TITLE PAGE

GLOBAL TERRORISM AND ITS EFFECT ON HUMANITY

i

DEDICATION

This work is dedicated to all countries that have

been ravaged by terrorist attacks especially our dear

country, Nigeria.

And

To my parents who are, and remain my source ofacademic help.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I personally acknowledge the infinite mercies of

God almighty and the grace of life and inspiration,

which he has given me in no small measure. To my

lecturer, Elder J.C. Ogbodo, I thank you so much for

teaching me how to write GSP term paper.

I also acknowledge the immense efforts of my

parents in providing me with resources needed for

academic excellence as well as their corporate

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support psychologically, spiritually, financially and

otherwise.

Also worthy of mention is the immense help of my

amiable dear friend Anene favour who is like a sister

to me.

PREFACE

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This work takes a critical look at the nature of

terrorism at a global scale. Here, we seek to

understand the motive behind terrorism as perpetrated

by our fellow human beings. It is particularly a

worthy object of concern to everybody as many, if not

all are potential victims of this heinous crime

especially as it concerns our country.

This work is organized chapter by chapter,

starting from the introduction of the concept of

terrorism to its origin, types, causes, cases, coping

strategies and implications of it. This work consists

of only four chapters. To ensure credibility and

avoid plagiarism, I have my references at the very

last page of this work.

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TABLE OF CONTENTSTitle page iDedication iiAcknowledge iiiPreface ivTable of contents vCHAPTER ONE1.1 Introduction

11.2 Definition of terms

21.2.1 The Globe

21.2.2 Terrorism

21.2.3 Global terrorism

3CHAPTER TWO2.1 Origin of terrorism

42.2 Types of terrorism

52.2.1 State Terrorism

52.2.2 Religious terrorism

52.2.3 Right wing terrorism

62.2.4 Left wing terrorism

62.2.5 Pathological terrorism

62.2.6 Issue oriented terrorism

72.2.7 Separatist terrorism

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2.2.8 Narco terrorism7

2.2.9 Bioterrorism8

2.2.10 Cyber terrorism8

2.2.11 Eco terrorism8

CHAPTER THREE3.1 Causes of terrorism

93.1.1 Ethno nationalism

93.1.2 Alienation/Discrimination

93.1.3 Religion 113.1.4 Socio Economic status

113.1.5 Political grievances

123.1.6 The accidental guerilla

13CHAPTER FOUR4.1 Coping Strategies

144.1.1 Eliminating the foot causes

144.1.2 Building counter terrorist structures

144.1.3 Intelligence gathering

144.2 Effects of terrorism

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Conclusion 16

Work cited 17

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CHAPTER ONE

1.1 INTRODUCTION

There is neither an academic nor an international legal

consensus regarding the definition of the term terrorism.

Various legal systems and government agencies, use different

definitions moreover, governments have been reluctant to

formulate an agreed upon, legally binding definition. These

difficulties arise from the fact that the term is politically

and emotionally charged. Angus Martyn in a briefing paper for

the Australian Parliament has stated that the international

community has never succeeded in developing an accepted

comprehensive definition of terrorism. During the b1970s and

1980s, the united nations attempts to define the term founded,

mainly due to different opinions between various members about

the use of violence in the context of conflicts over national

liberation and self determination. These divergences have made

it impossible to conclude a comprehensive convention on

international terrorism that incorporates a single, all

encompassing, legal binding, criminal law definition of

terrorism.

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In the meantime, the international community adopted a

series of sectoral conventions that define and criminalize

various types of terrorist activities. The topic of terrorism

is both complex and emotive. It is complex because it combines

so many different aspects of human experience, including

subjects such as politics, psychology, philosophy, military

strategy, and history, to name a few. Terrorism is also

emotive both because experiences of terrorist acts arouse

tremendous feelings, and because those who see terrorists as

justified often have strong feelings concerning the rightness

of the use of violence. Without a doubt, terrorism evokes

strong feelings whenever it is discussed. A key challenge of

understanding terrorism is both acknowledging the moral

outrage at terrorist acts, while at the same time trying to

understand the rationale behind terrorism.

Terrorism is not a new phenomenon in human experience.

Violence has been used throughout human history by those who

chose to oppose states, kings, and princes. This sort of

violence can be differentiated from what is termed as

terrorism. Violence in opposition to a government is often

targeted against soldiers and those who govern. Terrorism,

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however, is characterized by the use of violence against

civilians, with the expressed desire of causing terror or

panic in the population. Terrorism is not unique to the 20th

and 21st centuries. Terrorism existed in 18th century

revolutionary France during the reign of terror, as well as

among the Zealots of Palestine in opposition to Roman rule

some 2000 years ago. Today, terrorist activity can be found in

Israel, Indonesia, United Kingdom, Sri Lanka, Colombia,

Nigeria, and the United States, to name a few.

1.2 DEFINITION OF TERMS

1.2.1 The globe;

The globe in the context of this study refers to the

world. That is, countries of the world.

1.2.2 Terrorism is:

“The calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to

inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate

governments or societies in the pursuit of goals that are

generally political, religious, or ideological.” (U.S.

Department of Defense)

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“Terrorism constitutes the illegitimate use of force to

achieve a political objective when innocent people are

targeted.” (Walter Laqueur).

“Terrorism is defined here as the recurrent use or threatened

use of politically motivated and clandestinely organised

violence, by a group whose aim is to influence a psychological

target in order to make it behave in a way which the group

desires.” (C. J. M. Drake)

“The unlawful use of force or violence against persons or

property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian

population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of

political or social objectives." (FBI)

The use of violence to physically and psychologically

terrorize a population by an individual or a group in order to

draw attention to a course, enact political change, or gain

political power.

1.2.3 Global terrorism;

Global terrorism is a term used to describe all aformentioned definitions at the international scale.

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CHAPTER TWO

2.1 Origin of terrorism

The history of terrorism is a history of well-known and

historically significant individuals, entities, and incidents

associated, whether rightly or wrongly, with terrorism.

Scholars agree that terrorism is a disputed term, and very few

of those labeled terrorists describe themselves as such. It is

common for opponents in a violent conflict to describe the

other side as terrorists or as practicing terrorism.

Depending on how broadly the term is defined, the roots

and practice of terrorism can be traced at least to the 1st-

century AD Sicarii Zealots, though some dispute whether the

group, which assassinated collaborators with Roman rule in the

province of Judea, was in fact terrorist. The first use in

English of the term 'terrorism' occurred during the French

Revolution's Reign of Terror, when the Jacobins, who ruled the

revolutionary state, employed violence, including mass

executions by guillotine, to compel obedience to the state and

intimidate regime enemies. The association of the term only

with state violence and intimidation lasted until the mid-19th

century, when it began to be associated with non-governmental

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groups. Anarchism, often in league with rising nationalism and

anti-monarchism, was the most prominent ideology linked with

terrorism. Near the end of the 19th century, anarchist groups

or individuals committed assassinations of a Russian Tsar and

a U.S. President.

In the 20th century terrorism continued to be associated with

a vast array of anarchist, socialist, fascist and nationalist

groups, many of them engaged in 'third world' anti-colonial

struggles. Some scholars also labeled as terrorist much of the

internal violence and intimidation practiced by Stalinist

Russia and Nazi Germany. Increasingly, however, as the century

neared its end, the United States and other Western powers

pushed for a consensus definition of 'terrorism' that would

largely or completed exclude state entities.

2.2 TYPES OF TERRORISM

2.2.1 State Terrorism

State terrorism is the systematic use of terror by a

government in order to control its population. Not to be

confused with state sponsored terrorism, where states sponsor

terrorist groups, state terrorism is entirely carried out by

the group holding power in a country and not a non-

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governmental organization. It is the original form of

terrorism. The 1793 French Revolution and the thousands of

executions that resulted are often cited as the first instance

of state terrorism, though rulers have plausibly been using it

for centuries to control their subjects.

Example: The aforementioned French Revolution is the most

prom’;]inent example, however state terrorism is wide spread.

Just about every dictator in history has arguably utilized

state terrorism as a way of controlling his or her

populations. For more contemporary examples one could look to

the use of violence by Saddam Hussein against the Kurds or

even the suppression of democratic protestors in Syria.

2.2.2 Religious Terrorism

Terrorism can be motivated by religious ideologies and

grievances. Religious terrorism is particularly dangerous due

to the fanaticism of those who practice it and their

willingness to sacrifice themselves for the cause. Religious

terrorists are more likely to use “all in” tactics such as

suicide bombings. This is made possible by religious teachings

used to justify and even encourage this kind of self-

sacrifice.

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Examples: Al-Qaeda is perhaps the most prominent example of a

group that can be characterized as religious terrorists. As

well religious terrorism has a long history from Catholic-

Protestant violence in Ireland to Muslim-Hindu tensions in

Pakistan and India.

2.2.3 Right Wing Terrorism

This type of terrorism aims to combat liberal governments

and preserve traditional social orders. Right Wing terrorism

is commonly characterized by militias and gangs; many times

these groups are racially motivated and aim to marginalize

minorities within a state.

Examples: Modern right wing terrorist groups include the Klu

Klux Klan and Neo-Fascists. Many such groups are present not

only in the U.S. but also in Germany, Russia, and

others. Foreign Affairs has published an article titled A Nazi

Legacy: Right-Wing Extremism In Postwar Germany.

2.2.4 Left Wing Terrorism

These groups seek to overthrow capitalist democracies and

establish socialist or communist governments in their place.

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They want to attack the established system in order to do away

with class distinction. While these groups still exist they

are not as prominent as they were during the Cold War.

Examples: The Revolutionary People’s Liberation Party-Front in

Turkey, Revolutionary Organization 17 November in Greece, and

The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Columbia (FARC) are all

current examples of left wing terrorist groups.

2.2.5 Pathological Terrorism

This describes the use of terrorism by individuals who

utilize such strategies for the sheer joy of terrorizing

others. Pathological terrorists often operate alone rather

than in groups like the others on this list and often are not

true ‘terrorists’ as they lack any well-defined political

motive.

Examples: Pathological terrorism is most commonly seen in

school shootings and serial killing scenarios. The shootings

at Columbine High School and of Congresswoman Gabby Giffords

all serve as examples of pathological terrorism since those

who carried them out sought to use violence to terrorize for

their own pleasure.

2.2.6 Issue Oriented Terrorism

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This type of terrorism is carried out for the purpose of

advancing a specific issue. Commonly these issues are social

in nature or deal with the environment. Here this definition

is used to include environmental terrorism.

Examples: The bombings of abortion clinics and the assault of

whaling ships are the best examples of issue-oriented

terrorism. Perhaps the best documented example of an ecoterror

group is the Environmental Liberation Front (ELF) due to their

attacks on ski resorts and logging operations. A summary of

esotericism can be found here.

2.2.7 Separatist Terrorism

Separatists seek to cause fragmentation within a country

and establishment of a new state. This type of terrorism is

typical of minorities within a nation-state that desire their

own, commonly due to discrimination from the majority group.

Examples: The most prominent examples are the ETA Basque

separatists in Spain, the Chechen terrorists in Chechnya, the

Tamil Tigers in Sri Lanka, the Kurdish PKK in Turkey, and the

Quebec Liberation Front in Canada.

2.2.8 Narco-Terrorism

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This term originally refers to organizations that gain

funds through the sale of drugs. It can also deal with the use

of violence by those groups or gangs designed to make the sale

of their drugs easier.

Examples: The cartels in Mexico have carried out beheadings,

mass burials, and other severe acts of violence. Many times

this violence is carried out to intimidate populations into

not cooperating with authorities. Pablo Escobar also enacted

the assassinations of Colombian politicians during the height

of his power in order to intimidate the government into not

interfering with his drug trafficking activity

2.2.9 Bioterrorism

In bioterrorism, the terrorist intentionally release

toxic agents to harm terrorize unsuspecting civilians.

Bioterror and biological warfare agents are often colourless

and relatively odourless, e.g bacteria, viruses, fungi, and

toxins. Other specific examples are anthrax, botulism, small

pox, tularemia ebole virus etc. these agents are easily

concealed, very difficult to detect and can spread in air,

food, drinks to infect many people. According to

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Nicolson(2002), their main advantages to terrorist is to allow

easy escape and cause panic and chaos within the civilian

population, thus causing overwhelming emergency in hospitals

and clinics.

2.2.10 Cyber terrorism

This is an illegal use of information communication

technology to launch attacks on targets by people so as to

draw attention to their course. The I.T system is attacked in

such a way that the networked services are disrupted, or

crippled. According to Oguntuase and Akannde(2010), cyber

terrorism. As revealed by Akannde (2010), in some cases,

terrorists hack into systems and leave encrypted threat

message for the management requesting a certain amount. Should

the management fail to do their heir bidding, the terrorists

could apply logic bombs, electromagnetic pulses and high

emission radio frequency guns to destroy the system files.

2.2.11 Ecto terrorism

This type refers to violence by environmental extremists

to inflict economic damage on establishments or industries

which they conceive as harming natural environments or

habitat.

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CHAPTER THREE

3.1 CAUSES OF TERRORISM

3.1.1 Ethno-nationalism

The desire of a population to break away from a

government or ruling power and create a state of their own can

cause the formation of terrorist groups. In the 20th century

this was seen often times with regions or states attempting to

gain independence from their colonial era masters. However, as

Bruce Hoffman points out in Inside Terrorism, ethno-nationalist

terrorism had been around decades before even the First World

War. Perhaps the most notable of these groups, formed before

and after WWII and inspired by the weakening of imperial

powers, was the Jewish Irgun Avai Le’umi who fought British

rule in Palestine so as to attain the creation of a Jewish

state.

Today Hamas is one of the most active ethno-nationalist driven

groups carrying out suicide bombings and attacks against the

state of Israel with the goal of creating a Palestinian state.

Chechen terrorist organizations are also ethno-nationalists

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for their attacks against the government and people of Russia

in the attempt to form their own state.

Within many countries around the globe minority groups

exist wishing to garner some form of independence, if not

their own state altogether. Therefore, ethno-nationalism will

continue to be a significant source of terrorism. It is

important to recognize this and counter it with more

politically inclusive processes that can mitigate the

grievances of minority groups, though some will inevitably

continue to employ terrorism until they achieve their desired

independent nation.

3.1.2 Alienation /Discrimination

Several authors on terrorism have pointed to a sense of

alienation felt by diasporas, particularly those living in

Europe as a driver of terrorism. Many times these groups face

discrimination in the countries they reside, leading to

further feelings of isolation. They commonly move from poorer

countries, particularly Muslim states in the case of Europe,

to wealthier ones to go to school or find work. As Marc

Sageman discusses in his book Understanding Terror Networks, once in

these countries they begin to feel alienated. The new host

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nation is substantially different from their own culture, and

is usually much less community oriented. This causes alienated

individuals to seek out communities with cultures like their

home countries or others like themselves. These groups may

become jaded towards society around them as they don’t fit in

and feel excluded. Growing sentiments of discrimination can

lead groups to look to more conservative, and eventually,

extremist ideologies.

The Hamburg Cell, consisting of two of the pilots in the

9/11 terrorist attacks, is a perfect example of this. The cell

included a number of expatriate Muslims studying in Germany

who sought out other conservative Muslims to band together

when they felt homesick in a Western society that was alien to

them. This started them down the trail of radicalization as

they became more jaded with the world around them.

Robert Leiken also discusses this phenomenon in his paper

Europe’s Angry Muslims. Leiken points to both “outsiders,” Muslims

who immigrated in order to study or seek asylum, and

“insiders,” second or third generation Muslims in Europe.

These groups are subjected to discriminatory social policies,

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such as the headscarf law in France, that then cause them to

become radicalized.

The problem here, particularly in the case of Europe, is

that many of these expatriates who become radicalized due to

alienation from being in a foreign society also hold European

passports and thus can travel within Europe with increased

ease, as well as enter the U.S. much easier than non-

Europeans. Therefore they pose not only a threat to Europe,

but also to the United States.

3.1.3 Religion

Perhaps the most commonly held belief today is that

terrorism is caused by religion. Though it is not the main

cause for terrorism, religion does play a significant role in

driving some forms of it. As Hoffman points out in Inside

Terrorism, from the Thugs of ancient India that killed to

terrorize in the name of the god Kali to the Jewish Zealots

who cut the throats of Romans in public to combat their

occupation of Israel, religion (in conjunction with

political/ethno-nationalist drivers) has long been a factor of

terrorism.

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Today religion as a part of terrorism has been mainly

attributed to Islamic fundamentalism (though other examples,

such as the Aum Shinrikyo cult that carried out the 1995 Sarin

gas attacks in Tokyo, also exist). As Sageman describes: “The

global Salafi jihad is a world wide religious revivalist

movement with the goal of reestablishing past Muslim glory in

a great Islamist state stretching from Morocco to the

Philippines, eliminating present national boundaries.”

As a driver of terrorism, the true danger that religious

doctrine poses is its encouragement of attacks that are more

violent in nature than other types of terrorism. By being

promised rewards in the afterlife, terrorists are more likely

to carry out suicide bombings and other such “all in” tactics

that are harder to defend against.

3.1.4 Socio-Economic Status

Terrorists may also be driven by a sense of relative

depravation and lack of upward mobility within society.

Globalization and the modern media have given the ‘have nots’

an acute awareness of their situation compared to the ‘haves’.

As Omer Taspinar states in Fighting Radicalism, Not “Terrorism,”

“Globalization creates an acute awareness about opportunities

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available elsewhere. This leads to frustration, victimization,

and humiliation among growing cohorts of urbanized,

undereducated, and unemployed Muslim youth who are able to

make comparisons across countries.” Seeing the economic

differences between themselves and the Western world can

infuriate some in underdeveloped countries, increasing tension

and hostilities. This allows terrorist organizations to gain

attention and entry to societies that have felt wronged by

these perceived social injustices.

Unfortunately, the only real way to mitigate this is

through economic development of the community, country, and

region, but that takes time. For the foreseeable future there

will always be those that are disgruntled by the comparison of

living standards of the wealthy around the world versus their

own, opening the doors to frustration and anger.  Thus, this

driver is remarkably hard to combat as globalization allows

for more mechanisms of comparison between varying global

socio-economic levels.

3.1.5 Political Grievances

A lack of political inclusiveness in states or grievances

against a certain political order may cause individuals to

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join or create terrorist groups. Left and right wing

terrorists often seek to a political system. As well, many in

nations with authoritarian regimes lack avenues for dissent.

Frustrated expressions of political will can turn to violence

as an alternative to exclusive political systems. While

somewhat similar to ethno-nationalist/separatist causes, these

political grievances are not born from the desire to create a

new state but to change the order within the current one.

In his piece, Taspinar describes this as a political

dimension to relative depravation. In this light he sees

political Islam as a reaction to such oppressive governments

and its Western supporters. With the knowledge that other

people around the world live in representative governments,

the anger only grows among those who live without such

political representation, leading disillusioned individuals

into the arms of terrorism.

The implication here is that Western governments, in

their support of repressive authoritarian regimes for their

own national interest, have essentially made themselves

targets of terrorism of an angered populace within these

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regimes, acting out violently as the only alternative to

political expression.

3.1.6 The Accidental Guerrilla

Finally, there is the theory put forth about the

“accidental guerrilla” by David Kilcullen. Kilcullen describes

it as such: A terrorist organization moves into an area with

poor government or that is conflict ridden (he uses Al Qaeda

specifically), then uses this safe haven to spread their

ideologies to other areas and as a base to carry out violent

acts. When outside forces then intervene to deal with the

threat posed to them by this group, this causes the local

population to reject the ‘foreign invaders’ and ally with the

terrorist group, thus creating more terrorists and popular

support for terrorist movements. The cases of U.S.

intervention in Afghanistan and Iraq to counter Al Qaeda are

the obvious examples here.

This theory poses strong questions about the viability of

direct intervention in pursuit of terrorist groups by Western

countries, and whether it causes more harm than good.

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CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 COPING STRATEGIES

Extremism and terrorism has been a growing threat to the

entire nations of the world. No country today seems safe in

the hands of terrorists in a way or other. Countries like

Pakistan have been most affected by the growing terrorism,

which has crippled the economy of this country. All civilized

countries of the worlds are deeply concerned about the growing

terrorism around the world and now everyone seems concerned

how to cope with the growing terrorism. Some measures that

could be applied to curb terrorism include;

4.1.1 Eliminating the root causes

One of the major efforts made to manage terrorism lies

with the identification of the root causes. The post amnesty

program approach adopted by the Nigerian government to counter

militancy in the Niger Delta region quickly comes to mind. It

is a mitigating measure aimed at minimizing terrorist acts in

the region. Here the government addressed the root causes

militancy, their fears, needs and interests. Others include,

poverty alleviation, reduction in unemployment level, putting

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injustice to an end, giving quality education to the youth and

putting corruption to an end.

4.1.2 Building counter terrorist structures

Building counter terrorist structure and training

personnel to meet the current and future threats is essential.

The response and mitigation capacities of every country should

be put in place or improved upon where it exists, tested and

incorporated into integrated national counter terrorism

strategy even before any terrorist attack.

4.1.3 Intelligence gathering

Through intelligence gathering, efforts of government are

directed at denying the groups time, space, and resources to

place and mount spectacular attacks. This in addition to

severing the financial sponsorship so as to starve the groups

of fund and render them incapacitated. Intelligence

cooperation through unprecedented law enforcement and security

are advocated. Boarder surveillance should be routinely and

regularly encouraged. The police, boarder guards, customs,

immigration checks and army can pull their resources together

for more effective checks. Furthermore, there is need for

world wide hunt for terrorists and their sponsors. A member of

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Hamas leadership has been assassinated at will by Israeli.

They include its founder and spiritual leader Sheik Ahmed

Yessin. This is attributable to intelligence gathering system

of the Israeli. Nigeria should sharpen her intelligence

gathering system to identify and possibly apprehend the

leaders and sponsors of boko haram. Thus the state should

avoid the militarized response that amplifies the violence, in

its place, conciliatory effort through the process of dialogue

between the terrorist group and government is advocated.

4.2 EFFECTS OF TERRORISM

Although terrorism is done with the objective of causing

serious physical violence but its repercussions and effects

left on mental health is immeasurable. Strategically planned

and purposefully carried out, these terrorists make sure that

their message is heard and point is made crystal clear. In

many cases the purpose of terrorism attacks is usually beyond

comprehension of a normal individual but the effects of

terrorism on general public are so strong that they are

literally tangible.

These incidents not only cause people to lose their own

lives, their loved ones but also cause a serious mental

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trauma. Even knowing that someone you knew might have been

involved in the incident and counted as a casualty can leave

you upset for years to come. In states or regions where the

acts of terrorism are common, general public has learnt to

deal with these tragedies as best as they can. However, no

matter how best they try to cope it does take away a person’s

peace of mind, their will to promote wellness and positive

influences and in short to make sure that they as a society

and nation evolved.

These acts cause a trickledown effect; from causing an

emotional upheaval to destruction of properties and lives to

an individual’s beliefs and acceptance in the normal society,

how it should function and what values it should impart to its

younger generation. This could ultimately result in weakening

the foundations of a society and their potential for growth.

If this is not enough it also effects the socio economic

conditions of a society where people become scared even to go

to their work place or investors are skeptical of trying their

businesses in such an unstable situation. Subsequently most of

the society’s and nation’s budget is diverted towards

countering the acts of terrorism, beefing up their security,

25

rehabilitation and health care expenses instead of investing

in building the infrastructures, promoting the general welfare

of its’ citizens and providing a good platform for them to

work on.

All this result in feeling of suppression and frustration

by the general public and when the government is unsuccessful

in minimizing these acts of terrorism most citizens take the

law into their own hands. This usually tends to disrupt the

society more since in anger people might lose sight of their

values, goals, and ethical boundaries and one act may provoke

a similar or a greater attack from the other party.

CONCLUSION

This study is very important to every organization and

the world at large because it tends to discuss everything

about terrorism and how it should be followed up, i.e. some

strategies government have to embark on in stopping any

terrorism attack in the country. Some of these measure’s have

been mentioned above in the content of this text and l believe

that if those strategies are being applied in the course of

26

fighting terrorism attacks it will take the country and the

world a long way in achievements.

27

WORK CITIED

Head of UN-counter “Tourism Committee Executive Directorate” 1 December2010, press conference UK website.

Hoffman, B. “Inside Terrorism (Raised edition)” (2006),Columbia University Press.

Arnold, J.L. Ortenwall, P. Birnbaum, M.L. et al (2003). “AProposed Universal Medical and Public Health Definition of Terrorism”.Prehospital Disaster Medicine.

http://www.fbi.gov/states-services/publication/terrorism-2002-2005.

http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/docs/publications2010/publicationsGeddes2004-300310-Relevanceofcurrent.pdf.

Shavrit et al. 2005, 5.  See also, Asher Arian, “OpinionShifts among Israeli Jews, 1987-2004,” Palestine-IsraelJournal 11, no.4 (2005): 83-84.

R. E. Petty and J. A. Krosnick, eds., Attitude strength: Antecedentsand consequences (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates1995), cited in Shavrit et al. 2005, 6.

Some 63 percent of Israelis Jews believed that the barriercould significantly reduce the number of Palestinianterrorist attacks against Israel, and another 19 percentbelieved that it could stop terrorism altogether.  Yaarand Hermann, “Peace Index – October 2003.”

Sharon initially dismissed the idea of a security barrier as“populist.”  Amit Ben-Aroya, “Sharon: The Separation Fenceis a Populist Idea,” Ha’aretz, April 12, 2002.

Schmid's definition of terrorism was adopted in a 2003 ruling (Madan Singh vs. State of Bihar); See http://www.sacw.net/hrights/judgementjehanabad.doc

Stork, Joe (February 6, 2014). "Saudi Arabia: Terrorism Law Tramples on Rights". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved February 25, 2014.

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