Contents

1. Introduction

2. History Background

3. Location and relationship to wider landscape through history

3.1. Location and topography

3.2. Historic Environment

4. In architectural styles evident from standing archaeology and Change of use/function evidence from

historical records and standing archaeology

5. Regional particularities seen in materials and\or building styles

5.1. Sir Gyles Isham Explains the Symbolism

6. Relationship of the material evidence to wider social, economic, and political history

6.1. The presence of Roman Catholic Christian Symbolism in the Lodge

7. Legislation associated with building

8. Conclusions

9. Future research recommendations

10. Reference list\bibliography

11. Appendices

Buildings in the Landscape

Rushton Triangular Lodge - Building Survey Report

16-05-2013

Cristina Monteiro

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1. Introduction

Rushton Triangular Lodge, a surprising building full of individuality and more than ornamental,

planned 1593 and build between 1594 and 1596 by Sir Thomas Tresham (1543/4-1605) an

Elizabethan knight and landowner. Although he was loyal to the queen, he was imprisoned for his

Roman Catholic beliefs, to which this building is evidence.

Subject to references to the number three, symbolic of the holy trinity: it has three storeys and

three walls, each thirty three feet long with tree windows and three gables. The exterior also

features trefoils and biblical quotations together with numbers, some of which remain mysterious

in their meaning.

Allegedly it was built for the warren at Rushton so he could live and keep his business the

agricultural use was combined with symbolic one. The building is a testimony to Tresham faith.

Plate 1: Rushton Triangular Lodge

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2. History Background

Tresham lived in a Protestant England at the time Catholics were regarded by Elizabeth’s

government with great suspicion, heavily penalized and sometimes were put to death.

After twelve years during which he was barred from visiting his home by imprisonment for his

religious believes, he was allowed to return to Rushton and in 1593, he constructed the Lodge as an

assertion of his faith. Above all he used to express the Holy Trinity of Christian belief: the father; the

son; and the Holy Ghost. The Lodge is a stone hymn to the number three (Heritage, Rushton

Triangular Lodge , 2004).

The idea of representing the Trinity and the number three in a building appealed to Tresham also

because a group of trefoils feature in the family name sometimes spelt Tresham –“I am three”. His

attention was emphasized by what appeared to him when he was in prison at Ely in 1590. He and

his servants were reading a piece on the existence of God and suddenly, three loud knocks were

given on the table (British Library, Add.MS39831).

Although dominated by symbolism of the Trinity, the Triangular Lodge express much more:

Christian power and splendour of God; Tresham devotion to the cult of Virgin Mary and the central

Catholic rite the Mass: and his pride in being a Tresham. In Incorporating this representations he

was crafting what the Elizabethans called a `device`, an manifestation of ideas in a form that cannot

immediately be comprehended (Laurence Shafe, 2010).

Although he later wrote an explanation of the religious decorations in prison, the full meaning of

the Lodge form and decoration has been lost.

The park trees used to connect the Hall to the Lodge (18th or early 19th century landscape). The

lodge initially stood in open ground, surrounded by hundreds of rabbits in the grass.

Plate 2: Ruston Hall 1741 - The lodge is visible in the distance (top right)

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3. Location and relationship to wider landscape through history

3.1. Location and topography

The Triangular Lodge is located in, Rushton, Northamptonshire (NGR SP 83040 83035: Fig.2). It lies

1 mile West of Rushton, on an unclassified road three miles from Desborough on the A6. It was

formerly part of the Rushton Hall estate. The lodge is a stone built structure of triangular plan. The

natural geology of the site is Northampton Sand Ironstone (Archaeology, 2007). The lodge stands in

a small tree planted enclosure on the edge of the park of Rushton Hall, where sr. Thomas Tresham

lived (Heritage, Rushton Triangular Lodge , 2004).

Fig.1: Site Location

@Crown copyright. All rights reserved

Northamptonshire C.C no.100019331

Scale 1:10,000

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3.2 Historic Environment

The site contains no designated historic assets, but there are a number of assets within the village

and immediate surroundings.

Historically the site is characterised within the Historic Landscape Character Assessment as lying

across a clay plateau and part of the former Rockingham Forest, with fields enclosed sometime in

the 16th century by clearing forest for agricultural land, a practice which continued until the 19th

and 20th centuries. Rushton has Conservation Areas covering the majority of the village.

Triangular Lodge is a Grade I listed building (L.B.-UID: DNN4649) and also a Scheduled Ancient

Monument (SAM: DNN3218). In addition the historic assets near to the site are Rushton Hall, listed

Grade I (L.B:DNNN4725) (Commissioned by Sir John Tresham in 1438), set within the boundary

walls is Rushton Hall Park listed Grade II and also within the grounds of Rushton Hall there are

eleven other listed buildings and structures. Rushton village has All Saints Church listed Grade II

(L.B:DNN1925) and 5 other Grade II listed buildings.

(http://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/, 1999)

Fig.2: Historic Environment map

@Crown copyright and database rights 2013 Ordnance Survey 100019331

Triangular Lodge

Grade I & II Buildings

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4. Architectural styles evident from historical records and standing archaeology and

Change of use/function evident from historical records and standing archaeology

The remains of the rabbit warren at Rushton Triangular Lodge include both earthwork and

structural features surviving in good condition. The lodge is rare not only as a complete survival of a

warrens lodge but also as an example of an Elizabethan architectural `device'. The particular design

of the building is a manifestation of philosophical and religious ideas at a particular period, and as

such is of both architectural and historical importance. It is historically well documented and

associated with a prominent individual of whose works it is one of only three complete examples.

Both the warren and the lodge are of further interest as elements of a post- medieval landscaped

park. The site has remained relatively unaffected by modern activity and has never been excavated,

indicating a high potential for the survival of buried archaeological deposits. Through structural,

earthwork and buried remains the monument will therefore preserve valuable evidence for the

occupation and use of rabbit warrens during the peak period of warren construction (Heritage,

Rushton Triangular Lodge , 2004).

The building was intended to be a rabbit warren where the animals would be kept before they were

sold. It is also thought to have been a destination for the Tresham family during walks. But, most

significantly, historians think that there is probability Mass would have been celebrated during the

night on occasion there. Tresham leased a deer park at Brigstock, few miles away, it also had a

small lodge and evidence shows that Mass was held there. But prevent getting caught; the location

was changed. In the upper room of Triangular Lodge, there are references to the Mass such as the

writing “SSSDDS” (Sanctus Sanctus Sanctus Dominus Deus Sabaoth) (Page, 1930).

5. Particularities seen in material and/or building styles/Christian symbolism

The exterior walls are assembled of alternating sequences of light and dark limestone resting on

roughly blocks; the quoins, window dressings and other architectural details are pick out in white

limestone. The total boundary of the building is 100ft, divided into three sides each 33'4" in length;

each side is divided into three (See appendix 1).

On each face are three rows of three windows corresponding to three internal storeys.

The windows of the ground floor are larger and more elaborate: the central light of each is cut in

the shape of a cross (See appendix 6). Each window is square, carved with shields (see appendix 7)

here, as elsewhere on the building, the shields are principally those of the Tresham and related

families (Pevsner, 1973).

The entrance to the building, a rectangular doorway is reached from stone steps; on the top is the

number 5555, believed to designate the date of the building calculated from Creation.

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Over the doorway is a shield and the inscription TRES TESTIMONIUM DANT (See Plate 4), set in a

panel which combines the trefoil with the triangle. This panel cuts into a string- course which

divides the ground floor from the upper storey, and above are the letters and numbers which

represent Tresham's initials (south west side) and the date the building, 1593 (south east and north

sides).

The upper windows are set in rectangular panels, each as a large trefoil, differently cut and small

lights (See appendices 3&4).

Above is a classical cornice, with rainwater heads in the form of angels; on the cornice are three

Latin inscriptions of 33 letters each, taken from the Bible and below it another of six letters on each

side.

At roof level are three gables with an obelisk; each gable as an inscription and a square panel,

carved with a religious emblem and the one on the middle fixed with a sundial (See Plate 5).

At the centre of the roof is a chimney of triangular section, decorated with trefoils, inscriptions and

emblems symbolic of the Mass.

The interior of the building has three storeys: The principal room on each floor is hexagonal in

shape and a spiral staircase connecting the three storeys (see appendix 5).

The ground floor includes a small lobby connecting the exterior doorway. At this level each of the

three windowless walls is ornamented with a carved shield with a rectangular panel on each side;

On the upper floor, now open to the roof, is a fireplace with a cast-iron surround of 19th century,

and a small chamber. The basement would have been used for the storage of tools and traps.

There’s only natural light (see appendix 2).

The lodge stands within a sub triangular enclosure which includes the remains of parts of the rabbit

warren which occupied this corner of Rushton Park (Heritage, http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/,

1999).

In the northern part of the enclosure, running parallel with the adjacent road is a mound

approximately 50m long. This feature is thought to represent a “pillow” mound constructed to

house rabbits. In the south western part of the enclosure is a well.

The enclosure is alleged to include the buried remains of outbuildings and other features associated

with the use of the warren and lodge (Pevsner, 1973) . Due the proximity of the enclosure to the

building, Photogrammetry was not possible to be undertaken.

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1 - Above the entrance are the numbers 5555 and the inscription” TRES TESTIMNIUM DANT”:

2 - The letters above the first-floor windows spell out the word MENTES

3 - The letters in the frieze below the gables read APERIATUR TERRA ET GERMINET SALVATOREM

4 - The panel on the left gable shows a seven-branched candlestick and that on the right seven `eyes`.

5 - The date on the left gable is 3898 and that on the right 3509; the central gable reads RESPICITE

6 - The monogram HIS appears on the chimney

Plate 4: The South - Este Front| J.A. Gotch (1882)& legend

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1 - The letters above the first- floor windows spell out the word TUORUM

2 - The letters in the frieze below the gables read QUIS SEPARABIT NOS A CHARITATE CHRISTI

3 - The panel on the left gable shows a dove with chicks and that on right the pelican feeding her young

4 - The date on the gable is 1641 and that on the right 1626; the inscription on the central gable reads NON

MIHI

5 - On this side of the chimney is the emblem of the Lamb of God carrying a cross, above the word ECCE

Plate 5: The North Front | J.A. Gotch (1882)& legend

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1The letter above the first-floor windows spell out VISITA

2 - THE LETTERS in the frieze below the gables read CONSIDERAVI OPERA TUA DOMINE ET EXPAVI

3 - The panel on the left gable shows a dove on the head of a serpent coiled around a globe, and that on the

right hand issuing from the Sun and touching the earth

4 - The date on the left gable is 1595 and that on the right 1580; the inscription on the central gable reads

SOLI LABORAVI

5 - On this side of the chimney is a chalice, and the words SALUS

Plate 6: The South – West Front | J.A. Gotch (1882)& legend

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[Escreva um trecho do documento ou o resumo de um ponto interessante. Pode posicionar a caixa de texto

em qualquer ponto do documento. Utilize o separador Ferramentas de Desenho para alterar a formatação

da caixa de texto do trecho em destaque.]

5.1 Sir Gyles Isham Explains the Symbolism

Sir Gyles Isham is the author of 'Sir Thomas Tresham and His Buildings', which appeared in a 1966

publication of the 'Reports and Papers of the Northamptonshire Antiquarian Society' (Volume LXV

Part II). Sir Gyles Isham, under the heading 'The Symbolism Explained' describes the motifs and

words, which decorate the building and he goes on to explain their sacred symbolism (Isham,

1966).

The Main Body of the Lodge

“

South-East Front (See Plate 4 and legend)

'Over the entrance door on the south-east front of the Lodge are the words: TRES TESTIMONIUM

DANT - There are three that bear witness is taken from the first epistle of St John. “This is the

doctrine of the Holy Trinity to which the whole building "bears witness".

APERIATUR TERRA ET GERMINET SALVATOREM - “Let the earth open and bring forth a saviour”.

This is from Isaiah, XLV v8. The motifs on this side include: ‘the seven-branched candlestick, the

seven eyes of God', which indicate 'the first person of the Trinity, God the Father'.

Over The Top Windows

The symbolism of 'three' is also in the very building, as well as the quotes which adorn it:

The building is Three-sided and each has an illusion to one person of the Holy Trinity. The letters

round the building over. The top windows read: MENTES TUORUM VISITA -” Visit the minds of thy

people”, this is the second line of the Latin hymn to the Holy Ghost, the Veni Creator.

On The Central Gables

The words on the central gables of each face read: RESPICITE NON MIHI SOLI LABORAVI –

“consider that I laboured not for myself “, this is from Ecclesiastes XXXIII v18 - clearly an illusion to

the builder, who intended his work to teach others.

The North Side (see Plate 5 and legend)

The north face bears the legend on the entablature: QUIS SEPARABIT NOS A CHARITATE CHRISTI –

“Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?” this is from St Paul's epistle to the Romans VIII v35,

the motifs on this side include: 'Hen and chickens and the Pelican in her piety ['an old Christian

idea'], expressive of the second person of the Trinity, God the Son.'

The South-West Side (see Plate 6 and legend)

Here, 'the legend reads: CONSIDERAVI OPERA TUA DOMINE ET EXPAVI – “I have considered thy

words, O Lord, and been afraid”, this is an expansion of Habakkuk III v2. DOMINE AUDIVI

AUDITIONEM TUAM ET TIMUI. The words consideravi, timui, used on the Mass of Good Friday’

The motifs on this side include: 'the dove upon a serpent coiled about the globe, a hand issuing

from a sun (Pentecostal fire)', 'suggestive of the third person of the Trinity.”

Table 1 - Isham Explains the Symbolism

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The Triangular Chimney (see Plate 7)

“Chimney South-East Side

'ESTO MIHI, a contraction of Psalm XXX v4. - ESTO MIHI IN DEUM PROTECTOREM, ET IN LOCUM

REFUGII, UT SALUM ME FACIAS - "Be thou my strong rock, for a house of defence to save me."

Vulgate Knox Bibles, "Be though my God and protector, my stronghold of defence, to save me from

peril”. Monogram IHS with a cross above, and the three nails used on the cross below, enclosed in

an octagon, signifying regeneration'.

Chimney North Side

Legend: 'ECCE, the first word the priest speaks when giving Mass to the faithful: "Ecce agnus dei.

ecce qui tollis peccata mundi" - "Behold the Lamb of God, behold Him who takes away the sins of

the world").

Emblem: 'Lamb of God in a square (symbolising the four evangelists)'

Chimney South-West Side

Legend: 'SALUS, salvation obvious allusion to the words of the priest at Mass

Emblem: Tau (T), cross with a chalice, enclosed in a pentagon, which usually signifies salvation. The

Greek T or Tau also stands for Tresham.

The initial letters on the chimney breast above the pipes, give the sentence: SANCTUS SANCTUS

SANCTUS DOMINUS DEUS SABAOTH QUI ERAT ET QUI EST QUI VENTURUS EST “Holy Holy Holy

Lord God of Sabaoth”, come from Revelation, or Apocalypse, of St John IV v8 only, in the Bible,God

is described as "omnipotens" not "Sabaoth". The reason is clear. Tresham was thinking of the end

of the Preface, just before the Canon of the Mass begins, where the word is "Sabaoth” “

Table 2: Isham Explains the Symbolism | continued

Plate 7: The Triangular Chimney| J.A. Gotch (1882)

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6. Relationship of the material evidence to wider social, economic and political history

Early warrens were mostly associated with the higher levels of society; however, gradually they

spread in popularity, by the 16th and 17th centuries they were a common feature on most manors

and estates through the country (Pevsner, 1973).

The profits from a successfully managed warren could, be considerable and many parts in lowland

England were set aside for warrens at the expense of agricultural land. Although relatively

common, warrens are important for their associations with other classes of monument, including

various forms of settlement, like deer parks and field systems. They may also provide evidence of

the economy of both secular and ecclesiastical estates (J., 1971).

The lodge is rare not only as a complete survival of a warren’s lodge but also as an example of an

Elizabethan architectural “device”. The unique design of the building is a manifestation of

philosophical and religious ideas at a particular period, and as such is of both architectural and

historical importance (Heritage, Rushton Triangular Lodge , 2004).

6.1 The presence of Roman Catholic Christian Symbolism in the Lodge

To understand Tresham and his religious architecture, it is necessary to understand a little about

the relevant period in England's religious history.

Christianity was the official religion of 16th century England, but the version of Christianity rolled

back and forth between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism, that choice could be a matter of life

and death. Religion and politics could not be separated at that time.

Tresham was a politician and well-educated he was also a substantial land-owner, having inherited

large Northamptonshire estates (Rushton and Lyvedon) at the age of 15. Very few people, in 16th

century England, had the ability and money to build themselves a stone folly in the grounds of a

mansion (He also designed other properties, including the unfinished, cruciform Lyvedon New Bield

and he was responsible for the initial stages of Rothwell's cruciform 'Market house') (Page, 1930).

Very few Englishmen also had the title 'Sir'. Tresham was knighted, by Protestant Queen Elizabeth.

However, he lost favour, when it became apparent that he was not willing to accept the Elizabethan

church.

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7. Legislation associated with building

“Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAMs) ‘Scheduling’ is the process through which nationally important archaeological sites and monuments are given legal protection by being placed on a list, or ‘schedule’. Sites in England are identified by English Heritage. The current legislation, the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979, supports a formal system SMC for any work to a designated monument. Scheduling is the only legal protection specifically for archaeological sites, but can also be applied to standing structures, such as the Close wall. When a building is both listed and scheduled, SMC takes priority. The Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990 - Section 66(1) of the Act states that in consideration of whether to grant planning permission the Local Planning Authority shall have special regard to the desirability of preserving the listed building or its setting or any feature of special architectural or historic interest.

Policy 26: ‘Protecting and Enhancing the Region’s Natural and Cultural Heritage’ This policy states that the regions natural and cultural heritage should be protected, enhanced and managed appropriately setting out various principles, including that damage to natural and historic assets should be avoided, unavoidable damage should be compensated for, minimised and clearly justified by the need for the development in that location which outweighs the damage, and the best and most versatile agricultural land should not be lost.

Policy 27: ‘Regional Priorities for the Historic Environment’ This policy states that Local Authorities should understand, conserve and enhance the historic environment and that in the growth areas development should promote sensitive change of the historic environment. To achieve this Local Authorities should identify and assess the significance of historic assets and their settings, use characterisation to understand the past’s contribution to the landscape in areas of change.”

PPG15: ‘Planning and the Historic Environment’ this sets out the Government policies for the identification and protection of historic buildings, conservation areas, and other elements of the historic environment. It also reiterates the Government’s commitment to the concept of sustainable development and notes its relevance to the preservation of the historic environment, however, it also states that ‘the historic environment of England is all-pervasive, and it cannot in practice be preserved unchanged’. It is therefore important to identify what is special in the historic environment and define through the development systems its capacity for change. PPG16: ‘Archaeology and Planning’PPG16 sets out government policy on archaeological remains, and how they should be preserved or recorded both in an urban setting and in the countryside. It gives advice on the handling of archaeological remains and discoveries under the development plan and control systems, including the weight to be given to them in planning decisions and the use of planning conditions.” (http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/1-2/49/contents, 2009)

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8. Conclusions

Rushton Triangular Lodge is a surprising building full of individuality merely more than ornamental.

Focus in references to the number three, symbolic of the holy trinity: it has three storeys and three

walls, each thirty three feet long with tree windows and three gables. The exterior also features

trefoils and biblical quotations together with numbers, and although various have attempted to

interpret these symbolisms, some remain enigmatic, lost in Tresham individual manoeuvre.

Allegedly it was built for the warren at Rushton so he could live and keep his business; the

agricultural use was combined with symbolic one. However there is the unverified possibility that

Mass could have been celebrated there.

Triangular Lodge is a Grade I listed building and a Scheduled Ancient Monument therefore all

polices and legislation regarding the desirability of preserving the listed building or its setting or any

feature of special architectural or historic interest should be held in high interest.

The lodge is rare not only as a complete survival of a warren’s lodge but also as an example of an

Elizabethan architectural “device”. The unique design of the building is a manifestation of

philosophical and religious ideas at a particular period, and as such is of both architectural and

historical importance. It is historically well documented and associated with the singularity of the

work; it is one of only three complete examples. Both the warren and the lodge are of further

interest as elements of a post-medieval landscaped park. The site has remained relatively

unaffected by modern activity and has never been excavated, indicating a high potential for the

survival of buried archaeological deposits.

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9. Future research Recommendations

The enclosure is alleged to include the buried remains of outbuildings and other features

associated with the use of the warren and lodge, it has never been excavated, indicating a high

potential for the survival of buried archaeological deposits. It would be interesting to

understand better these features and remains, using a minor invasive technique like a metal

detecting procedure or a Geophysical survey.

It also could be pondered a small test pit; in the south western part of the enclosure is a well,

this would be a good sector, considering those areas are usually full of activity.

It will also be of interest to investigate further more the change of use/function evidence of the

building, into the possibility of Mass being celebrated there; considering Tresham leased a deer

park, few miles away; with a small lodge. Evidence shows that Mass was held there.

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10. References

Archaeology, N. (2007). An Archaeological Investigation on land next to . Rushton, Northamptonshire.

Heritage, E. (1999). http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/. Retrieved 05 05, 2013

Heritage, E. (2004). Rushton Triangular Lodge .

Isham, G. (1966). Sir Thomas Tresham and His Buildings. Reports and Papers of the Northamptonshire

Antiquarian Society, Vol.LXV - Part II.

J., S. (1971). Rabbits and their history.

P.A.J, P. (1968). The Royal Forest Of Northamptonshire. Northamptonshire Record Society, 24,28-9.

Page, W. (1930). A History of the County of Northamptonshire. Victoria County History, vol.3 - 168-173.

Pevsner, N. (1973). The Buildings of England - Northamptonshire. Pevsner Architectural Guides.

Laurence Shafe. (2010). Art and Architecture at the Tudor Court. Retrieved 05 05, 2013, from

http://www.shafe.co.uk/art/tudor

Historic envoironment map - http://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/. (1999). Retrieved 05 05, 2013

The National Archives.http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/Eliz2/1-2/49/contents. (2009, 08 04). Retrieved

05 05, 2013

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Figures

Fig 1: Site Location

Fig 2: Historic Environment Map - http://www.northamptonshire.gov.uk/. (1999). Retrieved 05 05,

2013

Plates

Plate 1: Photography, Rushton Triangular Lodge taken in 30/04/2013 during site visit

Plate 2: Ruston Hall 1741 accessed 05/05/2013 http://resource.rockingham-forest-trust.org.uk/

Plate 3: Triangular Lodge Plans NMR accessed 05/05/2013 www.english-heritage.org.uk

Plate 4: The South - East front |J.A. Gotch (1882) Source: RIBA British Architectural Library Drawings

& Archives Collection

Plate 5: The North Front | J.A. Gotch (1882) Source: RIBA British Architectural Library Drawings &

Archives Collection

Plate 6: The South - West Front | J.A. Gotch (1882) Source: RIBA British Architectural Library

Drawings & Archives Collection

Plate 7: The Triangular Chimney| J.A. Gotch (1882) Source: RIBA British Architectural Library

Drawings & Archives Collection

Plate 8: Photography of basement taken in 30/04/2013 during site visit

Plate 9: Upper windows detail | J.A. Gotch (1882) Source: RIBA British Architectural Library

Drawings & Archives Collection

Plate 9.1: Photography of Upper window in interior taken in 30/04/2013 during site visit

Plate 10: Photography of spiral staircase connecting the three storeys, taken in 30/04/2013 during

site visit

Plate 11: Plate 11: Photography of window of the ground floor: the central light of each is cut in the

shape of a cross. Also access spiral staircase and Tresham Family trefoil shield, taken in 30/04/2013

during site visit.

Plate 12:

Table 1: Isham Explains the Symbolism

Table 2: Isham Explains the Symbolism continued

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11. Appendices

Appendix 1

Plate 3: Triangular Lodge Plans - English Heritage. NMR

http://www.heritage-explorer.co.uk/web/he/searchdetail.aspx?id=10456&crit=&cid=54&large=1 accessed

05/05/2013

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Appendix 2

Plate 8: Photography of basement taken in 30/04/2013 during site visit

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Appendix 3

Plate 9: Upper windows details| J.A. Gotch (1882) Source: RIBA British Architectural Library Drawings

& Archives Collection

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Appendix 4

Plate 9.1: Photography of Upper window in interior taken in 30/04/2013 during site visit.

Appendix 5

Plate 10: Photography of spiral staircase connecting the three storeys, taken in 30/04/2013 during site visit

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Appendix 6

Plate 11: Photography of window of the ground floor: the central light of each is cut in the shape of a cross

Also access spiral staircase and Tresham Family trefoil shield, taken in 30/04/2013 during site visit.

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Appendix 7

Plate 12: Detail draw of Square, carved with shields window left hand side of the entrance