the international encyclopedia of political communication

The International Encyclopedia of Political Communication

About the Editors

Editor-in-Chief

Gianpietro Mazzoleni is Professor of Sociology of Communication and Political

Communication in the Department of Social and Political Sciences at the Università

degli Studi di Milano, Italy. He is internationally known for his work on the impact

of media on the political systems and on the communication patterns of political

institutions and actors. He served as program planner and chair of the Political

Communication Division in the ICA – International Communication Association

(2003 – 2006). He was co-founder and editor of the Italian Journal of Political Com-

munication (Comunicazione Politica) 2000 – 2013, and member of the editorial board

of leading journals in the field (Political Communication, European Journal of Com-

munication, International Journal of Press/Politics, and others). He has written several

book chapters and articles that appeared in international journals, among others the

European Journal of Communication and Political Communication. He is coeditor of

The Media and Neo-Populist Movements in a Comparative Perspective (Praeger, 2003),

and of Journalists and Media Accountability: An International Study of News People in

the Digital Age (Peter Lang, 2014); coauthor of The Politics of Representation: Election

Campaigning and Proportional Representation (Peter Lang, 2004), The Media in

Europe (Sage, 2004), and Political Pop (Il Mulino, 2009); and author of the best-selling

handbook La comunicazione politica (3rd edition, Il Mulino, 2012), published also in

Spanish and Hungarian.

Associate Editors

Kevin G. Barnhurst is Professor Emeritus of Communication at the University of Illi-

nois at Chicago. He worked in international economics for the US government and a

UN research center before becoming a professor. His dissertation at the University of

Amsterdam examined young adults’ experiences of citizenship in Spain and the United

States. He has been an editorial board member of Political Science & Politics and Inter-

national Encyclopedia of Political Science, as well as a contributor, and has served Inter-

national Communication Association (ICA) as chair of the Political Communication

Division and member of the Journal of Communication and other editorial boards. He

was Senior Fulbright Scholar in Peru, Research Fellow at Columbia University in New

York and Harvard University Kennedy School of Government, Visiting Professor at the

Universities of Copenhagen, Tampere, and Munich, Distinguished Fulbright Chair in

Italy, and Leadership Chair at University of Leeds (2013 – 2015).

A B O U T T H E ED I T O R S

Ken’ichi Ikeda (PhD from University of Tokyo) has been Professor in the Department

of Media Studies at Doshisha University in Kyoto, Japan since April 2013, after 21 years

of teaching at the University of Tokyo. He is interested in social/political participation

and the mediated effects of social networks on political behavior. He represents

Japan in three international comparative projects: Asian Barometer Study (ABS),

World Values Survey (WVS), and Comparative Study of Electoral Systems (CSES).

Among his numerous publications are Social Networks and Japanese Democracy: The

Beneficial Impact of Interpersonal Communication in East Asia (2011, Routledge),

Political Discussion in Modern Democracies (Coed., 2010, Routledge), “Recreation and

Participation: Testing the Political Impact of Social Interaction” (2012, Social Science

Quarterly, 43), “Core Discussion Networks in Japan and America” (2012, Human

Communication Research, 38), “Multiple Discussion Networks and Their Consequence

for Political Participation” (2011, Communication Research, 38), and “The Impact of

Diversity in Informal Social Networks on Tolerance in Japan” (2009, British Journal of

Political Science, 39).

Rousiley C. M. Maia is Professor of Political Communication in the Department of

Social Communication at the Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Brazil.

She has a PhD in political science (Nottingham University, UK). Her main research

areas are deliberative theory, public sphere, collective action, everyday conversation,

and theory of recognition. Her books include Recognition and the Media (Palgrave,

2014), Deliberation, the Media and Political Talk (Hampton Press, 2012), Media e

Deliberação (FGV, 2008), and Comunicação e Democracia (with Wilson Gomes, Paulus,

2008). She has coedited titles addressing the public sphere and civic engagement,

the Internet, and political participation in Brazil. Some of her recent work has

been published in Journal of Communication, International Press Politics, Journal of

Community Informatics, Critical Studies in Mass Communication, Political Studies,

Revista Brasileira de Ciências Sociais, Lua Nova, E-Compos, European Political Science

Review, and Journal of Political Power.

Hartmut Wessler is Professor of Media and Communication Studies at the University

of Mannheim, Germany, and a member of the Mannheim Center for European Social

Research (MZES). He serves as vice-chair of the review board for the social sciences and

headed the PhD program “Formations of the Global” at the University of Mannheim

from 2009 to 2012. His research focuses on the comparative analysis of political commu-

nication and mediated deliberation as well as on transnational communication, particu-

larly focusing on the issue of climate change. He is the author of Öffentlichkeit als Prozess

[The Public Sphere in Processual Perspective] (Westdeutscher Verlag, 1999) and coau-

thor of Transnationalization of Public Spheres (Palgrave Macmillan, 2008) and Transna-

tionale Kommunikation (Springer VS, 2012). He has edited and coedited six books and

written numerous book chapters and articles, which have appeared in Journal of Com-

munication, Communication Theory, Political Communication, and Media, Culture &

Society, among others.

Contributors

CO N T R I B U T O R S

Silke Adam University of Bern, Switzerland

Giorgia Aiello University of Leeds, UK

David L. Altheide Arizona State University, USA

Gloria Álvarez-Benito University of Seville, Spain

David J. Andersen Iowa State University, USA

Terry H. Anderson Texas A&M University, USA

C. W. Anderson The College of Staten Island, USA

Janelle Applequist University of South Florida, USA

Leonardo Avritzer Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Christian Baden The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

Meital Balmas The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

Mauro Barisione Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy

David Barnard-Wills Trilateral Research & Consulting, UK

Ozen Bas Indiana University, USA

Geoffrey Baym Temple University, USA

W. Lance Bennett University of Washington, USA

William L. Benoit Ohio University, USA

Laura W. Black Ohio University, USA

Jay G. Blumler University of Leeds, UK

Pablo J. Boczkowski Northwestern University, USA

Federico Boni Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy

Porismita Borah Washington State University, USA

Paul Bowman Cardiff University, UK

Michael Brüggemann University of Hamburg, Germany

Contributors


Erik P. Bucy Texas Tech University, USA

Donatella Campus University of Bologna, Italy

Maria José Canel Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain

Diana B. Carlin Saint Louis University, USA

Gordon S. Carlson Fort Hays State University, USA

Robin Celikates University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Cristopher Cepernich University of Turin, Italy

Clifford G. Christians University of Illinois – Urbana, USA

Terry N. Clark University of Chicago, USA

Kevin Coe University of Utah, USA

Vera Schattan P. Coelho Brazilian Centre for Analysis and Planning (CEBRAP),

Brazil

Sharon Coen University of Salford, UK

Stephen Coleman University of Leeds, UK

Sue Collins Michigan Technological University, USA

Edward Comor University of Western Ontario, Canada

Charles Conrad Texas A&M University, USA

John Corner University of Leeds, UK

Peter Dahlgren Lund University, Sweden

Mathis Danelzik Institute for Advanced Studies in the Humanities, Germany

Jenny L. Davis James Madison University, USA

Afonso de Albuquerque Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil

Christ’l De Landtsheer Antwerp University, Belgium

Lidia De Michelis Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy

Claes H. de Vreese University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Bernhard S. Debatin Ohio University, USA

Donatella Della Porta European University Institute, Italy

Giovanna Dell’Orto University of Minnesota, USA

Jean-Philippe Deranty Macquarie University, Australia

Mario Diani University of Trento, Italy; ICREA-UPF, Spain

Bogusława Dobek-Ostrowska University of Wrocław, Poland

CO N T R I B U T O R S CO N T R I B U T O R S

Patrick Donges University of Greifswald, Germany

Wolfgang Donsbach Dresden University of Technology, Germany

Tobias Eberwein Austrian Academy of Sciences, Austria

Christiane Eilders Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany

Mats Ekström University of Gothenburg, Sweden

Julia Elad-Strenger Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Israel

Frank Esser University of Zürich, Switzerland

Manuela Farinosi University of Udine, Italy

Luisella Farinotti Libera Università di Lingue e Comunicazione IULM,

Italy

Leopoldina Fortunati University of Udine, Italy

Christian Fuchs University of Westminster, UK

Dieter Fuchs University of Stuttgart, Germany

Yuko Fujigaki The University of Tokyo, Japan

Kentaro Fukumoto Gakushuin University, Japan

Iginio Gagliardone University of Oxford, UK

John Gastil Pennsylvania State University, USA

Stephanie Geise University of Erfurt, Germany

Rachel K. Gibson University of Manchester, UK

Eytan Gilboa Bar-Ilan University, Israel

Nathan D. Gilkerson Marquette University, USA

Anne-Marie Gingras Université du Québec à Montréal, Canada

Giovanni Giorgini University of Bologna, Italy

Theodore L. Glasser Stanford University, USA

Maria Elizabeth Grabe Indiana University, USA

Michael Griffin Macalester College, USA

Jostein Gripsrud University of Bergen, Norway

Carlo Guarnieri University of Bologna, Italy

Albert C. Gunther University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA

Jan M. Gutteling University of Twente, The Netherlands

Kyu S. Hahn Seoul National University, South Korea


Daniel C. Hallin University of California, San Diego, USA

Cees J. Hamelink VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Chris Hanretty University of East Anglia, UK

Hiroo Harada Senshu University, Japan

Emily Harmer Loughborough University, UK

A. W. Harris Humboldt State University, USA

John Hartley Curtin University, Australia; Cardif f University, UK

Francisco Herreros Institute for Public Goods and Policies, Spanish National Research

Centre (IPP-CSIC), Spain

Airo Hino Waseda University, Japan

Shirley S. Ho Nanyang Technological University, Singapore

Jochen Hoffmann Aalborg University, Denmark

Christina Holtz-Bacha University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany

Ken’ichi Ikeda Doshisha University, Japan

Isabel M. Íñigo-Mora University of Seville, Spain

Robert L. Ivie Indiana University, USA

Sharon E. Jarvis University of Texas at Austin, USA

Courtney N. Johnson University of Washington, USA

Dennis W. Johnson George Washington University, USA

Willy Jou University of Tsukuba, Japan

Lotta Junnilainen University of Helsinki, Finland

Wulf Kansteiner Aarhus University, Denmark

Hans Mathias Kepplinger Institut für Publizistik, Universität Mainz, Germany

Bert Klandermans VU University, The Netherlands

Katharina Kleinen-von Königslöw University of Vienna, Austria

Christoph Klimmt Hanover University of Music, Drama and Media, Germany

Randolph Kluver Texas A&M University, USA Katherine

R. Knobloch Colorado State University, USA Tetsuro

Kobayashi National Institute of Informatics, Japan

Małgorzata Kołodziejczak Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland

Merle-Marie Kruse University of Bremen, Germany


Anup Kumar Cleveland State University, USA

Risto Kunelius University of Tampere, Finland

Minako Kusafuka The University of Tokyo, Japan

Sabine Lang University of Washington, USA

Sophie Lecheler University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Hye-Yon Lee Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, USA

Jihye Lee University of Pennsylvania, South Korea

Nadia Leihs University of Erfurt, Germany

Louis Leung School of Journalism & Communication, The Chinese University of Hong

Kong, China

Darren G. Lilleker Bournemouth University, UK

James H. Liu Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand

Steven Livingston George Washington University, USA

Ven-hwei Lo Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong

Gregory Ferrell Lowe University of Tampere, Finland

Eeva Luhtakallio University of Tampere, Finland

Anker Brink Lund Copenhagen Business School, Denmark

Kazufumi Manabe Aoyama Gakuin University, Japan

Paolo Mancini Università di Perugia, Italy

Marco Maraffi Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy

Frank Marcinkowski University of Münster, Germany

Tim Markham Birkbeck, University of London, UK

Francisco Paulo Jamil Almeida Marques Federal University of Ceará, Brazil

Lionel Marquis University of Lausanne, Switzerland

Stefan Marschall Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany

Alice Mattoni European University Institute, Italy

Nonna Mayer Centre d’études européennes de Sciences Po, France

Matthew P. McAllister Pennsylvania State University, USA

Brian McNair Queensland University of Technology, Australia

Denis McQuail University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Joshua Meyrowitz University of New Hampshire, USA


Bernard Miège Stendhal University, France

Alex Mintz Interdisciplinary Center Herzliya, Israel

Eugenia Mitchelstein Northwestern University, USA

Michael Morgan University of Massachusetts, USA

Vincent Mosco Queen’s University, Canada

Patricia Moy University of Washington, USA

Ralph Negrine University of Sheffield, UK

Eduardo Neiva University of Alabama at Birmingham, USA

Kimberly A. Neuendorf Cleveland State University, USA

Danny Osborne University of Auckland, New Zealand

Diana Owen Georgetown University, USA

Stylianos Papathanassopoulos National and Kapodistrian University of Athens,

Greece

John Parkinson Griffith University, Australia

Katy Parry University of Leeds, UK

Gianfranco Pasquino SAIS Europe, Johns Hopkins University Bologna Center, Italy

Janice Peck University of Colorado at Boulder, USA

Marcus Abilio Pereira Federal University of Minas Gerais, Brazil

Enrique Peruzzotti Di Tella University and National Scientific and Technical Research

Council (CONICET), Argentina

Barbara Pfetsch Freie Universität Berlin, Germany

Victor Pickard University of Pennsylvania, USA

Colin Porlezza University of Zurich, Switzerland

Mauro P. Porto Tulane University, USA

Paschal Preston Dublin City University, Republic of Ireland

Manuel Puppis University of Fribourg, Switzerland

Mugdha Rai University of Melbourne, Australia

Aaron D. Ray American University, USA

Marta Regalia University of Bologna, Italy

William Rehg Saint Louis University, USA

Bruno P. W. Reis Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil


Jaime R. Riccio Syracuse University, USA

Robert C. Richards, Jr Pennsylvania State University, USA

Kay Richardson University of Liverpool, UK

Sean Richey Georgia State University, USA

Kristina Riegert Stockholm University, Sweden

Eike Mark Rinke University of Mannheim, Germany

Rudolf M. Rizman University of Ljubljana, Slovenia

Maria Roeder-Tzellos Arab-German Young Academy, Germany

Karen Ross Northumbria University, UK

Franziska S. Roth University of Mannheim, Germany

Ulrike Röttger University of Münster, Germany

Victor Sampedro Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Spain

Karen B. Sanders CEU San Pablo University, Spain

Michael Saward University of Warwick, UK

Margaret Scammell London School of Economics & Political Science, UK

Mike S. Schäfer University of Zurich, Switzerland

Rüdiger Schmitt-Beck University of Mannheim, Germany

Kim Christian Schrøder Roskilde University, Denmark

Holli A. Semetko Emory University, USA

Francisco Seoane Pérez University of Castilla-La Mancha, Spain

Tamir Shaefer The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

James Shanahan Indiana University, USA

Pamela J. Shoemaker Syracuse University, USA

Christopher G. Sibley University of Auckland, New Zealand

Nancy Signorielli University of Delaware, USA

Filipe Carreira da Silva University of Lisbon, Portugal

Jane B Singer City University London, UK

Richard Skinner George Washington University, USA

Gretchen Soderlund University of Oregon, USA

Michael Soha University of New Hampshire, USA


Mira Sotirovic University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, USA

Brian G. Southwell RTI International, USA

Sergio Splendore Università degli Studi di Milano, Italy

J. Michael Sproule San Jose State University, USA

Jeffrey St. Onge Defiance College, USA

Richard Stanton University of Sydney, Australia

James Stanyer Loughborough University, UK

Jürg Steiner University of North Carolina, USA; University of Bern, Switzerland

Adrian Steiner Association of Swiss Cantonal Banks, Switzerland

Maegan Stephens University of Texas at Austin, USA

Agnieszka Stepin ska Adam Mickiewicz University, Poland

John Street University of East Anglia, UK

Jesper Strömbäck Mid Sweden University, Sweden

Emmanuel Taïeb French University Institute (Institut Universitaire de France) and

Université Lumière Lyon 2, France

Keren Tenenboim-Weinblatt The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel

Andrea Terry Texas A&M University, USA

Tanja Thomas University of Tübingen, Germany

James A. Thurber American University, USA

Daya Kishan Thussu University of Westminster, UK

Gavan Titley National University of Ireland Maynooth, Republic of Ireland

Hans-Jörg Trenz University of Copenhagen and ARENA, Denmark; University of Oslo,

Norway

Eric M Uslaner University of Maryland, College Park, USA; Southwest University of

Political Science and Law, China; Aarhus University, Denmark

Christian Vaccari Royal Holloway, University of London, UK; University of Bologna,

Italy

Marco Valbruzzi European University Institute, Italy

Chiara Valentini Aarhus University, Denmark

Arjen van Dalen Centre for Journalism, University of Southern Denmark, Denmark

Jan W. van Deth University of Mannheim, Germany

Teun A. Van Dijk Pompeu Fabra University, Spain


Bart van Leeuwen Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands

Agnese Vardanega University of Teramo, Italy

Mónica Brito Vieira University of York, UK

Katrin Voltmer University of Leeds, UK

Peter Vorderer University of Mannheim, Germany

Gerhard Vowe Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Germany

Karin Wahl-Jorgensen Cardiff University, UK

Silvio Waisbord George Washington University, USA

Stefaan Walgrave University of Antwerp, Belgium

Wayne Wanta University of Florida, USA

Janet Wasko University of Oregon, USA

David H. Weaver Indiana University-Bloomington, USA

Ran Wei University of South Carolina, USA

Ye Weihua Cardiff University, UK

Gabriel Weimann University of Haifa, Israel

Robert A. White University of Nairobi, Kenya

Anna M. Wiederhold Wolfe University of Nevada, Reno, USA

Jeffrey Wimmer Ilmenau University of Technology, Germany

Ruth Wodak Lancaster University, UK

Magdalena Wojcieszak University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Gadi Wolfsfeld Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Israel

Moran Yarchi Interdisciplinary Center (IDC) Herzliya, Israel

Yuki Yasuda Kansai University, Japan Kerem

Yıldırım Koç University, Turkey Dannagal G.

Young University of Delaware, USA

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