where the chicken sheds were located had been leveled by bulldozing probably in the 1960s21 All these factors influenced the preservation of and access to the remains of the prehistoric settlement We decided to pursue four strate-gies of data collection surface survey remote sensing excavation according to a grid of 1 m2

units and sampling Executing these protocols meant setting up a standardized recording and tracking system that coordinated activities from the moment of excavation through to storage in the museum It also meant systematic collection of soil excavated for dry-sieving and passing through a water flotation device for near 100 retrieval of inorganic and or-ganic remains22

The process of survey of Tsoungiza is described in Chapter 3 by Phoebe Acheson Surface survey according to a 1 times 1 m grid was conducted for all areas to be excavated and carried out by team members of the excavation23 The surface of the ground was lightly picked to simulate a plowed surface in order to create a uniform visibility for all collection A planned 10 times 10 m survey around the site discussed in the preliminary report of 1990 did not take place24 Instead survey teams conducted four area surveys on the slopes around the site in 1986 and 1990 using 20 times 20 m grids25 Remote sensing using a resistivity meter was carried out by David Jordan of Bradford University and Carl Heron of the University of Wales26 The results were not encouraging owing to the excessive dryness of the soil the omnipresence of marl and the extent of disturbance caused by deep plowing


8 INTRODUCTION

27 Wright et al 1990 pp 621ndash62328 Wright et al 1990 p 623 The standard sampling pro-

cedure for water- sieving was as follows for ashy or burnt de-

posits 50 of each SMU (unless very extensive then 25) for pits 25 for isolated patches of burnt or heavily organic strata and pot contents 100

Figure 12 Diagram of square meter unit (SMU) within stratigraphic unit (SU) J C Wright and J E Pfa

As described in the preliminary report excavation was carried out in stratigraphic units (SU)27 In order to control for horizontal distribution all excavated areas were recorded in separate spatial units according to their grid squares these were designated as square me-ter units (SMU) (Fig 12) Trenches were called excavation units (EU) All trenches were divided into 1 m2 grids oriented to the Hellenic Military Geographical Service coordinate system and each SMU was labeled by the southwestern corner thus E20690N6390 desig-nated the square meter that extended to E20691N6391 For ease of reference these are abbreviated throughout as for example 690390 As SUs were excavated standardized forms for each SMU within the SU were filled out and on each a diagram was drawn show-ing the location of the SMU relative to the SU At the boundaries of an SU SMUs were often divided between two adjacent SUs This system permitted horizontal and vertical (stratigraphic) mapping of distributions of all soils and all material recovered It also con-trolled for sampling Sampling for dry-sieving and flotation was systematic and standard-ized for all excavation28 The chicken sheds were used for flotation and a system of inter-changeable metal screens (07 and 05 cm) was employed so that large amounts of soil from the various EUs under excavation could be processed A team of local workers was trained by the palaeobotanist Julie Hansen then of Boston University to sort the residue from flotation

Recording in the field was done with standardized recording forms made in triplicate and according to a system of fields the information from which was then entered into a portable



29 The first PC was a Kaypro II using 525- inch floppy disks

computer located in the museum29 The first form to be filled out in the field was the SU form which summarized the unit with a diagram and with the primary and secondary coor-dinates defining its boundaries and its relationship to other SUs (following the principle of the Harris Matrix) Standardized criteria were selected describing the soil the technique of excavation and the degree of disturbance of the soil Each feature discovered in excavation was numbered consecutively Features are wall base posthole pittrench hearth bench grave floor and other Samples for soil analysis and for radiocarbon dating were also num-bered A box was checked to record whether or not the excavated soil was dry-sieved or sent for flotation and whether plans and sections were drawn separately on graph paper Further information was recorded for each find according to whether it was inorganic (ceramic ground stone chipped stone plaster copperbronze lead gold or silver or other) or or-ganic (bone shell seed charcoal or other) Accompanying photographs taken were re-corded according to black and white or color with roll and frame number noted (and writ-ten notes made on the journal page accompanying the form recording what was photographed and from what angle) Individual forms documenting the same information including a sketch were also filled out in the field for each SMU In this manner all aspects of the process of excavation and of the context of all finds were recorded in a standardized manner Finds could be piece-plotted for example in the diagram of each SMU and also in separate drawings on graph paper but if not they would always be located within the square meter of their SMU providing a complete context for all the finds from each SU

Terracotta and stone objects were collected in the trenches in tagged buckets and sent to the chicken sheds where they were cleaned according to protocols devised by the conserva-tors These included soaking in water and for some ceramics washing in a solution of hy-drochloric (HCl) acid to remove lime encrustation Thereafter such material was soaked in water to remove any remaining salts and acid Trained workers also hand cleaned ceramics and some stone objects which were then dried before being bagged up and sent to the mu-seum Special objectsmdashfor example metal bone seeds and so onmdashwere separately bagged and sent to the museum for cleaning and study by their respective experts usually with con-sultation with conservators if any cleaning was necessary

We were fortunate to have in the museum two large rooms for laying out the finds so as to sort count weigh and group them often in SMU and SU order This was especially impor-tant for the pottery processing as it enabled the ceramic specialists to read quickly the mate-rial coming out of the trenches and provide quick feedback to the trench supervisors on the character and ceramic dates by SU and SMU so that adjustments in excavation strategy were made within one to two days of the discovery of pottery Each specialist was able to sort count and weigh according to the prevailing standards for studying and analyzing their material whether for botanical faunal ceramic lithic or metal Each specialist also created a database for the material being collected so that the necessary criteria for analysis were recorded in a standardized fashion that also was keyed through a unique object number tied to the context by SU and SMU These were then easily searchable for further study using the database

The data were entered into dBase II which at that time was limited to 32 fields (it has since been upgraded to Microsoft Access) Therefore each activity was recorded in separate databases one each for excavation conservation drawings photography storage artifacts faunal botanical chipped stone and ground stone A code sheet (reproduced at the end of this chapter) with many numerical variables was used for recording Each database included


10 INTRODUCTION

30 The system was devised by Mary K Dabney Jeremy B Rutter and Robert Sutton Rutter later adapted it for ceramic study elsewhere notably for his study of the EH III pottery

from Lerna contra Pullen 2011 p 1131 Pullen 2011 pp 8ndash932 Cf Pullen 2011 p 12 table 11

a unique number for each object so that multiple databases could be linked The unique object number was made by assigning sequential numbers for SUsmdasheg EU 7 consisted of SUs 1000ndash1299 EU 8 of SUs 1300ndash1400 To this number was attached a ldquomaterialrdquo number (1) boneivory (2) clay (3) glassfaience (4) shell (5) metal (6) organic (charcoal wood and seeds) (7) plaster (8) stone (9) other and mixed material For each material type examples were listed sequentially Thus the first ceramic object from SU 1122 would be listed as 1122-2-1 and the next 1122-2-2 In this manner it was easy to track objects as they flowed through the system and afterward to retrieve them from storage for further study The object code sheet listed context information followed by standardized criteria for infor-mation about material decoration form preservation measurements photographs con-servation location drawing composition analysis a series of detailed criteria for form and decoration date (with 99 possible from prehistoric through modern and including not dat-able) and finally space for remarks and bibliographypublication information30 This sys-tem has guided all study since and remains available for future study with plans to provide all data through an open access portal managed by Bryn Mawr College

SELECTION OF AREAS FOR EXCAVATION

Previous excavations by Blegen Harland the Greek Archaeological Service (GAS) and the University of California at Berkeley (UCB) had uncovered NndashLH III remains In order to coordinate earlier work with the new excavations areas previously excavated were reopened Harlandrsquos Trenches P and R were explored in NVAP EU 531 Harlandrsquos Trench L was located in a trial trench and the stratigraphy of the area explored in the adjacent NVAP EU 10 This enabled mapping of Trench L according to the NVAP grid though it did not prove possible to locate finds other than generally following Harlandrsquos sometimes contradictory notes Ex-cavation in the area of the GAS Trenches Α Β and Γ and the adjacent UCB test trench in 1979 was continued in NVAP EUs 1 3 and 7 The stratigraphy of Blegenrsquos 1924 excavations of Neolithic remains and the UCB 1974 excavations in Areas DDD and EEE 22 and 23 was examined in NVAP EU 4 The finds from these previous excavations have been assigned NVAP SU numbers as indicated in Table 1132

Systematic surface collection of archaeological remains coring to test the depth of fill above bedrock and remote sensing with a resistivity meter and a magnetometer provided additional criteria Excavation was concentrated in the areas with the best preservation at the 368ndash369 masl contour of the hill Being closest to the modern surface the LH III re-mains were more extensively disturbed by modern plowing than remains from earlier peri-ods They also appeared to have been preserved eastward into land we did not own where George Papaioannoursquos chicken sheds were located

ORDER OF PRESENTATION

The aim of this publication of the excavations on Tsoungiza Hill is to provide the reader with an accessible presentation of the stratigraphy architectural remains and artifacts in their context along with analytical studies of the inorganic and organic finds Hence the work is divided into two parts


ORDER OF PRESENTATION 11

TABLE 11 SUs ASSIGNED TO NVAP EUs AND EARLIER EXCAVATIONS

SU NVAP EU Earlier Excavations Years Dug Supervisors

1ndash19 EU 1 within EU 7Trench EU 1 (SU = UCB notebook TS V

bucket )1981 M Dabney

20ndash24 Not used

25ndash27Surface collection (SU = UCB notebook

bucket )1983 A Lambropoulou

28ndash45UCB trench in Neolithic area (SU = UCB

notebook lot )1974ndash1975 S G Miller L Kraynak

46ndash49 UCB trenches in Mycenaean areas1974ndash1975

1979S G Miller L Kraynak

50ndash66 GAS trenches (SU = trench and layer ) 1979 K Kaza-Papageorgiou

67ndash73 Not used

74 UCB ΚΤΛ surface finds 1970s Various

75ndash85 Blegenrsquos cave (SU = level ) 1924ndash1926 C Blegen

86ndash90 Not used

91 Harlandrsquos Trench P 1926ndash1927 J Harland

92 Harlandrsquos Trench R 1926ndash1927 J Harland

93 Harlandrsquos Trench L 1926ndash1927 J Harland

94 Harlandrsquos other trenches 1926ndash1927 J Harland

95Finds stored with Harlandrsquos TS finds but

actually from another site

96ndash99 Not used

100Harlandrsquos Bothros (TS lot 54527) = NVAP

EU 5 pit 181926ndash1927 J Harland

101ndash200 Not used

201ndash400 EU 2 1984ndash1986N Kardulias N Lein-

wand K Glowacki

401ndash600 EU 3 1984 S Petrakis

601ndash700 EU 4 1984 E Lax

701ndash900 EU 5 1984ndash1986D Pullen K Kratten-

maker

901ndash1100 EU 6 1984 M Toumazou

1101ndash1300 EU 7 1984ndash1986 R Mersereau K Dickey

1301ndash1500 EU 8 1985ndash1986 J Tobin K Dickey

1501ndash1700 EU 9 1985ndash1986 K Glowacki J Marszal

1701ndash1900 EU 10 1985ndash1986M Toumazou M Mar-

kantonatos


maker

2150 UCB Area A 1981 R Sutton

2151ndash2184UCB Area A (TS lot 66 one SU for each lot

sub-)1982 R Bridges D Pullen

2185UCB test trenches around Area A (TS lots

57ndash65)1982 R Bridges D Pullen


2201ndash2211 EU 11 1986 M Markantonatos


12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b

Part 1 provides the history of research the topography of Tsoungiza Hill the results of the surface survey of Tsoungiza with some consideration of the relationship of its finds to the underlying excavated remains and then a summary of the phases of occupation which ex-tend from MH III early through LH IIIC early There follows a presentation of the remains in primarily counterclockwise order from the excavations in EU 6 at the southwest through EU 8 EU 7 the GAS trenches EU 2 EU 3 the LH III pits of EU 8 the LH III remains in the southern area excavated by UCB in 1974ndash1975 northward to EUs 9 and 10 and then to Harlandrsquos trenches of 1926ndash1927 (Variations from this ordermdashnamely the division of EU 8 into two sections the insertion of the GAS excavations after EU 7 the reversion to EU 3 after the presentation of EU 2 and the description of the UCB excavations in 1974ndash1975 after the EU 8 pitsmdashtake into account the need to present LH III material together as much as pos-sible) Human skeletal remains identified by Sevasti Triantaphyllou are presented in order of their discovery in each EU Harlandrsquos trenches are described in alphabetical order (AndashE G J K M O Q T V X) followed by a lengthy description of the major LH II building complex uncovered in Trench L A few remarks on material from the predominantly EH Trenches P and R (published by Pullen) finish this section The final chapter in Part 1 pres-ents conclusions

Part 2 contains the specialist studies It begins with a study of building materials and tech-niques of building by Rebecca Mersereau that includes a catalogue of mudbrick mud plas-ters lime plasters and mud-built furnishings There follows Jeremy B Rutterrsquos study of the MH IIIndashLH IIB pottery deposits (groups CndashE and G) The presentation of groups A and B was made in 1990 and of group F in 1993 covering respectively MH III earlyndashlate from EUs 6 and 2 and a deposit of LH IIA from EU 1033 Here material of MH III terminal is pre-sented as group C while LH I material from the West and East Buildings and debris in EU 8 from their destruction comprises groups D and E Group G is an important deposit of LH IIB from a household rubbish pit found in EU 2 The pottery study concludes with a report of the neutron activation analyses of the MH IIIndashLH II pottery conducted by S M A Ho-mann Jonathan E Tomlinson and Hans Mommsen with commentary by Jeremy B Rutter A further ceramic study of Late Bronze Age cooking pottery is then provided by Bartłomiej Lis This is followed by a study of the chipped stone tools (obsidian and chert) from MH III through LH III levels by Anna Karabatsoli and of the ground stone tools by James C Wright Mary K Dabney and James C Wright then present a catalogue of tools weapons figurines and personal ornaments organized as Early and Late Mycenaean An analysis of the archaeo-botanical remains by Susan E Allen and Kathleen M Forste follows Then Tatiana Theodo-ropoulou presents the aquatic faunal remains and Paul Halstead concludes Part 2 with his analysis of the faunal remains from the settlement

TERMINOLOGY

The authors will explain the terminology appropriate to their specialist studies A few words are necessary however regarding terms used by NVAP The system of recording using EUs SUs and SMUs has already been explained Also already explained is the use of Eastings and Northings which records to the nearest centimeter (eg E2069196N639123 which would be abbreviated here as 6919639123) Elevations are recorded as meters above sea level (masl) except where centimeters are preferred and listed as cm Weights are in grams


RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY 13

34 Rutter 1990 and see below pp 473ndash49635 Wright et al 2008 Smith et al 2017 p 17036 Thomas 2011a37 Thomas 2005

38 Wright thanks Malcolm H Wiener and Sturt Manning for help in preparing Tables 12 and 13 and Figure 13 see Manning et al 2006 for publication of some 14C dates from Tsoungiza

Object numbers as described above are assigned their unique SU number followed by ma-terial and sequence numbers Hence 1133-2-3 is SU 1133-ceramic-third object catalogued These are replaced in the catalogues in this volume by catalogue numbers as they appear Catalogue numbers are preceded by letters specific to the artifact category under study Hence Rutterrsquos study of the Early Mycenaean pottery is subdivided according to deposits from MH III through LH II (AndashG) Mersereaursquos study of building material is catalogued with each item prefixed by BM (building material) Karabatsolirsquos study of chipped stone employs CS (chipped stone) and Wrightrsquos study of ground stone uses GS (ground stone) Occa-sional items catalogued from Harlandrsquos excavations are preceded by H (Harland) The pre-fix TS stands for Tsoungiza

RELATIVE AND ABSOLUTE CHRONOLOGY

The relative chronology for the Middle (MBA) and Late Bronze Age (LBA) settlement on Tsoungiza follows the conventions for pottery on the mainland of Greece Because of the care taken in excavating according to observable stratigraphic distinctions (SUs) and to horizontal distinctions recorded as SMUs it has been possible to reconstruct deposits that are no longer distinctly superimposed upon one another best illustrated by the MH III groups AndashC34 This has enabled Rutter to refine occupation according to phases named MH III early and MH III terminal Likewise the architectural phases in the West and East Buildings of EU 7 permit finely graded distinctions within LH I down to the transition to LH IIA as discussed by Rutter in his presentation of groups D and E Of special importance is group G of LH IIB style Rutter emphasizes the importance of this deposit because it is a large late deposit otherwise not well known from domestic contexts and important for dis-tinguishing the final phases before LH IIIA1 begins LH IIIA1 is the least well-represented phase of occupation at Tsoungiza with no architectural remains associated with it This is equally true of its representation in the cemetery at Ayia Sotira and the chamber tomb at Barnavos neither of which clearly showed a tomb constructed at this time35 LH IIIA2 is dis-tinguished in this presentation by deposits in EU 9 where the lowermost already published by Patrick M Thomas is LH IIIA2 early with anities to LH IIIA136 Material from later in LH IIIA2 overlies this deposit and is published here by Dabney thus providing stratigraphic evidence for successive phases within this subdivision Another pit in EU 2 was previously published by Thomas and is the largest LH IIIB1 early domestic deposit ever excavated and published37 This deposit is supplemented by other pits published here by Dabney who also records the scanty remains of LH IIIB2 Likewise she demonstrates in this study that archi-tectural and ceramic remains document the persistence of activity on Tsoungiza Hill into LH IIIC early Thus although a continuous stratigraphic sequence at Tsoungiza was not preserved scattered architecture and deposits of debris clearly record continuous habita-tion from the beginning of MH III to the beginning of LH IIIC (Table 12)

These deposits are also datable in absolute terms because of radiocarbon samples taken and dated by the AMS Laboratory at the University of Arizona and the Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Research Laboratory for Archaeology and the History of Art Oxford Uni-versity which are reported in Table 13 and Figure 1338


TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION

TABLE 13 RADIOCARBON DATES

14C Samples = TS or SU

Aegean Phase Arizona Oxford Material

Arizona Date bp

Oxford Date bp plusmnσ δ13C

CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)

MH III OxA-11309Charred grape

seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)

MH III OxA-11310Wood charcoal

(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)

LH I OxA-11312 Wood charcoal 3322 plusmn 54 3215 38 -242 1516ndash1436

LH I AA-10816 Wood charcoal 3322 plusmn 54 3215 38 -242 1662ndash1530

TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)

LH I OxA-11314Carbonized

garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436

SU 8 LH I AA-10817Carbonized

garlic3396 plusmn 63 1859ndash1615

SU 19 LH I AA-10819 Soil and ash 6427 plusmn 62 5472ndash5363

SU 215 LH IIB AA-10820 3313 plusmn 55 1680ndash1523

SU 905 MH III AA-10824 Wood charcoal 3429 plusmn 60 1873ndash1659

SU 1113 LH I AA-10825 Wood charcoal 4618 plusmn 54 3515ndash3344

1 Calibrated calendar age ranges (whole range) from IntCal13 (Reimer et al 2013) employing OxCal (Bronk Ramsey 2009) with calibration curve resolution set at 5 years Cf Manning et al 2006



Figure 13 Tsoungiza radiocarbon plot S Manning


18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT

1 DAYMOnthYeaR of filling out the Object Form2 INITIALS of the consulting specialist(s) and last of all the recorder for survey finds use team member

numbers instead of initials if assigned3 Excavation UNIT if survey find enter 04 If survey find give SITE if not from a site use Area Sector Tract numbers prefixed with 9 and Area number

in Arabic numerals (eg I-45 = 9145 [enter tract number under 14 LOC])5 If excavation find give STRATigraphic UNIT number if found in more than one SU give lowest SU number6 MATERIAL General

1 Boneivory2 Clay3 Glassfaience4 Shell5 Metal6 Organic (charcoal wood and seeds)7 Plaster8 Stone9 Other and mixed material

7 SEQUENCE NUMBER arbitrary numbers given sequentially to all finds from the same stratigraphic unit made of the same general material finds may be given numbers for any of the following reasons

8 REASON (list the three principal reasons in a hierarchical order)1 Consists of joins between two or more SUs2 Provides solid reasonably specific date for an SU3 Has real significance for functional interpretation of SU4 Is a certain or suspected import5 Held significant contents when found in situ6 Is located on plan (ie has location number)7 Has significance for paleobotanist (eg plant impressions)8 Cannot be stored in basement without damage9 Is to be considered for inclusion in final study collection for survey find feature sherd or other ob-

jects not certainly identified show to visiting expertsE(X)-N(Y) COORDINATES The lowest and highest coordinates to two decimal places which designate the

area in which the object was found Obviously it is impossible using a coordinate system to list enough co-ordinates to define with precision the potentially amorphous shape of the area in which the object was found Therefore a range will be given to define a rectangular area that includes the area in which the object was found

9amp10 The PRIMARY coordinates to be recorded either the lowest numbered of the E(X) and N(Y) group at the southwestern corner of the rectangular area that includes the area in which the object was found even if that point falls outside the SU or in the case of an object located to a single SMU or point its coordi-nates For the survey see explanation under 14

11amp12 The SECONDARY coordinates the highest numbered of the E(X) and N(Y) group at the northeastern corner of the rectangular area that includes the area in which the object was found even if that point falls outside the SU

13 If found in more than one SU give highest SU number and list other SUs in which it was found under 36 Remarks

14 Excavation or survey site plan LOCation number if any for the survey give the sample number prefixed with

0 Other1 Transects (T)2 Grabs (G)3 Tracts (Tr)4 Grids (Gr)5 Site Revisitation (Rv)6 Tract Revistation (Rv)7 Field Grabs (FG)8 Field Middles (FM)9 Subtracts (ST)

Tract number always precedes any subtract or revisitation number on the object tract number is entered here at 14 and subtract or revisitation numbers are entered in 9 If tract number is more than two digits enter prefix followed by zeros at 14 and enter tract number at 36 If grid coordinates are more than two digits enter prefix followed by zeros at 14 and enter coordinates at 9 and 10

15 NEMEA MUSEUM CATalogue (eg P 709)


NVAP OBJECT FORMAT 19

16 MATERIAL Specific[for general material is 2 Clay](NB 27ndash29 57ndash59 87ndash89 are for true glazes otherwise the word ldquopaintrdquo refers to colored clay slips only)

1 Fine (inclusions up through ldquocoarserdquo [05ndash1 mm]) unpainted uniform white to pale brown ex-terior surface

2 Fine unpainted uniform orange through red to reddish brown exterior surface3 Fine unpainted uniform light to dark gray exterior surface4 Fine unpainted uniform black exterior surface5 Fine unpainted mottled predominantly light exterior surface6 Fine unpainted mottled predominantly dark exterior surface7 Fine unpainted other color for exterior surface8 Fine solidly painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) uniform white to

pale brown exterior surface9 Fine solidly painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) uniform orange

through red to reddish brown exterior surface10 Fine solidly painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) uniform dark brown

exterior surface11 Fine solidly painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) uniform black exte-

rior surface12 Fine solidly painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) mottled predomi-

nantly light exterior surface13 Fine solidly painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) mottled predomi-

nantly dark exterior surface14 Fine solidly painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) other color for exte-

rior surface15 Fine linear-painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) single paint dark-

on-light16 Fine linear-painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) single paint light-

on-dark17 Fine linear-painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) two paints dark-on-

light18 Fine linear-painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) two paints light-on-

dark19 Fine linear-painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) three paints20 Fine linear-painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior) with other combina-

tion of paints21 Fine pattern-painted interior andor exterior (remaining surface solidly painted linear or un-

painted) single paint dark-on-light22 Fine pattern-painted interior andor exterior (remaining surface solidly painted linear or un-

painted) single paint light-on-dark23 Fine pattern-painted interior andor exterior (remaining surface solidly painted linear or un-

painted) two paints dark-on-light24 Fine pattern-painted interior andor exterior (remaining surface solidly painted linear or un-

painted) two paints light-on-dark25 Fine pattern-painted interior andor exterior (remaining surface solidly painted linear or un-

painted) three paints26 Fine pattern-painted interior andor exterior (remaining surface solidly painted linear or un-

painted) with other combination of paints27 Fine true glaze solidly painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior)28 Fine true glaze linear-painted exterior (solidly painted linear or unpainted interior)29 Fine true glaze pattern-painted interior andor exterior (remaining surface solidly painted lin-

ear or unpainted)30 Fine traces of painted decoration but precise categorization impossible because of poor state of

preservation31ndash60 As 1ndash30 but medium fabric (inclusions up to ldquogranulerdquo [2ndash4 mm])61ndash90 As 1ndash30 but coarse fabric (inclusions up to ldquopebblerdquo [4ndash64 mm])

[for general material is 5 Metal]1 Bronzecopper2 Lead3 Gold4 Silver5 Iron6 Brass


20 INTRODUCTION

16 MATERIAL Specific (continued)[for general material is 8 Stone]

10 Chipped exact type unknown20 Obsidian30ndash51 Chert (see object format for chipped stone)60 Limestonendashextremely coarse chert61 Andesite62 Pink ldquoandesiterdquo (dacite)63 Sandstone64 Limestone65 Sandstonelimestone66 Conglomerate67 Schist68 Ultrabasic igneous greenstone69 Ultrabasic igneous blackstone70 Alabaster71 Serpentineserpentinite72 Marble73 Igneous74 Metamorphic75 Sedimentary76 Marl77 Unknown78 Mineral

17 DECORATION[for general material is 2 Clay]

1 Plain2 Lustrous paintslip use for black glaze including when miltos is present3 Dull or matt paintslip4 Combination of lustrous and dull or matt paintsslips5 Plain but with additional plain plastic (ie raised relief) decoration6 Lustrous with plastic decoration7 Dull or matt with plastic decoration8 Lustrous and dull or matt with plastic decoration9 Plain but with additional incised andor impressed (including rouletting) decoration

10 Lustrous with incisedimpressed decoration11 Dull or matt with incisedimpressed decoration12 Lustrous and dull or matt with incisedimpressed decoration13 Plain with plastic and incisedimpressed decoration14 Lustrous with plastic and incisedimpressed decoration15 Dull or matt with plastic and incisedimpressed decoration16 Lustrous and dull or matt with plastic and incised impressed decoration17ndash32 As 1ndash16 but with additional combed (ie application of multiply toothed implement) deco-

ration33ndash64 As 1ndash32 but with additional grooved faceted or heavily wheel-ridged (except on the interi-

or of closed shapes) decoration65 True glaze only66 True glaze but with additional plain plastic decoration67 True glaze but with additional incised andor impressed (ie sgrato) decoration68 True glaze with plastic and incisedimpressed decoration69 True glaze with matt paint70 Partial glaze on main surface71 Red-figure72 As 1 with burnished decoration73 As 2 with burnished decoration74 As 5 with burnished decoration75 As 6 with burnished decoration76 As 9 with burnished decoration77 As 10 with burnished decoration78 As 13 with burnished decoration79 As 14 with burnished decoration80ndash99 Other decorative modes and combinations of modes (to be determined)



18 FORM General1 Architectural member (tiles)2 Vessel3 Lamp4 Manufacturing by-product (wasters)5 Tool (loomweights and spindle whorls)6 Figurine7 Jewelry8 Fragment9 Unworked

10 Other19 FORM Specific

[for general form is 1 Architectural then]1 Tile2 Brickpaving slab or wall revetment3 Ceiling packing4 Door socket5 Column drum6 Drain pipe7 Mortar 7 Worked block (wall or revetment)8 Waterproof plaster9 Not used

10 Hearth rim[for general form is 2 Vessel then]

1 Handmade open shape (cupbowl)2 ldquo closed shape (jugjar)3 ldquo miscellaneous shape (pot standbrazier)4 ldquo indeterminable5 Wheelmade open shape (cupbowl)6 ldquo closed shape (jugjar)7 ldquo miscellaneous shape (pot standbrazier)8 ldquo indeterminable9 Moldmade open shape (cupbowl)

10 ldquo closed shape (jugjar)11 ldquo miscellaneous shape (pot standbrazier)12 ldquo indeterminable13 Combined wheel- and handmade open shape (cupbowl)14 ldquo closed shape (jugjar)15 ldquo miscellaneous shape16 ldquo indeterminable17 Indeterminable mode of manufacture open shape (cupbowl)18 ldquo closed shape (jugjar)19 ldquo miscellaneous shape20 ldquo indeterminable21ndash29 Not used30 Blown glass open shape31 ldquo closed shape32 ldquo miscellaneous shape33 ldquo indeterminable

[for general form is 3 Lamp then]1 Handmade2 Wheelmade3 Moldmade

[for general form is 4 Manufacturing by-product then]1 Waster2 Slag3 Prill4 Unfinished bead or pendant5 Mold


22 INTRODUCTION

19 FORM Specific (continued)[for general form is 5 Tool then]

1 Weight (including loom- line and balance weights)2 Spindle whorl3 Core4 Blade5 Retouched artifact6 Other debitage7 Millstone8 Nail9 Celt

10 Grinding slab (GS)11 Two-hand handstone (HS)12 One-hand handstone (HS)13 Millstone (unspecified)14 Hopper mill15 Rotary quern16 Herringbone quern17 Mortar18 Pestle (intentional shaping)19 Conical handtool20 Spherical handstone21 Hammerstone22 Pecking and rubbing stone23 Polishing pebble24 Whetstone25 Abrasion stone26 Wedge-shaped stone27 Pointed stone28 Perforated stone29 Grooved stone30 Cupped stone31 Disk-shaped objects32 Palette33 Sling stone34 Paving pebble35 Miscellaneous36 Unidentifiable (intentional shaping or use-wear apparent)

[for general form is 6 Figurine then]1 Anthropomorphic2 Zoomorphic3 Unidentifiable4 Furniture-form

[for general form is 7 Jewelry then]1 Bead2 Pendant3 Seal or sealing4 Ornamental disc5 Pin6 Ring

[for general form is 8 Fragment then]1 Rod2 Wire3 Strip

[for general form is 10 Other then]1 Kylix stem reused as stopper2 Base or body sherd perforated for reuse as spindle whorl3 Not used4 Grave stele5 Coin6 Mosaic tessera



20 PRESERVATION Type[or general form is 2 Vessel then]

1 Complete intact2 Complete restorable3 Partially preserved fully restorable4 Incompletely restorable two or more nonjoining fragments including rim5 As 4 but consisting of handlelug only6 As 4 but consisting of handlelug and portion of body wall only7 As 4 but consisting of basefootleg only8 As 4 but consisting of basefootleg and portion of body wall only9 As 4 but consisting of spout or narrow neck only

10 As 4 but consisting of spout or narrow neck and portion of body wall only11 As 4 but consisting of kylixgoblet stem only12 As 4 but consisting of kylixgoblet stem and portion of body wall only13 As 4 but consisting of stirrup jar false neck only14 As 4 but consisting of both rim and handlelug15 As 4 but consisting of both footbase and handlelug only16 As 4 but consisting of rim handlelug and footbaseleg17 As 4 but consisting of both rim and spout or narrow neck18 As 4 but consisting of rim handlelug and spout or narrow neck19 As 4 but consisting of rim handlelug footbaseleg and spout or narrow neck20ndash22 As 17ndash19 but consisting of kylixgoblet stem instead of spout or narrow neck23ndash25 As 17ndash19 but consisting of stirrup jar false neck instead of spout or narrow neck26ndash47 As 4ndash25 but consisting of a single fragment mended from two or more sherds48ndash69 As 4ndash25 but consisting of a single sherd70 Incompletely restorable two or more nonjoining fragments consisting of body wall fragments

only71 Incompletely restorable a single fragment mended from two or more sherds consisting of body

wall sherds only72 Incompletely restorable a single body wall sherd only

[for general form is 3 Lamp then]1 Intact2 Complete profile3 Top4 Base5 Handle6 Nozzle7 Top and handle8 Top and nozzle9 Top and base

10 Other[for general material is 8 Stone and general form is 5 Tool then]

1 Complete intact2 Complete restorable3 Incompletely restorable preserves worked surface(s)4 Original form unknown cannot determine whether tool is complete or not5 Partially preserved fully restorable

[for general form is 6 Figurine then assign values as for Vessel but rim = head handle = arm base = leg and body wall = body]

21 Total OF PIECES (fragments) before mending22 MEASUREMENTS DIM = maximum preserved dimension MPH = maximum preserved height RH =

restored height DR = diameter at rim DB = diameter at base MPD = maximum preserved diameter L = length W = width TH = maximum preserved thickness DPerf = diameter of perforation M = meters CM = centimeters MM = millimeters G = grams

23 PHOTOS Black amp White Y = requested N = not requested or completed individual or group (with what other object numbers) roll no(s) frame no(s) frame position

24 PHOTOS Color Y = requested N = not requested or completed individual or group (with what other object numbers) roll no(s) frame no(s) frame position


24 INTRODUCTION

25 CONSERVATION Y = requested N = not requested or completed by whom type of treatment cleaningmending with or without plasteringconsolidation for what purpose study cataloguing photography ex-hibition after treatment list type by whom date

Types of Treatment1 Mechanical cleaning with scalpeldental pickneedle2 Mechanical cleaning with glass bristle brush3 Mechanical cleaning with wood stick4 Washing with tap water and nonionic detergent5 Presoak in tap water aciding in HCl after soak in deionized water for ceramics6 Presoak in tap water aciding in HNO3 after soak in deionized water for ceramics7 5 HCl tap water rinse for stone8 5 BTA in IMS under vacuum9 Lacquering B72 etc specified

10 Examination under 10times or 20times compound microscope11 Mending (specify HMG etc B72 + F Si = Acryloid or Paraloid B72 plus fumed silica)12 Reinforcing13 Identification numbers applied by conservator with B72 carbon black ink and B7214 Surface consolidating B72 etc15 Preconservation photo16 No treatment17 Cleaning with water and nonionic detergent on swab18 Swabbed with saliva19 Waxed with microcrystalline paste wax20 Cleaned with water21 Gaps filled with a plaster of paris mixed with dry pigments22 Reinforcing with cotton bandage AC 33 etc23 Immersed in Di-Na EDTA brushed and soaked in water24 Brushed under running tap water25 Inpainting with

a Watercolorsb Acrylics

26 Numbers removed for photography27 Immersed in water to soak (and loosen dirt)28 Return to conservation after photography and drawing for partial dismantling to avoid breakage

in storage29 Fresh silica gelmdashinsert date30 Dry brushed31 58 HNO3 dropped on locally while rinsing intermittently under running water afterward tap-

water soak for stone deionized-water soak for ceramics32 Made a cast of the object in plaster33 Consolidated the cast with 15 Paraloid B72 in acetone34 Cleaned with ethanol35 Gap-filled with Pollyfilla fill consolidated with (specify)36 Degreasing in solvent37 Soaking in deionized water38 Cleaned with 50 ethanol 50 deionized water39 Cleaned for photographymdashgeneral category for sherds from survey40 Cleaned with HCOOH41 Put in 5 BTA in IMS (specify time)42 Removed contents for analysis43 Part cast on44 Gap-filled with plaster of paris and painted with acrylic paints45 Silicon rubber cast made46 Gap-filled with BJK dough and painted with acrylic paint47 Soaked in Calgon48 Presoak in tap water after-soak in deionized water49 Immersed in 5 B72 in acetone under vacuum to consolidate50 Gap-filled with unpainted BJK dough51 Disassembled for drawing52 Consolidated with B72 in acetone53 Adhesive preapplied by nonconservator before cleaning54 Removed previous adhesive (specify solvent or method used)



26 LOCATIONS Permanent room shelf (see plan of museum)1ndash10 Stored in exhibition cases 1ndash1050 Stored outside back door of museum100 Stored on floor in finds room101ndash141 Stored on NVAP shelves 101ndash141 in finds room150 Stored on Nemea Museum catalogue-numbered shelves in finds room151 152 Stored on top of NVAP shelves in finds room200 Stored in tin in basement201 Stored out of sequence in tin of objects to be drawn or photographed or for composition analysis

in basement206 Stored out of sequence in ground stone tool tins in basement

27 LOCATIONS Temporary1 Conservation2 Photography3 Drawing4 Pottery study room5 Cataloguing6 Ground stone tool study area7 Chipped stone tool study area8 Uncertain9 Entire object sent away for analysis (see 29)

28 DRAWING Y = requested N = not requested or completed by whom type (pencil only inked) for what purpose (study publication) drawing number drawn by date

29 COMPOSITION ANALYSIS Y = requested N = not requested or completed by whom type of analysis for what purpose to be done by whom report number

30 MATERIAL Class specialized fabric names like patterned ware31 MATERIAL Remarks enter fabric name use Munsell and Wentworth charts32 FORM Class Furumark and other shape classification systems

[for general form is 6 Figurine then (after French 1971)]1 Naturalistic2 Proto-phi3 Phi4 Transitional5 Tau6 Psi hollow7 Psi8 Psi high-waisted9 Late Psi

10 Bare heads11 Polos heads12 Female fragments13 Unusual14 Kourotrophoi15 Wavy 116 Wavy 217 Linear 118 Linear 219 Spine 120 Spine 221 Ladder22 Animal and unidentifiable fragments23 Unusual24 Chariot groups25 Ploughmen26 Riders27 Seated figures28 Chairs29 Other furniture

33 FORM Remarks If base or rim of an incomplete vessel is preserved give of whole diameter preserved in the two digits preceding the comma otherwise just enter shape name or describe the features that deviate from the standard shape

34 DECORATION Remarks description of decoration


26 INTRODUCTION

35 DATE (relative date of the object or lacking that date of the context in which the object was found)1 Prehistoric2 Paleolithic3 Mesolithic4 Neolithic5 Early Neolithic6 Middle Neolithic7 MiddleLate Neolithic8 Late Neolithic9 LateFinal Neolithic

10 Final Neolithic11 Final NeolithicEarly Helladic I12 Bronze Age (EHndashLH)13 Early Helladic14 Early Helladic I15 Early Helladic III or early Early Helladic II16 Early Helladic II17 Early Helladic III18 Early Helladicearly Middle Helladic19 Early Helladic IIIMiddle Helladic20 Middle Helladic21 early Middle Helladic22 classical Middle Helladic23 late Middle Helladic24 late Middle HelladicLate Helladic I25 Not used26 Late Helladic27 Late Helladic I28 Late Helladic IndashII29 Late Helladic II30 Late Helladic IIA31 Late Helladic IIB32 Late Helladic IIBndashIIIA133 Late Helladic III34 Late Helladic IIIA35 Late Helladic IIIA136 Late Helladic IIIA237 Late Helladic IIIAndashB38 Late Helladic IIIA2ndashB139 Late Helladic IIIB40 Late Helladic IIIB141 Late Helladic IIIB242 Late Helladic IIIBndashC43 Late Helladic IIIC44 Late Helladic IIIA2ndashC45 Late Helladic through Geometric46 Mycenaean through Archaic47 Historic48 Preclassical (post-Mycenaean)49 Prearchaic (ie ProtogeometricndashGeometric)50 Late Helladic IIndashIII51 Not used52 Protogeometric and other Dark Age53 Not used54 Geometric55 Early Geometric56 Middle Geometric57 Late Geometric58 GeometricndashArchaic59 GeometricndashClassical60 Archaic (7thndash6th century bc down to 480 bc)61 ArchaicndashClassical



35 DATE (continued)62 ArchaicndashHellenistic63 ArchaicndashRoman64 ClassicalndashRoman65 Classical (480ndash325 bc)66 ClassicalndashEarly Roman67 Not used68 Hellenistic69 ClassicalndashHellenistic70 Early Hellenistic (325ndash225 bc)71 HellenisticndashRoman HellenisticndashEarly Roman72 Pre-Roman73 Roman74 Early Roman (31 bcndashad 140)75 Middle Roman (mid-2ndndashend of 4th century)76 Late RomanEarly Christian (5thndashearly 7th century)77 RomanndashModern78 HellenisticndashEarly Roman79 Dark AgesEarly Byzantine (7thndash9th century)80 ByzantinendashModern81 Byzantine (mid-9thndash15th century)82 Late RomanndashByzantine83 Middle Byzantine (9thndashlate 11th century)Middle Byz 184 Middle Byz 285 Middle Byzantine (late 11thndash12th century)86 Not used87 Late ByzantineFrankish (13thndash15th century)88 RomanndashByzantine89 ByzantinendashTurkish90 TurkishVenetian (15thndashearly 19th century)91 Not used92 RomanndashTurkish93 HellenisticndashTurkish94 Premodern Historic95 Modern96 TurkishndashModern97 Early RomanndashMiddle Roman98 Middle RomanndashLate Roman99 Undatable

36 REMARKS amp COMPARANDA remarks that clarify any of the above such as specific date or range (bc = minus ad = +) and comparanda NVAP object number(s) and bibliographical references

37 PUBLICATION REFERENCES bibliographical references to this object in NVAP publications

M K Dabney J B Rutter and R F SuttonAugust 1990



NEMEA VALLEY ARCHAEOLOGICAL PROJECT

VOLUME III

THE MYCENAEAN SETTLEMENT ON TSOUNGIZA HILL


BY

JAMES C WRIGHT AND MARY K DABNEY

With contributions by

Phoebe Acheson Susan E Allen Kathleen M Forste Paul Halstead S M A Hoffmann Anna Karabatsoli Konstantina Kaza-Papageorgiou Bartłomiej Lis Rebecca Mersereau Hans Mommsen Jeremy B Rutter

Tatiana Theodoropoulou and Jonathan E Tomlinson

A MER IC A N SCHOOL OF CL A SSIC A L STUDIES AT ATHENS

PR INCETON N EW JER SE Y

2020














Bryn Mawr College


CONTENTS


LIST OF TABLES xxi























GENERAL INDEX 1183




































































































































































































































































































































































































































London











































































































































































































































































































ABBREVIATIONS









4 Blegen 1975 p 255

1








4 INTRODUCTION






















6 INTRODUCTION




















26 Wright et al 1990 p 620 n 79







8 INTRODUCTION















10 INTRODUCTION















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION























Bryn Mawr College


CONTENTS


LIST OF TABLES xxi























GENERAL INDEX 1183




































































































































































































































































































































































































































London











































































































































































































































































































ABBREVIATIONS









4 Blegen 1975 p 255

1








4 INTRODUCTION






















6 INTRODUCTION




















26 Wright et al 1990 p 620 n 79







8 INTRODUCTION















10 INTRODUCTION















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION











CONTENTS


LIST OF TABLES xxi























GENERAL INDEX 1183




































































































































































































































































































































































































































London











































































































































































































































































































ABBREVIATIONS









4 Blegen 1975 p 255

1








4 INTRODUCTION






















6 INTRODUCTION




















26 Wright et al 1990 p 620 n 79







8 INTRODUCTION















10 INTRODUCTION















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION













































































































































































































































































































































































































































London











































































































































































































































































































ABBREVIATIONS









4 Blegen 1975 p 255

1








4 INTRODUCTION






















6 INTRODUCTION




















26 Wright et al 1990 p 620 n 79







8 INTRODUCTION















10 INTRODUCTION















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION




















































































































































































































































































































ABBREVIATIONS









4 Blegen 1975 p 255

1








4 INTRODUCTION






















6 INTRODUCTION




















26 Wright et al 1990 p 620 n 79







8 INTRODUCTION















10 INTRODUCTION















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION














4 Blegen 1975 p 255

1








4 INTRODUCTION






















6 INTRODUCTION




















26 Wright et al 1990 p 620 n 79







8 INTRODUCTION















10 INTRODUCTION















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION











4 INTRODUCTION






















6 INTRODUCTION




















26 Wright et al 1990 p 620 n 79







8 INTRODUCTION















10 INTRODUCTION















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION
























6 INTRODUCTION




















26 Wright et al 1990 p 620 n 79







8 INTRODUCTION















10 INTRODUCTION















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION



















26 Wright et al 1990 p 620 n 79







8 INTRODUCTION















10 INTRODUCTION















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION











8 INTRODUCTION















10 INTRODUCTION















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION


















10 INTRODUCTION















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION
















20ndash24 Not used








67ndash73 Not used



86ndash90 Not used







96ndash99 Not used





wand K Glowacki




maker






kantonatos


maker









12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION











12 INTRODUCTION

33 Rutter 1990 1993b



TERMINOLOGY











TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION



















TA

BL

E 1

2

TS

OU

NG

IZA

CH

RO

NO

LO

GY

PH

AS

ES

AN

D D

AT

ES

1

Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

MH

III

ear

lyA

4E

U 2

ca 2

5 ye

ars

TS

2 S

U 3

16 7

125

041

150

(O

xA-1

1309

)

TS

3a S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1310

)

TS

3b S

U 3

16 7

114

115

0 (O

xA-1

1311

)17

501

700ndash

1700

167

5517

00ndash1

620

MH

III

late

B6

EU

6ca

25

year

sSU

905

(A

A-1

0824

)

MH

III

term

inal

CE

U 8

(ea

st)

EU

7

(sou

thw

est)

ca 2

5 ye

ars

LH

I e

arly

DE

U 8

(w

est)

Wes

t B

uild

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

1700

167

5ndash16

351

600

Th

era

at

1630

ndash161

58

1620

ndash152

0

Th

era

at

ca 1

5609

LH

I a

dvan

ced

to la

teE

7

Wes

t Bui

ldin

g

dest

ruct

ion

Eas

t Bui

ld-

ing

occu

pati

onca

50

year

s

TS

4 S

U 6

(A

A-1

0816

= O

xA-1

1312

)

SU 8

(A

A-1

0817

)

TS

5 S

U 1

8 (A

A-1

0818

= O

xA-1

1313

)

TS

6 S

U 5

(O

xA-1

1314

)

SU 1

9 (A

A-1

0819

)

SU 1

113

(AA

-108

25)

LH

IIA

F10

(e

arly

LH

IIA

)

EU

10

and

occu

pati

on

of H

arla

ndrsquo

s Tr

ench

L

Bui

ldin

gs K

ndashMca

80

year

s16

351

600ndash

1480

147

015

20ndash1

4401

1

LH

IIB

ear

ly to

la

teG

EU

2 d

epos

it o

f hou

se

wal

ls 6

an

d 16

40ndash7

0 ye

ars

eac

h

at 2

5ndash35

yea

rs12

SU 2

15 (

AA

-108

20)

1480

147

0ndash14

201

410

1440

ndash139

013

LH

III

A1

Scat

tere

d sh

erds

40 y

ears

1420

141

0ndash13

901

370

1390

ndash135

0

LH

III

A2

earl

y to

m

iddl

e14

Feas

tin

g

depo

sit15

EU

9ca

40ndash

50 y

ears

1390

137

0ndash13

301

315

1350

ndash129

016

LH

III

A2

late

Abo

ve fe

asti

ng

depo

sit

EU

9ca

10ndash

20 y

ears


Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION











Phas

ePo

ttery

Gro

upA

rea

Est

Tim

e Sp

an14

C S

ampl

es (

see

Tabl

e 1

3)A

bsol

ute

Dat

es

(Hig

h)2

Abs

olut

e D

ates

(L

ow)3

LH

III

B1

Pit 1

in E

U 2

17

pits

3 4

in E

U 8

EU

2 E

U 3

bui

ldin

g18

20 y

ears

1913

301

315ndash

ca

125

012

90ndash

ca 1

250

LH

III

B2

Pit 1

in E

U 8

EU

3 b

uild

ing2

0ca

25

year

s12

50ndash

1200

119

0ca

125

0ndash12

10

LH

III

C e

arly

121

EU

9 w

alls

2ndash5

ca 1

0 ye

ars

1200

119

0ndash

1210

ndash

1 T

his

tabl

e w

as d

evis

ed b

y J

C W

righ

t an

d re

vise

d an

d su

pple

men

ted

by J

B

Rut

ter

For

FNndashE

H I

II d

ates

see

Pul

len

201

1 p

p 1

4ndash16

2 Fo

llow

ing

Man

nin

g 20

10 p

23

tabl

e 2

23 S

hel

mer

din

e 20

08a

p 7

4 R

utte

r 19

90

5 M

ann

ing

(201

0 p

23

tabl

e 2

2) g

ives

no

date

for

MH

III

but

pro

vide

s th

ese

date

s fo

r M

M I

II(A

ndashB)

6 R

utte

r 19

90

7 G

roup

E c

onsi

sts

of c

eram

ics

from

the

Eas

t Bui

ldin

g in

clud

ing

som

e as

late

as

LH

IIB

an

d L

H I

IIA

2ndashB

(se

e pp

608

613

ndash615

) w

hic

h b

elon

g to

act

ivit

ies

afte

r th

e bu

ildin

grsquos

aban

don

men

t8 M

ann

ing

et a

l 20

14

9 Pea

rson

et a

l 20

18

10 R

utte

r 19

93b

11 W

ien

er 2

018

12 S

ee p

720

13

Cat

ling

2009

p 4

61 W

ien

er 2

018

14 T

hom

as 2

011a

pp

224

ndash226

now

dat

ed to

LH

III

A2

mid

dle

by V

ital

e (2

012)

15

Dab

ney

Hal

stea

d a

nd

Th

omas

200

4 T

hom

as 2

011a

16

Not

e h

owev

er t

hat

the

den

droc

hro

nol

ogic

al d

ate

of th

e U

lu B

urun

sh

ipw

reck

w

hic

h c

onta

ined

LH

III

A b

ut n

o II

IB p

otte

ry i

s 13

07 +

4minus7

bc

(Sh

elm

erdi

ne

2008

a p

7 a

nd

n 1

9)

17 T

hom

as 2

005

18 S

ee p

362

19

Th

omas

200

5 p

p 5

36ndash5

37

20 S

ee p

362

21

Kar

dam

aki 2

015

TA

BL

E 1

2 (

cont

inue

d)


16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION











16 INTRODUCTION




Arizona Date bp


CalBC 6821

TS 2 = SU 316 (7125041150)


seeds3308 39 -234 1627ndash1530

TS 3a = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3503 38 -245 1885ndash1771

TS 3b = SU 316 (71141150)


(oak)3487 38 -227 1878ndash1757

TS 4 = SU 6 (694397)



TS 5 = SU 18 (697396ndash397)



TS 6 = SU 5 (694399)


garlic3202 38 -227 1502ndash1436












18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION














18 INTRODUCTION

NVAP OBJECT FORMAT











































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION





































20 INTRODUCTION



















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION





















22 INTRODUCTION
























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION


























24 INTRODUCTION





















26 INTRODUCTION























26 INTRODUCTION









