pakistan's 'lost' anthem

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1 Published in The Fountain Ink, August 07, 2012 (http://fountainink.in/?p=2397) Pakistan’s ‘lost’ anthem How poet Jagan Nath Azad’s national anthem for Pakistan—its first—was quickly replaced and forgotten By Beena Sarwar Like most Pakistani children I grew up singing the country’s national anthem every morning at school assembly. Our rotund music teacher Mrs Lobo would pound out the tune out on the school piano as rows of uniformed boys and girls obediently mouthed the words, “Pak sar zameen shaad baad…”, Blessed be the sacred land. Some jokers would strike a discordant note to make their classmates laugh. I doubt any of us ever thought about the meaning of the heavily Persianised words. We all knew that the lyrics of this anthem were written by the late poet Hafiz Jallandari several years after the country was born. Until then, there was no anthem. Or so we thought. It wasn’t until fairly recently that I discovered, from a most unexpected source, that there was an earlier anthem – sanctioned by the country’s founder, broadcast by Radio Pakistan when the country gained independence, but not adopted ‘officially’.

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Published  in  The  Fountain  Ink,  August  07,  2012  (http://fountainink.in/?p=2397)    

Pakistan’s  ‘lost’  anthem    

   

How  poet  Jagan  Nath  Azad’s  national  anthem  for  Pakistan—its  first—was  quickly  replaced  and  forgotten  

 By  Beena  Sarwar  

 Like  most  Pakistani  children  I  grew  up  singing  the  country’s  national  anthem  every  morning  at  school  assembly.  Our  rotund  music  teacher  Mrs  Lobo  would  pound  out  the  tune  out  on  the  school  piano  as  rows  of  uniformed  boys  and  girls  obediently  mouthed  the  words,  “Pak  sar  zameen  shaad  baad…”,  Blessed  be  the  sacred  land.  Some  jokers  would  strike  a  discordant  note  to  make  their  classmates  laugh.  I  doubt  any  of  us  ever  thought  about  the  meaning  of  the  heavily  Persianised  words.    We  all  knew  that  the  lyrics  of  this  anthem  were  written  by  the  late  poet  Hafiz  Jallandari  several  years  after  the  country  was  born.  Until  then,  there  was  no  anthem.  Or  so  we  thought.      It  wasn’t  until  fairly  recently  that  I  discovered,  from  a  most  unexpected  source,  that  there  was  an  earlier  anthem  –  sanctioned  by  the  country’s  founder,  broadcast  by  Radio  Pakistan  when  the  country  gained  independence,  but  not  adopted  ‘officially’.      

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It  was  August  2009.  I  was  returning  to  Karachi  from  Lahore,  about  an  hour  and  a  half  long  flight.  Bored,  I  reached  into  the  seat  pocket  before  me  to  pull  out  Humsafar,  Pakistan  International  Airlines’  glossy  bi-­‐monthly  in-­‐flight  magazine  featuring  articles  in  English  and  in  Urdu.  Flipping  through  the  colourful  pages  I  came  across  a  piece  titled  ‘Pride  of  Pakistan’  by  someone  called  Khushboo  Aziz.  Under  a  sub-­‐headline,  “Pakistan’s  National  Anthem”,  were  the  somewhat  grandiose  words:      “Quaid-­‐e-­‐Azam  (‘the  great  leader’  as  Jinnah  is  called)  being  the  visionary  that  he  was  knew  an  anthem  would  also  be  needed,  not  only  to  be  used  in  official  capacity  but  inspire  patriotism  in  the  nation.  Since  he  was  secular  minded,  enlightened,  and  although  very  patriotic  but  not  in  the  least  petty  Jinnah  commissioned  a  Hindu,  Lahore-­‐based  writer,  Jagan  Nath  Azad  three  days  before  independence  to  write  a  national  anthem  for  Pakistan.”    

The  article  included  a  photo  of  the  poet,  with  white  hair  and  thick-­‐rimmed  glasses,  and  a  solemn  expression,  and  the  first  stanza  of  the  anthem:      Aé  sarzameené  paak  Zarray  teray  haéñ  aaj  sitaaroñ  se  taabnaak  Roshan  haé  kehkashaañ  se  kaheeñ  aaj  tayree  khaak  Aé  sarzameené  paak    (O  pure  land  /  The  stars  illuminate  each  particle  of  yours  /  Your  very  dust  is  today  brighter  than  a  rainbow  /  O  pure  land)*.    That  was  my  introduction  to  an  issue  that  has  for  me  come  to  symbolise  the  

adhocism  that  has  prevailed  in  Pakistan,  and  the  polarisation  between  right-­‐wing  zealots  and  those  who  want  a  country  based  on  progressive  and  liberal,  if  not  secular,  values.    The  anthem  was  discontinued  some  time  after  Jinnah’s  death  in  September  1948.  An  official  National  Anthem  Committee  (NAC)  was  formed  In  December  that  year.  By  1950,  there  was  still  no  official  anthem,  but  the  NAC  approved  a  tune  to  be  played  for  the  Shah  of  Iran’s  impending  state  visit.      I  have  a  half  forgotten  childhood  memory  of  my  mother’s  older  brother,  the  journalist  Zawwar  Hasan  (who  came  to  Pakistan  from  Allahabad,  India,  in  1949),  laughingly  telling  us  about  a  reporter  friend  who  visited  China  in  the  early  1950s.  

* My translation 1 Loose translation, mine.

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Asked  about  Pakistan’s  national  anthem,  too  embarrassed  to  confess  that  his  country  didn’t  have  an  offical  anthem,  the  reporter  sang  some  nonsensical  rhyme,  ‘laralapa  laralapa’.    The  NAC  continued  to  seek  submissions  for  an  official  anthem,  eventually  selecting  Jallandari’s  lyrics  from  among  723  entries,  in  1952.  Jallandari  was  a  member  of  the  National  Anthem  Committee,  but  questions  about  a  possible  conflict  of  interest  seem  to  have  arisen.    The  Humsafar  article  termed  Azad’s  song  as  “the  anthem  for  Pakistan’s  Muslims,”  apparently  forgetting  about  the  country’s  non-­‐Muslim  citizens.  Even  after  the  forced  migrations  on  either  side,  in  the  early  years,  West  Pakistan  still  had  a  10  per  cent  non-­‐Muslim  population,  and  East  Pakistan  about  25  per  cent.  Pakistan’s  non-­‐Muslim  population  is  symbolised  by  the  white  stripe  in  Pakistan’s  flag  (this  design  element  is  often  overlooked  but  those  who  think  about  it  see  it  as  a  critical  piece  of  symbolism,  the  essential  part  that  attaches  the  flag  to  the  pole;  others  rudely  refer  to  it  as  being  the  place  to  shove  the  flagpole  through).    The  article  provided  no  references,  but  searching  the  Internet  later  I  found  a  front  page  article  in  India’s  respected  daily  The  Hindu,  headlined:  ‘A  Hindu  wrote  Pakistan's  first  national  anthem’,  by  Luv  Puri,  a  Kashmiri  journalist.  ‘How  Jinnah  got  Urdu-­‐knowing  Jagannath  Azad  to  write  the  song,’  read  the  introduction  (June  19,  2005).    “As  the  debate  about  Jinnah's  secular  August  1947  vision  of  his  country  rages  on,  this  little  known  fact  will  be  of  public  interest,”  wrote  Puri,  after  the  opening  stanza  of  the  anthem  (also  quoted  in  the  Humsafar  article).      The  article  drew  from  an  interview  of  Azad  by  Puri  shortly  before  the  poet  passed  away,  aged  85,  on  July  24,  2004.  Movingly  titled  “My  last  wish  is  to  write  a  song  of  peace  for  both  India  &  Pakistan:  Azad”,  the  interview  was  published  in  the  website  of  Milli  Gazette  (New  Delhi,  Aug  16-­‐31,  2004).  It  focused  on  Azad’s  role  as  the  author  of  Pakistan’s  first  national  anthem,  which  “gives  him  a  special  place”  in  Pakistan’s  history,  said  the  brief  introduction.      Sadly,  Puri’s  assumption  that  Azad  occupies  a  ‘special  place’  in  Pakistan’s  history  is  a  trifle  misplaced  in  a  country  that  has  not  officially  acknowledged  Azad’s  contributions,  even  to  Urdu,  and  his  study  of  the  official  poet  Allama  Iqbal’s  works.  Although  the  literary  circles  in  Pakistan  have  always  held  Azad  in  high  esteem,  but  there  are  those  who  refuse  to  credit  him  as  the  author  of  the  country’s  first  anthem,  and  there  appears  to  be  little  place  for  him  in  Pakistan’s  official  narrative  or  public  discourse.    Talking  to  Puri  in  2004,  Azad  explained  how  he  came  to  write  the  anthem  (or  ‘tarana’):  “In  August,  1947  when  mayhem  had  struck  the  whole  Indian  subcontinent  I  was  in  Lahore  where  I  was  working  in  a  literary  newspaper.  All  my  relatives  had  left  for  India  and  for  me  to  think  of  leaving  Lahore  was  painful.  I  decided  to  stay  on  for  some  time  and  take  a  chance  by  staying  back.  Even  my  Muslim  friends  requested  me  to  stay  on  and  took  responsibility  of  my  safety.    

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 “On  the  morning  of  August  9,  1947,  there  was  a  message  from  Pakistan’s  first  Governor-­‐General,  Mohammad  Ali  Jinnah.  It  was  through  a  friend  working  in  Radio  Lahore  who  called  me  to  his  office.  He  told  me  ‘Quaid-­‐e-­‐Azam  wants  you  to  write  a  national  anthem  for  Pakistan’.  I  told  them  it  would  be  difficult  to  pen  it  in  five  days  and  my  friend  pleaded  that  as  the  request  has  come  from  the  tallest  leader  of  Pakistan,  I  should  consider  his  request.  On  much  persistence,  I  agreed.”    Why  him?  Azad  said  he  believed  the  answer  to  this  question  lay  in  Jinnah’s  Aug  11,  1947  speech  to  the  Constituent  Assembly  of  Pakistan  in  Karachi,  in  which  he  stressed  that  all  Pakistanis  would  be  equal  citizens  of  the  state,  regardless  of  religion:      

“You  are  free,  you  are  free  to  go  to  your  temples.  You  are  free  to  go  to  your  mosques  or  any  other  place  of  worship  in  this  State  of  Pakistan.  You  may  belong  to  any  religion  or  caste  or  creed.  That  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  business  of  the  state...      “We  are  starting  in  the  days  when  there  is  no  discrimination,  no  distinction  between  one  community  and  another.  We  are  starting  with  this  fundamental  principle  that  we  are  all  citizens  and  equal  citizens  of  one  State...      “I  think  you  should  keep  that  in  front  of  us  as  our  ideal,  and  you  will  find  that  in  the  course  of  time  Hindus  will  cease  to  be  Hindus  and  Muslims  will  cease  to  be  Muslims,  not  in  the  religious  sense  because  that  is  the  personal  faith  of  each  individual,  but  in  the  political  sense,  as  citizens  of  the  State.”    

 “It  is  for  historians  and  analysts  to  judge  what  made  Jinnah  sahib  to  make  this  speech,”  said  Azad.  “But  clearly  as  understood  by  the  speech  was  the  fact  he  wanted  to  create  a  secular  Pakistan,  despite  the  fact  the  whole  continent  particularly  the  Punjab  province  had  seen  a  human  tragedy  in  the  form  of  communal  massacres.”      He  added:  “Even  I  was  surprised  when  my  colleagues  in  Radio  Pakistan,  Lahore  approached  me  that  Jinnah  sahib  wanted  me  to  write  Pakistan’s  national  anthem.”  Asked  why,  they  said  that  Mr  Jinnah  wanted  the  anthem  to  be  written  by  an  ‘Urdu-­‐knowing  Hindu’.  If  this  was  so,  it  was  an  attempt  to  change  the  common  perception  of  Urdu  being  a  “Muslim”  language  and  Hindi  and  Sanskrit  as  “Hindu”.  For  the  generations  that  grew  up  before  Partition,  these  divisions  weren’t  as  strong.  Azad’s  father,  Tilok  Chand  Mehroom  was  himself  a  not  only  a  well-­‐known  Urdu  poet  but  also  a  noted  ‘naat  khwan’,  musically  reciting  Islamic  religious  poetry  at  gatherings    “I  believe  Jinnah  sahib  wanted  to  sow  the  roots  of  secularism  in  a  Pakistan  where  intolerance  had  no  place,”  said  Azad.        He  told  Puri  that  he  wrote  the  anthem  in  five  days,  and  Jinnah  approved  it  within  hours.  However,  Azad  himself  was  forced  to  leave  for  India  a  few  months  after  

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Independence,  a  decision  that  was  most  painful  for  him.  “The  situation  in  both  east  and  west  Punjab  was  becoming  worse  with  every  passing  day,”  he  told  Puri.  His  friends  who  in  September  1947  had  asked  him  to  stay  felt  that  even  they  would  not  be  able  to  protect  him  as  emotions  ran  high.  Many  Hindus  sought  shelter  in  refugee  camps,  and  Azad  felt  compelled  to  join  them.        “I  had  not  intended  to  leave  Lahore  in  a  hurry  -­‐  in  fact  I  wanted  to  stay  there  permanently.  It  so  happened  that  where  I  lived  was  a  predominantly  Hindu  area  and  the  Hindus  has  started  to  vacate  it  when  the  troubles  started,”  he  writes  in  his  memoirs  'AnkheiN  TarastiN  HaiN'    -­‐-­‐  My  Eyes  Thirst  (1981).  “A  few  of  us  had  decided  that  we  will  not  leave  our  homes  and  our  country  but  every  morning  brought  news  of  people  who  had  not  been  able  to  stick  to  this  decision  and  the  number  of  these  decision-­‐makers  was  reducing  day  by  day.  One  day  I  realised  that  I  was  the  only  remaining  Hindu  out  of  the  60,000  population  -­‐  everyone  had  left.  It  was  in  such  atmosphere  that  I  heard  my  Pakistan  anthem  being  broadcast  by  Radio  Lahore  on  the  night  of  14  August  1947”    

He  also  talks  about  this  broadcast  in  a  footnote  in  his  book  Hayat-­‐e-­‐Mehroom  (1987),  that  I  came  across  recently  on  the  Jagganath  Azad  website  -­‐  http://www.jagannathazad.info).      The  footnote  contains  a  startling  reference  to  an  anthem  by  Jallandari  broadcast  in  India  the  following  day.  “When  Radio  Pakistan  (Lahore)  made  the  announcement  of  the  founding  of  Pakistan  that  night,  it  was  followed  by  a  broadcast  of  my  National  Anthem  ‘Zarre  tere  hein  aaj  sitaaron  se  taabnaak,  Ai  sarzameen-­‐e-­‐Pak’.  The  other  side  of  this  image  is  that  on  the  next  day,  15  August  1947  –  when  India  was  celebrating  its  independence  –  Hafeez  Jalandhari’s  anthem  ‘Ai  watan,  Ai  India,  Ai  Bharat,  Ai  Hindustan’  was  broadcast  by  All  India  Radio  (Delhi)”.    Azad’s  1981  memoir  includes  a  profoundly  moving  account  of  his  departure  from  his  beloved  Lahore.  The  bus  full  of  refugees  he  was  in,  bound  for  the  city  of  Amritsar  across  the  new  border,  stopped  briefly  near  the  grandly  colonial  Municipal  Corporation  building  in  the  heart  of  the  city.  Looking  out  the  window,  Azad  saw  'Maulana’  (Salahuddin  Ahmed)  “standing  at  a  street  corner,  gazing  numbly  at  the  buses  and  trucks  packed  with  refugees  headed  out  of  Lahore”.  (Ahmed,  a  member  of  Lahore’s  literary  circles,  was  the  maternal  grandfather  of  the  well  known  lawyers,  sisters  Asma  Jahangir  and  Hina  Jillani).      “Suddenly  his  eyes  fell  upon  me  and  he  ran  towards  the  bus.  He  wanted  to  say  something  to  me  but  the  words  caught  in  his  throat  and  his  eyes  grew  moist.  I  did  not  say  anything  either.  The  bus  departed  and  we  were  left  gazing  in  each  other’s  direction.”    The  well-­‐known  writer  Zahida  Hina,  who  knew  him  personally,  cites  this  account  in  her  obituary  of  Azad  published  in  Urdu  daily  Jang  in  August  2004,  liltingly  titled  ‘Maut  chahe  bhi  tau  naam  uss  ka  mitta  sakti  nahin’  (Death,  even  if  it  wants,  cannot  erase  his  name).  Paying  tribute  to  him,  she  comments  on  the  tragedy  of  the  man  who  wrote  Pakistan’s  first  national  anthem  at  such  short  notice,  in  

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compliance  with  the  wishes  of  the  country’s  founder,  being  forced  to  leave  his  homeland.      Azad  visited  Pakistan  often  for  literary  events  and  meetings,  and  was  always  received  warmly  and  enthusiastically  by  Pakistani  writers  and  poets.  But  his  pain  at  returning  to  his  ‘homeland’  as  a  ‘guest’  was  tangible,  and  is  reflected  in  

the  poem  he  spontaneously  recited  on  returning  for  the  first  time  for  a  literary  event.      Tumhare  wastey  ae  doston  mein  

aur  kya  lata  Watan  ki  subh  tak  sham-­‐e-­‐ghareeban  le  ke  aya  hoon  

Mein  apne  ghar  mein  aya  hoon  magar  andaz  tau  dekho  

Ke  apne  aap  ko  manind  mehman  le  ke  aya  hoon  

 (What  else  could  I  bring  for  you,  O  friends,  To  the  dawn  of  this  country  I  bring  the  mourning  of  night  I  have  come  to  my  own  home  but  look  at  how  I’ve  come  That  I  have  brought  myself  here  as  if  I’m  a  guest…)1  

 In  India,  Azad’s  knowledge  of  Urdu  and  his  expertise  on  Allama  Iqbal  –  Pakistan’s  national  poet  who  is  credited  with  first  articulating  the  need  for  a  ‘separate  Muslim  nation’  -­‐-­‐  were  not  at  a  premium  either  but  he  stuck  to  his  guns.  Despite  working  in  a  government  position,  he  took  up  cudgels  on  against  the  right-­‐wing  lobby  that  tried  to  undermine  the  status  of  Iqbal  in  India.  He  was  also  an  outspoken  critic  of  attacks  on  Muslims  in  India.    But  Azad’s  secular,  non-­‐communal  vision,  his  love  for  Pakistan,  for  Urdu  and  for  Iqbal,  have  mattered  little  in  the  official  discourse  of  the  land  he  was  forced  to  leave.  His  departure  from  Pakistan  and  Jinnah’s  death  paved  the  way  for  the  anthem  to  be  scrapped.  “Hidden  hands”  as  the  late  respected  press  chronicler  Zamir  Niazi  put  it,  literally  censored  Jinnah’s  progressive,  secular  views  from  the  public  eye.  Jinnah’s  August  11,  1947  speech  was  never  included  in  school  textbooks  or  broadcast  on  the  radio.  The  battle  of  ideologies  in  Pakistan  includes  making  public  this  forgotten  narrative.      Perhaps  my  ignorance  about  Azad  and  his  anthem  can  be  excused  given  that  it  has  been  invisible  from  the  public  view  for  so  long.  Few  people  outside  the  literary  circles  knew  about  it,  even  journalists  like  my  uncle  and  his  friend  who  sang  the  nonsense  verses  in  China.      After  my  op-­‐ed  ‘Another  time,  another  anthem’  was  published  (Dawn,  September  19,  2009),  I  felt  even  more  foolish  when  I  learnt  that  so  many  people  I  know  

1 Loose translation, mine.

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were  familiar  with  this  narrative.  One  of  them  was  the  elderly  peace  activist  and  former  minister  Dr  Mubashir  Hasan  in  Lahore  who  sent  me  a  copy  of  Zahida  Hina’s  2004  obituary  of  Azad.  He  had  got  it  from  the  former  newspaper  editor  and  activist  I.A.  Rehman  who  heads  the  Human  Rights  Commission  of  Pakistan.  Rehman  Sahib  later  told  me  that  he  came  to  Pakistan  in  Nov  1947  and  remembers  Radio  Pakistan  playing  it.    Another  friend,  Zaheer  Alam  Kidvai,  who  introduced  Macintosh  computers  to  Pakistan  in  the  1980s  had  written  a  brief  blog  post  about  Azad’s  anthem  in  May  2009,  that  I  saw  only  later,  in  which  he  quoted  the  first  stanza  of  Azad’s  poem,  the  only  lines  he  could  recall.  He  remembered  the  “majestic  sound”  of  the  anthem  and  lamented  the  disappearance  of  the  “richness  of  the  band  due  so  much  to  the  sounds  of  the  instruments  of  that  time,  as  well  as  the  chorus  version”.    He  finds  the  current  anthem  “rather  martial  and  'glorious'  in  a  colonial  kind  of  way  …  which  is  how  people  steeped  in  nationalism  would  like  it  to  be.”    “People  steeped  in  nationalism”  also  rather  vehemently  oppose  the  notion  that  the  current  anthem  had  a  predecessor.  In  the  current  climate  of  hyper-­‐nationalism,  those  who  assert  the  alternative  narrative,  or  critique  the  current  national  anthem,  evoke  some  rather  vicious  responses.      The  ‘Azad  anthem’  narrative  relies  on  word  of  mouth  and  memories  rather  than  any  hard  evidence.  The  state-­‐owned  Radio  Pakistan  has  no  record  of  Azad’s  anthem,  as  the  current  Director  General  of  Radio  Pakistan,  Murtaza  Solangi  found  when  he  tried  to  plan  a  special  feature  on  Azad  in  2010.  Had  it  been  some  regular  bureaucrat,  I  might  have  been  sceptical  of  his  efforts.  But  I’ve  known  Murtaza  since  the  1980s  when  we  were  both  part  of  an  activist  theatre  group  called  Dastak  in  Karachi.  I  know  him  to  be  a  committed  and  sincere  person,  as  well  as  a  meticulous  researcher  and  journalist.  He  has  modernised  Radio  Pakistan,  brought  it  into  the  digital  age,  and  is  getting  old  archives  uploaded  to  the  Internet  in  an  effort  to  make  Pakistan’s  history  accessible  to  the  public.      In  this  spirit,  he  directed  his  staff  to  find  Mr  Jinnah’s  speech  of  August  11,  1947,  only  to  learn  that  this  too  was  missing.  The  BBC  and  All  India  Radio  (AIR)  have  also  been  unable  find  it  in  their  archives.  (‘India  says  it  does  not  have  Jinnah's  1947  speech’,  BBC,  8  June  2012).    “This  speech  is  very  important  for  people  who  want  to  direct  Pakistan  to  the  goal  of  a  modern,  pluralistic,  democratic  state,"  says  Murtaza.  “Unfortunately  in  1947,  radio  stations  in  what  is  now  Pakistan  did  not  have  proper  recording  facilities,  so  they  don’t  have  a  copy  of  the  historic  speech.”    “Jinnah  sahib's  Aug  11,  1947  speech  was  practically  censored  during  his  lifetime.  Had  those  people  succeeded,  there  would  be  people  now  saying  that  he  never  made  that  speech,”  Zahida  Hina  told  me  when  I  rang  her  after  reading  her  obituary  on  Azad.  “Just  because  there  are  no  official  records,  does  not  prove  anything  –  many  well  known  and  respected  figures  remember  hearing  this  

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anthem  on  Radio  Pakistan.  In  the  absence  of  a  record,  it's  Azad's  word  and  their’s,  against  anyone  else's.”    I  tried  to  apologise  to  her,  embarrassed  by  my  ignorance  but  she  brushed  it  aside  with  a  laugh,  saying,  “I  was  just  telling  someone  that  we  Urdu  writers  can  slog  away  but  it’s  only  when  someone  writes  the  same  thing  in  English  that  people  take  note.”      She  is  right,  of  course.  Her  observation  stems  from  the  status  of  English  compared  to  the  local  languages  in  Pakistan  –  English  is  still  the  language  of  power  in  this  former  British  colony.    “There  are  people  you  know  are  truthful,”  she  added.  “Jagannath  Azad  was  not  a  liar.  If  he  says  he  wrote  this  tarana  (anthem)  for  Pakistan,  at  the  behest  of  Mr  Jinnah,  I  believe  him.  If  there  are  people  who  choose  not  to  believe  him  because  there  is  no  'evidence',  then  that  is  their  choice.”    After  reading  an  article  in  2010  focusing  on  the  controversy  of  Azad’s  Pakistan  anthem,  Ilmana  Fasih,  an  Indian  doctor  and  blogger  was  reminded  of  an  incident  that  took  place  in  the  mid-­‐1970s  when  she  was  a  little  girl  growing  up  in  the  residential  compound  of  the  Kashmir  University  Campus  in  Srinagar.      Jagannath  Azad  was  a  friend  of  her  father’s  and  would  often  visit  their  home.  She  remembers  him  as  “a  man  of  few  words,  and  whenever  he  spoke,  it  was  mostly  Urdu  shayari  (poetry).  He  was  an  extremely  humble  man  too”.  One  day,  he  was  over,  reciting  his  poems  before  a  small  gathering  that  included  the  leading  Indian  writer  and  political  commentator  Balraj  Puri.  Young  Ilmana  barged  into  the  room  with  some  complaint  about  her  brother,  interrupting  the  poetry  recital.  Scolded  roundly  by  her  father  in  front  of  all  the  guests,  she  began  to  cry.      “In  order  to  diffuse  the  embarrassment,  Uncle  Azad  (as  we  called  him),  called  me  near  him  and  in  chaste  Urdu  tried  to  explain  to  me,  ‘Beti,  aise  guftugu  ke  darmiyan  bolna,  dakhl  dar  maqoolat  kehlata  hai’  (Child,  to  interrupt  such  a  discussion  is  termed  as  interference  of  your  elders).    “I  was  barely  seven  or  eight  years  old,  I  did  not  even  get  a  tenth  of  what  he  was  saying.  And  instead  of  heeding  his  advice,  in  a  tearful  state,  I  almost  mindlessly  fired  another  silly  question,  ‘Uncle,  how  come  you  know  such  hard  Urdu?’”    What  she  meant,  without  saying  so  in  as  many  words  was  that,  “Uncle  you  aren’t  even  a  Muslim,  then  how  come  you  speak  such  good  Urdu?”    Azad  smiled  in  response  to  Ilmana’s  implied  question  and  her  father  tried  to  salvage  the  situation  by  saying:  “You  know  this  uncle  has  written  the  national  anthem  of  Pakistan.”      The  smile  became  sad  and  Azad  looked  down  as  tears  flooded  his  eyes,  remembers  Ilmana.  “My  father  got  up  and  gave  him  a  hug.  I  ran  out  of  the  room  again  playing,  without  realising  the  significance  of  the  information  my  father  had  

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given  me,  until  just  a  few  months  ago  when  I  read  an  article  about  the  controversy  around  the  national  anthem.”    

Balraj  Puri  wrote  in  his  obituary  about  Azad:  “We  often  debated  the  possible  impact  on  Pakistan’s  make-­‐up  and  its  relations  with  India  if  he  had  remained  a  citizen  of  Pakistan  and  enjoyed  a  respectable  status  there...  He  would  often  become  nostalgic  about  the  possibility.  The  very  fact  that  it  was  he  who  was  asked  to  write  the  first  national  anthem  of  Pakistan  within  less  than  a  week  before  its  formal  birth  indicates  the  potentiality  of  its  happening.”  (Milli  Gazette,  16-­‐31  Aug  2004).    So,  clearly,  Azad’s  achievement  was  no  secret  among  literary  circles.  He  referred  to  the  anthem  and  how  he  came  to  write  it,  in  various  interviews  and  on  his  visits  to  Pakistan,  as  well  as  in  his  1981  memoirs.  No  one  challenged  his  account  during  his  lifetime.  It  was  only  after  the  narrative  reached  the  mainstream  media  in  Pakistan  following  his  death  in  2004,  that  some  people  –  those  “steeped  in  nationalism”  –  began  to  contradict  it.      “I  trust  my  memory,  my  ears  and  the  uprightness  of  the  Uncle  Azad  I  knew,”  writes  Ilmana.  “People  who  draw  conclusions  about  the  history  written  in  Pakistan,  do  they  have  an  answer  to  the  question:  Why  did  the  National  Anthem  Committee  wait  three  months  after  the  demise  of  Quaid-­‐e-­‐Azam,  and  not  in  his  lifetime,  to  come  up  with  the  quest  for  a  new  anthem?”    We  now  have  access  to  Azad’s  complete  anthem  rather  than  the  first  few  stanzas  quoted  in  various  articles.  His  son  Chander  K.  Azad  emailed  me  a  scanned  copy  -­‐-­‐  which  he  himself  could  not  read  as  it  is  in  the  Urdu  script.  (‘Chiragh  taley  andhera’,  he  commented  

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wryly  in  his  accompanying  email  –  under  the  lamp,  darkness).  I’ve  posted  the  complete  poem,  with  a  transliteration  and  translation,  to  my  blog  and  it  is  now  also  available  on  other  websites  and  blogs,  including  the  Jagannath  Azad  website  that  has  since  been  developed.      There  is  no  doubt  that  Azad  wrote  this  anthem.  What  is  disputed,  in  the  absence  of  hard  evidence,  is  whether  Jinnah  commissioned  the  anthem,  whether  it  was  the  official  national  anthem  of  Pakistan  from  August  14,  1947  to  December  1948,  and  whether  Radio  Pakistan  broadcast  it  –  although  there  are  people  living  who  remember  hearing  it.      None  of  this  takes  away  from  the  fact  that  Azad  did  write  a  nationalist  poem  for  Pakistan.  Even  if  details  of  how  it  came  to  be  written  cannot  be  proved,  why  discard  it?  This  is  not  to  denigrate  the  official  anthem  by  Hafeez  Jallandari  but  to  re-­‐introduce  another  beautiful  anthem  on  merit.  It  shouldn’t  matter  who  the  writer  was,  although  the  fact  that  he  was  such  a  distinguished  poet  as  well  as  an  authority  on  Pakistan’s  national  poet  Iqbal,  should  go  in  his  favour.  There  are  many  nationalist  songs  that  Pakistanis  love,  own  and  sing  besides  the  national  anthem.  Why  not  add  Azad's  anthem  to  the  repertoire?  No  one  is  advocating  that  it  replace  the  present  national  anthem,  but  it  should  at  least  be  acknowledged  and  taught  to  school  children.  Owning  these  lyrics  would  go  a  long  way  towards  bridging  the  divide  that  has  been  created  between  Hindu  and  Muslim  and  by  extension,  between  India  and  Pakistan.      “Every  new  nation  has  to  go  through  the  process  of  nation  building  and  Pakistan  is  no  exception,”  said  Azad  in  his  last  interview  to  Luv  Puri.  “But  the  fact  remains  both  India  and  Pakistan  remain  bonded  to  a  centuries’  old  heritage,  which  cannot  be  broken  so  easily.  No  matter  what  happens,  I  believe  the  natural  bonds  between  the  two  countries  would  continue  to  exist.      “As  a  person  who  has  got  the  love  and  affection  of  both  Indians  and  Pakistanis,  it  would  be  my  last  wish  to  bring  the  two  nations  together.  As  a  poet,  I  want  to  make  a  humble  contribution  by  penning  a  ‘song  of  peace’  that  is  common  to  both  countries.  It  will  be  sung  by  millions  of  Indians  and  Pakistanis.  It  is  my  wish  that  one  day  the  people  of  the  two  countries  will  sing  the  songs  of  love  instead  of  hatred.”    Azad  did  not  live  to  pen  the  song  he  wanted.  Reviving  his  lost  anthem  could  go  a  long  way  towards  fulfilling  his  wish  for  peace  between  India  and  Pakistan  -­‐-­‐  and  contribute  to  an  alternative  discourse  incorporating  pluralism  and  diversity.      (ends)