1

Sullied—Natural and Social—Sciences: A Reading Guide

(with appendix ‘on science and the sciences’)

Patrick S. O’Donnell (2020)

This compilation endeavors to help us appreciate where, when, how, and (especially if only

hopefully) why the practice of science has gone (or is in danger of going) awry, egregiously

failing to modestly conform to or at least sufficiently approach our ideal or best conceptions

or models of what constitutes science as an indispensable form of intellectual inquiry and

field of knowledge praxis. Not unrelated to this aim, is the desire to provide titles that

enable one to better understand the pitfalls of “scientism,” as well as arrive at a nuanced if

not sophisticated grasp of the methodological distinctions between the natural and social

sciences (without assuming the former are ‘hard’ and the latter are ‘soft,’ in effect, the social

sciences having failed to properly emulate, through stringent forms of reductionism, the

most putative exemplar of the former, namely, physics).

There are various definitions and conceptions of scientism, so we’ll begin with a rather brief

if perhaps innocuous definition from John Dupré: Scientism is “an exaggerated and

distorted conception of what science can be expected to do or explain for us.” Tom Sorell

provides us with a definition forged in part by his concern with scientism in professional

philosophy, one in the spirit of the later writings of Paul Feyerabend, although he is critical

of Feyerabend’s tendency as to “come close to denying the differences” between the arts and

sciences.” For Sorell, “[s]cientism is a matter of putting too high a value on science in

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comparison with other branches of learning or culture.” In contemporary philosophy,

scientism is undergirded by what Dupré calls a “monistic and reductivist metaphysics,”

serving in many respects as a handmaiden of science, occasionally even going so far as to

see “itself as a branch of science.” It is further characterized by its programmatic reaction

against “the supposed metaphysical excesses of traditional philosophy.” While linked in

some respects to the earliest version of scientism in the history of philosophy, it is

committed to what we might term hard scientific realism, wherein science provides us with

the best and therefore definitive account of the nature of reality in toto, “that the natural

world actually is as natural science depicts it,” neglecting the fact “the very nature of

physical inquiry as we actually pursue it as a human practices is such as to render this thesis

very questionable” (Nicholas Rescher, emphasis added). In Rescher’s words, “’what reality

is like’ is nothing definitive and categorical but something contextual and limited to a

particular state-of-the-art level of sophistication in point of scientific technology.” At best,

writes Rescher, philosophical and scientific realism “maintains that there is a domain of

mind-independent existence and that we can obtain some reliable knowledge of it.” This

softer, more relative species of realism is willing to grant that “there is a strong prospect that

we shall ultimately recognize that many or most of our current scientific theories to be false

and that what we proudly vaunt as scientific knowledge is a tissue of hypotheses —

tentatively adopted contentions many or most of which we will ultimately come to regard

needing serious revision or perhaps even abandonment,” for scientific theories are “a matter

not of truth-provision but of truth estimation.” If we are to avoid the pitfalls of this robust

form of metaphysical or hard scientific realism, we will need to be scrupulous in maintaining

a clear distinction between “our scientific conception of reality and reality as it really is.” In

the end, this “cautious scientific realism” is distinguished by its aim of providing us with a

“cognitively useful model of reality” (emphasis added). In short, “to be realistic” means that

“we must take the stance that our conception of real things, no matter how elaborately

developed, will always be provisional and corrigible. [….] Real things are cognitively

opaque—we cannot see to the bottom of them. Our knowledge of such things can thus

become more extensive without thereby becoming more complete….”

In Scientism: Philosophy and the Infatuation with Science (Routledge, 1991), Sorell also examines

that earliest form of scientism which Feyerabend was determined to vanquish forever

insofar as it “insist[ed] not only on the need for philosophy, but for the whole of culture, to

be led by science.” While this goes back to “at least the 1600s,” it is later best exemplified by

those who saw themselves as “scientific empiricists” of one kind or another, what we today

term scientific positivism.

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In a different vein, I share the late John Ziman’s belief that “In less than a generation we

have witnessed a radical, irreversible, worldwide transformation in the way that science is

organized, managed and performed.” Ziman characterizes contemporary science as “post-

academic” science. The term rightly suggests there is some continuity with academic

science, but I want to first highlight one glaring difference that warrants the label. For

example,

[A] norm of utility is being injected into every joint of the research

culture. Discoveries are evaluated commercially before they have been

validated scientifically. [....] Scientists themselves are seldom in a good

position to assess the utility of their work, so expert peer review is

enlarged into ‘merit review’ by non-specialist ‘users.’

… [A]s researchers become more dependent on project grants, the

‘Matthew Effect’ is enhanced. Competition for real money takes

precedence over competition for scientific credibility as the driving

force of science. With so many researchers relying completely on

research grants or contracts for their personal livelihood, winning

these become an end in itself. Research groups are transformed into

small business enterprises. The metaphorical forum of scientific

opinion is turned into an actual market in research services.

Ziman defines academic science in terms of what he calls “Mertonian norms.” In the 1940s

Robert Merton proposed “prescriptions, proscriptions, preferences and permissions” that he

believed scientists came to feel bound to, the core of the scientific ethos if you will. These

were more or less captured by five fundamental norms or regulative principles:

Communalism, Universalism, Disinterestedness, Originality, and Skepticism (hereafter,

‘CUDOS’):

This description is, of course, highly idealized, but not completely

unrealistic. Industrial science, by contrast, contravenes these norms

at almost every point. [....] Very schematically, industrial science is

Proprietary, Local, Authoritarian, Commissioned, and Expert. It

produces proprietary knowledge that is not necessarily made public.

It is focused on local technical problems rather than on general

understanding. Industrial researchers act under managerial authority

rather than as individuals. Their research is commissioned to achieve

practical goals, rather than undertaken in the pursuit of knowledge.

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They are employed as expert problem-solvers, rather than for their

personal creativity. It is no accident, moreover, that these attributes spell

out ‘PLACE.’ That, rather than ‘CUDOS,’ is what you get for doing good

industrial science.

As Ziman elsewhere notes, the development of much closer relationships between academia

and industry is one of the major features of the transition from academic to post-academic

science.

Post-academic science is organized on market principles. One of the

consequences of this is that the post-academic research project is

subordinate to the sphere of influence of bodies with the corresponding

material interests. Thus, for example, basic research findings in molecular

genetics have potential applications in plant breeding. Agrochemical

firms and farmers are therefore deemed to have a legitimate right to

influence the course of this research, from the formulation of projects to

the interpretation of outcomes.

In general … post-academic natural scientists can usually be trusted to tell

‘nothing but the truth,’ on matters about which they are knowledgeable.

But unlike academic scientists, they are not bound to tell ‘the whole truth.’

They are often prevented, in the interests of their employers, clients or

patrons, from revealing discoveries or expressing doubts that would put a

very different complexion on their testimony. The meaning of what is said

is secretly undermined by what is not said. This proprietorial attitude to the

results of research has become so familiar that we have forgotten how

damaging it is to the credibility of scientists and their institutions. This is

one result of the fact that ‘the context of application’ is largely defined by

the material interests of bodies outside science.

For better and—more often it seems—for worse,

the problems that activate post-academic science are often deeply rooted

in history, and are typically ‘owned’ by well-established institutions,

such as pharmaceutical companies, arms procurement agencies, associations

of engineering and medical practitioners, environmental protection

commissions, economic advisory councils, and so on. This elaborate social

structure is associated with an equally elaborate epistemic structure,

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where the ‘problem areas’ are differentiated much more arbitrarily, and

are often narrow and specialized [despite the well-known fact that many

of the issues tackled by science and society demand a ‘transdisciplinary’

approach], than they are in academic science.

In short, writes Ziman, we have “increasing subordination to corporate and political

interests that do not put a high value on the production of knowledge for the benefit of

society at large.”

Please note: I have appended a short list of titles—“On Science and the Sciences”—to this

bibliography that reflect my view of works that might or should enable us to best describe

and (roughly) circumscribe the nature of scientific theory and praxis in general (there is not a

consistent let alone consensual picture here but rather a plurality of models and conceptions

of what science is, can, and perhaps should be).

Abraham, John. Science, Politics and the Pharmaceutical Industry: Controversy and Bias in

Drug Regulation. New York: Routledge, 1995.

Abraham, John and Helen Lawton Smith, eds. Regulation of the Pharmaceutical Industry.

New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.

Ackland, Len. Making a Real Killing: Rocky Flats and the Nuclear West. Albuquerque, NM:

University of New Mexico Press, 1999.

Alley, William M. and Rosemary Alley. Too Hot to Touch: The Problem of High-Level

Nuclear Waste. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

Amadae, S.M. Rationalizing Capitalist Democracy: The Cold War Origins of Rational Choice

Liberalism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2003.

Amundson, Michael A. Yellowcake Towns: Uranium Mining Communities in the American

West. Boulder, CO: University Press of Colorado, 2002.

Angell, Marcia. The Truth about the Drug Companies: How They Deceive Us and What to Do

About It. New York: Random House, 2004.

Annas, George J. Some Choice: Law, Medicine, and the Market. New York: Oxford

University Press, 1998.

Annas, George J. and Michael A. Grodin, eds. The Nazi Doctors and the Nuremberg Code:

Human Rights in Human Experimentation. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Annas, George J. Worse Case Bioethics: Death, Disaster, and Public Health. New York:

Oxford University Press, 2010.

Aoki, Keith. Seed Wars: Controversies and Cases on Plant Genetic Resources and Intellectual

Property. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press, 2008.

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Badash, Lawrence. Scientists and the Development of Nuclear Weapons. Atlantic Highlands,

NJ: Humanities Press, 1994.

Badash, Lawrence. A Nuclear Winter’s Tale: Science and Politics in the 1980s. Cambridge,

MA: MIT Press, 2009.

Ball, Philip. “The Trouble with Scientists,” Nautilus 024: May 14, 2015. Available:

http://nautil.us/issue/24/error/the-trouble-with-scientists

Bass, Thomas A. Camping With the Prince and Other Tales of Science in Africa. New York:

Penguin, 1990.

Bennett, M.R. and P.M.S. Hacker. Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience. Malden, MA:

Blackwell, 2003.

Bennett, Maxwell, Daniel Dennett, Peter Hacker, John Searle, and Daniel Robinson.

Neuroscience and Philosophy: Brain, Mind and Language. New York: Columbia University

Press, 2007.

Bridger, Sarah. Scientists at War: The Ethics of Cold War Weapons Research. Cambridge,

MA: Harvard University Press, 2015.

Brody, Howard. Hooked: Ethics, the Medical Profession, and the Pharmaceutical Industry.

Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007.

Brown, Andrew. Keeper of the Nuclear Conscience: The Life and Work of Joseph Rotblat. New

York: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Brown, Kate. Plutopia: Nuclear Families, Atomic Cities, and the Great Soviet and American

Plutonium Disasters. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Brown, Phil and Edward J. Mikkelsen. No Safe Place: Toxic Waste, Leukemia, and

Community Action. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1990.

Buller, David J. Adapting Minds: Evolutionary Psychology and the Persistent Quest for

Human Nature. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005.

Campbell, Catherine. “Letting Them Die”: Why HIV/AIDS Prevention Programmes Fail.

Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2003.

Carlat, Daniel. Unhinged: The Trouble with Psychiatry—A Doctor’s Revelations about a

Profession in Crisis. New York: Free Press, 2010.

Chomsky, Noam, et al. The Cold War and the University: Toward an Intellectual History of the

Postwar Years. The New Press, 1997.

Collins, Harry and Trevor Pinch. The Golem: What Everyone Should Know about Science.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2nd ed., 1998.

Collins, Harry and Trevor Pinch. The Golem at Large: What You Should Know about

Technology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1998.

Conrad, Peter. The Medicalization of Society: On the Transformation of Human Conditions

into Treatable Disorders. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.

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Cornwell, John. The Power to Harm: Mind, Medicine, and Murder on Trial. New York:

Viking Press, 1996.

Cullather, Nick. The Hungry World: America’s Cold War Battle against Poverty in Asia.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010.

Dalrymple, Theodore. Romancing Opiates: Pharmacological Lies and the Addiction

Bureaucracy. New York: Encounter Books, 2006.

Davis, Peter, ed. Contested Ground: Public Purpose and Private Interest in the Regulation of

Prescription Drugs. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1996.

Doyle, Jack. Altered Harvest: Agriculture, Genetics and the Fate of the World’s Food Supply.

New York: Viking, 1985.

Drucker, Steven M. Altered Genes, Twisted Truth. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea

Green Publishing, 2015.

Dumit, Joseph. Drugs for Life: How Pharmaceutical Companies Define Our Health. Durham,

NC: Duke University Press, 2012.

Dunlap, Thomas. DDT: Scientists, Citizens, and Public Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton

University Press, 1981.

Dupré, John. Human Nature and the Limits of Science. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 2001.

Epstein, Steven. Impure Science: AIDS, Activism, and the Politics of Knowledge. Berkeley,

CA: University of California Press, 1996.

Farley, John. Bilharzia: A History of Imperial Tropical Medicine. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge

University Press, 1991.

Fingarette, Herbert. Heavy Drinking: The Myth of Alcoholism as a Disease. Berkeley, CA:

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1988.

Forester, Tom and Perry Morrison. Computer Ethics: Cautionary Tales and Ethical Dilemmas

in Computing. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1994.

Foucault, Michel. The Birth of the Clinic: An Archaeology of Medical Perception. New York:

Pantheon Books, 1973.

Foucault, Michel. Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason. New

York: Vintage Books, 1988 ed.

Frances, Allen, M.D. Saving Normal: An Insider’s Revolt against Out-of-Control Psychiatric

Diagnosis, DSM-5, Big Pharma, and the Medicalization of Ordinary Life. New York:

HarperCollins, 2013.

Frankel, Francine R. India’s Green Revolution: Economic Gains and Political Costs. Princeton,

NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971.

Freidson, Eliot. Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge.

Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1988 (1970).

Freidson, Eliot. Professional Dominance: The Social Structure of Medical Care. New York:

Routledge, 2017 (Transaction Publishers, 1970).

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Fuller, Steve. The Governance of Science. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 2000.

Gabriel, Joseph M. Medical Monopoly: Intellectual Property Rights and the Origins of the

Modern Pharmaceutical Industry. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2014.

Gaudillière, Jean-Paul and Iliana Lowy, eds. The Invisible Industrialist: Manufacture and the

Construction of Scientific Knowledge. London: Macmillan, 1998.

Gelbspan, Ross. The Heat is On: The Climate Crisis, the Cover-up, and the Prescription. New

York: Perseus Books, 1998 ed.

Gelbspan, Ross. Boiling Point…. New York: Basic Books, 2004.

Gillett, Grant. Bioethics in the Clinic: Hippocratic Reflections. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins

University Press, 2004.

Gillett, Grant. The Mind and Its Discontents. New York: Oxford University Press, 2nd ed.,

2009.

Goldacre, Ben. Bad Pharma: How Drug Companies Mislead Doctors and Harm Patients. New

York: Faber and Faber, 2012.

Gosseries, Axel, Alain Marciano, and Alain Strowel, eds. Intellectual Property and Theories

of Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

Greenberg, Daniel S. Science, Money, and Politics: Political Triumph and Ethical Erosion.

Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2001.

Greenberg, Gary. Manufacturing Depression: The Secret History of a Modern Disease. New

York: Simon & Schuster, 2010.

Greenberg, Gary. The Book of Woe: The DSM and the Unmaking of Psychiatry. New York:

Blue Rider Press/Penguin, 2013.

Greene, Jeremy A. Prescribing by Numbers: Drugs and the Definition of Disease. Baltimore,

MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007.

Greene, Jeremy A. Generic: The Unbranding of Modern Medicine. Baltimore, MD: Johns

Hopkins University Press, 2014.

Griffin, Keith. The Political Economy of Agrarian Change: An Essay on the Green Revolution.

Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974.

Guerrini, Anita. Experimenting with Humans and Animals: From Galen to Animal Rights.

Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2003.

Hacking, Ian. Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory. Princeton,

NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995.

Harding, Sandra, ed. The “Racial” Economy of Science: Toward a Democratic Future.

Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1993.

Hayden, Cori. When Nature Goes Public: The Making and Unmaking of Bioprospecting In

Mexico. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003.

Healy, David. The Creation of Psychopharmacology. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University

Press, 2002.

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Healy, David. Let Them Eat Prozac: The Unhealthy Relationship Between the Pharmaceutical

Industry and Depression. New York: New York University Press, 2004.

Herzog, Rudolph (tr. Jefferson Chase). A Short History of Nuclear Folly. Brooklyn, NY:

Melville House, 2013.

Hess, David J. Science and Technology in a Multicultural World: The Cultural Politics of Facts

and Artifacts. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995.

Hope, Janet. Biobazzar: The Open Source Revolution and Biotechnology. Cambridge, MA:

Harvard University Press, 2008.

Horst, Steven. Beyond Reduction: Philosophy of Mind and Post-Reductionist Philosophy of

Science. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Horwitz, Allan V. Creating Mental Illness. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2002.

Horwitz, Allan V. and Jerome C. Wakefield. The Loss of Sadness: How Psychiatry

Transformed Normal Sorrow into Depressive Disorder. New York: Oxford University Press,

2007.

Hughes, Jeff. The Manhattan Project: Big Science and the Atomic Bomb. New York:

Columbia University Press, 2002.

Iversen, Kristen. Full Body Burden: Growing Up in the Nuclear Shadow of Rocky Flats. New

York: Random House, 2013.

Jamieson, Dale. Morality’s Progress: Essays on Humans, Other Animals, and the Rest of

Nature. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 2002.

Jonas, Gerald. The Circuit Riders: Rockefeller Money and the Rise of Modern Science. New

York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1989.

Jones, James H. Bad Blood: The Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment. New York: The Free Press,

1993 ed.

Kagan, Jerome. The Three Cultures: Natural Sciences, Social Sciences, and the Humanities in

the 21st Century. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

Kamen, Martin D. Radiant Science, Dark Politics: A Memoir of the Nuclear Age. Berkeley,

CA: University of California Press, 1985.

Kaplan, Jonathan Michael. The Limits and Lies of Human Genetic Research: Dangers for

Social Policy. New York: Routledge, 2000.

Kenny, Martin. Bio-technology: The University-Industrial Complex. New Haven, CT: Yale

University Press, 1986.

Kleinman, Daniel Lee. Impure Cultures: University Biology and the World of Commerce.

Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003.

Kloppenburg, Jack Ralph. First the Seed: The Political Economy of Plant Biotechnology.

Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press, 2nd ed., 2004.

Krimsky, Sheldon and Jeremy Gruber, eds. The GMO Deception. New York: Skyhorse

Publishing, 2014.

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LaFleur, William R., Gernot Böhme and Susumu Shimazono, eds. Dark Medicine:

Rationalizing Unethical Medical Research. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 2007.

LaFollette, Hugh and Niall Shanks. Brute Science: Dilemmas of Animal Experimentation.

London: Routledge, 1996.

Lagemann, Ellen Condliffe. The Politics of Knowledge: The Carnegie Corporation,

Philanthropy, and Public Policy. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1989.

Lakoff, Andrew. Pharmaceutical Reason: Knowledge and Value in Global Psychiatry. New

York: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Lane, Christopher. Shyness: How Normal Behavior Became a Sickness. New Haven, CT: Yale

University Press, 2007.

Latham, Michael E. Modernization as Ideology: American Social Science and ‘Nation Building’

in the Kennedy Era. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.

Lemov, Rebecca. World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men. New York:

Hill and Wang, 2005.

Leslie, Stuart W. The Cold War and American Science: The Military-Industrial-Academic

Complex at MIT and Stanford. New York: Columbia University Press, 1993.

Lewontin, Richard. Biology as Ideology. New York: HarperPerennial, 1991.

Lewontin, Richard. It Ain’t Necessarily So: The Dream of the Human Genome and Other

Illusions. New York: New York Review Books, 2000.

Lowen, Rebecca S. Creating the Cold War University: The Transformation of Stanford.

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1997.

Lubet, Steven. Interrogating Ethnography: Why Evidence Matters. New York: Oxford

University Press, 2018.

Luhrmann, T.R. Of Two Minds: The Growing Disorder in American Psychiatry. New York:

Alfred A. Knopf, 2000.

Macfarlane, Allison M. and Rodney C. Ewing, eds. Uncertainty Underground: Yucca

Mountain and the Nation’s High-Level Nuclear Waste. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2006.

Makhijani, Arjun, Howard Hu, and Katherine Yih. Nuclear Wastelands: A Global Guide to

Nuclear Weapons Production and Its Health and Environmental Effects. Cambridge, MA: MIT

Press, 2000.

Malik, Kenan. Man, Beast and Zombie: What Science Can and Cannot Tell Us about Human

Nature. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2000.

Margolis, Joseph. The Unraveling of Scientism: American Philosophy at the End of the

Twentieth Century. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2003.

Marks, John. The Search for the ‘Manchurian Candidate’: The CIA and Mind Control. London:

Allen Lane, 1979.

Martin, Mike W. From Morality to Mental Health: Virtue and Vice in a Therapeutic Culture.

New York: Oxford University Press, 2006.

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McCloskey, Donald N. [Deirdre] Knowledge and Persuasion in Economics. Cambridge, UK:

Cambridge University Press, 1994.

McCloskey, Deirdre. The Secret Sins of Economics. Chicago, IL: Prickly Paradigm Press,

2002.

Mgbeoji, Ikechi. Global Biopiracy: Patents, Plants, and Indigenous Knowledge. Ithaca, NY:

Cornell University Press, 2006.

Michaels, David. The Triumph of Doubt: Dark Money and the Science of Deception. New

York: Oxford University Press, 2020.

Midgley, Mary. Science and Poetry. London: Routledge, 2001.

Mirowski, Philip. Machine Dreams: Economics Becomes a Cyborg Science. New York:

Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Mirowski, Philip. Science-Mart: Privatizing American Science. Cambridge, MA: Harvard

University Press, 2011.

Mooney, Pat R. Seeds of the Earth: A Private or Public Resource? Ottawa, Ontario: Inter

Pares, 1979.

Nazarea, Virginia D., Robert E. Rhoades, and Jenna Andrews-Swann, eds. Seeds of

Resistance, Seeds of Hope: Place and Agency in the Conservation of Biodiversity. Tucson, AZ:

University of Arizona Press, 2013.

Nestle, Marion. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health.

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, revised ed., 2013.

Noble, David F. The Religion of Technology: The Divinity of Man and the Spirit of Invention.

New York: Penguin Books, 1999 (Alfred A. Knopf, 1997).

Olafson, Frederick. Naturalism and the Human Condition: Against Scientism. London:

Routledge, 2001.

Oreskes, Naomi and Erik M. Conway. Merchants of Doubt: How a Handful of Scientists

Obscured the Truth on Issues from Tobacco Smoke to Global Warming. New York:

Bloomsbury Press, 2010.

Pardo, Michael S. and Dennis Patterson. Minds, Brains, and Law: The Conceptual

Foundations of Law and Neuroscience. New York: Oxford University Press, 2013.

Patel, Raj. Stuffed and Starved: The Hidden Battle for the World Food System. Brooklyn, NY:

Melville House Publishing, 2007.

Perkins, John H. Geopolitics and the Green Revolution: Wheat, Genes, and the Cold War. New

York: Oxford University Press, 1997.

Pilke, Orrin H. and Linda Pilkey-Jarvis. Useless Arithmetic: Why Environmental Scientists

Can’t Predict the Future. New York: Columbia University Press, 2007.

Prakash, Gyan. Another Reason: Science and the Imagination of Modern India. Princeton, NJ:

Princeton University Press, 1999.

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Rakoff, Jed S. “Jailed by Bad Science” [in this case, forensic techniques that make

questionable claims to scientific legitimacy], New York Review of Books, December 19, 2019

(Vol. LXVI, No, 20): 79-85.

Rohde, Joy. Armed with Expertise: The Militarization of American Social Research during the

Cold War. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2013.

Rollin, Bernard E. The Unheeded Cry: Animal Consciousness, Animal Pain, and Science.

Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989.

Rose, Hilary and Steven Rose. Genes, Cells and Brains: Bioscience’s Promethean Promises.

London: Verso, 2012.

Rose, Steven and Lisa Appignanesi, eds. Science and Beyond. Oxford, UK: Basil Blackwell,

in association with The Institute of Contemporary Arts, 1986.

Rosenberg, Alexander. Economics—Mathematical Politics or Science of Diminishing Returns?

Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1992.

Sadler, John Z., ed. Descriptions and Prescriptions: Values, Mental Disorders, and the DSMs.

Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002.

Saks, Elyn R. Refusing Care: Forced Treatment and the Rights of the Mentally Ill. Chicago, IL:

University of Chicago Press, 2002.

Santilli, Juliana. Agrobiodiversity and the Law: Regulating Genetic Resources, Food Security,

and Cultural Diversity. New York: Earthscan, 2012.

Schlosser, Eric. Command and Control: Nuclear Weapons, the Damascus Incident, and the

Illusion of Safety. New York: Penguin Press, 2013.

Schurman, Rachel and William A. Munro. Fighting for the Future of Food: Activists Versus

Agribusiness in the Struggle Over Biotechnology. Minneapolis, MN: University of

Minnesota Press, 2010.

Shapiro, Ian. The Flight from Reality in the Human Sciences. Princeton, NJ: Princeton

University Press, 2005.

Shiva, Vandana. The Violence of the Green Revolution: Third World Agriculture, Ecology and

Politics. London: Zed Books, 1991.

Shiva, Vandana. Protect or Plunder? Understanding Intellectual Property Rights. London:

Zed Books, 2001.

Shrader-Frechette, K.S. Risk and Rationality: Philosophical Foundations for Populist Reforms.

Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1991.

Silverman, Milton, Mia Lydecker, and Philip R. Lee. Bad Medicine: The Prescription Drug

Industry in the Third World. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1992.

Simpson, Christopher, ed. Universities and Empires: Money and Politics in the Social Sciences

during the Cold War. The New Press, 1998.

Slaughter, Sheila and Larry L. Leslie. Academic Capitalism: Politics, Policies, and the

Entrepreneurial University. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997.

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Solovey, Mark. The Politics-Patronage-Social Science Nexus in Cold War America. New

Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2013.

Solovey, Mark and Hamilton Craven, eds. Cold War Social Science: Knowledge Production,

Liberal Democracy, and Human Nature. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

Sorell, Tom. Scientism: Philosophy and the Infatuation with Science. London: Routledge,

1991.

Stern, Mark Joseph. “Forensic Science Isn’t Science,” Slate, June 11, 2014.

Streatfeild, Dominic. Brainwash: The Secret History of Mind Control. London: Hodder &

Stoughton, 2006.

Tallis, Raymond. Aping Mankind: Neuromania, Darwinitis and the Misrepresentation of

Humanity. Durham, England: Acumen, 2011.

Teitelman, Robert. Gene Dreams: Wall Street, Academia, and the Rise of Biotechnology. New

York: Basic Books, 1989.

Thackray, Arnold, ed. Private Science: Biotechnology and the Rise of the Molecular Sciences.

Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1998.

Vaidhyanathan, Siva. Copyrights and Copywrongs: The Rise of Intellectual Property and How

it Threatens Creativity. New York: New York University Press, 2001.

Vostral, Sharra L. Toxic Shock: A Social History. New York: New York University Press,

2018.

Waitzkin, Howard. Medicine and Public Health at the End of Empire. New York: Routledge,

2016 (Paradigm Publishers, 2011).

Watters, Ethan. Crazy Like Us: The Globalization of the American Psyche. New York: Free

Press, 2010.

Weinstein, Matthew (with Nidaa Makki) Bodies Out of Control: Rethinking Science Texts.

New York: Peter Lang, 2010.

Whitaker, Robert. Mad in America: Bad Science, Bad Medicine, and the Enduring

Mistreatment of the Mentally Ill. New York: Basic Books, revised ed., 2010 (2002).

Whitaker, Robert. Anatomy of an Epidemic: Magic Bullets, Psychiatric Drugs and the

Astonishing Rise of Mental Illness. New York: Crown Publishers, 2010.

Whitaker, Robert and Lisa Cosgrove. Psychiatry Under the Influence: Institutional

Corruption, Social Injury, and Prescriptions for Reform. New York: Palgrave Macmillan,

2015.

Williams, Richard N. and Daniel N. Robinson, eds. Scientism: The New Orthodoxy. New

York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015.

Wilson, Ward. Five Myths about Nuclear Weapons. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin

Harcourt, 2013.

Yoxen, Edward. The Gene Business: Who Should Control Biotechnology? New York: Oxford

University Press, 1983.

14

Zimmer, Karl S. Changing Fortunes: Biodiversity and Peasant Livelihood in the Peruvian

Andes. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1996.

Ziman, John. Real Science: What It Is, and What It Means. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge

University Press, 2000.

* * *

Appendix: “On Science and the Sciences”

Achinstein, Peter. The Book of Evidence. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2003.

Bennett, M.R. and P.M.S. Hacker. Philosophical Foundations of Neuroscience. Malden, MA:

Blackwell, 2003.

Brown, Mark B. Science in Democracy: Expertise, Institutions, and Representation.

Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2009.

Brown, Richard Harvey. Toward a Democratic Science: Scientific Narration and Civic

Communication. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998.

Brown, Theodore L. Making Truth: Metaphor in Science. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois

Press, 2003.

Cartwright, Nancy. How the Laws of Physics Lie. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press,

1983.

Cartwright, Nancy. Nature’s Capacities and their Measurement. Oxford, UK: Oxford

University Press, 1989.

Cartwright, Nancy. The Dappled World: A Study of the Boundaries of Science. Cambridge,

UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Cartwright, Nancy, et al. Otto Neurath: Philosophy between Science and Politics. Cambridge

University Press, 2008.

Cooper, Rachel. Psychiatry and Philosophy of Science. Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University

Press, 2007.

Daston, Lorraine and Peter Galison. Objectivity. Brooklyn, NY: Zone Books, 2007.

Dupré, John. Human Nature and the Limits of Science. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 2001.

Earman, John. Bayes or Bust: A Critical Examination of Bayesian Confirmation Theory.

Cambridge, MA: Bradford, 1992.

Elster, Jon. Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University

Press, 1989.

Elster, Jon. Explaining Social Behavior: More Nuts and Bolts for the Social Sciences.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2007.

Feyerabend, Paul. Realism, Rationalism, and Scientific Method. Philosophical Papers, Vol. 1.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1981.

15

Feyerabend, Paul. Problems of Empiricism. Philosophical Papers, Vol. 2. Cambridge, UK:

Cambridge University Press, 1981.

Feyerabend, Paul. Farewell to Reason. London: Verso, 1987.

Feyerabend, Paul. Against Method. London: Verso, Revised ed., 1988.

Feyerabend, Paul. Knowledge, Science and Relativism: Philosophical Papers, Vol. 3.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1999.

Fuller, Steve. The Governance of Science. Philadelphia, PA: Open University Press, 2000.

Fuller, Steve. Science. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press, 1997.

Galison, Peter and David J. Stump, eds. The Disunity of Science: Boundaries, Contexts, and

Power. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1996.

Gardner, Sebastian. Irrationality and the Philosophy of Psychoanalysis. Cambridge, UK:

Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Giere, Ronald N. Explaining Science: A Cognitive Approach. Chicago, IL: University of

Chicago Press, 1988.

Giere, Ronald N. Science without Laws. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press,

1999.

Giere, Ronald N. Scientific Perspectivism. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2006.

Hacking, Ian. The Social Construction of What? Cambridge, MA: Harvard University

Press, 1999.

Hacking, Ian. An Introduction to Probability and Inductive Logic. Cambridge, UK:

Cambridge University Press, 2001.

Hesse, Mary. Models and Analogies in Science. London: Sheed and Ward, 1963.

Hesse, Mary. Revolutions and Reconstructions in the Philosophy of Science. Bloomington, IN:

Indiana University Press, 1980.

Horst, Steven. Beyond Reduction: Philosophy of Mind and Post-Reductionist Philosophy of

Science. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007.

Jardine, Nicholas. The Scenes of Inquiry: On the Reality of Questions in the Sciences. New

York: Oxford University Press, 2000.

Keller, Evelyn Fox. Making Sense of Life: Explaining Biological Development with Models,

Metaphors, and Machines. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Kincaid, Harold. Philosophical Foundations of the Social Sciences. Cambridge, UK:

Cambridge University Press, 1996.

Kitcher, Philip. The Advancement of Science: Science without Legend, Objectivity without

Illusions. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Kitcher, Philip. Science, Truth, and Democracy. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2001.

Kitcher, Philip. Science in a Democratic Society. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2011.

Knorr, Cetina Karin. The Manufacture of Knowledge: An Essay in the Constructivist and

Contextual Nature of Science. Oxford, UK: Pergamon, 1981.

16

Knorr, Cetina Karin. Epistemic Cultures: How the Sciences Make Knowledge. Cambridge,

MAL Harvard University Press, 1999.

Kuhn, Thomas S. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. Chicago, IL: University of

Chicago Press, 2nd ed., 1970.

Ladyman, James and Don Ross. Every Thing Must Go: Metaphysics Naturalized. New York:

Oxford University Press, 2007.

Laudan, Larry. Science and Values. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1984.

Laudan, Larry. Science and Relativism: Some Key Controversies in the Philosophy of Science.

Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1990.

Lipton, Peter. Inference to the Best Explanation. London: Routledge, 1991.

Longino, Helen E. Science as Social Knowledge: Values and Objectivity in Scientific Inquiry.

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990.

Longino, Helen E. The Fate of Knowledge. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2002.

Lynch, Michael. Art and Artifact in Laboratory Science: A study of shop work and shop talk in

a research laboratory. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1985.

Lynch, Michael. Scientific Practice and Ordinary Action: Ethnomethodology and Social Studies

of Science. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1993.

Miller, Richard W. Fact and Method: Explanation, Confirmation and Reality in the Natural

and Social Sciences. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1987.

O’Hear, Anthony, ed., Philosophy of Science. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University

Press, 2007.

Putnam, Hilary. Realism with a Human Face. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,

1990.

Putnam, Hilary. Words & Life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1994.

Putnam, Hilary. The Collapse of the Fact/Value Dichotomy and Other Essays. Cambridge,

MA: Harvard University Press, 2002.

Putnam, Hilary (Mario De Caro and David Macarthur, eds.) Philosophy in an Age of

Science: Physics, Mathematics, and Skepticism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press,

2012.

Rescher, Nicholas. The Limits of Science. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press,

1984.

Rescher, Nicholas. Scientific Realism: A Critical Reappraisal. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1987.

Rescher, Nicholas. Nature and Understanding: The Metaphysics and Method of Science.

Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 2000.

Ruben, David-Hillel. Explaining Explanation. London: Routledge, 1990.

Ruben, David-Hillel, ed. Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1993.

Salmon, Wesley. Causality and Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.

17

Sarkar, Sahotra. Biodiversity and Environmental Philosophy. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge

University Press, 2005.

Sayer, Andrew. Why Things Matter to People: Social Science, Values, and Ethical Life.

Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2011.

van Fraassen, Bas C. The Scientific Image. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press, 1980.

van Fraassen, Bas C. Laws and Symmetry. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1989.

van Fraassen, Bas C. The Empirical Stance. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002.

van Fraassen, Bas C. Scientific Representation: Paradoxes of Perspective. New York: Oxford

University Press, 2008.

Ziman, John. Real Science: What It Is, and What It Means. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge

University Press, 2000.

Bibliographies with some measure of family resemblance of one kind or another to this

compilation (embedded links): (i) Animal Ethics, Rights, and Law; (ii) Beyond Capitalist

Agribusiness: Toward Agroecology & Food Justice; (iii) Biological Psychiatry, Sullied

Psychology and Pharmaceutical Reason; (iv) Ecological & Environmental Politics,

Philosophies, and Worldviews; (v) Ethical Perspectives on Science & Technology; (vi)

Health: Law, Ethics & Social Justice; (vii) Nuclear Weapons; (viii) Philosophy, Psychology, &

Methodology for the Social Sciences; (ix) Science and Religion; and (x) Science and

Technology (2010).