not to be taken away

ITEM NO:1877299

NOT TO BE TAKEN AWAY

INTRODUCTION

The following section presents the topographic surveys undertaken for this study. The surveys

were made using a Total Station, theodolite, and the data produced recorded and entered into a

civil engineering program. With the exception of CastelT Arnallt, Penrhos and Mouse Castle 1 all

data transfer was performed electronically direct from the Total Station. The three sites

mentioned above were recorded by hand and the data inputted manually because use of the

programme had not been acquired at that time. Once the data was added to the program it was

defined and allocated different graphic representations, base plot, contour, cross section, and 3d

mesh. The software used is entirely interactive allowing for three dimensional measurements to

be questioned at a later time. These engineering formats were then imported into various

software applications in order that a graphic image could be produced for display.

The equipment used throughout the survey program was a Topcon GTS 212, Total Station and

the data produced was downloaded into Civi/Cad 5.5 where it was given graphic attributes: red

lines were tops of banks, green bottoms of banks, blue water limits and purple walls and fences.

This basic information was then used in various ways to provide the survey presentations:

DATA PROCESSING

Contours:

Once the basic shapes had been separated into their colour codes, break lines were set and

entered. (Break lines are noticeable changes in slope used to aid in producing contour plots). The

prepared survey data was then triangulated (divided into surface triangle sections), to produce a

Digital Terrain Model, DTM. The DTM provides the three dimensional data needed to produce

contour lines. Each site was assessed as to the spacing of the contour lines with the need to show

features dictated by the need to produce an understandable display. In some cases certain

features were revealed with a 0.10 m contour spacing but unfortunately the entire site displayed

in such a small calibration rendered the image produced a blurred mess.

Once a suitable setting had been achieved, the contour plot was imported as a DXF file into

AutoCad 2000 where scale bars were set. The scales produced in the displays are accurate to the

contour drawings and should be scaled accordingly if reproduced Overall scale setting for each

display was dictated by the amount of graphics required on an A4 page.

Si

As the sites vary from a few square meters to tens of thousands of square meters any rigid format

was not possible.

Once each image was scaled in AutoCad, it was saved as DFX files and imported into Adobe

Illustrator for final presentation. The settings used in Illustrator were:

Feature

Fence

Wall

1 m contour

0.5m

contour

Top of bank

Ditch

Stream

Path

damage

Stroke

Ipt

2pt

0.75pt

0.25pt

Ipt

Ipt

Ipt

Ipt

0.7pt

Cyan

95.69

0

2.35

2.35

6.67

91.37

92.58

69.92

0

Magenta

92.97

0

49.41

49.41

93.73

0

50

66.41

0

Yellow

0

0

91.76

91.76

94.51

100

1.56

64.45

0

Black

0

100

0

0

0.78

0

0

73.44

100

Dash

12_4_2_4_12

none

none

none

none

4_4

4_2_2_2_4

2_4_2_4

1_1_1_1

Cross sections:

The cross section detail was accessed from CivilCad 5.5 for each site but unfortunately the

software does not have the ability to save cross section profiles. The displays therefore had to be

saved by 'print screen' function and opened in Adobe Photoshop where they were cleaned up

before importing into Illustrator to be added and scaled to the contour drawings. Each cross

section is given a true horizontal base line so that overall slope can be seen in comparison to the

section profile. The location and direction of the profiles are indicated by the letter pairs.

3D mesh:The 3D mesh drawings are again produced in CivilCad 5.5 and saved as DXF files into

illustrator. In Illustrator the features of the site are drawn in using the detail of the contour map

as a template.The 3D mesh feature uses the DTM to produce a 3D surface based on squares. The size of the

squares can be adjusted to the suitability of the site; a small site using 0.5m squares and a large

expanse using 1 or 2 m squares. As with the scales, the choice is dictated by the site and the

features but ultimately by the available space on an A4 page.

Not all of the surveys have 3D mesh graphics because of problems with the software.

Sii

Over the period of the survey the original software CivilCad 5.5 was upgraded by various marks,

eventually becoming CivilCad 6.25. At some point between 5.7 and 6, the SDmesh facility was

dropped by the manufacturers and is no longer supported. There are five sites which have corrupt

data in the conversion software and cannot be opened as 3D meshes. These have therefore been

represented as the less suitable rendered image which CivilCad now support.

Survey detail:

The survey details for each site are fully interactive in 3D space which means that any

measurement can be calculated. Unfortunately, to record every conceivable measurement would

be a never ending task and so the measurements listed with the surveys have been confined to

those lying closest to the cardinal points. Some additional, maximum, measurements have been

included occasionally where deemed necessary.

Volumetric calculation:

This form of calculation is again based on the DTMs of each site but rather than use the old

CivilCad 5.5 version which was slightly problematic, each site's data was updated to CivilCad

6.25. The use of such calculations is at best speculation as they are based on data that can in no

way be an accurate reflection of an earthwork site at the point of its construction. To calculate a

volume of a motte one must first define a natural surface that it was built on, and measure it. To

do this the process requires the removal of the motte data which leaves a boundary of points with

Cartesian co-ordinates. This boundary is then interpolated across the site as a plane. An

assumption is made that before the motte was built the natural surface was either flat or a

continuation of any anomalies found at the edge of the chosen boundary. The volume calculation

for this boundary would be zero.

The next stage is to put the motte data back into the program and calculate the combined volume

from the same boundary. The method is called the Prism method and the formula used is:

Volume (Tri), =Area (Tri)* x (Mean Hgt Tri2 - Mean Hgt Tril)*

The resultant figure is the amount of earth in the motte. Of course the volume of the motte is that

measured during the survey and not what it consisted of when it was built.

The problem becomes even greater when a ditch is included because then the cut, below the

natural surface, and the fill, above the natural surface, are calculated against one another.

Obviously when measuring ditch fill there is no way of telling, without excavation, the original

Siii

depth of the ditch. In the situation where enough ditch is available, the method used is called

Sliced Prisms. Taking the natural surface plane as in the Prism method, set height/depth slices

are calculated within the range of the highest and lowest points within the boundary. The

formula for Sliced Prisms is:

Volume (Tri) = Area (Tri) x average delta z

The results are calculated as cut and fill from the bottom up. When the cut volume ceases, the

natural level has been reached. Earth above the natural level has been added and is recorded as

fill. When the depth is recording both cut and fill it can be assumed that the fill still represents

the natural as only the cut was made to produce a mound below surface level.

Another problem that highlighted itself during the work on volumes is that there is a difference

between the perceived bottom of a motte and the actual present bottom of the ditch. The

difference showed up when 'Cut Prism' methods were use for calculation and compared to

'Prism' calculations. The later Prism calculations were based on interpretation of the position of

a bank bottom which was different from the bottom of a ditch.

It will be noted that the contours are shown as calibrations with no recorded heights. The reason

is that survey heights were taken for the initial survey station on each site using a hand held

Global Positioning System, (GPS) Magellan 300XL. The accuracy of the height was greatly

reduced in the initial years of the survey due to restrictions on the system imposed by the

American Military. When the scramble effect was reduced the system was still not accurate

enough to state a height with any certainty. Rather than record inaccurate measurement it was

decided to list the height of the site in the detail table only.

Siv

THE SURVEYS

1) BachMotte (TheBage) Grid: SO 29787 434132) Bacton Grid: SO 37097 335543) Bryngwyn (Wern-y-cwrt) Grid: SO 39362 087994) Caer Licyn Grid: ST 38977 928285) Caerleon Grid: ST 34257 905536) Castell Arnallt Grid: SO 31942 100197) Chanstone Tump 1 Grid: SO 36547 358948) Chanstone Tump 2 Grid: SO 36462 357049) Colstar Motte (Craig Wood) Grid: ST 31872 9253310) Cothill Farm Mound Grid: SO 33827 3629311) Cusop Castle Grid: SO 3 3922 413 9312) Didley Crt Farm Grid: SO 45022 3196413) Dingestow 1 (Mill Hill) Grid: SO 45977 1035414) Dingestow 2 Grid: SO 45567 1039915) Dixton Grid: SO 51822 1374916) Dorstone Castle Grid: SO 31217 4162317) Ewyas Harold Grid: SO 38502 2869918) Great Goytre (Gwern Castle) Grid: SO 35292 2328419) Howton Grid: SO 41487 2938920) Kemeys Inferior (Gypsy Tump) Grid: ST 38877 9392821) King's Caple Grid: SO 55932 2877422) Llanarth (Twyn-y-Cregen) Grid: SO 36237 0961423) Llancillo Grid: SO 36697 2553924) Llanfair Kilgeddin Grid: SO 34947 0693425) Llanfihangel Crucorney (Tre-Fedw) Grid: SO 33027 2176926) Llangiby 2 (Bowling Green) Grid: ST 37012 9736327) Llangovan (Penyclawdd) Grid: SO 45147 0704428) Llangwm Isaf (New House) Grid: SO 42422 0111929) Llangwm Uchaf (Camp House) Grid: ST 42727 9979830) Monnington Straddle Motte Grid: SO 38197 3681331) Mount Ballan (The Berries) Grid: ST 48757 8953732) Mouse Castle Grid: SO 24827 4245833) Mouse Castle 2 Grid: SO 24787 4271834) Much Dewchurch Grid: SO 48542 3125935) Mynydd-brith Grid: SO 27997 4146336) Nant-y-Bar Grid: SO 27852 4102337) Newcastle (Llangattock V.A.) Grid: SO 44737 1723938) Newton Tump (Clifford) Grid: SO 29272 4405339) Old Castleton Grid: SO 28302 4572340) Orcop Castle Grid: SO 47282 2652941) Penrhos Grid: SO 40952 1316942) Penyclawdd Grid: SO 30967 2013943) Pont Hendre Grid: SO 32572 2810944) Poston Grid; SO 35807 3707845) Rockfield Grid: SO 48267 1412946) Rowlestone Grid: SO 37442 2716447) St Illtyd Grid: SO 21692 0195448) St Weonards Tump Grid: ST 49657 2432949) Thruxton Grid: SO 43512 3464950) Trelech (Tump Terret) Grid: SO 49952 0540951) Twmbarlwm Grid: ST 24382 9265352) Walterstone Grid: SO 33932 2499953) Whitehouse Camp Grid: SO 29572 3568454) Wolvesnewton Grid: ST 44912 99883

Sv

Bach Motte (The Bage) Survey 1

VS5,

\\\\

\

— - — — - — — fence—---------- ditch bottom————————————— top of bank

————————————— 1m contour

Isometric 3D mesh view from south

10 20 30 40 50

metres

Name of Site: Bach Motte (The Bage).

National Grid Reference:

Parish: Clifford. County: Herefordshire.

SO 29787 43413.

Known archaeological Sites/Monuments covered by the survey:

SAM. No. HWCM581. Motte. Medieval. Secular.

Archaeological Site/Monument types detected by the survey:

Motte and possible bailey.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

BGS survey map 214, not yet published. No Data.

High valley pass.

170m.

Pasture and waste ground.

1755.27m2.

Good conditions.

Site clear of obstructions except to the north-west of the motte base where there is a dense cover of vegetation.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:

Neil Phillips, University of Wales, Newport.

Leon Phillips.

27Nov2001.

Sl.i

Motte:

Perimeter of top: Plan area of top: Surface area of motte:

Shape:

Perimeter of base: Area of base:

Volume of earthwork Volume of motte calculated from estimated base:

19.7m.27.49m.444.186m2.

Irregular.

75.328m. 401.738m2.

645.115m3.

Heights

Slope

North

5.391m

1 :2.1 47.48%

South

5.652m

1 :2.18 45.81%

East

4.272m

1 :2.1147.45%

West

5.02m

1:2.21 45.33%

Maximum height: Maximum slope:

6.23m south-west. 1:1.89. 52.88%, east.

Ditch:None.

Bailey:None.

Rampart:None.

Sl.ii

Bacton Survey 2

— fence

— - ditch bottom—— top of bank

— 1m contour

j'\ earthworks__ wall

40 50

Isometric 3D mesh view from north east

Name of Site: Bacton.


Parish: Bacton. County: Herefordshire.

SO 37097 33554.


SAM. No. HWCM369. Motte and bailey. Medieval. Secular.


Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

BGS survey map 214, not yet published.Data projected from BGS 215: old red sandstone / Raglan mudstone/Bishop Frome limestone.

Hilltop site.

131m.


4175.14m2.

Good conditions.

Site clear of obstructions, except to the west of the western rampart. Heavy vegetation covers this part making survey difficult.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Leon Phillips.

24 Dec 2001.

S2. i

Motte:


Shape:


36.73m.82.53m2.274.353m2.

Rectangular with sunken centre.

59.730m. 268.55m2.

Volume of motte calculated from estimated base: 234.389m3.

Heights

Slope

North

1.27m

1 :4 24.93%

South

1.37m

1 :2.7 37.07%

East

1.62m

1 :2. 49.25%

West

1.42m

1 :2.8 35.52%


1.65 m south-east. 1:2.49. 25% east.

Ditch:

Bailey:

Outside perimeter: Inside perimeter: Plan area. Surface area:

None.

163.851m. 59.730m. 1026.64m2. 1231.979m2.

Distance

Slope

North-south

41.832m

1 : 150 0 .67%

East-west

32.094m

1 : 35.68 2.80%

Maximum length: Maximum width:

57.76m south-east/north-west. 34.72m east-west.

S2.ii

Bailey bank:

Depths

Slope

North

1.36m

1 :1.9 52.67%

South

2.01m

1 : 2.34 42.79%

East

2.77m

1 : 2.33 42.85%

West

none

none

Maximum depth: 2.77m east.Maximum slope: 1:1.83 54.64% south-west.

Rampart:

Plan area of rampart: Surface area of rampart:

Shape:

Volume of earthwork calculated from estimated base:

14.136m2. 14.566m2.

Linear/ridge.

3.023m3.

Height

Slope

North

0.92m

1 :3.01 33.15%

South

0.03m

1 : 121.2 0.83%

East

0.64m

1 : 4.28 23.33%

West

2.32m

1 : 1.853.85%


2.6m west.1: 1.853. 85% west.

Earthworks:

Length:

Width:

There are two earthworks within the bailey. 1, a small rounded mound adjacent to the motte and 2, three sections of wall creating a rectangular structure built into the inner face of the rampart. In both cases the maximum height does not exceed 0.4m.

1

8m.

6m.

15.18m.

8.68m.

S 2.iii

Bryngwyn (Wern-y-cwrt) Survey 3

\\

\

fence

ditch bottom

top of bank 1m contour

0.5 m contour damage

10 20

metres

30 40

Isometric 3D mesh view from south east

Name of Site: Bryngwyn.


Parish: Llanarth. County: Gwent.

SO 39362 08799.


SAM. No. MM0801. Castle mound. Medieval. Secular.



Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Glacial deposits of Morrainc drift.

Valley site.

58m.


4004.236m2.

Good conditions.

Site surroundings were clear of obstructions. The south-west side of the site has been truncated by modern boundary hedges. The motte top and sides were covered by vegetation.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Paul Huckfield.

17 Feb 2002.

S3.i

Motte:


Shape:


35.624m.89.597m2.595.325m2.

Irregular.

84.401m. 551.06m2.

Volume of motte calculated from estimated base: 985.71

Heights

Slope

North

3.98m

1:2.25 44.39%

South

3.03m

1:2.48 44.48%

East

3.653m

1:2.03 49.36%

West

3.527m

1:2.79 35.85%


3.98m north. 1:1.93. 51.79% east

Ditch:

Outside perimeter: Inside perimeter: Area of ditch:

A slight ditch is possible on the north-west.

27m.20.56.165.876m2.Insufficient amount of ditch remains to make any usefulcalculations.

Depths

Slope

North

0.23m

1:36.03 2.78%

South

none

none

East

none

none

West

0.08m

1:103.35 0.97%

Maximum depth: Maximum slope:

0.37m north-west. 1:24.864.02%.

Bailey:

Visible length of bank:

A possible partial bailey may have existed to the north-west.

68.28m.S3.ii

Depths

Slope

North

none

South

0.16m

1 : 149.8 0.67%

East

0.8m

1 : 11.06 9.04%

West

none


0.8m east.1:11.06. 9.04% east.

Rampart:None.

Caer Licyn Survey 4

N

road

ditch bottomtop of bank

1m contour 0.5 m contour

rendered plan view

Name of Site: Caer Licyn.


Parish: Langstone. County: Gwent.

ST 38977 92828.


SAM. No. MM043 Motte and bailey. Medieval. Secular.


Hill-fort or post medieval folly.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Lower old red sandstone.

Hilltop site.

226m.


8837.646m2.

Good conditions.

Site clear of obstructions except to the north of the lane where there is heavy vegetation.

Surveyor:

Assistants:

Survey Date:

Neil Phillips, University of Wales College Newport.

Adam Phillips, Chris Smith.

24 April 2002, 10 May 2002.

S4.i

Mound:

Perimeter of top: Plan area of top: Surface area of mound:

Shape:



26.58m.52.m2.375.644m2.

Low, featureless and irregular.

70.510m. 360.774m2.

283.782m3.

Heights

Slope

North

1.47m

1 .3.12 32.1%

South

2.86m

1 : 3.48 28.75%

East

1.4m

1 : 4.67 21.42%

West

2.06m

1 : 2.02 49.57%


2.99m south-east.1:2.02 49.57% west.

Ditch:

Outside perimeter: Inside perimeter: Area of ditch:

A partial ditch or trackway exists to the north-east.

58.55m. 54.91m. 348.528m2.

Depths

Slope

North

0.77m

1 :7.18 13.92%

South

none

East

0.4m

1 : 16.865.93%

West

none


Platform;

Outside perimeter: Plan area: Surface area.

0.86m north-east. 1:7.18 13.92% north.

288.925m. 7942.159m 2. 792 Im2.

S4.ii

Volume of earthwork calculated from estimated base: 25,122.64m3.

Distance

Slope

North - South

86.81m

1 : 29.23 3.421%

East - West

92.2m

1 : 26.327 3.80%


100.2 61 m south- west/north-east. 65.46m north-west/south-east.

Bailey bank:Two sections of bank are evident at the site: The largest extent surrounds the site from south, through east, to north. The second section is to the west on the far side of the road. This section would appear to be a modification of the natural slope.

Depths

Slope

North

2.64m

1 : 2.67 37.45%

South

2.26m

1 : 2.74 36.55%

East

2.33m

1 :3.7 27.4%

West

none

none


2.9m south-east.1: 1.04 49.07% north-east.

Depths

Slope

North

1.94m

1 : 2.64 37.84%

South

none

none

East

none

none

West

2.21m

1 :2.1945.75%


3.03m north-west. 1:2.19, 45.75% west.

S 4.iii

Caerleon Survey 5

B

10 20 30 40

path

fence

ditch bottom

top of bank

1m contour

wall


Name of Site: Caerleon.


Parish: Caerleon. County: Gwent.

SO 34257 90553.


SAM. No. MM014 Castle mound Medieval. Secular.


Motte.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

River terrace deposits correlated with the fourth terrace of the River Severn.

Valley site close to navigable river.

llm.

Private garden.

4013.104m2.

Good conditions.

Site almost totally obscured by vegetation and heavily landscaped.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Martin Tuck.

2. Feb2001, 16. Feb2001.

SS.i

Motte:


Shape:


77.488m.412.135m2.3929.450m2.

Oval with a sunken centre.

210.931m.3235.225m2.


Heights

Slope

North

14.5m

1 :3 77.21%

South

16.19m

1 : 1.5962.77%

East

15.01m

1:2.9 77.5%

West

15.74m

1 : 1.4 71.34%


16.19m south.1 : 1.27. 78.58%, east.

Ditch:None.

Bailey:None.

Rampart:None.

S5.ii

Castell Arnallt Survey 6

N

0 10 20 30 40

metres

path fence

ditch bottom top of bank 1m contour 0.5m contour

walls

damage


D

Name of Site: Castell Arnallt. Parish: Llanover.


SO 31942 10019.


SAM. No. MM082. Castle Arnold. Medieval. Secular.


Llys.

Geology at Site:

County: Gwent.

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Alluvium.

Valley site.

39m.

Pasture.

10,491.391m2.

Good conditions.

Site clear of obstructions.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Frank Olding.

14 April 2000.

S6.i

Mound:


Shape:



36.73m.82.53m2.10,671.346m2.

Oblong mound.

351.846m. 7288.846m2.

20,248.998m3.

Heights

Slope

North

3.03m

1 :7.18 13.94%

South

8.19m

1 :5.16 43.05%

East

6.69m

1 : 4.72 21.18%

West

7.53m

1 :9.6 10.41%


7.53m west.1 :4.72. 21.18% east.

Ditch:

The western edge of the mound is divided into a two step rise. The lower part being about 1.5m above natural and running for about 2.3m before rising to the top of the mound.

None.

Bailey:None.

S6.ii

ChanstoneTumpI Survey 7

J

———————————— nver— - — — - — — fence

—---------- ditch bottom


0.5 m contour

waJl

0 10 20 30 40552S metres

Isometric 3D mesh view from west

Name of Site: Chanstone Tump 1. Parish: Vowchurch.


SO 36547 35894.




Fortified-site.

County: Herefordshire.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions!

Site conditions:

BGS survey map 214, not yet published.

Valley site.

I04m.

Pasture.

13,166.538m2.

Good conditions.


Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

20Feb2001.

S7.i

Mound:


Shape:


Volume of mound calculated from estimated base: Volume of mound calculated, via sliced prisms, above mean surface:

86.74m.574.189m2.1522.602m2.

Oval, oblong and irregular.

141.635m. 1551.497m2.

3759.958m3.

816.71m3. Approximate because the ditch is not complete.

Heights

Slope

North3.56m

1 : 2.28 43.86%

South3.8m

1 : 2.88 34.74%

East3.82m

1 :2.2 45.15%

West3.94m

1 : 2.28 43.93%


4,03m south-west. 1:2.28. 43.86%, north.

Ditch:

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

1.91m

1 : 2.87 34.9%2.82m

South

none

none

none

East

1.73m

1 : 3.45 29.01%2.7m

West

none

none

none

Volume of ditch calculated, via sliced prisms, below mean surface: 500.665m3. Approximate because the ditch is not complete.

S7.ii

If the fill of the mound came from the ditch then it would seem that there is some 300m3 of silt in situ. Again assuming that the ditch excavation provided the fill of the mound; the surfeit of fill already would suggest that the mound is close to its original proportions.

Bailey?A possible bailey lies to the north of the motte as a spur of ground that has been cut by the ditch to the south and shaped by the River Dore to the north and west. The whole of the field to the east and south however does not present any signs of defensive outworks. There is therefore no evidence to support a bailey at this site.

Maximum lengthof north spur: 52.663m south-west/north-east.

Maximum widthof north spur: 30.5m north-south.

S 7.iii

ChanstoneTump2

B

B

Survey 8

N

nver

fence

ditch bottom

top of bank

1m contour

0.5 m contour

wall

Isometric 3D mesh view from south west

Name of Site: Chanstone Tump 2. Parish: Vowchurch.


SO 36462 35704.


SAM No. HWCM1536. Moat Medieval. Secular.


Moated site and possible fish pond.

Geology at Site:


Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Valley site.

104m.

Pasture.

5461.658m2.

Good conditions.


Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Chris Smith.

8 May 2002.

S8.i

Moated Site:


Shape:

Maximum length: Maximum width: Perimeter of base: Area of base: Volume of earthwork calculated from estimated base:

101.632m.723.172m2.1227.929m2.

Rectangular.

34m north-west/south-east. 25m north-east/south-west. 131.271m. 1218.142m*.

714.424m3.

Heights

Slope

North

0.67m

1 :7.9 12.66%

South

1.06m

1 : 4.72 21.18%

East

0.66m

1 :6.15 16.27%

West

0.34m

1 : 15.11 6.62%


1.17m south-east1:4.14. 24.14%, south-west.

Fish pond?

Shape:

Maximum length: Maximum width: Perimeter of base: Area of base: Volume of earthwork calculated from estimated base:

Rectangular with central depression Open to north.

29.5m north-west/south-east. 17.9m north-east/south-west. 182.876m. 705.028m2.

106.811m3.

Outer height

Slope

Inner depth

Slope

North

0.33m

1 : 9.38 10.66%0.26m

1 : 14.36 9.97%

South

0.24m

1 : 9.8610.14%0.21m

1 : 19.25.21%

East

0.56m

1 : 11.78 8.49%0.29m

1 : 6.8414.63%

West

0.39m

1 : 12 8.33%0.39m

1 : 23.14 4.32%

SS.ii

Maximum height: 0.56m east. Maximum slope: 1 : 9.38. 10.66% north.

Maximum lengthof central depression: 20.27m north-east/south-west.

Maximum widthof central depression: 14.7m north-west/south-east.

Area of central depression: 253.646m2 .

S S.iii

Colstar motte (Craig Wood)B

Survey 9

10 20 30 40

metres

fence

ditch bottom

top of bank 1m contour 0.5m contour

walls


Name of Site: Colstar Motte. Parish: Caerleon.


ST 31872 92533.




Motte.

County: Gwent.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Glacial sand and gravel.

Valley site.

29m.

Private garden.

1484.190m2,

Good conditions.

Site heavily landscaped as garden feature.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

4 Sept 2001.

S9.i

Motte:


Shape:


Volume of motte calculated from estimated base:

52.77m.190.08m*.830.457m2.

Oval.

99.03m. 738.43m*.

195.933m3.

Heights

Slope

North

4.213m

1 :84 54.05%

South

5.89m

1 :54 65.16%

East

4.89m

1 :3 57.77%

West

2.58m

1 :8.4 54.27%


5.89m south.1:54. 65.16% south.

Ditch:The ditch to the north and west is a heavily landscaped feature with little original value except for its alignment. A partial section of ditch exists to the east.

Outer depth

Slope

Inner depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

none

none

none

none

none

South

none

none

none

none

none

East

none

none

3.77m

1 :2.37 42.16%Common point

West

1.0m

1 : 2.96 33.78%none

none

none

Width: Length:

Common point. 13m.

S9.ii

Rampart:

Perimeter of top: Plan area of top: Surface area of rampart:

Shape:



35.18m.26m2.NAm2.

Crescentic.

NAm. NAm2.

NAm3 (east side has no recognisable edge until modern cut).

Heights

Slope

North

0.972m

1 : 5.71 17.51%

South

0.13m

1 :9.16 10.92%

East

3.77m

1 : 2.37 42.16%

West

1.0m

1 : 2.9633.78%


16.59m north-south. 2.56m east-west.

Bailey:The layout of the site would suggest that the bailey lay to the west but the modern house, garden, swimming pool and lawns have removed any trace of this feature.

CothillTump Survey 10

NB

10 20

metres

30 40

ditch bottom top of bank


Isometric 3D mesh view from north

Name of Site: CothillFarm. Parish: Turnastone. County: Herefordshire.


SO 33827 36293.





Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Hill top.

198m.

Pasture.

655.877m2.

Good conditions.

Site clear of obstructions but heavily eroded.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Andrea Lewis.

26 Apr 2002.

SlO.i

Motte:


Shape:



60.388m.261.537m2.691.895m2.

Irregular.

94.655m. 655.857m2.

883.443m3.

Heights

Slope

North

2.154m

1 : 1.67 60.04%

South

3.56m

1 '.2.21 45.242%

East

1.71m

1 : 2.43 41.69%

West

1.4m

1 : 2.57 38.88%


3.56m south.1: 1.67. 60.04% north.

Ditch:None.

Bailey:Possibly to north-east.

Rampart:None.

S lO.ii

Cusop Survey 11

30 40 50fenceditch bottom top of bank 1m contour

0.5 m contour


Name of Site: Cusop Castle.


Parish: Cusop. County: Herefordshire.

SO 33922 41393.


SAM. No. HWCM369. Castle ring-work. Medieval. Secular.


Fortified-site.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

BGS survey map 214, not yet published. No data.

Valley site.

14 1m.


7290.139m2.

Good conditions.


Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Chris Smith.

31 May 2002.

Sll.i

Mound:

Perimeter of top: Plan area of top: Surface area ofmotte:

Shape:

Perimeter of base: Area of base: Volume of earthwork calculated from estimated base:

126.03m.978.028m2.2297.976m2.

Rectangular.

215.063m. 2212.054m*.

2508.035m3.

Heights

Slope

North

0.54m

1 : 6.23 16.05%

South

2.96m

1 : 4.04 24.76%

East

3.0m

1 :2.01 49.72%

West

3.27m

1 : 3.94 25.37%

Maximum height- Maximum slope:

3.42m west.1:2.01.49.72%, east.

Ditch:

Bailey:

None.

Perimeter: 212.695m. Plan area: 2783.139m2.

Distance

Slope

North-south

49.87m1 :22 4.339%

East-west80.778m1 : 191.660.52%%


80.778m north-south. 49.87m east-west.

Sll.ii

Bailey bank:The bank to the bailey only exists to the north and east where the modern road runs. To the south there is the mound with no intervening ditch. To the west modern building has truncated the earthwork.

Depths

Slope

North

3.0m

1 : 2.76 36.24%

South

none

none

East

1.51m

1 : 2.33 42.85%

West

none

none

Maximum length: 91.98m.

S ll.iii

Didley Survey 12

B


1m contour 0.5m contour

wall

10 20 30

metres


Name of Site: Didley Court Farm. Parish: StDevereux.


SO 45022 31964.




Motte.


Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Glacial deposits, undifferentiated; includes morainic sandy tills, gravels and clays.

Valley.

100m.

Private garden.

1755.27m2.

Good conditions.

The site is clear of obstructions. Due to landscaping, very little remains of this site.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

19 Jul 2000.

S12.i

Motte:


Shape:


28.7m.53.142m2.523.209m2.

Irregular, the motte is destroyed towards the north. The shape left forms just over half a circle. It is possible to imagine therefore that just under half is missing.

80.910m. 475.691m*.


Heights

Slope

North

2.03m

1 : 2.73 36.59%

South

4.9m

1 : 2.05 48.84%

East

5.38m

1 : 2.07 48.43%

West

2.38m

1 : 2.34 42.8%


5.79m south-east. 1:2.05. 48.84% south.

Ditch:None.

Bailey:None.

Rampart:None.

Dingestow (Mill Hill)D

...... path— —— — fence

— - — - - ditch bottom———— top of bank

———— 1m contour

——- 0.5 m contour

f\ earthworks

t<- :%s-


Name of Site: Dingestow (Mill Hill).


Parish: Mitchell Troy. County: Herefordshire.

SO 45982 10364.




Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Old red sandstone, Raglan Marl.

Hilltop site.

40m.


4657.430m2.

Poor conditions, slight mist and drizzle.

The site was completely covered in dense vegetation and so the survey was limited to the immediate vicinity of the motte and bailey and even then was restricted. Attempts were made to work outside the area, particularly with reference to the ramparts but without success. As a result volume computations have been severely effected.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

21Feb2001,27Feb2001.

S13.i

Motte:


Shape:



42.566m. 122.313m2. 905.451m*.

Irregular.

100.04m. 759.525m2.

2278.619m3.

Heights

Slope

North

6.38m

1 :1.662.68%

South

5.81m

1 : 1.31 76.45%

East

8.36m

1 : 1.31 76.45%

West

6.06m

1 : 1.46 68.73%


8.36m east.1: 1.31. 76.45%, east & west.

Ditches:

Ditch IS:

There are two ditches at the site. The first encloses the motte on the north and south sides, and although once continuous has now been eroded to the east and west. This ditch will be dealt with in two parts IN, the northern section, and IS the southern section. A second ditch runs across the north of the bailey serving to cut off the spur on which the castle stands from the natural hill surface. This will be dealt with as D2.

This ditch forms the south base of the motte and to its south rises a triangular rampart with a ridge top. Not enough natural surface data is available to compute the volume of the ditch.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

0.88m

1 : 6.9814.32%none

South

none

none

1.95m

East

0.19m

1 : 21.56 4.64%3.29

West

0.36m

1 : 10.36 9.65%2.47

Ditch IN:This ditch is strongest in the eastern section where it forms a defensive barrier between the motte and the bailey. Towards the north-east of the motte an earthen ramp has filled the ditch. It is not possible to state if this fill is an original feature or not but it is probable that it is a modern modification. West of the ramp the defensive bank for the west of the bailey starts. Again there is not enough natural surface detail on which to estimate the volume of ditch material that has been removed.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

2.61m

1 : 1.77 56.55%Common point

South

none

none

none

East

none

none

none

West

1.78m


Ditch D2:Ditch D2, which has been cut from the rock, forms the northern edge of the site separating the bailey from the natural hill side. The area towards the west of the ditch has been filled in to form an access that runs through the rampart on the north of the bailey. As with ditch IN it is not possible to state if this was an original feature or a later modification.The extreme west of the ditch continues down the face of the hill. North of the ditch the wood is impenetrable and so it was impossible to survey the outer bank top in order to acquire data for the volume calculations.

Outer depth

Slope

Inner depth

Slope

North

none

none

2.42m

1 :2.19 45.65%

South

1.94m

1 : 7.81 56.16%none

none

East

1.4m

1 : 2.06 47.94%2.11m

1 : 1.27 78.48%

West

0.39m

1 : 29.31 3.41%none

none

Bottom width: 5.15m.

Bailey:

Perimeter: Plan area:

144.361m. 1189.465m2.

S 1 S.iii

DistanceNorth-south42.S50m

East-west37.130m


56.37m south-east /north-west. 29.97 m north-east/ south-west.

Bailey bank:The bailey has a rampart along the northern edge with a gap towards the west which lines up with a ramp across the outer ditch. A very overgrown, sunken path cuts the bailey from the gap to the east of the motte base. It is not possible to state if the path and gap were the original entrance or later modification. The west of the bailey has been quarried towards the south edge.

Depths

Slope

North

2.417m

1 :2.19 45.65%

South

2.61m

1 : 1.77 56.55%

East

0.35m

1 : 10.59 9.44%

West

2.76m

1 : 4.339 23.05%


Rampart:

2.67m north-east.1: 1.23. 81.16%% west

There are three sections of rampart on the site. One, Rl, crowns the north edge of the bailey, as mentioned above. A second, R2 runs as an outer defence along the west, bailey ditch along 1he edge of the hill The outside edge of the ditch is covered by impenetrable vegetation and could not be surveyed. The third, R3, forms the horn work to the south of the motte. Again the outside was covered by vegetation which halted the survey.

RampartRl:

Height

Slope

North

2.47m

1 : 1.8155.31%

South

1.73m

1 : 4.0724.56%

East

0.76m

1 : 5.4618.33%

West

1.6m

1 : 3.6827.18%


2.47m north.1: 1.81 55.31% north.

S 13.iv

Rampart R2:R2 runs along the entire west of the bailey but the vegetation made it impossible to take measurements of its height above the ditch. One section to the north gave a height of 2,28m and another to the south a height of 1.99m.

Rampart R3:This section of rampart forms a horn work to the south of the site using what appears to be the natural slope on its outside edge. The impenetrable vegetation, however, prevented measurement on this outer slope. The inner side of the rampart has a height of 1.5m at the centre dropping off to ground level at the east and west.

S13.v

Dingestow

D

Survey 14

N

. D

0 10 20 30 40 i^E metres

B

path — fence

ditch bottom top of bank 1m contour

0.5 m contour

rendered planview

Name of Site: Dingestow 2 .


Parish: Mitchell Troy. County: Gwent.

SO 45977 10354.


SAM. No. MM113. Castle. Medieval. Secular.


Masonry castle foundation.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Old red sandstone, Raglan Marl.

Valley site.

41m.


10,776.349m2

Good conditions.


Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Chris Smith.

10 May 2002.

S14.1

Mound:


Shape:


157.643m.1752.164m*.4992.532m2.

Rectangular.

253.684m. 4667.031m2.

Volume of mound calculated from estimated base:

Volume of mound calculated at 4. m above mean surface of the bailey:

20,123.430m3.

Most of the mound appears to be of natural origin; scarped from a hill at the height of the bailey. As the mean height of the mound above the bailey is 4m it is possible that only the earthwork above this height is man-made.

9243.64m3.

Heights

Slope

North

7.56m

1:1.9950.14%

South

4.11m

1:2.94 3.05%

East

5.98m

1:2.82 35.5%

West

8.24m

1:6162.06%


8.98m north-west. 1:61.62.06% west.

Bailey:

Perimeter: 180.176m. Plan area: 1550.046m2.

Distance

Slope

North-south

32.22m

1:47.35 2.11%

East-west

54.049m

1:27.10 3.69%%


58.318m north-east/south-west. 35.647m south-east/north-west.

Bailey bank:The bank to the bailey only exists to the south, east, and west which would appear to have been its intended position.

Depths

Slope

North

none

none

South

2.185m

1:4.44 22.53%

East

3.08m

1:2.9 45.77%

West

2.59m

1:4.7 21.21%

Maximum length:

Ditch:

91.98m.

A small ditch, starts from the north-east and follows the mound to the west, running up to the bailey on the south. It has been partially cut between the mound and the natural to the west. To the north it is formed by the addition of a small rampart of dubious origin. The nature of this ditch construction would tend to make the complicated calculations for cubic meters of earth removed very confusing. The data would be based on highly subjective guesswork therefore no calculation has been attempted. A second ditch, runs from the north-east around the end of the bailey to the south where it turns a sharp angle to the west. Both ditches may once have been one complete circuit The cubic capacity of the ditch has been calculated from the mean surface of the bailey.

Ditch 2:

Outer depth

Slope

Inner depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

1.96m

1:4.65 21.49%none

none

none

South

none

none

2.45m

1:7.03 14.23%Common point

East

1.17m

1:3.2 31.27%none

none

1.27m

West

none

none

2.19m

1:3.55 28.19%Common point

Volume of ditch below mean surface: 1937.766m3.

Dixton Survey 15

0 10 20 30 40 50

metres

hatchure plan

/ /

___— nver. —— — fence

— - - - ditch bottom

———— top of bank

—— 1m contour

0.5 m contour

——— wallt'\ earthworks


Name of Site: Dixton.


Parish: Monmouth. County: Gwent.

SO 51822 13749.


SAM. No. MM125. Mound. Medieval. Secular.


Moated site.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

River gravel, second terrace.

Valley site.

21m.

Pasture.

8342.94m2.

Good conditions.


Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

4 Jan 2002.

S15.i

Mound:


Shape:


Volume of earthwork above mean surface:

51.876m.149.371m2.996.388m2.

Rectangular.

114.07m. 984.206m2.

885.988m3.

228.226m3.

Heights

Slope

North

1.87m

1 : 6.92 14.45%

South

1.79m

1 : 4.82 37.07%

East

1.84m

1 : 5.46 18.32%

West

1.5m

1 : 6.68 14.96%


1.84m east.1:5.46. 18.32%, east.

Ditch:

Outer depth

Slope

Inner depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

1.29m

1:5.84 17.13%1.87m

1:6.9214.45%3.91m

South

0.84m

1:5.93 16.87%1.79m

1:4.82 37.07%4.27m

East

1.57m

1:4.87 20.55%1.84m

1:5.46 18.32%3.42m

West

0.71m

1:6.35 15.75%1.5m

1:6.6814.96%6.744m

Volume of ditch below mean surface: 1425.669m3.

1197.443m3 of earth missing from the site.

S 15.il

Dorstone Survey 16

0 10 2^ 30 40 metres


Name of Site: Dorstone Castle. Parish: Dorstone.


SO 31217 41623.




Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:


Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Valley site.

160m.

Pasture.

15,637.600m2.

Good conditions.


Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Chris Smith.

13Feb2002.

S16.1

Motte:


Shape:

Perimeter of base: Area of base: Volume of motte calculated from estimated base: Volume of motte calculated, via sliced prisms, above mean surface:

97.661m. 727.4 llm*. 3054.902m2.

Circular.

187.666m.2704.195m2.

13,418.03 8m3.

5781.57m3.

Approximate because the ditch is not complete.

Heights

Slope

North

8.41m

1 : 1.56 64.07%

South

9.79m

1 : 1.39 72.01%

East

8.55m

1 : 1.67 59.91%

West

7.29m

1 :2.2 45.49%


9.79m south.1: 1.39. 72.01%, south.

Ditch:

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

3.m

1 : 2.36 42.34%2.37m

South

1.13m

1 : 1.5 66.23%9.23m

East

0.74m

1 :3.826.33%1.32m

West

0.78m

1 : 4.65 25.53%5.48m

Volume of ditch calculated, via sliced prisms, below mean surface: 2427.04m3.

Approximate because the ditch is not complete. Amount of fill imported 3,354m3 .

Bailey:

Surviving plan area: Maximum length: Maximum width:

The bailey is situated to the north, west, and south of the motte. The east side is cut by the stream and leaves the motte open on this side. It is probable that the bailey stretched further to the west but the modern hedge has now truncated it here.

7418.113m2.108.78m south-west/north-east.73.01m north-south.

Bailey Bank:

Outer depth

Slope

North

none

none

South

l.lm

1 : 8.79 11.38%

East

2.03m

1 : 8.39 26.48%

West

none

none

Ewyas Harold

A ~

I) Survey 17

path fence

ditch bottom top ofbank H) 20

555Z55 metres


40 (\ damage

Isometric 3D mesh view Irom west

Isometric 3D mesh view from east

Name of Site: Ewyas Harold. Parish: Bacton.


SO 38502 28699.


SAM. No. HWCM1499. Castle. "Dark Age."

Motte and bailey. Medieval. Secular.


Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:


Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Old red sandstone / Raglan mudstone/ Bishop Frome limestone.

Low hill above valley.

91m.


17,943.525m2.

Good conditions.

The motte and the north-west side of the bailey are heavily overgrown. The ditch of the bailey is also overgrown and in some parts impenetrable.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Leon Phillips.

12 Dec 2001, Jan 2002,2 Jan 2002.

SIT.i

Motte:

Present perimeter of top: Present plan area of top: Present surface area of motte:

Shape:

Past perimeter of top: Past plan area of top: Estimated of damage:

Shape:



86.686m. 384.839 m2.

858.156m2.

Irregular.

The top of the motte has suffered from extensive quarrying and the following measurements have been taken from the assumed circumference of the top which is still apparent.

82.1m.498.017m2.36.47m3.

Round.

222.365m. 3815.745m2.

10,171.415m3.

Heights

Slope

North

11.135m

1 : 1.24 51.98%

South

16.36m

1 : 1.79 65.4%

East

15.05m

1 : 1.42. 70.33%

West

13.3m

1 :69 59.2%


16.36m east.1 : 1.42. 70.33% east.

Ditch:

There is a very large ditch to the north and west of the motte which has been formed by cutting off the edge of the natural ridge in order to separate the motte from the hill. Farm buildings occupy the edge of the ridge and so it was not possible to take any readings from which to measure the total height along the edge. Subsequently it is not possible to calculate the volume of earth removed. The one reading given was taken just below the summit and does give an impression of the potential height and slope gradient. The west of the ditch has also been destroyed by the building of a small farm yard.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

4.6m

1 : 1.7 58.13%4.73m

South

none

none

none

East

none

none

5.10m

West

none

none

5.34m

Bailey:

Outside perimeter Plan area: Surface area:

350.997m.6924.617m2.7175.055m2.

DistanceNorth-south100.118m

East-west118.007m

Bailey bank:

The bailey is surrounded from the north-east, through the south, to the west by a high scarped bank. To the north is the motte, with no intervening ditch. Each side of the motte are two flanking ramparts. Unfortunately the western rampart has been largely destroyed by farm buildings.

Depths

Slope

North

none

none

South

8.79m

1 : 1.63 61.3%

East

3.2m

1 : 1.73 57.94%

West

7.57m

1 :2.18 45.87%


Rampart:

9.43m south-east. 1: 1.63. 61.3% south.

The western part of the bailey bank has been destroyed by farm buildings and the slope itself is fairly impenetrable because of the vegetation. To the east, the bailey slope also becomes heavily overgrown which stopped the survey in that area. It is probable that this side of the bailey has also been altered as the road runs along the probable surrounding ditch on this side.

There are two sections of rampart at the site, one each side of the motte, forming the northern limits of the bailey on the west and the east. The western section has been almost totally destroyed by the erection of a now dilapidated farm yard. All that is left is a partial rise of slope some 1.8m high with a 1:2.8 gradient.

S 17.iii

Plan area of rampart:

Shape:

The eastern rampart however is much more complete with the exception of a road that runs through it.

647.693m2.

Linear/ridge.

Height

Slope

North

1.5m

1 :5.9 16.7%

South

2.08m

1 :3.61 27.67%

East

0.64m

1 : 1.656.98%

West

none

none


1m north.1 : 1.6. 56.98% east (due to road cut).

S 17.iv

Gwern Castle (Great Goytre) Survey 18

B N

A

D

D

fence


walls

unsurvcycd

10 20 30

metres

Isometric 3D mesh view from southwest

Name of Site: Great Goytre Parish: Grosmont. (Gwern Castle).


SO 35292 23284.


SAM. No. MM138. Castle Mound. Medieval. Secular.


Motte.

County: Gwent.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Hilltop site.

204m.

Waste ground.

2510. 045m2.

Good conditions.

Site covered in heavy vegetation.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Leon Phillips.

17 Apr 2002.

SIS.i

Motte:


Shape:



27.28m.56.15m2.307.063m2.

Irregular.

60.18m. 268.66m2.

366.159m3.

Heights

Slope

North

2.53m

1 : 2.02 49.44%

South

4.78m

1 : 1.56 64.05%

East

1.73m

1 : 1.73 57.81%

West

3.31m

1 : 1.6959.12%


4.78m south-east.1:1.64. 60.73% south-west-east.

Ditches:

North ditch:

The motte, possibly had a surrounding ditch which has now disappeared on the west and east sides. The north and south sections are still in place showing that the motte was cut from the ridge on which it is located.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

1.33m

1 : 2.98 33.58%2.36m

South

none

none

none

East

0.12

1 : 18.92 5.29%2.59m

West

l.m

1 : 2.9633.78%none

Length. 18m.

S IS.ii

South ditch:

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

none

none

none

South

1.06m

1 :3.7 27.01%2.33m

East

none

none

none

West

none

none

none

Length:

Bailey:

17m.

There is no bailey in evidence at the site. An area of ground to the north east has been extensively quarried at some unknown period but to suggest that this was where the bailey stood would be problematic. The ridge today is both narrow and shallow leaving very little area available for such a feature. There would also be no natural defence to utilize. However, the quarry forms a large flat extent of ground; cut into and below the surrounding hill. How much of the site, and possible bailey, may have been removed is impossible to estimate.

S IS.iii

Howton Survey 19

— . — — . — — fence

___________ ditch bottom————————————— top of bank

____________ 1m contour____________ 0.5 m contoui

——— damage

30 40


Name of Site: Howton.


Parish: Kenderchurch. County: Herefordshire.

SO 41487 29389.


SAM. No. HWCM923. Motte? Burial? Moat? Medieval. Secular.


Moated site.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Alluvium, mainly clay.

Valley site.

78m.

Pasture.

5610.435m2.

Good conditions.

Site surroundings were clear of obstructions.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Leon Phillips.

20 Feb 2002.

S19.i

Mound:


Shape:



83.283m.526.872m*.1297.439m2.

Irregular.

128.009m. 1268.060m2.

1718.873m3.

Heights

Slope

North

1.69m

1 :3.1 32.27%

South

2.14m

1 :3.4 29.46%

East

1.93m

1 : 4.39 22.77%

West

2.38m

1 :3.81 26.28%


2.38m west.1:3.4. 29.46%, south.

Ditch:Two partial sections of a slight ditch are visible to the south and the east but not enough from which to calculate any meaningful volumes. The east section is discernable for about 16m with a maximum height of 0.29m and the southern section is slightly longer at 18m with a maximum depth of 0.39m. The width of the ditch varies between 8m and 4m.

Kemeys Inferior (Gypsy Tump) Survey 20

N

B

Isometric 3D mesh •view from north

Name of Site: Kemeys Inferior Parish: Langstone. (Gypsy Tump).


ST 38877 93928.


SAM. No. MM039. Mound and Bailey. Medieval. Secular.


Rectangular rampart enclosure.

Geology at Site:

County: Gwent.

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Old red sandstone, St Maughan's Group.

Hilltop site.

llm.

Waste ground.

2667.337m2.

Good conditions.

Site covered in heavy vegetation.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Martin Tuck.

20 Jan 2002.

S20.i

Mound;


Shape:



23.77m.34.04m2.248.406m2.

Irregular.

57.365m. 239.279m2.

170.876m3.

Heights

Slope

North

3.83m

1 : 1.56 64.09%

South

3.15m

1 : 1.64 61%

East

4.74m

1 : 1.17 85.15%

West

4.2m

1 : 1.56 64.01%


4.74 m east.1 : 1.17. 85.15% east (road cut).

Rampart:

Perimeter of top: Plan area of top: Surface area rampart:

Shape:


Volume of rampart calculated from estimated base:

56m.53.89m2.494.110m2.

'L' shaped.

86.729m. 493.33m2.

333.929m3.

Heights

Slope

North

3.74m

1 :2.31 43.56.09%

South

4.39m

1 : 1.73 57.92%

East

1.75m

1 :2.16 46.32%

West

4.62m

1 : 1.56 64.01%


4.39m south.1 : 1.56. 64.01% west.

S 20.ii

Ditch:The site has a ditch to the south, outside of the southern rampart. The ditch runs off the slope to the west and is filled in on the east just before the road. The ditch is cut into the natural surface of the hill. Its north side has a mean depth of 2m and a steep slope of 1 : 1.4 or 71%. The north side has already been dealt with as part of the rampart.

The site of Gypsy Tump has always generated a lot of discussion as to its form and origin and it is hoped that the results of the survey may go some way to explaining the site. Two points should be considered: the mound and the absence of a bailey. The mound, which is thought by some to be the motte, is more than likely just a section of rampart that has been partially isolated. The reason for this interpretation is that the maximum height of the mound above the rampart is a mere 0.22m. The widest part of the separating ditch is 9m; narrowing to 3.2m at a depth of 1m. This is not really sufficient to suggest that the mound's isolated position gave it a measure of defence. A counter argument to this point would be that earth has been removed from the mound, possibly during the building of the road. However, a volume calculation of earth fill on the site, minus earth cut shows that too much earth is present now; assuming that the fill came from the ditch.

The calculation was performed by projecting the natural surface level from the east to the west using a boundary of coordinates taken at the natural surface. This provides a natural plane. The co ordinates for the earthworks are then added to the site and areas below natural become cut and above become filling. In the case of this site:

1078.115m3 were calculated as cut 1369.172m3 were calculated as fill leaving an excess fill of 291.057m3

An explanation for the excess could be offered when considering the height of the road which may run along the outer ditch of the site. The road will have a certain depth of modern fill, at least 0.3m judging by the eastern edge of the south ditch. It is possible that The modern fill may account for the 29Im2of excess. Unfortunately, even though the logic is sound in principle the above example is highly subjective, based as it is on projection and assumption. Even so it does suggest to the construction of the site as having been excavated into the hill side rather than built upon it.

[King's CapJe Survey 21

N

10 20

metres

30

road

ditch bottomtop of bank1m contour

0.5 m contour(lamage


Name of Site: King's Caple. Parish: King's Caple. County: Herefordshire.


SO 55932 28774.


SAM. No. HWCM921. Motte. Medieval. Secular.



Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Valley site.

81m.

Common.

1926.23 Im2.

Good conditions.


Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Chris Smith.

7 Mar 2002.

S21.i

Motte;


Shape:



75.347m.439.248m2.1292.511m2.

Round.

129.529m. 1224.951m2.

2292.081m3.

The motte top has a well defined enclosure bank around the rim, possibly the remains of a shell wall.

Heights

Slope

North

3.31m

1 : 2.54 39.33%

South

2.43m

1 : 3.49 28.62%

East

2.44m

1 :2.32 43.06%

West

4.59m

1 : 3.22 31.02%


Ditch:

Bailey:

4.39m west.1 : 2.32. 43.06%, east.

None.

None.Although no bailey now exists at the site, the close proximity of anenclosed area of land with a surrounding ditch and raised profileare probably a good indicator of where the bailey used to be. Theproposed are of land is occupied by the church and its associatedgraveyard.

Rampart:None.

Llanarth (Twyn-y-Crcgen) Survey 22

nver

fence

ditch bottom


0.5 m contour

10 20

metres

wall damage

earthworks

30 40

unsurveyed


D

Name of Site: Llanarth Parish: Llanarth. (Twyn-y-Cregen).


SO 36237 09614.


SAM. No. MM080. Motte. Medieval. Secular.



Geology at Site:

County: Gwent.

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Glacial sand and gravel.

Valley site.

32m.

Waste ground.

7290.598m2.

Good conditions.

Very overgrown and in some parts impenetrable. Evidence of extensive damage to the south of the motte from quarrying.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:

Neil Phillips, University of Wales Newport.

Adam Phillips.

30. Dec 2001.

S22.i

Motte:


Shape:



65.121m.237.379m2.1846.625m2.

Irregular.

152.794m. 1589.705m2.

3877.222m3 .

The surface area and volumetric calculations on this site are fairly meaningless as regards the original structure, because the entire south end of the motte has been quarried away. The quarry activities have not only removed a substantial part of the motte fabric but have also removed the natural surface to a depth of over 5 metres.

Heights

Slope

North

5.051m

1 : 2.88 34.78%

South

8.86m

1 : 1.42 70.34%

East

7.67m

1 : 2.09 47.92%

West

5.62m

1 : 2.59 38.67%


Ditch:

Bailey:

Rampart:

7.67m east.1 : 2.09. 47.92%, east.

The figures for the south side represent quarry activity.

None.

None.

None.

S 22.ii

Llancillo

B

stream

fence

ditch bottomtop of bank1m contour

0.5 m contour

wall

Survey 23

N

0 10 20 30 40i=SH!5

metres

Isometric 3D mesh view from north west

Parish: Llancillo. County: Herefordshire.Name of Site: Llancillo.


SO 36697 25539.





Geology at Site:BGS survey map 214, not yet published.Data projected from 215: Lower old red sandstone / St Maugham'sFormation.

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Valley site.

92m.


14,642.206m2.

Good conditions.

The surroundings of the bailey were clear of obstruction but the motte is tree clad, with the top fairly overgrown.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Leon Phillips.

19. April 2002.

S23.i

Motte:


Shape:

Perimeter of base: Area of base: Volume of motte calculated from estimated base: Volume of motte calculated, via sliced prisms, above mean surface:

61.991m.289.906m2.1311.140m2.

Irregular.

119.782m. 1117.238m2.

4318.004m3.

3209.024m3.

Heights

Slope

North

6.63m

1 : 1.46 68.29%

South

6.67m

1 : 1.61 62.28%

East

6.52m

1 : 1.49 66.96%

West

7.37m

1 : 2.59 67.59%


Masonry:

East wall:

Width: Length: Maximum height:

North-west wail:


South-west wall:


7.37m west.1 : 1.46, 68.29%, east.

The top of the motte is surrounded by at least three sections of a masonry wall. For the most part the walls a re covered under earth mounds but some sections are exposed. The most complete section is to the east and forms almost a complete arc around a third of the perimeter.

1.09m.19.16m.l.lm.

1.6m.5.84m1.4m.

0.82m. 5.84m. Um,

S23.ii

Ditch:

The walls are of an unknown origin and may represent modern modifications. They may also represent the remains of a shell keep, possibly an original construction, or a Norman redevelopment.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

0.41m

1 : 6.26 15.98%5.57m

South

none

none

none

East

0.73m

1 : 2.54 39.33%2.71m

West

2.64m

1 :2.21 45.25%3.8m

Volume of ditch calculated, via sliced prisms, below mean surface:

Volume of motte fill: Volume of ditch cut: Fill unaccounted for if sourced from ditch: Quarter of ditch missing:


The ditch around the motte is only detectable on three sides with the southern edge having been filled in. At least a quarter of the circumference is therefore missing. The volume of the present ditch represents a cut of 1108.97 m3 . The surviving fill of the motte above natural is 3209.024 m3 . The following subjective estimates can therefore be made:

3209.024 m3. 1108.97m3.

2090.054m3.

1108.97- 4 = 277.24m3.

The estimated ditch volume and the calculated ditch volume total: 1386.21m3.

Volume of motte fill: Volume of complete ditch cut:Fill unaccounted for if sourced from ditch:

3209.024m3.

1386.21m3.

1821.824m3.

If the fill of the mound came from the ditch then it would seem that ditch would have been at least 2.3 times its present depth. Taking the deepest known part; 2.6m would mean an estimate of about 6m. The shallowest part however is only 0.41m which would give an estimated depth of 0.9m. It is therefore entirely possible that the entire motte fill may havecome from the ditch.

S23.iii

Bailey:

Rampart:

Bridge base:

The exact whereabouts of the bailey is not known but enough topographical evidence would suggest that the bailey lay towards the north-west.

None.

To the west of the motte, at the outer edge of the ditch is a raised platform of ground. The platform is 'pear' shaped, with a gentle slope from the north and an abrupt end north, south, and west.

Heights

Slope

North

1.19m

1 : 13.28 7.53%

South

1.28m

1 : 2.85 35.1%

East

3.43m

1 : 1.9451.58%

West

0.57m

1 : 4.41 22.12%

The purpose of the mound is unknown but it is possible that it represents the remains of an access ramp supporting a bridge structure to the top of the motte. In isolation the mound is not a significant feature but other similar enigmatic earthworks have been noted at other sites.

S 23.iv

Llanfair Kilgeddin Survey 24

B

30 40

— nver

— - ditch bottom— top of bank

~~ 1m contour


X

Name of Site: Llanfair Kilgeddin. Parish: Llanover.


SO 34947 06934.


SAM. No. HWCM1535. Castle mound Medieval. Secular.


Fortified-site.

County: Gwent.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Glacial sand and gravel second terrace.

Valley site.

32m.

Waste ground.

1964.087m2.

Good conditions.

The site was clear of obstructions, eroded badly to the east.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

28 May 2000.

S24.i

Mound:


Shape:

Perimeter of base: Area of base: Volume of mound calculated from estimated base:

45.194m.131.433m2.583.945m2.

'D shaped'.

107.270m. 536.961m2.

413.69lm3.

It was not possible to calculate the ditch cut/mound fill volume on this site due to an error in calculation within the software record. The amount of damage to the motte however would have been difficult to assess accurately and so the calculations would have been misleading.

Heights

Slope

North

4.07m

1 : 1.88 53.23%

South

3.64m

1 : 1.9850.49%

East

eroded

none

West

3.87m

1 : 2.04 49.1%


Ditch:

4.07m north.1 : 1.88. 53.23% north.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

I Aim

I :2 50.88%5.2m

South

1.4m

1 : 3.45 28.99%2.81m

East

1.55m

1 : 3.72 26.88%2.71m

West

0.85m

1 :0.4124.72%5.49m

Subtraction of the ditch height from the mound height at adjacent points gives an idea of the height of the mound above natural. In the case of the surviving structure, the mean mound height is only 2m.

Bailey?None identifiable.

S 24.ii

Uanflhangel Crucorney (Tre-Fedw) Survey 25


0.5 m contour damage

10 20 metres

30


40

Name of Site: Llanfihangel Crucorney.

Parish: Crucorney. County: Gwent.


SO 33027 21769.


SAM. No. MM063. Moat mound and bailey. Medieval. Secular.


Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Valley site.

135m.

Waste ground.

3551.022m2.

Good conditions.

The site was clear of obstructions, although, there has been erosion on the eastern side.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Leon Phillips.

27Nov2001.

S25.1

Mound:


Shape:


27.324m. 35.951m*. 913.633m2.

Irregular and partially destroyed.

103.329m. 801.953m2.

1931.728m3.

It has to be remembered that the above calculations were based on the surviving structure. The grandson of the man that removed some of the motte confirmed the work. The maximum length of the surviving motte is 11.06m. The maximum width is 6.403m. If the top of the motte had been rectangular then the minimum area would have been:

11.06m x 6.403m = 70.82m2; twice the size.

If, however, the mound had been circular the minimum area would have been:

5.503m x 5.503m x 3.143m - 95.18m2; 2.5 times the present area.

It is more likely, judging from the footprint of the base of the motte that the motte top was oval; in which case the 70.82m2 estimation is probably closest.

Heights

Slope

North

5.57m

1 : 2.28 43.92%

South

7.88m

1 : 1.6362%

East

damaged

none

West

6.35m

1 : 1.65 60.76%


7.88m north.I: 1.63. 62% north.

Ditch:

Bailey?

A ditch surrounding the motte is not very easy to identify but a slight depression is noticeable in places. The most recognisable section is to the north east which is just picked up in the contour plot as a series of three bulges.

None identifiable.

S25,ii

Llangiby (Bowling Green) Survey 26

D

30 40

renderedview from north

N

path



Name of Site: Llangiby Castle Parish: Llangiby. (Bowling Green).


SO 36402 97353.




Fortified-site.

County: Gwent.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Llangiby Terrace.

Valley site.

44m.

Waste ground.

5157.819m2.

Poor conditions; drizzle and mist.

Site very overgrown.

Surveyor:

Assistants:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips, Karl Lee.

13 Jan 2002, 17 Jan 2002.

S26.i

Mound:


Shape:


The mound at Llangiby is a large flat topped earthwork that has been formed on a gentle slope by cutting a surrounding ditch and putting the spoil on the internal area. The resultant earthwork has a berm along the edge and at some time an internal wall was built. The wall shows evidence of coursed masonry in some parts but consists of an earthen mound.

172.475m.2279.535m2.3694.848m2Readings taken from top of berm.

Irregular with one right angle.

219.643m. 3688.864m2 .

Il,392.362m3.

Volume of mound Calculated, via sliced Prisms, above mean surface: 1822.44m3.

Approximate because a small portion of the natural surface perimeter is not complete. The calculation shows that only an average of 1.2m of the mound is above the natural surface of the hill.

Heights from beneath berm

Slope

Berm

Berm slope

North

1.21m

1 : 6.58 15.20%0.57m

1 : 3.9 39.28%

South

3.09m

1 :2.18 45.85%0.46m

1 : 3.58 27.91%

East

3.42m

1 :2.12 47.17%0.48m

1 :2.55 32.42%

West

2.810m

1 : 1.73 57.91%0.54m

1 : 3.94 25.39%


3.42m east.1 : .3.9. 39.28% north.

S 26.ii

Shell keep?

Outer depth

Slope

inner depth

Slope

width

North

1.55m

1 :2.7 36.92%0.31m

1 : 5.56 17.98%1.18m

South

0.92m

1 : 2.72 36.83%0.21m

1 :3.21 31.13%1.15m

East

1.35m

1 : 1.44 69.67%0.22m

1 : 3.97 25.17%1.34m

West

1.37m

1 : 1.6759.82%0.81m

1 : 2.98 33.58 %1.85m

Maximum outer height:Maximum outer Slope:Maximum width: Maximum inner height:Maximum inner slope:

1.5 5m north.1 : 1.44. 69.67% east.

1.89m north-west.

0.81m west.

1 : 2.98. 33.58 % west.

Ditch:

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

none

none

none

South

1.27m

1 : 2.41 41.48%1.69m

East

1.0m

1 : 2.77 36.09%2.21m

West

2.89m

1 : 1.81 55.26%1.37m

Volume of ditch calculated, via sliced prisms, below mean surtace: 379.69m 3. Approximate because the ditch is not complete.

If the fill of the mound came from the ditch then it would seem that there is some 1442.75m3of of fill on the mound that was imported from elsewhere. The volume of earth taken by the shell keep has not been included in the calculations but it is reasonable estimate that it certainly wouldn't equate with the surfeit of 1442.75m3 .

S26.iii

Llangovan (Trecastle, Penyclawdd)

D

fence

ditch bottom


0.5 m contour

wall damage

JKL_ 20•

metres

Survey 27

N

30 40


Name of Site: Llangovan(Penyclawdd).

Parish: Raglan. County: Gwent


SO 45147 0704.


SAM. No. MM098. Mound and bailey. Medieval. Secular.


Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Old red sandstone. St Maugham's group.

Hill site.

121m.

Waste ground.

5521.687m2.

Due to light rain the conditions for surveying were poor.

The site completely overgrown and has been cut into by modern farm buildings and has been developed on all sides up to the base of the mound.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Leon Phillips.

14 Dec 2001, 19 Dec 2001.

S27.i

The site at Llangovan is very complicated due to the development of a farm on the site. The work has caused the site to become bisected with the two remaining halves separated by a large extent of ground. A motte and ditch exist to the north of the site under cover of dense vegetation and hidden behind farm buildings. The plan view of the motte shows that the surviving section of the base has a circular footprint. The south and east sides of the base have been destroyed by the farm buildings but it can be suggested that the missing portion was probably round as well. If this was the case, then about a quarter of the motte is missing. Another part of the site lies to the south and is the extreme south of the bailey. The bailey bank still retains its outer ditch.

Motte:

Perimeter of lop: Plan area of top: Surface area:

Shape:


56.720m.225.887m2.1237.731m 2.

Oval, irregular.

129.607m (the base has been reduced by modern building), 1095.035m2.

Volume of mound calculated from estimated base: 3330.852m 3.

The base of the mound has been has been squared off on the west side producing a south and north corner. In the case of the north comer the obvious cut into the motte fabric can be seen.

Heights

Slope

North

6.02m

1 : 1.72 58.26%

South

6.14m

1 : 1.3574.02%

East

7.038m

1 : 1.9451.51%

West

5.17m

1 : 1.4867.53%


7.038m east.1 : 1.35. 74.02% south (bank cut into).

Ditch:A partial ditch exists on the north-east side of the motte and follows the curvature of the base. The ditch holds water and has been created by carving the edge of a slope to produce the isolated motte base. Unfortunately not enough of the ditch is available to make useful volumetric calculations.

S 27.ii

Heights

Slope

Width

North

2.79m

1 : 2.60 38.44%6.82m

South

none

none

East

0.17m

1 : 13.44 7.44%4.27m

West

none

none

Bailey:

The height of the motte above the adjacent natural bank surface varies between 4 and 6 metres.

The bailey has been entirely destroyed by the farm buildings but asstated above part of its perimeter still exists 51.75m to the south, asa bank and ditch.The surviving bank measures approximately 20m and runs in aneast-west direction. To the south of the bank is a ditch measuring33.66m in length and 6.75m in width. The width measurement istaken at the surface level of the silage that it contains therefore thedepth is unknown. The depth from the top of the bailey to thesilage top is 3.06m with a slope of 1 ; 1.88 or 0.31%.The height of the bailey above the natural surface is 2.26m, takenacross the ditch.

S 27.iii

Llangwm Isaf

10 40 50


0.5 m contour

unsurveyed

Isometric 3D mesh view from northwest

Name of Site: Llangwm Tsaf Parish: Llangwm. (New House).


SO 42422 01119.


SAM. No. MM074. Ring-work. Medieval. Secular.


Fortified-site.

County: Gwent.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Psammosteus limestone between old red sandstone. St Maughan's Group and Raglan Marl Group.

Hill site.

63m.

Waste ground.

4558.329m2.

Good conditions.

The site of the motte very overgrown and the probable bailey as been quarried and is now partly waterlogged.

Surveyor:

Assistants:

Survey Date:


Chris Smith, Paul Huckfield, Daryl Smith.

23 Feb 2002.

S28.i

Mound:


Shape:


Volume of earthwork calculated from estimated base: Volume of earthwork above mean surface:

109.609m.926.409m*.1731.287m2.

Round.

145.291m. 1633.816m2.

2675.316m3.

1686.64m3.

Heights

Slope

North

2.29m

1 : 2.35 42.56%

South

3.5m

1 : 1.8 55.56%

East

2.28m

1 :2 49.96%

West

3.08m

1 : 1 .99 50.36%


3.5m south.1 : 1.8. 55.56% south.

Shell keep?The rim of the mound has a slight rise around its perimeter which has been interpreted as the ringwork from which this site has been classified. Tt is more probable that the rim earthwork represents the remains of a shell keep. The outer measurements have already been given above as there is no berm between the shell and the motte rim.

Inner depth

Slope

Width

North

0.5m

1 : 5.9816.72%2.74m

South

0.52m

i • 3 9225.54 %1.4m

East

1.22m

1 : 3.3529.82%1.4m

West

1.06m

1 : 4.6921.33 %2.05m

Maximum width: Maximum inner height:Maximum inner slope:

2.74m north.

1.22m east.

1 : 3.35. 29.82% east.

S 28.ii

The inner area of the motte is 427m* and today forms a shallow dipped platform that is slightly oval, Its north-south length is 27.22m and its east-south width is 22.07m. Measurements taken from the four cardinal points show the internal height of the motte above the adjacent outside natural. Simple subtraction gives the height of the motte at each point.

Difference

North

1.59m

South

2.18m

East

1.41m

West

0.69m

Using the research theory on ringworks from Vol 1 Ch 4. 4.3, this would show that Llangwm Tsaf is a motte as the centre has been raised above the outside natural.

Ditch:

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

none

none

none

South

0.57m

1 : 3.54 28.26%1.91m

East

0.82m

1 :5.13 19.48%1.19m

West

0.39m

1 :7.1 14.09%1.37

Volume of ditch calculated, via sliced prisms, below mean surface:

Bailey?

38.95m3.


If the fill of the mound came from the ditch then it would seem that there is some 1647.69m3 of fill on the mound that was imported from elsewhere.

Possible.

To the north-east of the site and adjoining it with the north-east ditch is an area of wet ground with standing water. The north-east extremity has unknown topography as it was heavily overgrown. The visible area measured 42m on a north-east/south-west axis and 38m on the north-west/south-east axis. The western side has a raised bank with an average height of 1m. The eastern side however is problematic because it is below a bank with an average height of 1.6m. Not only would this eastern face expose the bailey to direct attack from above; which would not be an asset to an

early castle, it also holds water as the survey conditions proved It is possible that later quarrying may have caused the damage but on the other hand there is the matter of the 1647.64m3 of fill unaccounted for on the top of the motte.

S 28.iv

Llangwm Uchaf Survey 29

N

B

\

30 40

— — - — — fence-------- ditch bottom

top of bank 1m contour 0.5 m contour

D


Name of Site: Llangwm Uchaf Parish: Llangwm. (Camp House).


ST 42727 99798.




Motte and Bailey.

Geology at Site:

County: Gwent.

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Old red sandstone. St Maughan's Group.

ITill site.

70m.

Private garden.

5789.667m2.

Good conditions

The site is now a raised lawn belonging to a private house.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Andrea Lewis.

14 Jan 2003

S29.i

Motte:

Partial perimeter of reduced top: Plan area of reduced top:

Shape:

Partial perimeter ofbase:Area of partial base:

The motte exists as a much reduced lawn feature and all that remains is a partial slope running east, north-south west.

61.798m.

274.532m2 .

Round on surviving structure.

82.455m. 481.561m2.

It was not possible to make any meaningful volume calculations because of the damage to the motte

Heights

Slope

North

1.52m

1 : 3.53 28.31%

South

none

none

East

I.I 8m

1 :2.6 38.53%

West

1.5m

1 : 12.7 36.76%


1.8m north-east. 1 : 2.6. 38.53% east.

Bailey? None identifiable.

There is no bailey identifiable at the site due to the development of the house and farm buildings. It is however reasonable to propose that a small bailey probably existed to the south east as there are features of intermittent bank which suggest that the entire site has been artificially scarped.

S 29.ii

Monnington Straddle

B

10 20 30

Survey 30

N

metres

ditch bottom Lop of bank

1m contour

0.5m contour


Name of Site: Monnington Parish: Vowchurch. Straddle Motte.


SO 38197 36813.




Fortified-site.


Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Old red sandstone. Raglan mudstone.

Valley site.

129m.

Waste ground.

1116.432m2.

Good conditions.

Mound covered in bracken and bramble. Ditch overgrown and partially impenetrable.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Marge Ferrier.

5 Mar 2002

S30.1

Mound:


Shape:


87.08m.485.493m2.968.420m2.

Irregular.

114.673m. 967.290m2.

Volume of mound calculated from estimated base: 1802.312m3.

Heights

Slope

North

1.83m

1 : 1.91 52.47%

South

2.71m

1 : 2.27 44.09%

East

2.79m

1 : 2.05 48.72%

West

2.21m

1 :3.1931.33%


2.79m east.1 : 1.91. 52.47% north.

Ditch:The surviving sections of the ditch were restricted to a small depression to the west of the site which was filled with water from the south-east. Elsewhere the ditch was either overgrown or filledin.

S 30.il

Mount Ballan Survey 31

0 10 20 30 40 metres

path fence


unsurveyed


Name of Site: Mount Ballan. Parish: Caldicot.


ST 48757 8953.




Motte and bailey

Geology at Site:

County: Gwent.

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Gravel; 2 and 4 Terrace deposits.

Low open ground.

8m.

Pasture and waste.

9869.834m2.

Good conditions.

The bailey was clear of obstruction but the motte was heavily overgrown. The south-west of the motte was impenetrable as was the outworks to the north of the motte. East of the bailey the fields were under water and marshy. The rampart to the south of the motte was heavily overgrown and the area west of it impenetrable.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Chris Smith

4 Apr 2003

S31.i

Motte:


Shape:



Volume of mound calculated, via sliced prisms, above mean surface:

30.616m.67.688m2.683.929m2.

Rectangular with sunken centre.

89.372m. 616.866m2.

1260.538m3.

1311.754m3.

Approximate because the ditch is not complete. The discrepancy between the two methods is due to difference in perceived bottom of motte bank and actual bottom of ditch. Calculation via sliced prism records the exact bottom of the ditch rather the bottom of the motte.

Heights

Slope

North

4.78m

1 :2.1147.37%

South

4.35m

1 :2.1546.57%

East

4.56m

1 :2.1 47.7%

West

4.18m

1 : 2.58 38.73%


4.78m north.i : 2.1.47.7%, east.

Ditch:The surviving ditch is very narrow and is assumed lo be mainly filled in.

Heights

Slope__ ___ ______

North

0.62m

1 : 11.04 9.06%

South

0.18m

1 : 12.49 8%

East

1.12m

1 : 4.04 24.78%

West

0.23m

I : 12.35 8.1%


1.12m north.1 : 4.04. 24.78% east.

Volume of ditch calculated, via sliced prisms, above mean surface: 7.17m3.

Bailey:

Outside perimeter: 3 10.309m. Inside perimeter: 59.730m. Plan area: 6175.588m2.

DistanceSlope

North-south89.3m1 : 66.99 1.49%

East-west99.82m1 : 54.6 1.83%

The bailey perimeter is a simple raised bank on all sides except the south-east where there is a raised rampart. The measurements on the east therefore, are from the top of the rampart. The inner side of the rampart will be included in the table below.

Bailev bank:

Depths

Slope

North

1.29m

1 : 5.33 18.76%

South

0.64m

1 :4 25.03%

East

2.44in

1 :3.19 31.33%

V/est

0.53m

1 : 10.51 9.52%


2.44m east. 1 : 3.19. 31.33% east.

Rampart:

Plan area of rampart: Surface area of rampart.


513.645m2. 562.771m2.

301.064m3.

Height

Slope

North

2.9m

1 :3.5 28.57%

South

0.59m

1 : 4.53 22.06%

East

3.05m

1 :2.41 41.51%

West

1.98m

1 : 3.24 30.90%


3.5m east.1 : 2.41. 41.51% east.

SSl.iv

Mouse Castie 1

c «.,

D

10 20 30 40 50 60-metres

70

Survey 32

N

.............. path

—— - —— —— - —— — fence

—---------- ditch bottom————————————— top of bank

1m contour

0.5m contour

rendered plan view

Name of Site: Mouse Castle. Parish: Cusop.


SO 24827 42458.


SAM.No. HWCM1227. Hill-fort. Prehistoric.



Motte and bailey

Geology at Site:


Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Hill site.

246m.

Waste ground.

7194.499m2.

Very cold and sometimes misty.

The entire site is heavily overgrown and in some parts impenetrable. The site would seem to extend down the sides of the natural hill which was beyond the capability of the equipment.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Leon Phillips.

11 Dec 2001, 1 5 Jan 2002,16 Jan 2002.

S32.1

Motte:

Present perimeter of top: 65.421m. Present plan area of top: 321.322m2. Present surface area of motte: 972.465m2.

Shape:



Irregular.

106.138m.

2,521.009m3.

Heights

Slope

North

3.80m

1 : 1.31 76.41%

South

5.164m

1 : 1.37 73.01%

East

4.24m

1 : 1.07 93.1%

West

5.3m

1 :36 73.43%


5,3m west.1 : 1.06. 94.23% south-east.

Ditch:

There is a ditch surrounding the motte on all sides but very little was accessible due to the dense overgrowth. Most of the accessible ditch is now very shallow and only the east section has any distinct shape. The other areas of visible ditch have either been filled or damaged; almost beyond recognition. It was impossible to reach the entire south-west section.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North-west

0.3m


South-east

0.66m

1 :4.19 23.84%8.6m

East

0.3m

1 : 10.15 9.85%1.22m

West

No Data

"No Data

No Data

No volume calculations could be performed on the data collected due to its incomplete nature.

S 32.ii

Bailey:

East:

Bailey bank:

The bailey area would appear to have lain to the east, south, and west of the motte. The interpretation is based on the flat raised section that was produced by the survey data. The possible bailey remains to the west were too overgrown to survey. The surviving remains of the bailey are in two sections; the best defined to the east and the badly damaged west section. At the south of the motte, where the east and west sections meet, is a gap through which a modern access path has been worn. This southern section is very overgrown and hides obvious earthwork forms.

Outside perimeter: 154.606m. Plan area: 503.248m2.

Distance

North-west/south-east

47.1mNorth-east/ South-west6.66m

Depths

Slope

North

none

none

South

1.39m

1 :3.91 25.61%

East

3.27m

1 : 2.96 33.79%

West

0.3m

1 : 10.15 9.85%

West:

Measurable outside perimeter: Measurable plan area:

175.851m.

642.647m 2.

Distance

North- west/south-east

67.74m

North-east/ South-west

23m

Bailey bank:

Depths

Slope

North

No data

No data

South

1.52m

1 : 3.49 28.69%

East

0.7m

1 :3.11 32.18%

West

No data

No data

Rampart:

Rampart section 1:

Plan area of rampart: Surface area of rampart:

Shape:


There are five sections of rampart at the site which at one time probably formed a single surrounding earthwork to the north east and south. The surviving sections are located on the shallow slopes of the hill and are similar to the type of earthworks found on Iron Age hill-forts. The western slope has no evidence of any rampart but the slope is much steeper and possibly scarped although the overgrowth denied any detailed search in that area. The ramparts will be dealt with individually from the south in an anticlockwise direction.

53.484m2. 54.914m2.

Linear/ridge.

12.446m3.

Height

Slope

North

0.87m

1 : 4.07 24.55%

South

0.59m

1 :4.31 23.19%

East

0.24m

1 : 8.52 11.74%

West

0.92m

1 : 6.32 15.83%


0.92m west.1 :4.07. 24.55%.

Rampart section 2:

Plan area of top: Perimeter of top: Plan area of base: Perimeter of base: Surface area of rampart:

Shape:


9.33m2.16.543m.96.637m2.38.389m.105.846m2.

Linear/flat top.

61.890m3.

S 32.iv

Height

Slope

North

1.39m

1 : 2.02 49.48%

South

2.19m

1 : 2.09 47.03%

East

1.73m

1 : 3.03 33.01%

West

0.611m

1 : 3.67 27.27%


Rampart section 3:

Plan area of top: Perimeter of top: Plan area of base: Perimeter of base: Surface area of rampart:

Shape:


1.64m north-east (due to path cut). 1 : 2.09. 47.03% south.

48.676m2.41.373m.307.164m 2.72.058m.304.680m2.

Linear/flat top.

263.355m3.

Height

Slope___ ...

North

1.54m

1 :2.41 41.44%

South

1. 65m

I : 2.85 35.11%

East

4m

1 : 1.89 52.96%

West

0.64m

1 : 4.35 22.98%


Rampart section 4:

Pian area of top: Perimeter of top: Plan area of base: Perimeter of base: Surface area of rampart:

Shape:


4.05m south-east. 1 : 1.89. 52.96% east.

123.552m2.86.585m.781.614m2.129.931m.839.595m2.

Linear/flat top.

1237.344m3,

S32.v

Height

Slope

North

1.81m

1 : 2.26 44.34%

South

2.27m

1 :3.37 29.64%

East

3.1m

1 : 2.27 44. 12%

West

2.96m

1 :2.71 36.90%


3.4m north-east.1 : 2.26. 44.34% north.

Rampart section 5:

Plan area of top 1: Perimeter of top 1: Plan area of top 2: Perimeter of top 2: Plan area of base: Perimeter of base: Surface area of rampart:

Shape:


27.58m2.17.709m.18.012m2.18.328m.765.764m2.138.04m.820.257m2.

Linear/ridge with two flat tops.

740.319m3.

Height

Slope

North

3.9m

1 :3.2830.49%

South

1.67m

1 : 2.8435.19%

East

0.64m

1 :7.812.82%

West

5.83m

1 : 1.86 53.76%


6.26m north-west. 1 : 1.86. 53.76 west.

S 32.vi

Mouse Castle 2 Survey 33

N

20ditch bottom top of bank 1m contour

O.lm contour


Name of Site: Mouse castle 2, Parish: Clifford,


SO 24787 42718.


SAM. No. HWCM1231 Ring-work? Medieval. Secular.


Ring-bank, unknown date. Possible dewpond.

Geology at Site:


Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Hill site.

216m.

Pasture.

383.204m2.

Good conditions.

Site was clear of obstructions.

Surveyor:

Assistants:

Survey Date:


Frank Olding, Graham Makepeace.

2 Jul 2000.

S33.i

Ring-bank:

Perimeter of top: Plan area of top:


Shape:

Internal perimeter: Internal area:

82.717m. 61.149m2.

70.647m. 383.204m2.

'C' shaped ring-bank open to the south.

35.477m. 96.815m2.

Volume of ring-bank calculated from estimated base: 131.692m3.

Heights internal

Slope

Heights external

Slope

North

0.2m

1:8.2 12.2%1m

1 : 3.53 36.59%

South

none

none

none

none

East

0.85m

1 : 2.87 34.81%0.70m

1 :4.9 20.28%

West

1.32m

I :2.13 46.95%0.76m

1 : 2.05 48.68%

Internal shape: Oval.10.97m xl 1.87m.

Ditch:

Bailey:

Rampart:

None.

None.

None.

S 33.ii

Much Dewchurch

AlSurvey 34

B

40—— - —— — fence

—------ ditch bottom——————— top of bank

——————— 1m contour

———————— 0.5 m contour


Name of Site: Much Dewchurch. Parish: Vowchurch ,


SO 48542 31259.


SAM. No. HWCM890. Ring-work. Medieval. Secular.


Fortified-site.


Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Lower old red sandstone. St Maughan's formation.

Valley site.

104m.

Waste ground.

4645.464m2.

Good conditions.

The mound at Much Dewchurch was covered in bracken and bramble making the survey very difficult. The ditch was also overgrown and partially impenetrable.

Surveyor:

Assistants:

Survey Date:


Chris Smith, Marge Ferrier.

7 Mar 2002

S34.1

Mound:


Shape:


142.466m.1201.409m2.2163.793m2.

Irregular.

166.454m. 2133.285m2.

Volume of moundcalculated from estimated base: 3725.759nv*.

Heights

Slope

North

2.93m

1 : 2.53 39.6%

South

2.27m

1 :3.17 31.50%

East

1.92m

1 : 3.57 27.98%

West

2.25m

1 : 3.72 26.9%

Maximum height Maximum slope:

2.93m north.I : 2.53. 39.6% north.

Ditch:

Bailey:

There are two surviving sections of ditch at the site but neither are in very good repair. A slight depression to the west suggests the presence of one ditch but the overgrowth was too dense to take any measurements. The second section exists to the north east but the form would be more consistent with quarrying at the site at a later date. This second area of ditch has had obvious dumping on its east side.

None.

S 34. ii

Mynydd BrTth

30 40

— —— - —— — fence

—------ ditch bottom———————— top of bank

——————— 1m contour

— 0.5 m contour——— wall


Name of Site: Mynydd-brith. Parish: Dorstone.


SO 27997 41468.




Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:


Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Hill site.

269m.

Waste and private garden.

4645.464m2

Good conditions.

The top of motte at this site was covered in vegetation through which it was possible to see vague surface remains; of dubious origin. The surrounding area has been modified by road and garden.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:

Neil Phillips, University of Wales. Newport.

Adam Phillips.

22 Dec 2001.

S35.1

Motte:


Shape:

Perimeter of base: Area of base: Volume of motte calculated from estimated base:

54.007m.213.653m2 .809.3m2 .

Irregular.

96.401m. 712.482m2 .

2874.568m3

Heights

Slope

North

3.54m

1 : 1.9651.06%

South

5.27m

1 :2.3 81.18%

East

2.93m

1 : 2.33 43.01%

West

4.76m

1 : 1.51 66.34%


5.82m south-west1 : 1.44. 69.53% south-west

Ditch:

East ditch:

There are two surviving sections of ditch at the site; one to the east with a ridge that curves to the south around the motte, and one to the north which possibly represents the bailey edge. Not enough of either survives, therefore making volume calculations meaningless.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

none

none

none

South

none

none

none

East

none

none

none

West

0.33m

1 : 17.83 5.61%5.95m

S 35.ii

North ditch:

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

none

none

none

South

1.21m

1 :5.4 18.52%No data

East

1.36m

1 : 4.49 22.26%12.34m

West

0.63m

1 : 4.4922.26%12.34m

Bailey: None.

S35.iii

[Nant-y-bar Survey 36

40

melrcs


0.5m contour


Name of Site: Nant-y-bar.


Parish: Dorstone. County: Herefordshire.

SO 27852 41023


SAM. No. HWCM1266. Motte Medieval. Secular


Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

BGS survey map 214, not yet published No data.

Hill site.

312m.

Pasture.

1633.017m2.

Good conditions.

No obstructions.

Surveyor:

Assistants:

Survey Date:


Frank Olding, John Jones.

4 Jul 2000.

S36.1

Motte:


Shape:

Perimeter of base : Area of base:


Volume of motte calculated, via sliced prisms, above mean surface:

79.316m.431.494m2.1100.784m2.

Irregular.

114.188m. 985.427m2.

2316.310m3.


The discrepancy between the two volume calculations is caused by the difference between the actual bottom of the ditch and the interpreted bottom of the motte. In the first case the motte bottom is estimated in the field. In the second the adjacent natural surface is interpolated across to the motte surface as a base line.

Heights

Slope

North

3.21m

1 : 2.3 43.44%

South

4.03m

1 : 1.99 50.38%

East

2.68m

1 :2.31 43.29%

West

2.03m

1 :2.91 34.32%


Shell Keep:

4.03m south.1 : 0.86. 116.48%, south-east.

The rim of the motte is surrounded by an earthen bank; probably the remains of a shell keep.

Inner depth

Slope

North

0.48m

1 : 2.94 34.07%

South

0.57m

1 : 9.79 10.21%

East

none

none

West

1.27m

1 : 2.82 35.44%

S 36.ii

Ditch:

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

0.51m

1 : 99.72 1%5.12m

South

0.24m

1 : 12.76 7.84%2.67m

East

0.2m

1 : 189.460.53%3.52m

West

0.47m

1 : 20.78 4.81%9.7m



It is unlikely that the fill of the mound came from the ditch because once the volume of the ditch is subtracted from the volume of the motte there is still some 3143.964m3 left.

Bailey:None.Topographically the likely place for the bailey would be to thenorth-east of the motte but there is no evidence to show oneexisted.

Newcastle (LlangattockV. A.) Survey 37

B

c

10 _ 20^^

metres

30 40

fence



wall


Name of Site: Newcastle. Parish: Llangattock-Viben-Avel, County: Gwent.


SO 44737 17239




Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Lower old red sandstone. St Maughan's Group.

Hill site.

154m.

Waste ground and pasture.

3022.173m2.

Good conditions.

The motte at Llangattock-Viben-Avel is very heavily damaged by farm buildings and erosion. The motte itself is covered in vegetation which is causing more damage.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

19Jul2000.

S37.1

Motte:


Shape:


60.62m.31.03m2.596.370m2.

Irregular.

84.047m. 498.02m2.

Volume of motte calculated from estimated base:: 1156.178m3.

The above calculations were based on the surviving structure and it is obvious that a large amount of the motte has been destroyed with the erection of farm buildings which actually cut into the earthwork. The maximum length of the surviving motte is 12.156m. The maximum width is 7.81m. If the top of the motte had been rectangular then the minimum area would have been:

12.156m x 7.8m = 94.94m2; half as big again.

If, however, the mound had been circular the minimum area would have been:

6.078m x 6.078m x 3.143m = 116.109m2; twice the present area.

Judging from the footprint of the surviving base of the motte it is likely that the motte top was circular. Arguably, any increase in the surface area of the top of the motte would be accompanied by height increase.

Heights

Slope

North

4.97m

1 : 1587.30%

South

6.21m

1 :73 57.75%

East

4.89m

1 :73 57.77%

West

5.56m

1 : 8.6 53.88%


6.21m south.1 : 15. 87.30%% north (damaged).

Ditch:The ditch to the south is in good condition at its centre but has been removed to the west. The east section would appear to have a natural terminus. As it does not surround the mound it cannot be used in calculations to assess the source of the mound fill.

S 37.ii

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

1.48m

1 :4.14 24.18%2.86m

South

none

none

none

East

1.29m

1 : 4.3 23.27%5.58m

West

0.17m

1 : 6.95 14.39%%1.19m

Bailey:

South Bailey:

The area of raised ground to the south of the motte has the form of a hornwork or crcsccntic bailey. This form of bailey is seen at other sites and usually stands on the opposite side of the motte from the main bailey. If this were so then the main bailey would have stood to the north where the present farm complex is located. The western edge of the south bailey has been eroded or its ditch filled in and modified.

Perimeter of top: Plan area of top: Surface area of rampart:

Shape:


113.518m.529.255m2.1017.527m2.

Crescentic.

137.448m. 1067.630m2.

1571.213m3 (west side has no recognisable edge).

Heights

Slope

North

0.87m

1 : 2.8934.67%

South

4.63m

1 ; 1.85 54.12%

Hast

2.29m

1 :2.58 38.75%

West

none

none

Outer Ditch:The south bailey is surrounded by an outer ditch which has been cut into the natural surface of the hill. The ditch has been filled in the west and built over in the north but the south and east sides are still evident. As it does not surround the site, it cannot be used in calculations to assess the source of the mound or bailey fill.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

0.94m

1 : 4.77 20.96%8.39m

South

0.69m

1 : 4.05 24.67%3.91m

East

0.68m

1 : 5.33 18.75%2.73m

West

none

none

none

Rampart:None.

S 37.iv

Newton Tump Survey 38

N

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70—I——" metres


Name of Site: Newton Tump. Parish: Clifford.


SO 29272 44053.


SAM. No. HWCM1401. Roman fort.Motte and bailey. Medieval. Secular.


Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:


Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Valley site.

122m.


22,456.782m2.

Good conditions.

The motte at Newton Tump is heavily overgrown but the bailey is clear of obstructions.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Leon Phillips.

28 Nov 2001,30 Nov 2001.

S38.i

Motte:


Shape:


45.387m.143.370m2.734.945m2.

Round.

92.452m. 651.298m2.



1631.961m3.

628.57m3 .

Approximate because the ditch is not complete and the natural surface used was the bailey top which is partially raised. The calculation shows that almost two thirds of the motte is natural.

Heights

Slope

North

4.43m

1 :5.863.39%

South

3.93m

1 :2. 49.99%

East

4.47m

1 :1.7 58.94%

West

4.32m

1 :7.9 55.81%


4.7m south-east.1 :5.8. 63.39% north.

Ditch:The ditch forms almost a complete circuit of the rnotte except for; small breach towards the north.

Inner depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

0.86m

1 :3.16 31.69%5.26m

South

1.14m

1 : 3.45 29.01%4.98m

East

1.26m

1 : 2.34 42.74%3.85m

West

1.27m

1 :3.33 30.02%3.91m

S 38.ii

Volume of ditch Calculated, via sliced Prisms, below mean surface:

Bailey:

Outside perimeter: Inside perimeter: Surface area


The volume of earth extracted from the ditch is more than adequate to have built the motte. However the natural surface used for the computation was the surrounding bailey, which itself is built up.

264.237m.141.552m 2.1231.979m2.

DistanceSlope

North-south51.832m1 . 14.28 0.7%

East-west67.48m1 . 265.8630.38%


77.99m south-east/north-west. 75.89m east-west

Bailey bank;

Depths

Slope

North

1.53m

1 : 2.56 39.02%

South

0.47m

1 :7.12 14.05%

East

1.44m

1 : 3.33 30.04%

West

0.70m

1 :4.522.22%


1.53m north.1 : 2.56. 39.02% north.

Outer bank:

Height

Slope

North

O.lm

1 : 32.03 3.12%

South

0.46m

1 : 4.46 21.41%

East

0.37m

1 : 10.738 9.31%

West

1.02m

1 : 4.27 23.42%

S38.iii

Maximum height; Maximum slope:

Volume of earth cut:

Volume of fill:

Ramparts:

Earthworks:

1.2m west.1 : 427. 23.42% west.

The entire site has a south to north gradient of 1 : 16.86 or 9.93% and to accommodate the north and east of the site is slightly raised above the natural making it a reasonably flat area. There would seem therefore a need for the bailey to have been partially raised on the north and the east sides. In order to provide an idea of the work involved, a volume calculation was done for the entire site. The natural surface was provided by a boundary of contour heights recorded at the time of the survey. To this was added the digital terrain model of the earthworks and a comparison calculation made.

558.434m3

1198.767m3

It is known that 628.57m3 of fill went into raising the motte above its natural base therefore 1198.767m3- 628.57m3 - 570.157m3 of fill was used to make the bailey a level surface.

There are two sections of rampart along the east and south east of the bailey edge. For most of their length they amount to no more than a slight rise of about 0.2m however the centre section of the eastern bank reaches a height of 0.88m over a distance of about 11m. It is possible that some form of gate may have existed at this spot which would account for the unusual amount of tumble. The extreme east of the eastern section of rampart ends in a slight mound which may represent a corner tower. A similar feature can be found at the east end of the south section of rampart.

South-east of the motte, on the bailey edge, is a slight raised area which butts up to the ditch. It is fairly featureless except for a slight change of height which is slightly steeper on the south west. Such structures have been noted at other sites and interpreted as access ramps for bridging structures. Although there is no evidence to support this theory at Newton Tump it is worth noting its presence and mentioning the possibility.

S 38.iv

Old Castleton Survey 39

______________ stream

— - — — - — — fence

—---------- ditch bottom———————————— top of bank

——————————— 1m contour

_._ —_.._—.__— 0.5 m contour

.............. road

0 10 20 30 40 ——P-^ metres


Name of Site: Old Castleton.


Parish: Clifford. County: Herefordshire.

SO 28302 45723.




Ring-work and motte & bailey.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

BGS survey map 214, not yel published. No data.

Valley site.

71m.

Pasture.

16,240.232m2.

Good conditions.

The site at Old Castleton was clear of obstructions for the survey with the exception of the north-east of the motte which is heavily overgrown. It is worth noting however, that the first attempt at the survey was abandoned because the River Wye had flooded the entire area up to and including the foot of the motte.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Chris Smith.

27 Apr 2002.

S39.i

Motte:


Shape:



46.721m.164.495m2.1159.283m2.

Oval.

126.509m. 1195.056m2.

2942.711m3.

Heights

Slope

North

8.482m

1 : 1.76 56.99%

South

2.03m

1 :6. 16.66%

East

8.74m

1 : 1.84 58.94%

West

3.87m

1 : 2.42 41.27%


8.86m north-east.1 :1.69 59.19% north.

Ditch:

Length:Width:Depth from bailey:Slope:

A section of ditch separates the south-west of the motte from the inner bailey.

22.m.3.36m.1.99m.1 :4.77. 20.97%.

The inner bailey from which the ditch runs has a background slope of 1 : 9.94. 10.06%.

Baileys:There are three baileys associated with the site. The most prominent is the inner bailey which is enclosed in a ringbank and abuts the motte. A second bailey lies to the west and forms a large flat area on top of a natural bank. The third bailey apparently lies to the east of the site but this was missed during the survey and time hasn't allowed for any further research on site. It has to be said that a deep gulley formed by a stream separates the third bailey from the site making its position unlikely. The third bailey is an unknown quantity to this research.

S 39.H

Inner bailey:

Inside perimeter: 1 73 . 840m. Plan area: 1724.843m2.

DistanceSlope

North-south35.89m1 : 9.71110.%%

East-west52.19m1 : 24. 1634.138%

West bailey:

Perimeter; 346.636m. Plan area: 3855.591m2.

Distance

Slope

North-south69.78m1 : 16.486.07%%

East-west82.52m1 : 174.920.87%

Ramparts:

Inner bailey west:

Depths

Slope

North

1.38m

1 : 2.6837.36%

South

1.15m

1 : 2.94 34.04%

bast

1.84m

1 : 2.63 38.03%

West

1.9m

1 :2.6 38.54%


Shape:

Inner bailey east:

2.9m south-west. 1 : 2.63. 38.03% east.

Crescentic/ridge.

Depths

Slope

North

3.37m

1 : 3.55 28.17%

South

3.78m

1 : 1.95 51.17%

East

5.15m

1 :2.17 46.16%

West

l.m

1 : 4.83 20.69%

S


5.15m east (natural scarp included). 1 : 1.95. 51.17% south.

Shape:

West bailey bank:

Crescentic/ridge and bailey edge.

Height

Slope

North

7.42m

1 : 5.59 17.88%

South

No data

No data

East

1.28m

1 : 7.23 13.84%

West

No data

No data

The entire bailey appears to be on a natural ridge which has been scarped to make the sides steeper. A considerable depth, probably approaching 9m, lies to the west but dense vegetation prevented the survey in this area. The entire south of the bailey is followed by a road which has probably had some effect on the site. Unfortunately, a hedge prevented survey of the bank along this edge.

S 39.iv

Orcop Survey 40

0 10 20 30 40 i^^ metres


Name of Site: Orcop Castle. Parish: King's Caple. County: Herefordshire.


SO 47282 26529.




Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Valley site.

116m.

Waste ground and pasture.

9767.128m2.

The conditions were slightly misty and damp.

The motte is completely covered in dense vegetation and farm buildings occupy a significant area of the bailey.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

21 Dec 2001.

S40.1

Motte:


Shape:


59.36m.270.4m2 .1379.058m2.

Round.

124.293m. 1200.442m2.


The motte top has sections of masonry around the rim, possibly the remains of a shell keep.

Heights

Slope

North

6.32m

1 : 1.68 59.69%

South

6.33m

1 :3.2 75.77%

East

6.59m

1 : 1.65 60.6%

West

6.56m

1 : 1.6959.12%


6.59m east1 : 3.2. 75.77% south

Ditch:A ditch is in evidence surrounding the motte and was at the time of the survey filled with water to some depth. The fanner at the site stated that water collects in the ditch throughout the year that the whole site is marshy and tends to be waterlogged. The bank around the ditch, which represents the natural surface, was only identifiable in places therefore it was not possible to measure the volume of the ditch.

Inner depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

2.03m

1 : 2.97 33.65%8.08m

South

0.403m

1 : 0.73 137.6%12.91m

East

none

none

none

West

none

none

none

S 40.ii

Bailey:A partial bailey exists to the north of the site but has been truncated by the building of the farm across the northern end. The surviving dimensions of the bailey at present are:

DistanceSlope

North-south33.60m1 : 54.34 1.84%

East-west58.69m1 :50.14 1.99%

Bailey bank:

The bailey edges on the surviving sides are simple raised banks:

Depths

Slope

North

none

none

South

2.03m

1 : 2.97 33.65%

East

1.78m

1 :6.14 16.3%

West

1.15m

1 : 8.46 11.82%

Rampart:

Shape:

A slight rampart remains to the south of the motte as a low curved bank just above the ditch rim.

Crescentic/ridge.

Height

Slope

North

0.17m

1 : 13.94 17.17%

South

0.7m

1 : 7.54 13.26%

East

none

none

West

none

none

S 40. hi

Penrhos

BSurvey 41

N




Name of Site: Penrhos. Parish: LlantillioCrossenney.

County: Gwent.


SO 40952 13169.




Motte. Possible early mound prehistoric - medieval?

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Lower old red sandstone. Raglan Marl,

Hill site.

101m.

Pasture.

4340.387m2.

Good conditions-


Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Frank Olding.

6 June 2000.

S41.1

Motte:


Shape:



43.m.135.449m2. 1219 998m2.

Oval.

122.219m. 1168.611m*.

2220.274m3.

Heights

Slope

North

4.m

1 : 3.37 29.7%

South

4.19m

1 :2.98 33.58%

East

4.54m

1 : 2.39 41.79%

West

3.77m

1 :5 20%


4.54m north-west. 1 : 2.39. 41.79% east.

Ditch:A ditch completely surrounds the motte and is in turn surrounded by a bank which is open in the west to the outside. The inner depths in the table below are taken from the estimated motte base to the ditch bottom whilst the outer depths are measured from the outer bank to the ditch bottom.

Outer depth

Slope

Inner depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

1.45m

1 : 22.57 4.43%0.28m

1 :9.12 10.97% 3.53m

South

0.33m

1 : 11.88 8.42%0.31m

1 : 7.09 14.1% 2.16m

East

0.58m

1 : 4.47 22.36%0.18m

1 : 17.22 5.81% 3.m

West

0.28m

1 : 9.59 10.43%0.22m

1 : 96.83 1% 2.1m

Ramparts:The outer bank to the ditch which surrounds the bailey is best described as a rampart. It forms a complete circle around the motte except for an opening to the west.

S 41.H

The majority of the rampart top is flat and its width varies; the most extensive part to the north east. The depths below are for the outside of the rampart top - the natural surface.

Depths

Slope

North

1.79m

1 :3.81 26.26%

South

1.71m

1 :3.58 27.92%

East

0.14m

1 : 18.93 5.28%

West

3.46m

1 :2.13 47.03%

Shape:

Bailey:

Crescentic/ridge.

None.

Penyclawdd Survey 42

10 30

_ nver

—— - —— —— - —— — fence

----------- ditch bottom


0.5 m contour

wall damage

40

metres


Name of Site: Penyclawdd. Parish: Crucorney. County: Gwent.


SO 30967 20139.


SAM, No. MM145. Castle mound Medieval. Secular.


Fortified-site.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Old red sandstone. St Maughan's formation.

Valley site.

171m.

Private garden.

3465.325m2.

Good conditions.


Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

25Nov2001.

S42.i

Mound:


Shape:



64.829m.327.367m2.659.668m2.

Circular.

88,763m. 619.132m2.

928.080m3.

Heights

Slope

North

2.16m

1 : 1.8055.53%

South

1.71m

1 : 2.03 49.16%

East

2.04m

1 :2.41 41.51%

West

2.13m

1 : 1.98 50.61%


Ditch:

2.16 m north.1 : 1.80. 55.53%%, north.

A quite sizable ditch exists on the west, north and east sides only and as such does not provide enough information to calculate its exact cut volume. The ditch is surrounded by an outer bank which provided the heights in the next table.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

3.21m

1 : 1.87 59.27%4.22rn

South

none

none

none

East

1.66m

1 : 1.93 51.88%8.84m

West

2.76m

1 : 1.855.66%6.29m

Maximum inner depth: Maximum inner slope: Maximum outer depth: Maximum outer slope:

2.16m north.1 : 1.80. 55.33%, north.3.21 m north.1 : 1.87. 59.27%, north.

S 42. ii

Bank:

Outer depth

Slope

Top width

North

2.34m

1 : 1.34 74.83%6.85m

South

none

none

none

East

1.3m

1 : 1.9551.32%4.89m

West

3.m

1 : 1.96 51.09%6.2m

2nd Ditch:A second ditch runs parallel to the first and separates the entire site from the natural land surface. The ditch is unfortunately kept flooded as a pond as the east side has been dammed. The water is provided by a stream which feeds the ditch.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

2.1m

I : 0.93 107.14%6.33m

South

none

none

none

East

0.74m

1 :6.5 15.39%8.09m

West

2.17m

1 : 1.7457.52%3.84m

Bailey:There is no bailey at the site but there is much to suggest the possibility of one having existed to the south of the mound.

Pont Hendre Survey 43

N

E n

fence


0.5 m contour

30 _40 50 60 70 metres

Isometric 3D mei view from north

sh

Name of Site: PontHendre. Parish: Longtown. County: Herefordshire.


SO 32572 28109.


SAM. No. HWCM1038. Castle. "Dark Age."



Motte and bailey

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

BGS survey map 214, not yet published. No data

Low hill above valley.

138m.

Pasture.

11,341.466m2.

Good conditions.

The site at Pont Hendre is relatively clear of obstruction with the exception of the north rampart which is heavily overgrown. The bailey area is also extremely boggy.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

12Feb2001.

S43.i

Motte:


Shape:


41.048m.121.303m*.1749.255m2

Irregular.

139.345m. 1519.893m2.


Heights

Slope

North

9.38m

1 : 1.63 61.21%

South

9.360m

1 : 1.77 56.50%

East

10.60m

1.78. 56.17%

West

7.99m

1.59 63.01%


Ditch:

10.60m east.1 : 1.63, 61.21% north.

There is a ditch surrounding the motte at Pont Hendre which today holds water. The ditch differs in construction around its circuit with the eastern side just a shallow depression and the west side a very deep rock cut trench. The trench at the west has been cut in order to separate the motte from the natural bank. Unfortunately the varied nature of the ditch makes it impossible to assign a natural surface from which to compute a volume of cut calculation.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

0.95m

1 : 2.58 38.82%5.01m

South

1.59m

1 : 2.25 44.49%7.06m

East

0.21m

1 : 6.26 15.98%4.73m

West

3.27m

1 : 1.3 76.71%6.0m

Bailey:

Outside perimeter: Plan area:

226.716m. 2151.234m2.

S43.ii

DistanceNorth-south59.77m

East-west42.m

Bailey bank:

To the south-west the bailey is separated from the motte by a small ditch whilst to the north-west a rampart on the edge of a steep drop marks the limit of the bailey. To the south-east, a steep bank raises the bailey above the slope of the hill but to the north east there are no defences apparent. The south-east bank is of special interest as it forms a ramp which rises to a height of almost 3m before coming to an abrupt stop. Such ramps have been noted on other site and interpreted as access points to the top of the motte.

Depths

Slope

North

2.89m

1 : 2.73 36.67%

South

4.48m

1 : 2,45 40.78%

East

3.30m

1 : 3.5 28.6%

West

2.41m

1 : 3.06 32.7%

Maximum depth: Maximum slope;

4.48m south1 : 2,45. 40.78% south

Rampart:

The rampart to the north of the motte runs down the length of the bailey on that side forming a formidable defensive earthwork. On the outside the slope drops fairly steeply to the stream below. The north-east end appears to have eroded away and may have curved to the south-east to join with the south-east bailey bank.

Shape. Linear/ridge.

Height

Slope

North

3.41m

1 : 2.54 39.36%

South

1.6m

1 : 1.67 59.96%

East

none

none

West

1.47m

1 : 4.05 24.72%


3.41m north.1 : 1.67. 59.96% south.

S43.iii

Poston

fence


0 10 20 30

metres

D

40


Name of Site: Poston. Parish: Vowchurch. County: Herefordshire.


SO 35807 37078.




Possible motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Hill site.

140m.

Pasture.

7552.156m2.

Good.

Site mostly clear of obstructions except for trees across the south side. The site is badly damaged and not much remains of the mound.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Chris Smith.

31 May 2002

S44.i

Mound:


Shape:



104.978m (vague). 718.423m2.

Irregular and considerably damaged.

169.608m. 2155.721m2.

1203.10m3 .

Heights

Slope

North

1.59m

1 : 6.07 16.47%

South

6.14rn

1 : 2.22 45.12%

East

2.2m

1 : 5.54 18.07%

West

1.71m

1 : 4.25 23.52%


6.14m south.1 : 2.22. 45.12% south.

Ditch:None.

Bailey:None.

S 44.H

Rockfield

N

Survey 45

B

quarrying

unsurveyed

10 20 30 40 50 60 7(


Name of Site: Rockfield Parish: Llangattock-Viben-Avel. County: Gwent.


SO 48267 14129.


SAM, No. Unrecorded.


Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Old red sandstone, St Maughan's Group. Fourth Terrace gravel.

Hill site.

74m.

Waste ground.

4678.454m2.

Good.

Site completely covered in dense vegetation.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Chris Smith.

4 Apr 2002, 7 May 2002.

S45.i

Motte:


Shape:



20.757m.31.633m2.905.

Irregular.

68.855m. 364.472m=

2278.619nv>.

Heights

Slope

North

3.57m

1 : 1.92 52.03%

South

4.03m

1 : 2.25 44.38%

East

3.99m

1 : 1.855.7%

West

4.19m

1 : 2.04 49.02%


4.19m west.1 : 1.92. 52.03%, north.

Ditches:

Bailey:

There are two sections of ditch surrounding the motte, one is a short section to the north-west, and the other is about a third of the circumference of the motte bottom.The north-west section is 10.75m long and 2.5m wide at its narrowest point. With its south-east side to the motte, the north west side is bordered by a small isolated rise of ground some 0.88m high.The south-east ditch is some 32. m in length, following the curve of the motte. Its outer rim is bordered by a bank of raised ground with heights varying from 0.3m on the west, 0.91m at the mid point and 0.38m on the east.Not enough of the ditch remains with which to make any volumetric calculations.

There are two baileys at the site, one to the south-east in the form of a small hom work and the other to the north-west which is much larger.

S45.ii

Horn-work:

Perimeter of top: Plan area of top: Surface area of homwork:

Shape.


71.53m. 156.74m2.

495.138m2.

Crescentic.

100.068m. 490.858™*.

Volume of horn-work calculated from estimated base: 180.708m3.

Height

Slope

North

0.91m

1 .5 20%

South

0.53m

1 : 8.54 11.71%

East

l.m

1 :7.10 14.07%

West

0.33m

1 : 15.57 6.42%


l.m east1 : 5. 20% north

Bailey:The bailey is raised on three sides with the possibility of portions of rampart along the south-west. Unfortunately the density of the vegetation did not allow for further investigation. The eastern edge of the bailey has been extensively quarried; it lies on a geological fault exposing a gravel band. It is not possible to determine the date of the quarrying it may even be contemporary with the Norman period. To the south-east the bailey is separated from the mote by a ditch of which only the south-west portion is still identifiable.

Perimeter of top: 134.399m. Plan area of top: 9 1 9.373m 2.

Distance

North-south

41.14m

East-west31.75m

Bailey bank:

Depths

Slope

North

0.64m

1 :5.80 17.23%

South

2.61m

1 : 1.77 56.55%

East

1.29m

1 :4.43 22.58%

West

1.28m

1 : 3.24 30.9%


2.67m north-east.1 : 1.23. 81.16%% west.

Mound:To the north-west of the motte, on the opposite side of the ditch, is a small raised mound. The mound rises from the edge of the bailey and may be part of the access ramp to the top of the motte, as noted on other sites.


11.757m. 10.085m2.

Height

Slope

North

0.53m

1 : 3.28 30.47%

South

0.69m

1 : 5.63 17.75%

East

0.83m

1 : 4.58 21.85%

West

0.63m

1 : 3.66 27.32%

S 45,iv

Rowlestone

B

JO__ 20^_____ metres

Survey 46

R

40

fence


walls

unsurveyed


Name of Site: Rowlestone. Parish: Rowlestone.


SO 37442 27164.


SAM.No. HWCM1481. Motte. Medieval. Secular.


Motte.


Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


TTill site.

151m.

Waste ground.

2714.9m2.

Good conditions.

Site covered in heavy vegetation and the motte is surrounded by a wet ditch. The area to the south-east of the motte was impassable because of the depth of mud.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

17Feb2001

S46.i

Motte:


Shape:



Volume of mound Calculated, via sliced Prisms, above mean surface:

69.499m.368.29m2.883.437m2.

Circular.

103.420m. 820.907m2.

2159.534m3


Heights

Slope

North

3.69m

1 : 1.42 70.22 %

South

3.93m

1 : 1.4 71.701%

East

3.41m

1 :4.1 70.98 %

West

4.06m

1 :42 70.50%


4.06m west.1 : 1.4. 71.701% south.

Ditch:A ditch forms a complete circuit around the motte base and is full of water, fed by a stream to the north. The depth of water and the mud made it impossible to reach the south-east of the motte and the mid point of the ditch circuit. Depths recorded are therefore not exact but merely represent accessible points.

S 46.ii

Outer depth

Slope

Inner depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

1.93m

1 : 1.53 65.35%3.96m

1 :2.28 43.86%2.82m

South

O.lm

1 : 77.55 1.29%7.47m

1 : 2.85 35.12%3.81m

East

0.35m

1 : 8.88 11.26%3.01m

1 : 2.47 40.42%2.71m

West

0.71m

1 : 5.73 17.45%7.96m

1 : 2.37 42.16%none

Volume of ditch Calculated, via sliced Prisms, below mean surface: 42.99m 3. Approximate because the ditch was full of water access

was impossible.

Bailey?None.

St Illtyd Survey 47

D

10 30 40

metres

— - — — fence—----- ditch bottom

——————— top of bank

—————— 1m contour

_____ 0.5m contour

^^__ walls

———— damage

Isometric 3D mesh \dew from south

Name of Site: Stllltyd. Parish: Llanhilleth. County: Gwent.


SO 21692 01954.




Motte.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Carboniferous, sandstone.

Hill site.

352m.

Pasture.

1941.782m2.

Good conditions.


Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

11 May 2002

S47.i

Motte:


Shape:



59.396m. 269.80 Im2. 1003.382m2.

Irregular.

107.320m. 888.666012.

2493.112m3.

Heights

Slope

North

4.44m

1 : 1.74 57.57%

South

5.49m

1 : 1.78 56.29%

East

3.01m

1 : 1.42 70.31 %

West

6.19m

1 :43 69.84%


6.19m west.1 : 1.42. 70.31% east.

Ditch:A partial ditch remains around the west side of the site only. The south end of the ditch has been filed in which is obvious from the amount of heaped fill in the area. The road which was built along the south of the motte probably contributed to some of the damage. No ditch remains to the east due to the encroaching farm buildings which have actually cut into the side of the motte. To the north the ground appears to have been levelled.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

0.73m

1 : 3.23 30.99%3.99m

South

O.lm

1 : 77.55 1.29%3.74m

East

none

none

none

West

0.89m

1 : 3.60 27.76%3.99m

Bailey?None

S 47.ii

St Weonards Survey 48

N

10 20 30 40

metres

nver

fence


1m contour

0.5 m contour

wall damage

Isometric 3D mesh view from north west

Parish: StWeonards. County: Herefordshire.Name of Site: St Weonards.


SO 49657 24329.


SAM. No. HWCM920. Bronze Age burial mound.Castle mound. Medieval.


Possible Motte.

Secular.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


Hill site.

Him.

Waste ground.

1309.084m2.

Good conditions.

Site completely overgrown and cut into by 19th century excavation and modern housing. The site has been developed on all sides up to the base of the mound.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

2 Jan 2002, 9 Jan 2002.

S48.i

Mound:


Shape:




Damage estimate:

68.387m (ignoring damage to north-west). 531.984m2.

Round (ignoring damage to north-west).

115.472m (the base has been greatly reduced by modern building). 965.948m2.

3236.619m3(without excavation damage).

3069.709m3 (with excavation damage).

166.91m3.

Heights

Slope

North

6.04m

1 : 1.26 79.38%

South

5.18m

1 : 1.07 93.62%

East

6.15m

1 : 1.12 89.34%

West

5.63m

1 . 1.23 81.28%


Ditch:

Bailey?

6.15m east.1 : 1.07.93.62%.

None.

None.

S 48.ii

Thruxton

— - — _ B

Survey 49

N

0 10 20 30 40 50

fence

ditch bottomtop of bank

1m contour 0.5m contourwall


Name of Site: Thruxton. Parish: Thruxton.


SO 43512 34694.


SAM. No. HWCM6808. Burial mound.Castle mound. Medieval. Secular.


Motte.


Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditioas:

Site conditions:

Glacial deposits undifferentiated; includes morainic sandy tills, gravels, and clays.

Valley site.

101m.

Waste ground.

2963.947m2 .

Good conditions.

Site completely overgrown and cut into by modern farm buildings. The site has been developed on all sides up to the base of the mound.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips

24 Dec 2001.

S49.i

Motte:

Perimeter of top: Plan area of top: Surface area:

Shape:



59.420m.244.087m2.924.646m2 .

Oval and irregular.

105.254m (the base has been reduced by modern building) 840.956m2.

2383.379m3.

The base of the mound has been has been squared off on the west side producing a south and north corner. In the case of the north comer the obvious cut into the motte fabric can be seen.

Heights

Slope

North

4.49m

1 :2.10 47.55 %

South

5.56m

1 : 1 .43 69.83%

East

4.95m

1 : 1.51 66.12%

West

4.64m

1 : 0.65 151.794%


5.56m south.1 : 0.65. 151.794 % west (bank cut into).

Ditch:None

A partial ditch exists on the north-east side of the motte and follows the curvature of the base. Unfortunately it is almost entirely filled in which would make volume calculations irrelevant. The ditch runs for about 45m and has a slight outer bank which is either the height of the natural surface or the remains of a rampart or palisade base.

Heights

Slope

North

0.38m

1 : 15.7 6.37%

South

0.68m

1 : 9.65 10.36%

East

0.22m

1 -.24.17 4.14%

West

none

none

Bailey?None.

S 49.ii

Trelech Survey 50

N

B

30 40

pathfence

ditch bottomtop ofbank1m contour

0.5 m contourdamage

wallearthworks

Isomctric 3D mesh view from east

Parish: Trelech United. County: Gwent.Name of Site: Trelech.


SO 49952 05409.




Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site:

Old red sandstone, mostly brownstones.

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveved:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Valley site.

210m.

Pasture.

3003.606m2.

Good conditions.

The site was free of obstructions.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

1 May 2002

S50.i

Motte:

Perimeter of top: Plan area of top: Surface area:

Shape:



46.746m.142.762m2.884,097m2.

Oval, irregular.

99.135m. 758.373m2.

2236.956m3.

Volume of mound calculated, via sliced prisms, above mean surface: 939.76m 3.

Approximate using a natural surface as a flat plane from the north to the south with the end heights as they are today.

Heights

Slope

North

5.76m

1 : 1.39 71.74%

South

5.85m

1 : 1.65 60.61%

East

5.73m

1 :65 60.78%

West

5.82m

1 :60 62.44%


5.85m south1 : 1.39. 7'1.74%, north

Ditch:The ditch at Trelech is only identifiable along the north end where it forms a break between the bailey and the motte. Here the ditch curves around the motte for about 53m with an average width of 4.3m. The highest point of the bailey above the ditch is 2.6m.


The ditch fill calculation is an approximation because the ditch is not complete and as stated above the natural surface used was estimated as a flat plane from the north to the south with the end heights as they are today.

S 50.ii

The simple calculation: motle fill - ditch cut, leaves 296.19m3 of earth unaccounted for. Hither the excess earth was imported from another part of the site or it gives some estimation of how much the ditch has silted up.

Bailey?There is only a partial bailey left at Trelech due to the ingress of modern development but the raised bank to the north, now only a token of its former size is the most likely place. This theory was supported when a depression on the north bank of the bailey was shown to be the consequence of a trench which contained the trestle beam for a bridge base (see excavations).

S SO.iii

Twmbarlwm

D

path


1m contour


Name of Site: Twmbarlwm. Parish: Risca.


ST 24382 92653.


SAM. NoMM044. Iron Age.Motte. Medieval. Secular.



Geology at Site:

County: Gwent.

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveved:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Sandstone, Upper Pennant Measure.

ITill site.

410m.

Common.

5173.333m2.

Good conditions.


Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

21 Jul 2000.

S51.i

Motte:The motte at Twmbarlwm has suffered considerable damage as can be seen from the shape of the motte top. In consolidating the earthwork, access has been added which again has changed the original shape of the structure. Calculations based on the existing motte are unlikely to shed any meaningful light on this site.


Shape:


55.576m. 185.794m2.

Irregular and damaged.

144.195m. 1614.864m2 .

Heights

Slope

North

6.3m

1 : 1.9850.419/0

South

8.50m

1 : 1.8 55.66%

East

9.63m

1 : 1.77 56.44%

West

5.58m

1 :3.17 31.54%


9.63m east.1 : 1.77. 56.44% east.

Ditch:A ditch has been cut into the side of the hill in order to separate the motte. Spoil from the ditch was probably added to its surface in order to achieve its present height which at most is 2.5m above the hill. The depth is taken from the surface of the surrounding ground.

Inner depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

0.14m

1 :9.21 10.86%3.28m

South

0.72m

1 : 2.37 42.19%2.15m

East

0.16m

1 : 14.44 6,93%3.5m

West

2.7m

1 : 1.85 53,94%4.m

Bailey:None.There is no evidence for a bailey at Twmbarlwm and it is unlikely that the Normans invested enough men at this lookout post to man the entire circuit of the hill fort that the motte had been built into.

Walterstone Survey 52

N

B

pathfence

ditch bottom

top of bank1m contour

0.5 m contour


Name of Site: Walterstone. Parish: Walterstone, County: Herefordshire.


SO 33932 24999.




Motte and bailey.

Geology at Site: BGS survey map 214, not yet published.

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:

Valley site.

167m.

Waste ground.

3027.209m2.

Misty with sleet.

Site covered in dense undergrowth and the surrounding area was very boggy and wet.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

29 Dec 2001.

S52.1

Motte:


Shape:




86.74m.574.189m2.1547.967m2.

Circular.

141.635m. 1551.497m2.

5539.545m3.

1391.525m3.

Heights

Slope

North

7.64m

1 : 1.8055.42 %

South

8.09m

1 : 1.63 61.20%

East

8.15m

1 : 2.04 49.02 %

West

8.76m

1 : 1.59 62.99%


8.76m west.1 : 1.59. 62.99% west

Ditch:

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

2.67m

1 :3.18 31.50%3.54m

South

1.18m

1 : 1 .46 68.38%7.08m

East

0.9m

1 : 5.73 17.47%13.64m

West

2.89m

1 : 1 .74

4.36m


If the fill of the mound came from the ditch then it would seem that there is some 1103.m3 of fill missing. Possibly the motte was bigger or the fill was used for surrounding ramparts that have nowdisappeared.

S 52.ii

Bailey?None.

Whitehouse Camp (Michaelcurch Escley) Survey 53

N

30 40

path

fence

ditch bottom

top of bank1m contour

0.5 m contour

^*?s&.


Name of Site: Whitehouse Camp. Parish: Michaelchurch County: Herefordshire.Escley.


SO 29572 35684.


SAM.No. HWCM166. Motte and bailey. Medieval. Secular,


Fortified-site.

Geology at Site:

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Survey conditions:

Site conditions:


ITiH site.

368m.

Pasture and waste.

3234.947m2.

Good conditions.

The site is very overgrown.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Andrea Lewis.

5 May 2003.

S53.i

Mound:


31.791m.64.353m2.1731.287m2.

Shape:


Oblong.

112.817m. 959.3 1

It was not possible to survey enough points around the top mound due to the vegetation therefore analysis of the feature for volume could not be calculated.

Heights

Slope

North

1.93m

1 : 3.06 32.72%

South

1 : 1.14m

1 :3.5827.92%

East

1.96m

1 : 4.3523%

West

1.80m

1 :3.5 28.55%



1.96m east.1 : 3.06. 32.72% north.

There is a noticeable change of slope to the east and west but the vegetation made survey impossible. The heights therefore represent the measurement to the base of the outer mound perimeter.

The following calculation represents the entire raised platform, including rampart and mound.

802.218m3.

Platform/bailey?

Heights

Slope

North

1.41m

1 :4.52 22.13%

South

1 : 1.14m

1 : 3.58 L27.92%

East

1.84m

1 :5.33 18.78%

West

1.23m

1 :3.3 30.33%


Rampart:

2m north-east,1:2.76. 36.19% north-east.

S53.ii

The platform has a surrounding rampart on the east and west rims. To the south the rampart joins the mound and to the north it disappears to leave an exposed section. The measurements represent the mid points; both ramparts are tapered.

Inner depth

Slope

Width

Length

East

0.5m

1 : 4.52 22.08%1.29m

20.17

West

1.23m

1 :2.333.37 %1.18m

19.41

Ditch:None.

S 53.in

Wolvesnewton Survey 54

N

ditch bottom top of bank 1 m contour 0.5 m contour path

wall

unsurveyed

rendered plan view

Name of Site: Wolvesnewton. Parish: Devauden.


ST 44912 99883.




Fortified-site or ringed enclosure.

Geology at Site:-

County: Gwent

Topography:

Altitude of site:

Land use:

Area Surveyed:

Old red sandstone, St Maughan's Group.

Valley site.

130m.

Garden.

6616.460m2.

Survey conditions: Good conditions.

Site conditions:The top of the mound is a private lawn and has been landscaped. A house occupies the north of the platform. The entire north of the site behind the house is covered with impenetrable vegetation.

Surveyor:

Assistant:

Survey Date:


Adam Phillips.

11 May 2002

S54.i

Mound:


Shape;

Perimeter of base: Area of base

Unknown (north inaccessible).Unknown (north inaccessible) 3826.m2 estimate.Unknown (north inaccessible).

Oval.

Unknown (north inaccessible).Unknown (north inaccessible) 64l2.m2 estimate.

Volume of mound calculated from estimated base: Unknown (north inaccessible).

— ._

Heights

Slope

North

No data

No data

South

4.13m

I : 1.79 55.75%

East

1.51m

I : 3.51 28.47 %

West

4.27m

I : 2.03 49.16%


4.27m west1 :2.03.49.16% west.

Diteh:The ditch surrounds the mound on three sides with the east filled in by a modern road to the house. The entire north section is covered by impenetrable vegetation which prevented any surveying in that area.

Outer depth

Slope

Bottom width

North

No data

No data

No data

South

0.82m

1 : 1.82 55.08%3.58m

East

0.26m

1 : 7.77 12.87%1.99m

__ ________ , ___ ___ „ ______

West

1. 92m

1 : 1.47 67.94%2.06m

Bailey?None.

S 54.ii

VOLUME II

EARTHWORK CASTLES OF GWENT AND ERGYNG AD 10501250

RESISTIVITY SURVEYS

N.Phil lips. 2004

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION G iii

PRESENTATION G .iii

SURVEY MOTIVATION Giii

CASTELL ARNALLT G 1 i Description Survey layout Interpretation Conclusion

CHANSTONE TIJMP 1 G.2,f Description Survey layout Interpretation Conclusion

CHANSTONE TUMP 2 G 3 i Description Survey layout Interpretation Conclusion

DORSTONE G.4.1 Description Survey layout Interpretation Conclusion

HOWTON G.S.i Description Survey layout Interpretation Conclusion

NEWTON TUMP G - 6 -i Description Survey layout Interpretation Conclusion

PENYCLAWDD G7i Description Survey layout Interpretation Conclusion

G.i

PONTHENDRE G8i Description Survey layout Interpretation Conclusion

TRELECH G9i Description Survey layout Interpretation Conclusion

FiguresG.I Castle Amallt G.2 Chanstone Tump 1 G.3 Chanstone Tump 2 G.4 Dorstone G.5 Howton G.6 Newton Tump G.7 Penyclawdd G.SPontHendre G.9 Trelech

G.ii

INTRODUCTION

The following section presents the resistivity surveys undertaken for this study. The surveys were undertaken using a Geoscan RM15 resistivity meter with 0.5m array, with 1m space and 1m transverse making for 400 readings per 20m square. The data once collected was downloaded into Gcoplot 3 where it was processed to produce shade plots. In order to produce a meaningful graphic representation showing both the original shade plot and the interpretation, the findings were produced as a set of two images.

PRESENTATION

The first image contains the shade plot overlaid on a partial topographic plan taken from Vol. 2. surveys The second image shows the interpretation with the shade plot removed. All the displays with the exception of Chanstone 2 are shown with contour plotting: Chanstone 2 is different from the other eight as its topography is presented in the form of hachures. The reason for the difference is that the features of the site are very minor with hardly any height difference. Displaying the site as a contour plot requires settings of about 0.1m which as a display becomes very confused.

SURVEY MOTIVATION

The resistivity surveys were made mainly in order to sample two areas of earthwork castle function. The first was to explore, by non evasive means, the use of the area oil top of a rnotte to see if any building work couid be identified. The five chosen; Castell Arnallt, Chanstone, Dorstone, Howton and Fenyclawdd were representative of the larger motte top variety. A problem of using resistivity is the need for a good size surface for the findings to be meaningful. It has to be noted therefore that the small motte top earthworks have not been assessed in this survey. The second exploration was to gain an insight into the use of baileys and for this Newton Tump and Pont Hendre were chosen. Chanstone 2 was surveyed in order to identify its purpose whilst Trelech was included in order to investigate a possible structure at the edge of the bailey. Such a small sample of surveys will inevitably make a limited contribution to the research outcome but the restraints of time, equipment and assistants are the controlling factor. All the mottes surveyed were scheduled ancient monuments and the surveys were only possible with the permission of Cadw and English Heritage.

G.iii

VOL2.G1 Castell Arnallt

Contour survey with geophysical survey

Resistivity range

fence1 m contourpath

CASTELL ARNALLT Grid: so 31942

Description:

The site at Castell Arnallt is oblong with its longest axis, east/west, measuring just over 150m.

Its shorter north/south axis is only 78m. Tt is situated on ground sloping gently from north- cast/south- west, and as such its height varies; being 4m on the north and 8m on the south. The

long axis can be divided into two areas, the eastern half being a flat topped plateau, some 4m higher than the western half which takes the form of an elongated spur.

Survey layout:

The geophysical survey was made using 24, 20m grid squares arranged across the mound. The attached plan shows the geoplot overlaid on a hachure plan and the geoplot interpretation over the same hachure plan.

Interpretation:

On the plot, the shaded areas a - e show up as high resistance curvilinear features that follow the shape of the hill. Surface stone is evident in some of these areas due to slope erosion. Tt is proposed therefore, that these areas form an inner wall or the remains of a footing for a palisade. In between d and c there is a large gap, which, in combination with the colour layout and visible surface features, was interpreted as an entrance. Area f appears to be part of the entrance feature but the geoplot and surface features suggest that there is a gap between f, d, and e. Shaded areas g, h, k, m, n, appear also to follow the shape of the hill in the same way as a - e, and so it is reasonable to interpret them as a second ring of wall or palisade footing. The lack of continuity between g and n could be due to severe erosion on this side, possibly connected to the barn structure. Feature ni seems to be associated with the proposed entrance between d and c, but also has an elongated section running south. However, this extension, rather than being a structure, probably has more to do with quarry spoil. The quarry was probably situated in an area of abundant, exposed stone. If k, m, and n were indeed a defensive wall, the prominent position

of m, may have been a tower base overlooking the entrance way.Shaded areas o - r have also been interpreted as a wall or palisade footing. Again they follow the

shape of the hill and the visible features. This group of high resistance features may have been an

outer bailey. Feature q, shows heavy stone content and may again have been a tower base.

G.l.i

The southern part of area r has a linear feature running east to west for a distance of some 40m.

Running at right angles to this feature and attached to it are a series of square cells, approximately four metres across. As these buildings are on the outside of the supposed defensive wall they may represent later, possibly agricultural use.Un-shadcd features si - s9 were interpreted as building remains. The long double linear feature of si is possibly a hall although it may also have been a stock pen. The curious 80 degree alignment change at the west end of the feature would argue against it being a ridge and lurrow trench or orchard mark. At the east end there is a clear low resistance separation between si and s2. There is a very clear low resistance reading between si and a. The feature s2 appears to be a complex of structures with some very thick walls. The east -west aisle, on the east side of s2 is interesting and suggestive of something more than an entranceway. The feature s3 is on the same alignment as si and also has a direction change at the western end, although with s3 the continuation curved. The position of s4 tends to suggest a connection with the entranceway for this feature. The high resistance feature, s5 is not easy to interpret and may simply have been a path taken for the removal of rubble from the quarry. The feature marked s6 is on the very edge of the erosion area by the side of a large tree. It is not possible to offer an interpretation of this feature other than noting its existence. The low resistance feature s7 could possibly suggest a ditch beneath the wall or palisade footing. A further low resistance structure was noted between c, and s3, inside the top enclosure.The last feature to be mentioned is s9. This feature is unique on the site in that it forms a definite semi-circular. Both features si and c appear to overlie s9 and there is no evidence of its survival beyond them. It is possible that the west end of s3, mentioned earlier, has an association with the curve of s9.

Conclusion:

The historical importance of the site, as a castle of a Welsh lord, has always been suspected. The survey however, has shown that this neglected site may also contain a large archaeological record of medieval life. The site appears to have contained a large number of buildings and may well have had multivallate defences which probably evolved with the times in which they were used, probable early timber structures being replaced by the evident masonry that the survey recorded. Possibly the feature s9 may have been an earlier rampart that the site outgrew. It is more correct to think of Castell Arnallt as a Llys than a castle. If this is the case, it may be

possible to equate its potential importance with that of Dinas Powys.G.l.ii

Vol.2. G.2 Chanstone Tump 1

r--Contour survey with geophysical survey

Resistivity range

81.77 77.95 74 13 70.31 66.50 62.68 58.86 5504 51.22 47.40 43.58 39.76 35.94 ohm

hedge1m contourstreamtop of bankbottom of bank interpretation

N. Phillips 9/3/2002

CHAINSTON K TU M P 1 Grid: SO 36547 35894

Description:

Chanstone Tump motte is situated in the Parish of Vowchurch and appears to share the same SAM no as the earthworks 100m to the south-south-west. The physical features of the site are a large flat-topped mound, mostly surrounded by a ditch. The mound is a rounded rectangle measuring 23m by 28m, the longest axis lying north-east/south-west. It averages 3.5m above the bottom of the surrounding ditch and 2m above the surface of the field. The south-west side has a 6m high, bank sloping down towards a stream rather than a ditch. To the NW of the motte is a spur of raised ground that may be the remains of a bailey. The spur varies from 3m-4m above the stream and measures 30m by 12m within the survey area. The rest of the field is featureless except for a later mill leat across the east boundary. The surface of the area surveyed was covered in short grass and there was no evidence of stone, with the exception of small stretches of the motte top rim.

Survey layout:

The geophysical survey was made using 8, 20m grid squares arranged across both mounds and their intervening ditches. The attached plan shows the geoplot overlaid on a hachure plan and the geoplot interpretation over the same hachure plan.

Interpretation:

Area a is a rectangular high resistance feature on top of the motte towards the north-east edge. It measures 3m by 8m with its longest axis aligned north-north-west/south-south-east, and was

possibly a building base.Area b is a rectangular high resistance feature on top of the motte towards the north edge. It measures on average 4m by I Om with its longest axis aligned north-north-east/south-south-west,

again possibly a building base.Area c is a rectangular high resistance feature on lop of the moite towards the south-south-west edge. It measures 5m by 13m with its longest axis aligned north-north-wcst/south-south-cast,

again possibly a building base.Area d is an irregular, rectangular high resistance feature on top of the motte, towards the south east edge. This feature varies between 3m-7m in width by 5m in length with its longest axis aligned norlh-norlh-wesf/soulh-south-east and is possibly associated with feature c. The south west side of the area shows a 1m by 5m linear anomaly that runs at a diagonal to the rest of the

structure. G21

Area c is a curvilinear, high resistance feature that appears to be associated with the rim of the motte top. Its width is very irregular; possibly, due to erosion, but on average seems to vary between lm-2m. It is possible that e represents a defensive rim wall or remains of a palisade bank, although the reading may be caused by differential drying of the motte edge. Area f is a high resistance curvilinear feature associated with the rim of the bailey bank. Its width averages 3m and it stretches around the south-cast side of the motte towards the north, for about 40m. The south-west end of the feature fades out at the stream slope and is noticeable in the field as a break of slope. The feature also narrows where it is cut by g.Area g is a low resistance linear feature, running 25m from the south survey edge, through f and e at the motte rim. This has been interpreted as a modern access path as it runs to the motte from the roadside gate.Area h is a high resistance curvilinear feature and like f, also appears to be associated with the rim of the bailey bank. Its width averages 3m and it stretches around the north-east side of the motte towards the west for about 48m, where it fades out at the stream slope; noticeable in the field as a break of slope.Area j is a continuous, curvilinear feature of high resistance averaging a width of 4m. It is not noticeable in the field either in vegetation or break of slope. Tt entirely encircles the motte bottom, within the survey area, but is inside and above the motte ditch. A reasonable interpretation would be an encircling wall or remains of palisade bank at the bottom of the motte slope. There is a possibility that the anomaly represents geology but as it is not evident at the same height on the outside of the ditch this would be unlikely.Area k is a high resistance, rectangular feature measuring 5m by 3m on a north-east/south-west axis; slightly bigger towards the north but clipped by the north edge of the survey. It is probably a building base situated on what may be a bailey.Area m is a high resistance, rectangular feature measuring 5m by 6m again on a north-east/south

west axis; probably another building base.Area n is a high resistance, rectangular feature measuring 5m by 4m on a north-north-east/south-

south-west axis, again a potential building base.Area o is a low resistance feature roughly 'T' shaped and between features k, m, and q. If k, m, and q were buildings then o, could be easily interpreted as a path between them. It is worth noting that in the field, o does show up as a slight depression.Area p is another low resistance feature that parallels h to the south and delineates q, m and n on the north. The resistivity range for this feature is similar to o and it may be another path.

Area q is an amorphous high resistance, rectangular feature measuring 13 m by 7m on a north east/south-west axis. It may be bigger towards the north but is clipped by the north-west edge of

the survey. Included within the feature is a very high resistance square measuring 4m by 4m with various possible adjoining linear features. It is probably another building base but further survey

is needed.

Conclusion:

The geophysical survey of Chanstone Tump 1 produced a spectacular graphic image of the resistance changes across the site. From these results, it was possible to interpret that the motte top had a series of buildings arranged around a central square. The rim of the motte had a boundary of some sort around its entirety with the possible exception of the south-east edge. The base of the motte also has an encircling barrier of some sort, as does the bailey bank edge. If

these interpretations are correct, then this somewhat low motte, that did not appear to be as defensive as its taller counterparts, takes on a new aspect, a mound with three rings of defence. Outside of the defensive rim on the north-west edge of the site is an area which appears to have a series of buildings with intervening walkways. It is possible that this area was a bailey but without more research it is not possible to suggest this with any firm conviction.

Vol.2. G3 Chanstone 2

Resistivity range

- k / V'it. ' *S^BW»

Lsical survey

N

X

\

\interpretation

interpretation


CHANSTONE JUMP 2 Grid : SO 36462 35704

Description;

The physical features of the site consist of two vaguely round earthwork mounds, one a raised platform on three sides, measuring 34m x 27m with a maximum height of 0,9m, the other a raised ring 28m x 30m with a maximum height of 0.4m. The centre of the second ring has a quantity of rubble in it. Both mounds seem to share a common system of ditches. The surfaces of the mounds were covered in short grass with patches of nettles and there was evidence of much stone within the fill and on the slopes of the mounds.

Survey layout:The geophysical survey was made using 11, 20m grid squares arranged across both mounds and their intervening ditches. The attached plan shows the geoplot overlaid on a hachure plan and the geoplot interpretation over the same hachure plan.

Interpretation:Area a is a curvilinear low resistance feature associated with the rim of the mound. It has nodiscernable width in this area as it runs outside of the survey, it is probable that this feature maywell represent natural ground surface.

Area b would appear to be a further expanse of the natural feature a but is this time bounded bythe higher resistance of the mound on one side and feature m, along the other.Area c is also a low resistance area and can be interpreted as natural ground surface, devoid offeatures.Area d is another low resistance area and can also probably be interpreted as natural ground

surface.Area e is further low resistance feature similar to a, b, c, and d except that it has a section oflower resistance. If the assumption that the resistance measured at a - d represents natural thenthe extremely low resistance at the centre of c could be due to silting of a ditch between bothmounds.

Area f is a circular, low resistance feature with readings similar to e. This would again suggestthat an underlying feature has silted up. The north side of feature f is probably linked to e and apossible explanation could be thai the ring mound is a fish pond with a feed ditch at e.The following areas g n arc to be found on top of the flat mound. G. 3. i

Area g is a low resistance feature measuring 18m by 6m with an offset area to the south and apossible entrance. A scatter of varying higher resistance features, which may have been walls,

surrounds it.Area h is a low resistance feature irregularly shaped with rough dimensions of 12m x 4m. Ascatter of varying higher resistance features, which may have been walls, surrounds it.Area i is a roughly triangular low resistance feature measuring 6m x 5m along its short lengthsand again a scatter of varying higher resistance features, which may have been walls, surroundsit. The very high resistance to the south-west of i could be caused by a large tree that growsthere.Area j is a low resistance rectangular feature measuring 7m by 7m with two 2m offsets. A scatterof varying higher resistance features, which may have been walls, surrounds it and it also sharesthe tree with i.Area k is a low resistance rectangular feature measuring 5m by 4m. It has a 2m x 1m extensionon the west side and a 3m x 3m addition to the north-east. A scatter of varying higher resistancefeatures, which may have been walls, surrounds it.Area 1 is an almost rectangular, low resistance feature measuring 5m by 4m. A scatter of varyinghigher resistance features, which may have been walls, surrounds it.Area m is a triangular feature of high resistance which runs between features b, and c. It is madeup of a jumble of high resistance readings which form no discernable patterns.

Area n is a curvilinear feature of high resistance which runs along the edge of the mound. It has avery slight rise on the inside of the mound and may have been a raised earthwork. It contains alot of stone fill. The west end of this feature ends abruptly at a, which does seem to show adeliberate purpose. At the east terminal there is a more gradual decline.Area o is a high resistance feature roughly circular with a 9m diameter. The physical nature of o

is a small mound of densely packed stone.Area p is a ring feature of high resistance which almost encircles f. It has a jumble of highresistance, which form no discernable patterns: similar to the north mound. The east and southsides of p are about 2m thick but on the west side the feature reaches some 11m across.

Conclusion:The features g - 1 are all low resistance areas between jumbles of higher readings. There are no real patterns of structure to be picked out but it is reasonable to interpret that the mound has had a concentration of buildings on it at one time. The high resistance features m and n and the fill

of the mound arc probably man made. A likely interpretation of the mound is that of a moated site. The western mound is very much of an enigma and it has been suggested that it may represent the remains of a fish pond, possibly associated with the moated site as they both appear to share a ditch system. However, they may also be associated with the railway line which used to run along side the site.

Vol.2.G4 Dorstone

contour survey with geophysical overlay

interpretation

5m contour

top of bank

10 20 30•metres

interpretation

40 50

Resistivity range

104 0498.1592.268638804974.6068 71628356.9451 0545 1639.2833 39ohm


DORS TONK Grid: so 31217 41623

Description:

The motte stands at a height varying between 8m to 9.5m above the bottom of its surrounding ditch. Its top is oval with diameters of 33m and 28m providing a surface area of 734m2 . The surface of the motte is covered in short grass and there are trees around the rim and three in the centre. Trees can be a problem with geophysics in that their root systems disturb the ground and so affect the resistivity of the soil. There is evidence of much stone within the fill and on the slopes of the motte.

Survey layout:The geophysical survey was made using 4, 20m grid squares arranged across the motte top. The centre of the 4 grids was positioned in the centre of the motte in order to give greater coverage of the edges. The attached plan shows the geoplot overlaid on a contour plan and the geoplot interpretation over the same contour plan.

Interpretation:Area a is a curvilinear high resistance feature associated with the rim of the motte. In places thewidth reaches some 3m in thickness. There is a great deal of small surface stone visible aroundthe motte top but no large masonry pieces. It is possible that the feature represents the remains of

an enclosing wall or earthwork around the top of the motte. There may have been a shell keep atDorstone, lack of large masonry pieces being the result of robbing.Area b is a probable continuation of a.Area c is also a probable continuation of a, the motte rim between b and c has been eroded whichmay account for the break, however; it is possible that this is an entrance through the enclosure

wall. The features a, b, c, are present wherever the resistivity survey reached the rim of the mottetop,Area d is a high resistance feature comprising two linear sections connected by a right angle, thenorth/south section of which measures 6m x 3m whilst the cast/west section is 12m x 2m.Area e is an area of high resistance that has two lengths of 1m wide stretches, again set at right

angles. The west length measures 5m and the south 5m with a 3m right angle corner runningwest. At their junction there is a more substantial feature that appears to stop just short of bsuggesting a passage between the two. The area between e and d is a regular rectangle of low

resistance, consistent with a large internal room 6m x 5m.

G.4.1

A probable doorway is present on the south-west side. There may be a similar room formed

between the southern arm of e and the east section of h, to be discussed later. Another large, lowresistance feature is contained between e and c, possible further evidence of the proposedentrance way between b and c.

Area f is a high resistance, T* shaped feature. One part, running north/south is 2m x 5m and the

other 1m x 2m. The thinner section is on the same alignment as east/west section of e suggesting

a continuation of a wall. The thicker, north/south section forms a rather solid reading that iscontinuous through g and h.

Area g is a high resistance feature, although probably a continuation of f, separated by a weak

resistance gap.Area h is a very complicated series of high resistance features. All the sections of h are aligned at

right angles to one another and appear as lengths of linear features with widths between 1 m and

2m. One part of h (where the letter 'h' is on the plan), measures 2m wide and 7m long. Its

alignment and width are identical to h, g, and f, suggesting a large continuous wall.

Area i, is another stretch of linear feature with right angled sections whose alignment is the same

as features d, e, f, g, and h.Area j, is a feature of high resistance measuring 1m x 12m between a, and h. It is the only feature

on the site that is not aligned north/south.

Conclusion:The noticeable alignment of these combined features d -i would suggest that they are all

associated with one another. A probable interpretation, considering the type of site as well as the

geophysics, would be of a set of connected rooms within a large building. The more indistinct

parts of the features are probably the result of tumble from walls, but even so, the overall nature

of the structure can be seen. A masonry wall of some considerable thickness surrounded the

whole building complex, which would be consistent of a shell keep with internal buildings.

GAii

Vol.2. G5 Howton

Resistivity range

26.64 25.35 2407 22.79 21.51 20.23 18.95 17.67

I' | 16.39 15.11 13.83 12.55 ohm


interpretation

0 10

interpretation

— - — — fence—————— 1 m contour— — — — damage—————— top of bank______ bottom of bank

20 30 40 50

metres N. Phillips 29/05/2002

HOW1ON Grid: SO 41487 29389

Description:The mound at Howton is quite low at an average height of 2m above the bottom of its surrounding ditch; around 1.5m above natural land surface. Its top is circular with a 26m diameter providing a surface area of 527m2 . The surface of the motte is covered in short grass.

Survey layout:The geophysical survey was made using 4, 20m grid squares arranged across the motte top. The centre of the 4 grids was positioned in the centre of the motle in order to give greater coverage of the edges. The attached plan shows the geoplot overlaid on a contour plan and the geoplot interpretation over the same contour plan.

Interpretation:Area a is a rectangular low resistance feature, 11m. in length by 5m wide running roughly east- north-east/west-south-west. It has been interpreted as a pit of some sort with a disturbed fill. It may be part of the 1906 excavation trench mentioned in the VCH. (1908. 227), alternatively it may be a cellar of a demolished, possibly timber, building.Area b is a linear, low resistance feature running east-south-east/west-north-west, turning at a right angle on the west side to continue west-south-west, it measures approx 24m by 3m along the longest part with the right-angled extension running a further 5m. It crosses the south side of the mound top at a tangent, and an area of damage to the rim is noticeable at this point. For this

reason it would appear that b is a later addition to the mound.Area c is an identical feature to b with the exception that it docs not have a right angle turn. It runs parallel to b for 24m but continues for a further 11m to the mound diteh. Both features b and c can be seen to have a slight curve along their length. If both are of a similar origin then

their combined width is some 8m.Area d is a higher resistance feature that runs from the bottom of the ditch to the top of the mound on the north side. Its longest side is 16m and its width is 5m. The jumbled effect and the resistance range would suggest that the feature is the result of differential drying due to it being

the north side of a steep bankArea e is an area of high resistance that seems to be found around the rim of the mound on all sides except the south-west. Again this would suggest differential drying due to the resistance

range. However, it is possible that it could also show evidence of the remains of a palisade bank.G.5.i

Conclusion:The range of the resistance encountered on this survey was limited and it was felt that this would have an influence on the interpretation. As no stone was found or felt with the probes, it was decided that higher resistance readings were probably the result of differential drying of the soil. The results of the geophysics in this instance were not very clear although it is possible to say that there is probably no masonry on the site. It may well be that Howton was a timber/earthwork structure. If this is the case then it may explain the absence of finds from the 1906 excavation.

G.5.H

Vol. 2. G6 Newton TumpResistivity range


- — — hedge1 m contour stream top of bank bottom of bank


NEWTON TDMP Grid: so 29272 44053

Description:

The site at Newton Tump consists of a motte and bailey, the motte stands at an average height of 5m above the bottom of its surrounding ditch, around 4m above the bailey. The bailey itself is raised by about 1m on the north side to counteract the slope of the hill.

Survey layout:

The geophysical survey was made using 24, 20m grid squares arranged across the bailey and surrounding natural surface. The motte and surrounding molte ditch were not surveyed due to vegetation coverage and boggy conditions. The western edge of the bailey was also not surveyed because the ground was waterlogged.

Interpretation:

Area a is a large stretch of ground showing both high resistance and low resistance features running in parallel lines. The lines vary in length with the longest reaching around 70m. The high resistance lines average 1m in width, whereas the low resistance features have a width averaging 3m. The lines are orientated north/south, following the gradient of the surface. This orientation would tend to eliminate the anomaly having been caused by an eroding bedding plane. The interpretation favoured therefore is that they are probably ridge and furrow plough marks. The high resistance may be either from underlying features that have been spread along the field by plough or they are cuts made through the sandstone bedrock. An interesting point to notice about the lines is that they run at an offset alignment with the bailey ditch. Area b is a semicircular, high resistance feature running north/south, with its curve towards the W. It measures approximately 10m, nort/south by 3m, east/west and according to the contour plan is associated with the 132m contour, in the field, the contour runs at a break of slope, that more than likely forms an old stream bank. This would account for the high resistance. Area c is a rectangular high resistance feature measuring 10m by 5m on and east/west axis. The feature is noticeable in the field as a slight rise of ground atop a very regular platform to the west and north. Low resistance on three sides surrounds the platform with a stream on the fourth. A faced slab of stone is present at surface level with more masonry immediately beneath the turf. The findings would suggest a large building possibly used to stand here an the east/west axis

may point to an ecclesiastical structure.

G.6.i

Area d is a high resistance feature that runs between the top of the moat, to the top of the ditch,

on the west side of the motte. It is roughly orientated north/south with the longest side 6m at a

width of 5m. The feature is a jumble of readings but their proximity and layout would suggest abuilding. The field evidence shows a slight depression with even slighter surrounding bank.Area e is another line of parallel, linear, high and low resistance readings similar to those of areaa. The features of area c also continue the exact alignment of area a, which would suggest

contemporary relationship. If that is the case, and if both a and e are ridge and furrow, then it

would appear that they were made before the motte and bailey, as neither a nor e respect thelayout of the bailey ditch.Area f is a small area of high resistance measuring 5m by 3m and aligned north/south.Area g is a high resistance area in a diamond shape, its longer axis lying north/south. It has aninner area of very high resistance measuring 10m by 4m on a background of lower high

resistance reading measuring 13m by 10m. The field surface shows the area as a slight raisedmound which is covered with a growth of nettles. This is a probable building base.Area h encompasses three linear features of moderately high resistance. The features show as 1mwide lines set at right angles to one another. There is an open side to the formed enclosure, to thenorth and the longest line is 13m and runs north/south from area g. At right angles and runningeast of the first line is a second, with a length of 6m. The third runs north of the second line for adistance of 5m,Area i is another high resistance area but it is distinctive as it is semicircular in appearance. It isjust to the south of g and has a north-westysouth-east alignment along its longest side. Itmeasures 12m by 5m at its longest and widest points. The W edge appears to have a curve that

abuts or was cut by, an area of low resistance, q.Area j is an amorphous area of high resistance with some internal areas of higher resistance: k, n,

r, s, as well as possible areas of low resistance. Area j either shows a scatter of ruined stone

structures or a possible bedrock background. It is, however, devoid of the parallel anomalies of a

and e which, if the interpretation of ridge and furrow is correct, would suggest later structures

rather than bedrock. Area j is also contained by the bailey ditch suggesting, therefore, that it

would be contemporary with the bailey.Area k is a linear feature of high resistance on the E side of area j, the south east edge of the

bailey. It measures 3m wide by 24m in length and its southern end peters out but the northern

end joins area s. The entire length of k follows the edge of the bailey as would a rampart above a

ditch. The height of the rampart increases towards area s.

Area 1, is a moderately high resistance rectangular feature, comprising three 2m wide linear

anomalies set at right angles to one another with an opening to the south. The internal enclosed

area is low resistance and the field evidence shows a depression covered in a stand of nettles. It

is a probable building base.

Area m is a small area of high resistance measuring 4m by 3m although the 3m measurement

only reflects the limit of the survey. The longer measurement is bounded by the motte ditch on

the one side and the bailey ditch on the other. The field evidence shows that the mound extends

west forming a terminus to the bailey on this side of the motte.

Area n is another linear feature of high resistance within area j on the south edge of the bailey. Tt

measures 3m wide by 15m in length but is not as high a resistance as the similar feature k. The

west end weakens but the east end joins area r. The entire length of n follows the south edge of

the bailey as would a rampart above a ditch. The height of the rampart increases towards area r.

Area o is a similar feature to n but is on the opposite edge of the ditch. Tt is possible that the ditch

at this point has cut through a bedrock outcrop although again there is none of the ridge and

furrow evidence interpreted for a and e. The limit of the survey at this point makes it difficult to

interpret this feature.Area p, is a large area of high resistance to the east of the motte. The amorphous shape has a

long side south-west/north east, measuring approximately 20m with a north west/south-east axis

of about 12m. Within the area is a higher resistance with a maximum width of 7m and an

average width of 4m. This internal feature follows the same alignment but is constrained on the

east side. The south-west end of area p seems to turn towards the motte whilst the north-east is

separated from the motte ditch edge by a 5m lower resistance band. Field evidence shows the

area as a low linear mound at the motte ditch edge. The mound rises gradually from the north

east to the south-west where it drops off more abruptly. Area p was the main interest of the

survey as it was hoped to investigate it as a possible bridge base to the motte. The findings,

though far from conclusive, certainly have not supported an alternative conclusion.

Area q is a curvilinear feature of low resistance separating features g and i from e and f. The

feature runs from the south-east bailey ditch, where its width is 3m, north for about 11m. It then

curves gently north-west for about 14m and increases its width to 7m. The field evidence for this

feature is that it lines up at the ditch edge to an area of ditch fill. It seems likely that the fill was a

later feature associated with what appears to be a modem path towards the motte from the road

to the S. This feature may therefore have been caused by modern access.

Area r, is an area of high resistance again included within feature j. This time the feature is to be found at the south-east corner of the bailey ditch. The feature is circular with an enclosed area of low resistance. Its diameter is approximately 9m and it has an apparent thickness of around 2m. There appears to be an association with n. The field evidence for the feature is a rounded mound on the raised edge of the bailey at the corner of the ditch. Interpretation of this feature would favour a masonry tower of some sort.Area s is a very densely packed area of high resistance that appears to run roughly parallel with the bailey ditch. It has three connected linear features with an internal gap of around 1m. The three features are at right angles to one another. The eastern feature that parallels the ditch is 10m by 2m, thickening to 3 in the north. The north-east feature is 9m by 4m whilst the southern one is 7m by 4m. Feature s appears to be an extension of k, and therefore part of the rampart. The field evidence shows a raised, rounded mound on the end of the linear mound k. Its position, central to the straight edged ditch and rampart, suggests that s has picked up a possible gatehouse structure for the bailey.Area t is a low resistance amorphous feature that would appear to lead towards s, although the alignment is far from perfect. This feature may be an early approach road to the castle or it may be another modern path.

Conclusion:The result of this geophysical survey has been very informative in that it shows extensive evidence for structures within the bailey compound. It has also shown that the bailey probably had a stone-surrounding wall with an entrance through a gatehouse on the east side. A possible tower crowned the south-east corner of the bailey whilst a similar tower expected on the north east corner was not found. Where the bailey narrows at features d and m were found other high resistance features. These may be additional towers but it is difficult to interpret as both overlap the edge of the survey. Feature p, the possible bridge base, supports such a feature. The field on which the motte and bailey castle was built seems to have had an agricultural use before its

construction.Area c would also be a very interesting site for further research. The form of the castle at Newton Tump is very similar to Lingen (SO 366 673), Adjacent to the bailey at Lingen is a church, on a mound, surrounded by a dry ditch with a stream on the N, (Shoesmith, 1996. pi61). it could be that c was a church and this would suggest that Newton Tump would have been

associated with a now lost village.G.6.iv

Vol.2.G7 Penyclawdd


81.77 77.95 74.13 7031 66.50 62.68 5886 5504 51.22 4740 4358 39.76 35.94 ohm

interpretation

1 m contour stream top of bank bottom of bank

interpretation

metres

N. Phillips Dec 2001

PENYCLAWDD Grid; so 30%7 20139

Description:

The mound stands at an average height of 2m above the bottom of its surrounding ditch. Its top is circular with a 21m diameter providing a surface area of 326m2 . The surface of the mound is covered in short grass allowing for faint sub-surface structures to be seen. Tt was these structures that suggested the potential value of a geophysical survey.

Survey layout:

The geophysical survey was undertaken using 4, 20m grid squares arranged across the mound top. The centre of the 4 grids was positioned in the centre of the mound in order to give greater coverage of the edges. The attached plan shows the geoplot overlaid on a hachure plan and the geoplot interpretation over the same hachure plan.

Interpretation :

Area a shows a concentration of masonry, 8m in length by 5m at its widest point. The very darkarea to the east is actually an exposed section of wall some 2 courses high, probably once abuilding.Area b is another area of high resistance measuring 9m by 4m. It lies at right angles to and acrossthe northern edge of the motte and probably represents a building with tumble into the ditch.

Area c is a right angle feature with one 5m and one 4m section and an overall width of 1m.Area d has a very pronounced north- west/south-east line of high resistance. Its width is 1m andits length 8m. Also attached, and running south of the line, is a roughly 6m by 6m area of highresistance. It is possible that c and d arc two sides of one building. The low resistance betweenthe two may be the result of a possible entrance at the motte edge or the result of erosion. A

modern break of slope is visible in the form of a path at this point.Area e and area fare both stretches of intermittent high resistance. As these two areas follow the

edge of the mound lop, it is possible that they are masonry tumble either from a shell keep or

packing from a wooden palisade.Area g is an area of high resistance with surface stone apparent. This also has a probable

connection with masonry tumble but this time from the outer rampart. Unfortunately too little of

the rampart was included in the survey to draw a conclusion.

G.7.1

Conclusion:

The survey revealed various sections of possible stone walls, all roughly aligned or running at right-angles which would suggest that the mound top was once covered by a large building with internal divisions. Most of the anomalies seem confined to the west, north and east with the south and centre of the mound relatively free of response. There docs not appear to be any defence associated with the rim of the mound.

G.7.h

Vol. 2. G8 Pont hendre


Resistivity range

103.36 96.85 90.35 83.84 77.33 70.83

| 64.32 57.82

' 51 31 4480 3830 31 79 25 29 ohm

N

hedge 5m contour

top of bank bottom of bank

interpretation

interpretation


PONT HENDRE Crid: so 32572 28109

Description:

To the east of the motte are a series of terraces, two of which are presumed to form the bailey of the castle. The motte itself has been carved from a spur of land on the west side and it is possible that the terraces are also carved from the same spur. At the south-west end of the higher terrace is a ramp that rises 5m which may be the remains of a bridging structure forming an access to the motte top.

Survey layout:

The geophysical survey was made using 11, 20m grid squares arranged across the bailey terraces. The attached plan shows the geoplot overlaid on a contour plan and the geoplot interpretation over the same contour plan.

Interpretation:

Area a is a spread of high resistance, probably associated with a rampart that bounds the northside of the bailey. The rampart itself has a quantity of stone in its fill. The east side of a stops atthe break of slope which is formed by the outer edge of the first terrace.Area b is a slightly curving spread of high resistance that continues along the edge of the upperterrace and is probably the same feature as a, but a modem drainage feature shown as a white

line, has cut through it. It can be seen from the drainage cut that the high resistance feature hasbeen removed and therefore cannot be bedrock. This would suggest that both a and b wereearthwork structures built on the edge of the terrace. The lines of high resistance that split from bto run parallel with the drainage ditch arc probably associated with its construction.Area € is a slightly curving spread of high resistance that continues, parallel to b, along the

bottom edge of the upper terrace. Between b and c is a fairly consistent spread of low resistance

that looks very much like a ditch. It is possible that c is either a second rampart or that a large

ramparl at b has fallen down the slope.Area d is a high resistance feature measuring some 8m x 10m. The feature may mark a buildingof some sort but it should be noted that the area is a flat plateau that is used for housing chicken

hutches, obviously getting a lot of daily trampling.Area e is a high resistance feature that appears to have a linear east-west run 15m x 1m, with a

5m square east end.Area f is a high resistance feature 5m in width and is 12m length.

G.S.i

Area g is a high resistance rectangular feature 5m in width with a 10m length. Between f and g isa passage of low resistance 1m wide.Area h is a high resistance feature 1 m in width with a 12m length with a right angle turn towardsfeatures i and j just at the edge of the survey.Area i is a high resistance feature similar to h but only 6rn in length..Area j is a high resistance rectangular feature forming an enclosed area 8m x 4m. The enclosurefeature itself has a width of 2rn.Features d - j are all similarly aligned along a common axis although a note of caution warnsthat the axis is the same as that of the grid layout. That said, it is possible that the lower terraceof the bailey contains buildings.

Conclusion:The survey at Pont Hendre did not establish any real evidence of structure in the area identified as the bailey; however, this lack of evidence itself is very informative and may explain why the castle was abandoned (see Vol. 2). There were weak responses in the lower bailey which may relate to out buildings of some sort but equally the may be the result of the survey grid alignment.

G.S.ii

Vol.2.G9 TrelechContour survey with geophysical survey

bailey

N

Resistivity range

81 7777.9?74.1370.31665062.685886550451.2247.4043.58397635.94ohm

interpretation

bailey

— - — — hedge————— 1 m contour_.__.__.. stream————— top of bank______ bottom of bank

interpretation

metres N. Phillips 2002

TRELECH (TDMP TERRET) Grid: so 49952 0

Description:

The motte stands at an average height of 5.8m above the bottom of its surrounding ditch. The

ditch and the raised bailey to the north of the motte was the focus of the survey. The surface of

the enclosing field is covered in short grass allowing for faint subsurface structures to be noticed,

It was these structures, in particular an oblong depression measuring 5m by 3m at the rim of the

bailey, which suggested the potential value of a geophysical survey.

Survey layout:

The geophysical survey was made using 20m grid squares arranged to a best-fit pattern across

the northern bailey and western edge of the motte. The size of the field surrounds, and motte area

itself meant that full grids were unable to be employed. The attached plan shows the geopiot

overlaid on a contour plan and the geopiot interpretation over the same contour plan.

Interpretation:Area a shows a high resistance linear feature that passes from the north edge of the field towards

the motte ditch where it turns south. As both the north end and the north half of the feature are in

alignment with the track known to have existed in the fields to the west of the church it can be

assumed that a is a continuation of the track. The north south section is approximately 21m in

length and up to 4m wide with the south west section running another 25m before reaching the

edge of the survey.Area b is a high resistance feature that can be identified as masonry a wall, part of which can be

seen at the south end of the feature.Area c is a low resistance curvilinear feature that is continuous within the survey area. This

feature is without doubt the motte ditch, the low resistance being consistent with silt filled ditch.

Area d is the only part of the motte itself that was included within the survey. The high resistance

reading may show tumble from structures associated with the motle or the fabric of the motie

itself. The small area covered, however, is not enough to make any valid comments. Area e is a large area of high resistance running east/west across the north bailey. The feature

forms a right angle to the north at the eastern end and continues east again. This was a surprise

finding as there is no visible earthwork to account for such a large structure. The west part of the

structure measures 12m by 4m and runs parallel with the bailey edge. On the east the structure

turns north measuring 7m by 5m.G.9.i

The north end of the survey shows the feature turning cast again but this may be associated witha modem wall.The southeast of the feature has an 'V shaped feature which runs down the bailey bank towardsthe ditch.Area fwas the original Focus of Ihe survey due to the rectangular depression and the steepness ofthe mottc at this point. The feature is enclosed in a visible depression the cast side of which is the'L1 shaped part of area e.

Conclusion:

Two points have arisen from the survey that requires further research:If a is the track way then it leads into the castle ditch which would appear to be an unusualdestination. Therefore, it would suggest that the track way is a later addition to the site, after themotte had gone out of use or that it ""drifted" into the ditch after abandonment.The original suspicion was that the depression was the remains of a bridge base from the baileyto the motte. The interpretation of the survey is that the bridge base could be in place as amasonry structure. If area f, is the bridge base then it is possible that e, is a gatehouse of somesort.

VOLUME II

EARTHWORK CASTLES OF GWENT AND ERGYNG AD 10501250

EXCAVATIONS

N.Phillips. 2004

CONTENTS

Introduction E ^

Penyclawdd E ^2002

Design briefResultsFinds

2003Design briefResultsFinds

Trelech E iv2002

Design briefResultsFinds

2003Design briefResultsFinds

FiguresE.1 Penyclawdd excavation trenches 2002/2003E.2 Penyclawdd excavation 2002, sections and plansE.3 Penyclawdd excavation 2003, trench 1 section drawingE.4 Penyclawdd excavation 2003, trench 2 planE.5 Trelech excavation 2002, section, plan and profileE.6 Trelech excavation 2003, plan

PlatesE. 1 Penyclawdd excavation 2002, ditchE.2 Penyclawdd excavation 2003, trench 1, ditchE.3 Penyclawdd excavation 2003, trench 2, wallsE.4 Penyclawdd excavation 2003, trench 2, wall side viewE.5 Trelech excavation 2002, trench 1E.6 Trelech excavation 2003, trenches 2,3, 4, and 5E.7 Trelech excavation 2002, trench 3, beam slotE.8 Trelech excavation 2002, trench 5, stone boss in ditch

E.i

INTRODUCTION

Excavation of specific sites would provide valuable data for both this research and castle studies in general. Key potential sites pinpointed were Castell Amallt, Bryngwyn, Dingestow (Mill

Hill), Dorstone, Gypsy Tump, Llangiby (Bowling Green), Llanvaches, Nant-y-bar, Newcastle, Newton Tump, Old Castleton, Penyclawdd, Pont Hendre, Poston, Trelech and Wolvesnewton.

The full excavation programme was far beyond the scope of this study but the list remains a useful guide to priority sites for future excavation. Practical constraints limited excavations undertaken to two, Penyclawdd and Trelech.

PENYCLAWDD 2002

Design brief:

The initial design brief for the excavation at Penyclawdd was a single trench 8m by 3m located

on the lawn of Penyclawdd Court, adjacent to the earthwork mound but outside of the scheduled area (Vol. 2. figure E.I). The objective of the excavation was to determine the existence of a

ditch to the south of the motte, which if present, would show that the mound originally had a complete surrounding ditch as shown on the 1775 estate plan, (D.591.32A.37) (see Vol. 2. figure 97). It was also hoped that the predicted ditch would yield dating evidence for the site; prior to excavation the earliest date for Penyclawdd, Castle Mound, was 1349 (see Vol. 1. page 296).

The plan shows the location of the 2002 trench on the right of the mound.

Results:

The results confirmed the presence of a ditch which was revealed as a cut slope in natural clay

roughly consistent with the predicted southern rim (Vol. 2. figure E.2). The plan shows the edge of the trench and both the west and northern trench sections. The edge of the ditch shows up in

the bottom of the photograph and can be easily identified as the red clay area in the foreground (Vol. 2. plate E.I). The change in context can be seen on the west side of the trench (far side of

the photograph) as a stark colour change marked by a layer of tumble. The ditch reached a depth of 1.47m within the confines of the excavated area and was seen to continue downwards towards

the earthwork.

Finds:The finds in the fill of the ditch were mostly 18th to 20* century pottery, metalwork and glass

E.ii

consistent with a cottage that used to occupy the area. An interesting layer towards the bottom of

the excavation consisted of a tumble of rubble and flat stones that appeared to be loosely stacked

and oriented away from the mound. No artefactual dating evidence other than that mentioned

above was found in context (Phillips 2002. 130-31).

PENYCLAWDD 2003

Design brief:

As a result of the 2002 excavation, scheduled monument consent enabling excavation was

granted to try to locate the bottom of the ditch and search for dating evidence. Consent was also

granted for an evaluation trench on top of the mound to examine the high resistance features that

were revealed during the geophysical survey (Vol. 2. figure E.I). Both the 2003 trenches are

shown giving the alignment of the 2002 trench as well as the geophysical results (see Vol. 2

geophysics). The first trench, 5m by 3m was excavated at the south of the mound as an extension

to the 2002 excavation, thereby producing a good section through the ditch. A gap of around two

metres had to be left between the two trenches because of a boundary hedge. The second trench

was located to the north of the mound top at a point where a high resistivity reading had

suggested a linear feature.

Results:

The result of the excavation was that the inner edge of the ditch was found as a continuous slope

of the mound which had been cut into the natural bedrock, thus confirming the construction of

the mound. The ditch continued to slope downwards to a depth of 2.67m beneath the present

surface at the time of the excavation, at which point it started to rise, probably towards the level

recorded in 2002. The photograph of the ditch close to the end of the excavation gives a good

idea of the depth that was finally reached (Vol. 2. plate E.2). The motte is in the foreground and

the maximum depth is just behind the person excavating. The present motte stands at a low

height of 1.89m at this point, however, the combined depth of the ditch and the height of the

motte, 4.56m would tend to make the overall structure more impressive.

Finds:The fill of the ditch showed phases of levelling, all of which overlay a collapse layer of large

stone roof tiles, context 022, (Vol. 2. figure E.3). Initial pottery analysis places the collapse

layer in the late Tudor period (Anthony pers comm.}.E.iii

The second trench, 3m by 3m, was opened in an area highlighted by the resistivity survey which

produced results that were interpreted as masonry walls (see Vol. 2. geophysics). The fill of the

trench contained areas of burning and collapse debris such as roof tile and the photograph shows

some of the burnt area to the left of the smaller wall (Vol. 2. plate E.3). As can be seen in the

photograph, the anticipated walls were found just under the surface. One main wall running east-

west measured 1.8m thick and survives to a depth of 0.6m (Vol. 2. figure E.3). The second wall,

only 0.5 m thick, butts onto the larger and is obviously a later build. The photomontage shows

the length of exposed main wall with the smaller wall to the right (Vol. 2. plate E.4). Tt can be

seen from the photograph that there was a difference in the build of the second wall. Apart from

the width, the smaller wall has much better facing. Initial pottery analysis from this trench again suggests late Tudor.

Interpretation:

The evidence suggests that the motte has at some time in the past supported a large, rectangular

masonry structure which suffered fire damage. Whether the structure was razed to the ground in

that fire or salvaged for the possible building of the present house is not known.

TRELECH 2002

Design brief:

During the topographical survey of the site at Trelech a large rectangular depression feature was

observed at the top of the raised bank to the north of the motte (Vol. 2. plate 251). The depression feature was dismissed as a possible tree-throw due to the regularity of its shape. On

close examination of the area, and with later reference to measured data from the topographical survey (Vol. 2. surveys), however, it was possible to identify a similar depression on the north

edge of the motte, quite close to the top (Vol. 2. plate 252). At this point the possible

significance of the two areas as the remains of a bridge base, suggested the need for further

investigation, which resulted in a geophysical survey (Vol. 2. geophysics). The results of the

resistivity survey revealed a high resistivity anomaly in the area of the bank, identified above.

Results:On the basis of the surveys, scheduled monument consent to excavate was obtained and

excavation started in 2002 with a single 10m by 3m trench orientated north/south at 90% to theE.iv

edge of the motte (Vol. 2. figure E.4). The plan shows the layout of the 2002 trench (TR1) with the motte base to the right. The initial aims for the excavation were to ascertain the nature and function of the depression feature in the top of the bank (Vol. 2. plate 252). As the feature was suspected to be a bridge base, then not only could there be further associated features along its path, but there was also a likelihood that finds dropped from such a structure could lie in the ditch below. It was therefore decided to put a trench across the whole length of the ditch and bank which would have an added bonus of being able to provide a complete section of the ditch (Vol. 2. plate E5).A great deal of information was gained from the excavation as regards the first objective, the bridge base. A large rock cut beam slot was revealed across the bank showing the position of what was interpreted as an upper trestle. A second beam slot was found, just at the edge of excavation, at the top of the bailey bank, which may have been a further trestle. A small offset post-hole was also discovered in the bank west of the upper trestle slot. The angle of the post- hole suggests that a support pole may have been set there, either to brace the bridge or possibly to support the walk-way. At the bottom of the bank, an area of the bedrock had been flattened off which may have supported another post.The bank itself had been sculpted into two distinct tiers around the area excavated and measurements taken from each side of the trench showed that the effect was indeed localised (Vol. 2. figure E.5 : plate E. 5). The section drawing shows the layout of the trench in relation to the motte, with included profiles of the natural land gradients east, ab and west, cd, of the trench. The trench profile shows the measured bedrock layer in section against the background, cd, to give an idea of the modification that had been done to accommodate the bridge structure. An interpretation was made that the bridge would have been supported from at least two beams set into rock cut ditches. A third support would have existed towards the bottom of the ditch on either posts or another beam and there may have been further support within the ditch.

Finds:The end of the rock cut slot yielded the articulated hind quarters of a horse that appeared to have been deposited in the cut. The rest of the horse appeared to lay to the west. At the bottom of the ditch in the south-east corner, a piece of wood was found and this was collected for radiocarbon dating. The wood a piece of oak, returned a date of 864±34 BP which works out to 1138 ±34

(University of Waikato, New Zealand). The pottery finds are awaiting analysis.

Other information derived from the excavation showed that the ditch had actually been cut into

E.v

the bedrock which also indicated that some 3m of the motte was partially natural, with only the top section added. Also important was the establishment of the bailey's position to the north of the motte rather than as previously suggested to the south.

TREJLECH 2003

Design brief:

The 2002 results posed questions such as how big was the bridge, and still to be addressed, how old was the motte? In an attempt to answer these questions scheduled monument consent was granted for a second season of excavation.

Results:

In 2003 four trenches were excavated; three located as east/west extensions of the 2002 trench and the fourth north/south across the ditch, 1m west of the 2003 trench (Vol. 2. figure E.6 : plate E.6). The trench atop the bailey revealed a possible foundation for a bridge support but the evidence was inconclusive. The second trench, placed on the line of the beam-slot from the 2002 excavation, revealed a rock cut slot measuring, 3.9m long by 1m wide (plate E.7 and E.8). The depth of the slot at the back was 0.8m and at the front varying from 0.2m-0.6m. The remaining skeleton of the horse, discovered in the previous year was also recovered from the beam slot. A small musket ball fell from the skull as it was being excavated and there was a hole at the front of the skull, presumably where it had been shot. Whether the horse fell in the hole and was dispatched or whether the horse's body was dumped is not known. The third trench at the bottom edge of the ditch bank revealed the natural bedrock which bad been cut to form the ditch. The fourth trench in the bottom of the ditch revealed more of the rock cut ditch and a curious raised boss of green sandstone that may have been natural, but arguably may have been purposely left in place. If the latter interpretation is correct then the boss may have had something to do with

the bridge support. The drawings at present have not been completed.

Finds:Dating evidence was provided by seventeen sherds of pot, one small piece of oak and a silver half-cross penny from the reign of Edward 1, c. 1275 (Besley,pers comm). The coin was found at

the top of the bailey bank, about 0.5m beneath the surface.

E.vi

The pot assemblage which was derived from the ditch included

one sherd of Bristol Redcliff 13th century,two sherds of Monnow Valley ware mid 13th century,one sherd of A5 mid thirteenth centurythirteen sherds of A3 hand-made late 12th century

(Clark pers comm., Antony pers. Comm.).

Interpretation:

The second season of excavation clearly revealed that the depression on the bank of the bailey was indeed caused by a large sub-surface feature. The feature, as suggested in the first excavation, was a rock cut slot to take a trestle which would have supported a bridge. The conclusion has led to the reassessment of the bailey at Trelech with possible reason to believe that the motte and bailey were quite extensive.Dating evidence from the excavation has pushed back the period of use at the motte from 1231 (see Vol. 1. page 332) to the late 12th century.

E.vii

Plate E.I Penyclawdd 2002

Phillips 2002

Plate E.2 Penyclawdd 2003

Phillips 2003

Plate E.3 Penyclawdd 2003

Plate E.4

Phillips 2003

Penyclawdd 2003

Phillips 2003

Plate E.5 Trelech 2002

Plate E.6Phillips 2002

Trelech 2002

Phillips 2003

Plate E.7 Treiech 2003

Plate E.8

Phillips 2003

Treiech 2003

Phillips 2003

VOLUME II

EARTHWORK CASTLES OF GWENT AND ERGYNGAD 1050 -1250

SPREADSHEETS

N.Phillips. 2004

CONTENTS

Spreadsheet 1

Spreadsheet 2

Spreadsheet 3

Spreadsheet 4

Spreadsheet 5

Spreadsheet 6

Spreadsheet 7

Spreadsheet 8

Spreadsheet 9

Spreadsheet 10

Spreadsheet 11

Spreadsheet 12

Complete databaseIncluded earthworksTopographic location (natural defence)Topographic location (open)Miiller-Wille, classification system. Class IMuller-Wille, classification system. Class TIMiiller-Wille, classification system. Class 111Renn, classification systemTop surface area as a % of the bottom surface area (mottes)Fortified-sitesMottesWatch-towers

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Grid

Ref

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9787

434

1 3

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1 872

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450

22 3

1 964

SO 4

5977

103

54SO

312

17 4

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6237

096

1 4

SO 3

6697

255

39SO

330

27 2

1 769

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7 07

044

SO 2

7997

41 4

63SO

447

37 1

7239

SO 2

8302

457

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82 2

6529

SO 2

1 692

01 9

54SO

358

00 3

3900

SO 4

9952

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243

82 9

2653

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3932

249

99

Orig

inal

type

Da

tem

otte

W

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nd

mot

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ndm

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nd

mot

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E

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Grid

Ref

O

rigin

al ty

peSO

370

97 3

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mot

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SO 3

9362

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99 m

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SO 3

6547

358

94 p

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ble

mot

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338

27 3

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mot

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3922

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93 f

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5567

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99 m

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SO 3

5292

232

84 m

otte

WSO

41 4

87 2

9389

for

tifie

d-si

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559

32 2

8774

mot

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349

47 0

6934

mot

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370

1 2 9

7363

fo

rtifie

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424

22 0

1 11

9 m

otte

WSO

381

97

3681

3 fo

rtifie

d-si

teST

487

57 8

9537

m

otte

SO 2

4827

424

58 m

otte

WSO

485

42 3

1259

for

tifie

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278

52 4

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SO 2

9272

440

53

mot

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52 1

31 6

9 m

otte

SO 3

5807

370

78 f

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site

SO 4

8267

141

29 m

otte

SO 3

7442

27 1

64 m

otte

WSO

435

1 2

3464

9 m

otte

SO 2

9572

356

84 f

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site

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2 99

883

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site

Date

To

pogr

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nd

Natu

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55D

Open

nd

Open

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Natu

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Na

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ence

nd

Open

nd

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Na

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Heigh

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55.7

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Grad

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Grid

Ref

O

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297

87 4

341

3 m

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WSO

370

97 3

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mot

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SO 3

9362

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4257

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mot

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365

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1 872

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mot

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41

393

forti

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5022

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64 m

otte

SO 4

5977

103

54 m

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SO 4

5567

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99 m

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/mas

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SO 3

121 7

416

23 m

otte

SO 3

8502

286

99 m

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SO 3

5292

232

84 m

otte

WSO

41 4

87 2

9389

for

tifie

d-si

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559

32 2

8774

mot

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362

37 0

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mot

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366

97 2

5539

mot

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349

47 0

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mot

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330

27 2

1 769

mot

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1 2

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3 fo

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47 0

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mot

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m

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97

3681

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m

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for

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mot

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SO 2

7852

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WSO

447

37 1

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mot

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292

72 4

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mot

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283

02 4

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rin

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Date

nd nd 1855

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Ref

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434

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62 0

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4257

905

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365

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1 7

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5292

232

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41

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2938

9SO

559

32 2

8774

SO 3

6237

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366

97 2

5539

SO 3

4947

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1 76

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9736

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47 0

7044

SO 4

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01

119

ST 4

2727

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98SO

381

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6813

ST 4

8757

895

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VOLUME II

EARTHWORK CASTLES OF GWENT AND ERGYNGAD 1050 -1250

BIBLIOGRAPHY

N.Phillips. 2004

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IV

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V

D25.1415. CasTroggy. 1902D298.1/0004. Marriage Settlement of Maria Burgh relating to Caerleon Castle 1779D43.3231 (M468). Site of Rogerstone Castle. 1758.D43.3623 (M431). Lease of an Old Castle called Lank's Castle, Bishton 1749D43.3728 (M434.6). Pencoed. 1778.D43.5415 (M453.4). Castle of Llangiby. 1725.D43.5611 (M423.4). Lease of Land Within the Walls of Llanfair Discoed Castle. 1766.D501.222. Castle Trogye. 1604.D501.595. Lank's Castle. Beeston. 1607.

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VI

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Wood, J.G., 1917. Notes on the Early History of Goodrich Castle. Transactions of The Woolhope Naturalist's Field Club, 261-267.

YVY1V

Woollett, R.F., 1885. Caerleon Monmouthshire. Archaeologia Cambrensis 40, 292-296.

Woollett, R.F., 1886. Caerleon, Monmouthshire. Monmouthshire and Caerleon Antiquarian Association, 54-58.

Wrathmell, S., 1977. 84 Penhow Castle. Archaeology in Wales 17.44.

Wrathmell, S., 1978. 80 Penhow Castle. Archaeology in Wales 18. 57.

Wrathmell, S., 1990. Penhow Castle, Gwent: Survey and Excavation, 1976-9: Pt 1. The Monmouthshire Antiquary 6. 17-42.

Wright, T., 1855. Treago, and the Large Tumulus at St Weonards. Archaeologia Cambrensis 10 161-174.

Wyndham, H.P., 1781. A Tour Through Monmouthshire and Wales, Made in the Months of June and July, 1774 and in the Months of June, July, and August, 1777. (2nd ed). Salisbury: Easton.

Zienkiewicz, D., 1986. The Legionary Fortress Baths at Caerleon, 1. Cadw/ National Museum of Wales.

Zienkiewicz, D., 1993. Excavations in the Scamnum Tribunorum at Caerleon. Britannia 24.140.

Illustrations:

Anon., 1794. Remains of Castle at Abergavenny. Aquatint. Acc/no: PB02443. National Library of Wales.

Anon., 1800. Caldecot Castle and Church, Monmouthshire. Engraving. Acc/no: P04765/5. National Library of Wales.

Batty, Capt, 1823. Abergavenny Castle. Engraving. Acc/no: P04563. National Library of Wales.

Cox, D., 1809-1885. Goodrich Castle. Watercolour. Acc/no: PE02879. National Library of Wales.

D.L., 1784. Abergavenny Castle, Monmouthshire, P1.2. Engraving. Acc/no: P00784. National Library of Wales.

Gastineau, H., 1830. Caldicot Castle, Monmouthshire. Engraving. Acc/no: PD07618. National Library of Wales.

Chassell., J., 1807, Abergavenny Castle. Aquatint. Acc/no: P00843. National Library of Wales.

Ibbetson, J.C., 1759-1817. Skenfrith Castle. Oil on canvas, Acc/no: PE02107. National Library of Wales.

Ireland, S., 1820. Caldecot Castle, Monmouthshire. Lithograph. Acc/no: PA02331. National Library of Wales.

Parkman, A., 1890. Caerleon. Watercolour over pencil. Acc/no: 0199904606. National Library of Wales.

YYYV

, C., 1840, Abergavenny Castle. Engraving, Acc/no; P04765. National Library of Wales.

Rooker, M.A., 1787. Caerleon Castle. Watercolour. A.2.9. Newport Museum and Art Gallery.

Smith, W., 1758. View ofUsk, -with Ruins ofUsk Castle. Watercolour. Acc/no: PB00701. National Library of Wales.

Smith, W., 1788. The Ruins of Wilton Castle on Usk. Watercolour. Acc/no: PB00424. National Library of Wales.

Sparrow, S., 1784. Abergavenny Castle. Engraving Acc/no: P00783. National Library of Wales.

Aerial Photographs:

Abergavenny

Bacton

Ballon

Bage

Bishton

Bredwardine

Caer Licyn

Caerleon

Caerwent

Caldicot

MM56 A74.21/1325g A74.21/1761g A74.23/1759g 945076-46 945076-46

HWCM369 90.MB.687 90.MB.687

MM26 A3.64/496g 945067-44

HWCM581 99.MB.0046

MM128 A92.26/258g A92.28/258g 925309-10 925309-10

HWCM1564 99.MB.0328 OO.MB.0146 OO.MB.0147

MM43 A90.9/411g A90.10/411g 945058-62

MM14 A14.29A/542g

MM1 945067-49

MM50 A91.ll/5l3g A91.27513g 925309-03A 945066 945067

14-06-1988 14-06-1988 14-06-1988 26-03-1994 26-03-1994

05-1990 05-1990

11-09-1985 24-03-1994

09-01-1999

23-08-1989 23-08-1989 06-07-1992 06-07-1992

15.03.1999 18.01.2000 18.01.2000

13-03-1989 13-03-1989 24-03-1994

10-02-1986

24-03-1994

13-03-1989 13-03-1985 06-07-1992 24-03-1994 24-03-1994

(Cadw) (Cadw) (Cadw) (RCAHM) (RCAHM)

C.M C.M

(Cadw) (RCAHM)

C.M

(Cadw) (Cadw) (RCAHM) (RCAHM)

C.M C.M C.M

(Cadw) (Cadw) (RCAHM)

(Cadw)

(RCAHM)

(Cadw) (Cadw) (RCAHM) (RCAHM) (RCAHM)

Cas Troggy MM15 A90.28/542g 13-03-1989 (Cadw)WW1

945058-60 24-03-1994 (RCAHM)

Chanstone HWCM1535

Chepstow

Clifford Castle

MM3

HWCM713

Coed Cwmr

Craig Wood

MM60

MM87

89.MB.90990.MB.68696.MB.027199.MB.034799.MB.034899.MB.034999.MB.0350

A36.10/925308-30

89.MB.887199.MB.003799.MB.003899.MB.0039OO.MB.0546OO.MB.059701.MB.012601.MB.012701.MB.0128

A91.6/llllgA91.7/llllg945068-47

A16.7/629gA16.9/629g95300-08445077-59

07-198905-1990

22-07-199615-03-199915-03-199915-03-199915-03-1999

29-01-198707-07-1992

07-199909-01-199909-01-199909-01-199904-08-200004-08-200018-01-200118-01-200118-01-2001

13-03-198913-03-198924-03-1994

21-02-198621-02-198626-03-199226-03-1994

C.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.M

(Cadw)(RCAHM)

C.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.M

(Cadw)(Cadw)(RCAHM)

(Cadw)(Cadw)(RCAHM)(RCAHM)

Craswell

Dingestow

Dingestow

Dinham

Dixton

Dorstone

Ewyas Harold

HWCM11096 99.MB.0077

MM113

MM114

MM153

MM125

HWCM1559

HWCM1499

A87.26/1450g 945054-45

A87.31/1449g 945054-44

A3.42/1049g A3.48/1049g945061-47A39.3/1222gA39.8/1222g945062-61

96.MB.0260 99.MB.0057 99.MB.0058

434.C.106438.C.113439.C.105

09-01-1999 C.M

07-12-1988 24-03-1994

07-12-1988 24-03-1994

11-09-8511-09-8524-03-199429-01-198729-01-198724-03-1994

22-07-1996 09.01.1999 09.01.1999

03-1986 03-1986 03-1986

(Cadw) (RCAHM)

(Cadw) (RCAHM)

(Cadw)(Cadw)(RCAHM)(Cadw)(Cadw)(RCAHM)

C.M C.M C.M

(HWCM) (HWCM) (HWCM)

YYW11

Goytre wood

Grafton Grosmont

Kemeys Inferior

Kentchurch

Kilpeck

Langstone

Llancillio

Llangwm

MM138

HWCN1046MM7

MM39

HWCN6785

HWCM714

MM59

440.C.110 441.C.111 442.C.112 90.MB.68990.MB.690

A83.37/1635gA83.30/1635g945074-46

90.26.13A84.24/1664g925308-02945052-43945062-57995009-50

A90.15/405gA90.16/405g925300-12945057-54

99.MB.008999.MB.009099.MB.009199.MB.0082

EP157AKS90AKS91763764765766767768769770

89.MB.91894.MB.014694.MB.014799.MB.036199.MB.036399.MB.0365

A93.6/249g945059-49

03-1986 03-1986 03-1986 05-199005-1990

07-12-198807-12-198824-03-1994

07-199007-12-198807-07-198224-03-199424-03-199409-01-1999

13-03-198913-03-198926-06-199224-03-1994

09-01-199909-01-199909-01-199909-01-1999

07-194904-196504-196503-198603-198603-198603-198603-198603-198603-198603-1986

07-198918-07-199418-07-199415-03-199915-03-199915-03-1999

23-08-198924-03-1994

(HWCM) (HWCM) (HWCM) C.MC.M

(Cadw)(Cadw)(RCAHM)

(HWCM)(Cadw)(RCAHM)(RCAHM)(RCAHM)(RCAHM)


C.MC.MC.MC.M

(HWCM)(HWCM)(HWCM)(HWCM)(HWCM)(HWCM)(HWCM)(HWCM)(HWCM)(HWCM)(HWCM)

C.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.M

(Cadw)(RCAHM)

HWCM1477 99.MB.0088

MM61 A97.17/1123g A97.18/1123g 945068

09-01-1999 C.M

23-08-198923-08-198924-03-1994


YYYV111

Llangwm Uchaf MM74

Llanfair Kilgeddin MM82

Llangiby

Llangiby

MM! 09

MM110

A91.9/907gA91.10/907g945068-50

A81.ll/1936g A81.17/1936g 945056

A79.18/323g A79.20/323g 945057-49

A79.33/326g945057-48945057-50

A1.49/996g A1.50/996g 945061-41 945061-42

99.MB.0079 99.MB.0080 99.MB.0081 99.MB.0082

Michaelchurch E HWCM166 99.MB.0075

Llanvair Discoed MM47

Longtown HWCM1036

Moccas HWCM1558

Monmouth

Monnington

Mouse Castle

Mynydd Brith

Nant-y-bar

96.MB.0398 99.MB.0333 99.MB.0334 99.MB.0335 99.MB.0336 99.MB.0338 99.MB.0339 OO.MB.0607

A39.ll/1234g A39.12/1234g

99.MB.0351 99.MB.0352

99.MB.0067 99.MB.0068 99.MB.0059 99.MB.0060 OO.MB.0037 OO.MB.0038 OO.MB.0141 OO.MB.0143

HWCM1266 96.MB.0257

MM159

HWCM890

HWCM1227

HWCM1241

13-03-198913-03-198924-03-1994

07-12-198807-12-198824-03-1994

07-12-198807-12-198824-03-1994

07-12-198824-03-199424-03-1994

11-09-198511-09-198524-03-199424-03-1994

09-01-199909-01-199909-01-199909-01-1999

09-01.1999

24-07-199615-03-199915-03-199915-03-199915-03-199915-03-199915-03-199904-08-2000

29-01-198729-01-1987

15-03-199915-03-1999

09-01.199909-01.199909-01-199909-01-199918-01-200018-01-200001-02-200001-02-2000

(Cadw)(Cadw)(RCAHM)

(Cadw)(Cadw)(RCAHM)

(Cadw)(Cadw)(RCAHM)

(Cadw)(RCAHM)(RCAHM)


C.MC.MC.MC.M

C.M

C.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.M

(Cadw)(Cadw)

C.MC.M

C.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.M

22-07-1996 C.MVW1Y

Newcastle

Newport

Newton Tump

MM85

MM9

HWCM1401

Old Castleton HWCM1015

Orcop

Pembridge

HWCM922

HWCM

Penyclawdd MM145

96.MB.025896.MB.025996.MB.026196.MB.0562OO.MB.0140

A85.24/1515g945053-44945053-44

A89.34/192g945159-43945159-45

90.MB.68190.MB.68299.MB.004399.MB.004499.MB.0045

90.C.27790.MB.67890.MB.67990.MB.68099.MB.004099.MB.004199.MB.0042

99.MB.036999.MB.0370

90.MB.85899.MB.009799.MB.009899.MB.009999.MB.010099.MB.010199.MB.0102

22-07-199622-07-199622-07-199622-07-199618-01-2000

07-12-198824-03-199424-03-1994

13-03-198905-08-199405-08-1994

05-199005-1990

09-01-199909-01-199909-01-1999

07-199007-199007-199007-1990

09-01-199909-01-199909-01-1999

06-08-199906-08-1999

07-199009-01-199909-01-199909-01-199909-01-199909-01-199909-01-1999

C.MC.MC.MC.MC.M



C.MC.MC.MC.MC.M


C.MC.M


A74.33/1622g A74.35/1622g 945074-54

14-06-1988 (Cadw)14-06-1988 (Cadw)26-03-1994 (RCAHM)

Penrhos

Pont Hendre

Raglan

MM97

HWCM1038

MM5

A86.31/1543g A86.40/1543g 945075

41 99.MB.0083 99.MB.0083

945054-43 945054-44

07-12-1988 07-12-1988 26-03-1994

03-1986 09-01.1999 09-01.1999

24-03-1994 24-03-1994


(HWCM) C.M C.M

(RCAHM) (RCAHM)

Yl

Rowlstone HWCM1481

Rhiwderin

Silver Tump

MM66

945054-55

343.C. 92344.C. 93345.C. 94346.C. 95 90.C.60

A78.22/39g A78.26/39g 945079-44

24-03-1994 (RCAHM)

HWCM 13050Box 22237. 089 106G/UK/1652218221832184

Skenfrith

Snodhill

MM88

HWCM1557

St Devereaux

St Illtyd

St Margrets

St Weonards

Thruxton

Trecastle

Tre-Fedw

Tregate

HWCM BA26

MM141 A73.12/2098g

HWCM9253 AMQ73

HWCM9443 99.MB.375 99.MB.381

HWCM

MM98

MM63

99.MB.0353 OO.MB.0609 OO.MB.0610

A97.15/890g A97.16/890g 94504-50

A75.14/1627g A75.15/1627g 945074-48

HWCM933 90.C.61

03-1986 03-1986 03-1986 03-1986 05-1990

(HWCM) (HWCM) (HWCM) (HWCM) (HWCM)

07-12-1988 (Cadw)07-12-1988 (Cadw)26-03-1994 (RCAHM)

1973

11-07-1946 11-07-1946 11-07-1946

(Ordnance Survey)

(English Heritage) (English Heritage) (English Heritage)

A85.2/1698g 925308-04 945052-54

90.C.5890.C.5990.MB.68390.MB.68390.MB.68399.MB.005599.MB.0056

07-12-1988 07-07-1992 24-03-1994

07-199007-199007-199007-199007-1990

09-01-199909-01-1999

(Cadw) (RCAHM) (RCAHM)

CMC.MC.MC.MC.MC.MC.M

06-01-1970 (HWCM)

14-06-1988 (Cadw)

12-1965 (HWCM)

15-03-1999 C.M15-03-1999 C.M

15-03-1999 C.M04-08-2000 C.M04-08-2000 C.M

23-08-1989 (Cadw)23-08-1989 (Cadw)24-03-1994 (RCAHM)

14-06-1988 14-06-1988 26-03-1994


05-1990 (HWCM)vli

Trelech

Tump Tudor

Twyn y Cregen

Twmbarlwm

Usk

Vowchurch

Walterstone

Wentloog

Wern-y-Cwrt

White Castle

MM16

MM35

MM80

M44

MM 12

HWCM

HWCM

MM131

MM99

MM6

90.MB.856 90.MB.857 99.MB.0094 99.MB.0095 99.MB.0096

A5.60/219g A5.60/855g 925308-11 945063-48

A72.37/81g A72.39/81g 945081-42 945081-43

A82.2/1834g A82.6/1834g 945055-52

A76.19/114g A76.19/115g 925381-48 945081-49 945081-50

A18.04/2021g A18.05/2021g 925301-08 925301-09 945057-43 945057-45

89.MB.888 89.MB.202 96.MB0262 96.MB0263

99.MB.0085 99.MB.0086

A92.10/07g A92.ll/07g 925305-22 983522-17

A82.20/1874g 945055-48

A75.39/1407g 925301-13 945075-65 945075-66 945075-67

07-1990 07-1990

09-01-1999 09-01-1999 09-01-1999

11-09-1985 11-09-1985 07-07-1992 24-03-1994

14.06-1988 14-06-1988 26-03-1994 26-03-1994

07-12-1988 07-12-1988 24-03-1994

14-06-1989 14-06-1989 26-03-1994 26-03-1994 26-03-1994

21-02-1986 21-02-1986 29-06-1992 29-06-1992 29-06-1992 29-06-1992

07-1989 07-1989

22-07-1996 22-07-1996

09-01-1999 09-01-1999

23-08-1989 23-08-1989 05-08-1992 05-08-1998

07-12-1988 24-03-1994

14-06-1988 26-06-1992 26-03-1994 26-03-1994 26-03-1994

CM CM CM CM C.M




(Cadw) (Cadw) (RCAHM) (RCAHM) (RCAHM)

(Cadw) (Cadw) (RCAHM) (RCAHM) (RCAHM) (RCAHM)

HWCM HWCM C.M C.M

C.M C.M

(Cadw) (Cadw) (RCAHM) (RCAHMW)

(Cadw) (RCAHM)

(Cadw) (RCAHM) (RCAHM) (RCAHM) (RCAHM)

vlii

Wolves Newton MM67 A90.36/1134g 13-03-1989 (Cadw)945061-44 24-03-1994 (RCAHM)

Maps:

British Geological Survey, Geological survey of Great Britain (England and Wales). Ross-on- Wye. Sheet 215. Solid and Drift Edition.

© Crown Copyright 2000.

British Geological Survey, Geological survey of Great Britain (England and Wales). Abergavenny. Sheet 232. Solid and Drift Edition.


British Geological Survey, Geological survey of Great Britain (England and Wales). Ross-on- Wye. Sheet 233. Solid and Drift Edition.


Cary, J., 1787. Monmouthshire, (in) Williams, D., 1796. The History of Monmouthshire; Illustrated and Ornamented by Views of its Principle Landscapes, Ruins, and Residences. London.

Coltman, J., 1790. Monmouthshire (in) Michael, D.P.M., 1985. The Mapping ofMonmoutshire. Bristol: Regional Publications Ltd.

Melville, H., 1895. Map ofWhitney Estate. In Melville, H., 1896. The Ancestry of John Whitney. New York.

Ogilby, J., Monmouthshire 1690 (in) Ogilby, J., 1736. (4th ed.) Britannia Depicta or Ogilby Improved. London: Tho: Bowles.

Ordnance Survey, Administrative Areas Diagram. Gwent. 1:100000.© Crown Copyright 1993.

Ordnance Survey, Explorer Series. 152 Newport & Pontypool. 1:25 000.© Crown Copyright 1999.

Ordnance Survey, Explorer Series. 189 Hereford & Ross-on-Wye. 1:25 000.© Crown Copyright 1995.

Ordnance Survey 1 st edition maps 6 inch to a mile, (complete coverage). Old-maps.co.uk.

Ordnance Survey, Geological survey of Great Britain (England and Wales). Chepstow. Sheet 250. Solid and Drift Edition.


Ordnance Survey, Geological survey of Great Britain (England and Wales). Newport. Sheet 249. Solid and Drift Edition.


Ordnance Survey, Landranger Series. 148 Presteigne & Hay on Wye. 1:50 000.© Crown Copyright 1995.

Ordnance Survey, Landranger Series. 149 Hereford & Leominster. 1:50 000.© Crown Copyright 1999.

Ordnance Survey, Landranger Series. 161 Abergavenny & The Black Mountains. 1:50 000.© Crown Copyright 1994.

Ordnance Survey, Landranger Series. 162 Gloucester & The Forest of Dean. 1:50 000.© Crown Copyright 1998.

Ordnance Survey, IMndranger Series. 171 Cardiff & Newport. 1:50000.© Crown Copyright 1998.

Ordnance Survey, Outdoor Leisure Series. 13 Brecon Beacons National Park. Eastern Area. 1:25000.


Ordnance Survey, Outdoor Leisure Series. 14 Wye Valley & Forest of Dean. 1:25 000.© Crown Copyright 1997.

Ordnance Survey, Royal Commission on Historical Monuments, England. Map Showing Ancient Monuments Scheduled in South West Herefordshire.


Plan of Caerleon or Isca Silurum 1800. Gwent County Record Office. Misc MSS 1031.

Plan of Caerleon and its environs, shewing Roman Walls and Cemeteries Known in 1928 (in) Wheeler, T.V. King Arthur's Round Table at Caerleon. Transactions of The Honourable Society OfCymmrodorion, 1927-28.

Rees, W., 1932. South Wales and the Border in the Fourteenth Century, (O.S. 1932) SE Sheet.

Royal Commission of Ancient and Historic Monuments England. Herefordshire Map Shewing Division of County Into Hundreds. 1931.

Saxton, C., 1577. Monumethensis Comitatus Regis Henrici Quinti Natalitiis Celeberrimus (in) Michael, D.P.M., 1985. The Mapping of Monmoutshire. Bristol. Regional Publications Ltd.

Speed, J., 1610. The Countye OfMonmouth^ in Wales The Second Part of John Speed's Atlas. The Theatre of Great Britain, (reprint 1970). East Ardsley: S.R.Publications.

Taylor, L, 1754. New map of County of Hereford. (Hereford Library).

Wade, G.W., and J.H., 1909. A Map Showing the Sites of the Monmouthshire Castles, in Wade, G. W., & J.H., 1930. Monmouthshire. (2nd edn). London: Methuen & Co Ltd.

Willet, M., (Anon). A New and Accurate Map of the County ofMonmouth Divided into Hundreds, in Willet, M., (Anon). The Stranger in Monmouthshire andS. Wales. Chepstow: Willet. c. 1847.

vliv