GARPSPECIALREPORT

No. 20

INTERNATIONAL COUNCILOF SCIENTIFIC UNIONS

GARP

. GLOBAL ATMOSPfiERICRESEARCH PROGRAMME

WORLD METEOROLOGICALORGANIZATION

GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME (GARP)~_-~I.

REPORTOF THE EIGHTH SESSION

OF THETROPICAL EXPERIMENT BOARD

Geneva, May 1976.

GARP SPECIAL REPORT No. 20

1976

FOR E W0 R 0

This publication contains the report of the eighth

session of the Tropical Experiment Board (TE8) for the GARP

Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE) held in the WMO Headquarters

in Geneva from 4 to 6 May 1976. Although the field phase of

GATE terminated in 1974, the TEB has been maintained with the

responsibility of supervising the overall activities undertaken

in the period following the field phase.

The session was primarily concerned with the

activities relating to the processing of the GATE data and

the research phase of the Experiment. Several recommenda­

tions were made at this session to accommodate delays in the

exchange of data which have occurred. Other actions of theBoard were concerned with preparations for a synthesis of

scientific results in late 1977-1978.

It is pleasing to note that even though the more

dramatic and exciting period of the field phase is over, the

activities relating to data processing a~d scientific analysis

during the research evaluation phase of GATE are receiving the

same enthusiastic attention.

(D. A. Davies)Secretary-General

I.

CONTENTS

ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION

1.1 Opening of the session

I .2 Elect ion of the Cha i rman ...........•....................................

I .3 Adopt ion of the agenda .

I .4 Work i ng arrangements ..••.................•........•............•........

2.

3.

REPORT OF THE GARP ACT IVITIES OFFI CE •........••.....•..•......•..............

GATE DATA PROCESS ING ....................•..........•..................•......

2

3

3. 1 Internat i ana 1 Assessment by GARP Act i vi ties Off ice 3

3.1.13.1.2

Nat iana I Process j ng Centres .Sub-programme Data Centres ......................................•

33

3.2 Status Reports from NPC's 3

3.3 Status Reports from SDC's and WDC's . ...........•.........•.......• 5

3.4 Recommendations from the JOC (see item 2.6).. ...........•.........•...... 9

3.5 Data Processing Plans for 1976-1977 .........••.. ..... .......•... .•...... 9

3.5. I3.5.23.5.3

Assessment of completion of NPC tasks (see item 3.2.4) ., .Final Plans for the Sub-programme Data Centres .Long-term data security ....•.....................................

99

16

4. THE GATE SC 1ENT IF1C PROGRAMME . 17

4.1 Report on scientific co-ordination by the GARP Activities Office 17

4.2 National reports on scientific analysis 19

4.3 Schedule of GATE meetings............................................... 19

4.4 The GATE Visiting Scientist Programme 20

5.

6.

COMMENTS OF NATIONAL DELEGATES

DATE AND PLACE OF NEXT SESSION

. .• ••••••••••••••• ! ,., .•..•..•.•.•.•.•..•.•..•. -.-•..•..•..•..•.•.•.• ,-••••••••

21

22

7. REPORT OF THE SESS ION . 22

I. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION

I. I Opening of the session

I. I. I The eighth session of the Tropical Experiment Board (TEBl was opened at 10.00 a.m.on Tuesday, 4 May 1976 at WMO Headquarters, Geneva, by Mr. O. Ashford, Director of Program­ming and U.N. Affairs. He expressed the Secretary-General IS best wishes for the success ofthe session which has several very important data processing questions to consider, andoffered the ful I faci 1ities of the Secretariat to assist the TEB in its work. The I ist ofparticipants is shown in Appendix A.

1.1.2 Mr. F.W.G. Baker, Executive Secretary of the International Counci I of ScientificUnions (ICSUl, addressed the session in the name of the President of ICSU. He thanked theSecretary-General for the fine arrangements for the meeting and stated that ICSU is veryinterested in seeing that the maximum use is made of the GATE data, as it is of al I GARPdata. He said that the Executive Board of ICSU wi I I be meeting in two weeks and that oneof its agenda items wi I I be the input of ICSU to GARP. He stressed the fact that many ICSUbodies, e.g. COS PAR, IAMAP, SCOR are planning meetings over the next year or two at whichGATE data and scientific results wi 11 be important topics. In referring to historical per­spective, Mr. Baker commented on the experience shared by most major scientific programmes,namely that the del ivery of processed data has not always met the time-schedules that havebeen originally proposed. But in most cases means have been developed to overcome the dataprocessing and del ivery problems.

1.2 Election of the Chairman

1.2. I Dr. B.J. Mason was unanimously re-elected Chairman of the TEB. In accepting theresponsibi I ity again, Dr. Mason thanked the Members and referred to the very important stageat which the TEB again addresses the GATE data situation. He said that there is real causefor concern about the processing and analysis of the vast amounts of data that were collectedduring the field phase of GATE. However, Dr. Mason said that it was understandable that themagnitude of its task and its difficulties experienced in the early learning stages shouldhave been underestimated! but more rapid progress should be possible from now on. The TEBresponsibi I ityis to see to it that the data become avai lable and that the scientific objec­tives are met. Governments, in turn should provide the necessary resources to complete thedata processing in order to receive the proper return on the large investment made in thefield phase. Specific and firm recommendations are required in this connexion.

1.3

1.3.1

lA

Adoption of the agenda

The agenda was adopted without change and is reproduced in Appendix B.

Working arrangements

1.4.1 It was agreed that the Board would meet in plenary session and that Members wouldassist the Chairman and the Secretariat in drafting the report of the session, as required.

(I) The need for the National Processing Centres and the Sub-programme Data Centresto finish their processing on schedule, with a minimum delay.

(2) The Visiting Scientist Programme and the support required from the participatingnations.

(3) The plan for the operation of the SDCs during the final year or so of operation.

The Board agreed that these were reasonable requests and felt that they wouldreceive adequate attention by the Board. Recommendations would be addressed to thesequestions.

3.

3.1

3.1.1

GATE DATA PROCESSING

International Assessment by GARP Activities Office

Dr. D.R.Rodenhuis discussed the status of the work by the National Processing Centres(Appendix D). Some of the problems of the NPCs in meeting the schedules were highl ighted.In general, there seems to be a delay of about 6 months in the final del ivery of al I thedata from the NPC's. Current reports indicate that the data processing is about 65% com­plete, but additional data sets are being completed each week. Finally, it was emphasizedthat there have been many problems in SDC's and WDC's in using the data output from theNPC's (reading and decoding). The SDC's must receive the NPC products (magnetic tapes) ina decodable and usable form.

3.1.2

Dr. Rodenhuis discussed the status of completion of the data processing by theSub-programme Data Centres and some of the problems they are encountering in meeting theschedules (Appendix E). The main problems appear to be the absence of data stemming fromthe delays in receiving the data from the National Processing Centres and the difficultiesencountered in reading the tapes in some instances. Three solutions were discussed:

(a) Extension of the I ifetime of the SDC's;

(b) Operation of a rapid "tape reading programme",:

(c) Packaging of post-dead I ine data.

3.2 Status Reports from NPC's

3.2.1 Each Member representing a country which was operating a NPC commented on the workof that NPC and its problems. They also commented on three suggested remedies to theproblems.

,... 5 -

(1) Each NPC will notify the GAD~ with copies to the WDCs and SDCs~ when its tasksare considered corrrplete. The notification should include a complete list of datait has transmitted to the WDCs and SDCs and an inventory of the primary meteoro­logical and oceanographic data it has processed with associated responsiblescientists and their addresses (as required by Section 4.5 and Appendix D.3~

Fourth Info:rrmal Planning Meeting on GATE Data Management).

(2) Within 30 days~ the WDCs and SDCs will either confirm to the GAD satisfactorydelivery of that NPC's products or specifY any inadequacies with copies to the NPC.

(3) Within 45 days~ the GAD will inform the NPC of the WDC and SDC response.

(4) Upon notification that no further processing is required~ each NPC may close downwith their Permanent Representative to the WMD designated as contact for anyfurther inquiries. (See 3.5.3)

The TEB urges member nations to provide all necessary resources to ensure ex­peditious corrrpletion of NPC tasks and an orderly close-down procedure.

3.3 Status Reports from SDC's and WDC's

3.3.1 Members representing countries that have responsibi I ity for SDCs explained indetai I some of their problems. They also expressed opinions about the establ ishment of dead­I ines after which they would not be able to include data in the basic data sets, but wouldhave to resort to preparing addenda to the basic sets. This would be particularly criticalin the case of mixed data sets. The following is a summary of these reports:

OSDC Only 10% of the expected data has arrived at the OSDC. There is a severe problemwith the reading of the tapes which arrive. In several cases the tapes are com­pletely blank, probably caused by poor handl ing in transit.

The OSDC wi I I need to extend its I ifetime to the end of 1977.

BSDC Approximately 50% of the necessary data has arrived at the BSDC. The GATE VisitingScientist Programme is expected to be a beneficial influence on the val idation ofthe data. The BSDC expects it wi I I be necessary to extend its I ifetime throughthe year 1977 in order to accompl ish the necessary work.

CSDC Few problems have been caused by the delays in the arrival of NPC data. Mostintercomparison data have been received; however, NPC schedule stoppages wi I Ibecome a serious problem if the phase data are not received by 31 August 1976.Some co-ordination is needed between SDCs concerning the exchange of data pro­ducts and analysis results. A mechanism for obtaining the required radiativecool ing rate data set needs to be developed (see Section 3.5.2.2). The GAO wasasked to assist with this problem.

SSDC In spite of delays in del ivery of data, the SSDC expects to complete its workby 31 December 1976. The improvement In data quantity from land stations as aresult of the "paper,...type col lection" by mai I has been considerable (seeattached Figure 3. I).

-...J

e·----......----;--"'=O-·~·I ,_._.--::-~~---'---'-i • I'~ I ,[ T '-'+J=T~v~~x~r~~~~-

_ _".....d....;...,.,.. __ .L I, I ' . I ! + -+ r I(" : \) -'-"-i'-~'---.L--__l_ . i ~;"! ,....-.!~l.,.! I . I ~i"-"· --. .1 - , •• ,r i -.;-=.--c::"~~"!'--:::-C--- ' ••• ' I '" ,'4.1 - - T - - - ., - - - - '\, [':h ,.::F<;:-- .. ,,,_~.:..<:,s;) 1 I' .' " ... ---_.". -~ ';-'\~;;j!'~'{5':::')";':";~:;~?',:.:J~--.\::W) I :. I' I 1

1 "7 : ~ M\-;----·f""",.'- -:'" 1 ! !. :~ii'." ~..:.:~ <,,:;;<.-.l..._,,) ~oo-'r-'- I f.. I ' ' r·, '"\. :'.,,",.'-", ,1,:-,;'" r.' _. /,j 0,:;" :...'..~",:!4 t"'.,.... I I' __-+- 20' , -.33(36) I e-=l().<l-Q) I ol.(-<l I 93~S2.! e,...t,· . ........,.'.1 • "'-- 1 ,;~:- " ••••. ! .':_" " AV" ,._ \"-J I I ~l·· I I $ "\ I 0 ' 1-"" '.'. N •• "-- ) I' .,_. :",,:::,} \~} ;,:~" (<i-S) 1 I ... 1 ,-'- -- --'...aS

r,· i (~,+) '\.! ,--.~'I:"". : I"! ,<0 ., ' :,' " .' . ...'." I I ., , .eo',,) , _:-,~_ c",,;'-----.l . ': .\. c::::: ..,:/"{)do) : a':::l:I~) I. 1'+' .....f;;S(9~) 1 88. l;,s, I '--~6'o K::Ji.~'!~ {S~, '.!

: : i .(;,;~~........-:-,;":,,r·'::-i;;(1001~.;)L..:-- r ," I .,(",l .3(OS), (GO), ' ' '" {u),1 ',' To/I: !; ,'~' -:\.;",',,'. ~.;)J 6.1

:,. . 'I .__ . I.. C'>.~ <tiOO(60l I 1 2.1'· 6'f.(~1), V tI t I + ".;;od (6f~\" " T' :J-:--100N . ....~.. I .. "'-, \ -. I'l~ -'~~.. ~. II ., I ".",,-.-' ." _. .' .. - (Sol - - - 'J.:l",~Sj.o sd :q.& i co bl' Q"••••>~\ !

I

' . ' _, .~'i'.' ,---", ... ,,.- -. -- ,l''-' 1>'" I ,".0«" I

,--.o,-~-.--.;:L;--:-' ,L~~;r0\ ; I i ,,\~~lSS):'1 ::'!':::.I ::., •• .,... ., •. ' tJ,11 ",(PI -t~r" '_L';1'_"_·i'_"-::::~~·o,. I~ '~:1'o'" _, .• ,_ ' .. ," . .. . .. ..• ---.--0 .,. I I' .r .- .-- '0· ,i . i • ,'0'" ~ " _,- ., /.' ' · , .. · ·.. .: .. ,.- .",,:,->. " I (.2), h':.) /I" .. ":J ",' :'1' .J~'o,. -"0 (e'iw'R ' . ~'". ,., . '. "6r •(..). ".'(12, ....(55) 't" i" II.' .,.,..! ",-, " .f-" ('iOl ."" . . . ' ,..., I I .' iI, r.... I: ... ,. i \ >. I (81)-GG"" . ."i6 tILl.) . ••. j' . . .f:- - - - ~ - i '~(60): . ,!f- iQ'"'~ i _ i . -~( 1 ) .,.:':: I.. · .. •. .... h' 1 - - "I -r-'r - _I -_/ .·1

I

H I (/9) j7!h ! ,36 S3.....·· .~:.:: ." .+ . .., I U ~6~' {::;J"" .-. -'-0.... ·[. ~ I ~~!IL- .14(61) •... ---+--.::1... :.:.

3.,.. \' .. + :.:,. 1 \1 -~~;: j! '!

:0t:-:::7i:f~~~---~---jl- i6~), r-:-:""-;-:1O"S'" .,. ~- .. ~33J .... • •• 1': ' I:'I . !_." I '" .. . . '3 ( , I I

I

I , .. ,. . . .. .. f5 • ,r86(Ol F • ..: <. •••• 1:::: ' . . I' Q'3 2~) 1;1

f

- ".".. . (0) ... , .. , .•• • .• l '. ,..: .... ~ ~ ' f i . I. '. i · A w· -:t" ro~." : :1-·.; ~T--~"It--··:;. ·---,·k ---- U-··t-.i, I.,.,~.~,>·JW· .. "•. I i·--~· .

. , , , .. 0° . . . looE . . I • .1 '. 4~~ . 50° .:11

";11 "1'_O,t .....,'o.,.... ... ..... I.

: r:!:'~I!.JUjCY C:- i~<ECr.: i PT ()F UF'P[:~-,1\! R D,"'-;;\ - Th i sf; gUr'8 gives the percentage of 700 mb tempe,-;:,-I'un3s ava i Iab Ie from the (.o:n:) i n,"clSCL:i-C"S of the 3TS an<J the P.5p'2t- Tapc~ Co! Iseti on duri n9 phase 11, I of GATE. ThG percentage of temperatures rece I ved OV8',- -j':;"

GTS. NiTh a data 'cut-off' time of about 36 hours, is given in brackets. it should be noted that:

al no Information is available for reports south of lOoS 'received over the GT5; thus the plotted fl~ure Is 0;bl no accolJnt hes uoen taken of stations v/hich only reported once per day - thus percentages of less l'hen 50

may imply thaT radio son de soundings were only made once per day;c) some stati ons were rece i ved in manuscri pt form and ,vere converted to paper tape at Brackne I I;dl some r8ports with incorrect headings or containing badly muti lated data were corrected manually

(using a Visual Display Ullit); this may account for 5% of the extra reports obtained by using thePaper Tape Cclleclion.

Fi gure 3 .. I

- 9 -

3.3.9 In the discussion of the procedures employed at the SSDC, it was pointed out thatal I data on paper tape wi I I be val idated before it is included in the final data set. Thetime period within which it has been possible to receive repl ies from countries concerningsuspect data and therebyval idate the data, varies from about 3 months to as long as 18 months,depending upon the kind of data, the problem involved, and the medium of communication.

3.4 Recommendations from the JOC

(see Item 2.6)

3.5

3.5.1

3.5.2

Data Processing Plans for 1976-1977

(see Item 3.2.4)

In connexion with the discussion of the SDC plans, a summary I ist of data productswas identified in the Plans which were distributed at the meeting (see tne five tables of dataproducts reproducted from the SDC plans, which are attached).

3.5.2. I The SSDC Plan

The SSDC presented its plan and stated that it expects that it wi I I not acceptdata from the NPCs after I October 1976 for inclusion in the final data set, but it wil Iconsider data received after that date for inclusion in an addendum. The plan cal Is forfive output products. However, two of these data products are already completed:

(I) The Quick Look Data Set was sent to archives in early 1976.

(2) The Unval idated Teleprinter Data Set was also sent.

In addition the SSDC is preparing a GATE cl imatology which wi I I consist ofmanually analyzed charts. This wi I I permit a comparison of the mean values with theanalyzed values.

The SSDC has faci I ities for receiving visiting scientists, at least unti I it com­pletes its schedule of work. After the SSDC has completed its work, visiting scientistswi I I be welcome within the regular visiting scientist programme of the Meteorological Office(see Appendix I, p. 4).

It was understood that the United States is putting together a data set based onpluviograph records collected in South America and Africa. This wi I I be ready by July 1976and wi II be avai lable to scientists, but wi II not be part of the regular SSDC data set.

- 1 I -

Table 3.1

Draft Plan of the SSDC

A Generel DCf"crintion of the SSDC

Input Reluiremrnts and Output Products

et

r

Sei..

~----------

I

INPUT R~UIRE!"'EN'l'S OUTPUT' PRODUCTS

1"--

1. Surface meteorol~'d(:p,l el;]I;O) di~ta A. Unprocessed bv SSDC.'- GATE Ships (A, A/13, n & G - scale) - Unvalidated 'l'eleprinte

- merchant ships Paper Tape

- VI\~'\" Land stationo Data SetI-.---~

-, Upper-air data. B. Unvitlidated:: ..

- GATE ships (A, A/B, B & C - scale) - Quick Look Data Set

- ~r'l,":J Land stations

C. Mer~d/Validated.

-, Aircraft fliGht-level data - Final(Vulidated)Dala S:;.

- GATE aircraft-

- commerci.al aircraft D. S.r:e~i~l

- In LercoOlparis0:'[ Data-- -4. Aircraft DROPSONDE data - SPECI Data Set

- GATE aircraft

_.

5. ~:lJ~ite data

- SIRS soundings

- Cloud motion vectors

(- sea .surf(:~ce temperature)

/ c . ., surface dHtR (SPECI)t). ~reCll-l_1..

- BeJm8 vJvM I'Hnd stations

,.. - _.. --- '--._-------------_.

- 13 -

Draft plan of the BSDC

Table 3.3General Description of BSDC Input

Requirements and Output Products

Input Data sets Merged/Validated Data Sets*from NPC's

A/B, Band B-Scale 'std sfc' fileC-ScalestdWM0 sfc data

Derived Products

B-Scale bulk fluxdata

high resolutionsfc data(boom,buoy)

sfc fluxmeasurements

B/L aerology(structuresondes etc)

std. aerologyat 5 rob reso­lution

T/B profiles

T/B fixed leveldata

a/c meteorologi­cal data (1min)

A-Scale std WHOdata (from SSDC)

B-Scale 'spec.sfc'file(hourly)high frequency sfc data(3 min) .

sfc flux file

B/L aerology file

'std aerology' filefor B/L use

T/B profile file

T/B FLOP file (hourly)T/B high frequencyFLOP file (3 min)

B/L aircraft data

A-Scale bulk fluxdata

* The output products in this column will have highest prioritywithin BSDC work

!

Draft Plan of the OSDC

- 15 -

Table 3.5

SUMMARY OF OSDC PRODUCTS

OUTPUT PRODUCTS

INPUT DATA

T, S (sfc bucket)from all ships

MBT, XBT fromall ships

STD from al I ships

NANSEN casts fromall ships

GENERAL

Bucket T S

~ fixed f i le- trackl ine fi le- displays

MBT ~ XBT

~ fixed f i le- trackl ine fi le~ displays

!'STD

- fixed f i le! - trackl ine fi leI - displays

;NANSEN

- fixed f i le- trackl ine fi le- displays

SPECIAL

MBT ~ XBT

- meridional sections~ equatorial sections- std. level fi le~ section displays

STD (level)

- T S f1eld by level

NANSEN (special)

~ meridional sections~ equatorial sections- std. Ieve I f i le- displays of mean section

(meridional and equatorial)

- T, S fixed fi le- T, S, O2, P04, Si fixed file- T, S trackl ine file- T, S, 02' P04, Si trac~1 ine fi le

MERGED T, S, at

- meridional sections~ equatorial sections- areal collection- dai Iy mean fi le- standard level fi le- displays - sections & mapping

MERGED sfc, T

- sfc, T file- dai Iy mean fi le- d i sp lays - mapp ing

MERGED stc, S

- stc. sal inity file- dai Iy mean fi le- displays- mapping

C-Scale fi le {Reorganized)

- mixed classical data (p.3)

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(2) In accordance with the GATE data management plan each NPC will develop an in­ventory of their primary data. (See Section 4.5 of the Final Report.. FourthInformal Planning Meeting on GATE Data Management.. 14-17 January 1975). Thisinventory is to include the location of the data and a contact person for in­quiries regarding these data. Each Permanent Representative is requested toensure that within each nation a mechanism exists to keep this inventory in­formation up-to-date.

4. THE GATE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME

4. I Report on scientific co-ordination by the GARP Activities Office

4.1.1 The Board was presented with a report from the GAO which described their accompl ish-ments in the area of scientific co-ordination. The major projects described in the pre­sentation by Dr. Rodenhuis were as fol lows:

4.1.2

In order to stimulate international research and collaboration, the GAO has pro­posed a programme of exchange of scientific visitors in co-operation with several of theparticipating countries. The success of this programme wi I I depend on the.extent of par­ticipation by the TEB countries and the scientific visitors.

4.1.3

As agreed at TEB-VI I, the use of Advisory Groups has been kept to a minimum,although there have been meetings or workshops in the area of 3 of the SUb-programmes(Radiation, Boundary Layer and Oceanography), since the last TEB meeting. These meetingswere addressed to specific problems at the data centres.

4. 1.4 In addition, the following scientists have been asked to serve as consultants onspecific problems as they arose:

Professor Ignacio<Gal indoDr. George Phi landerProfessor Helmut KrausDr. Igor Sitnikov

4. 1.5

The major presentation and assessment of GATE results wi I I be at scientificmeetings about 1976-1978. The present schedule remains somewhat incomplete, flexibleand subject to change. In particular, some national meetings of assessment of GATE resultsmay not be known to the GAO. By mid-1976 the scientific meetings during the 1977-1978period wi I I be determined.

Oceanographic sub-programme;

- 19 -

meandering of the current system has beendiscovered in the equatorial under-current.The wave-I ike behaviour has a period of about5 days.

4. 1.10 The Board commended highly the smal I GAO staff for the considerable and valuablework it had accompl ished in developing this body of information in such a short time.

4.2 National Reports on Scientific Analysis

4.2.1 The Members were asked to prepare short statements on the prel iminary scientificresults that have been achieved by their scientists and institutions on the basis of theGATE data and experience. These are given in Appendix F.

4.2.2 It was pointed out that these reports were preliminary and based to a large extentonly on the data that had been collected through the national programmes of the countryconcerned. More definitive results were to be expected when al I the data became avai lable.The USSR member presented the Chairman with a volume on USSR Oceanography results.

4.2.3 The question of how best to record the major scientific results of GATE were dis-cussed. It was agreed that in the first instance the vari ous sympos ia, meet i ngs and con­ferences that are planned over the next few years wi I I be suitable vehicles for presentationand recording of early results of individual research, whi le publ ication of scientificpapers in the standard journals wi I I be a further, longer-standing record.

4.2.4 The Board felt that the GATE results are and wi I I be quite varied in scope andsubstance and that a coherent plan is needed in order to provide a logically co-ordinatedsynthesis of the overal I results. A bibl iography of pUbl ished works wi I I not provide thissynthesis. Therefore, the Board agreed on the need to develop a monograph which would standas the definitive analysis of the major results of GATE.

4.2.5 The Board recommended the GARP Activities Office to continue to develop its planfor the ongoing synthesis of the major GATE results and submit it to the JOC for approval.

4.3 Schedule of GATE meetings

4.3. I The Board reviewed the schedule of meetings, conferences and symposia on GATE andrelated subjects that are scheduled over the next two to three years (see Appendix G).These include national and inter-national meetings, and cover many of the GATE problem areas,including ocean, atmosphere and the boundary layer physics. Particular attention was directedto the WMO seminar on the Appl ication of the GATE Results in Tropical Countries that is tobe held in Cairo in December 1977.

4.3,2 This meeting wi I I be different in character from the other scheduled symposiaand scientific meetings. It is meant to serve as a vehicle for reviewing th~ scientificresults of GATE in such a manner as to make them useful in resolving some of the practi­cal problems faced by tropical countries who participated in the GATE field phase. Itis being developed under the auspices of the WMO CAS Working Group on Tropical

- 21 -

4.4.4 Expressions of interest in serving as host countries have been made by Canada,Federal Republ ic of Germany, France, Senegal, U.K., U.S.A., and the U.S.S.R. (See Appendix I).Several examples were cited of such visiting scientist exchanges that already have been madeinvolving Canada, F.R.G., U.K., U.S.A., and the U.S.S.R.

4.4.5 The Board felt that this programme would have a I ifetime of at least five years,since much of the interest wi I I be in exchanges during the research and evaluation phase ofGATE and this can only be satisfactori Iy carried out after al I the data have been processedand data sets prepared.

4.4.6 It was agreed that the programme offered a considerable opportunity for scientistsfrom developing countries, e.g. Africa. On the other hand, it was real ized that scientistsfrom such countries have I ittle opportunity to obtain funds for overseas travel from theirown institutions. The Board feltthatthis was a serious handicap and looked to countrieswith aid programmes to assist in every way possible.

5. COMMENTS OF NATIONAL DELEGATES

5.1 The delegate from Finland recal led a lesson of GATE which pointed to the needfor strict attention to the data del ivery of the GTS so that it operates effectively in theFGGE. It is of great importance that a system be devised to ensure that the GTS is broughtup to the required level of performance. In response, the Chairman recal led that the Inter­governmental Planning Meeting for the FGGE (GARP Special Report No. 18) had paid particularattention to this matter and had made a strong recommendation that the Secretary-Generalmake every effort to ensure that the GTS does operate effectively. It was understood thatthe WWW Department is developing a plan to accompl ish this. Much of the success wi I I dependupon the financial and other resources that can be made avai lable. The Director of the GAOreferred to a communication plan via satel I ites that has been recommended by the JOC toensure that data collected in critical areas does reach the data centres in time. He alsoreferred to an effort that is planned in connexion with an efficient system for obtaininglate data to ensure ful I coverage.

5.2 The delegate from France recal led another GATE experience; namely, that thetask of data processing from GATE had been underestimated. He considered that FGGE mightsuffer from the same problem if sufficient advance planning were not carried out.

5.3 The delegate from the Federal Republ ic of Germany thanked the GAO staff for itsexcel lent preparation for the meeting.

5.4 The delegate from the U.S. remarked on the difficult tasks that had been accom­pi ished by the GAO in a relatively short time since the field phase of GATE had ended andthe responsibi I ity for the research and evaluation phase had been assumed. He noted alsothe crucial role that had been played by Dr. Rodenhuis in this connexion. The Board wishedto record its appreciation for the excel lent work that had been performed in support of theGATE research and evaluation phase by Dr. Rodenhuis, the GAO staff and the Consultants whohad been engaged in this task.

LIST OF PARTICIPANTS

I. Representatives of Members of WMO

APPENDIX A

L. Gy I van ~~e i ra

J. AltJ. Merl eP. Garn ier

S. Huovi la

H. HinzpeterD. Schriever

Amidou Sene

N.N. AksarinL.1. Mi ach

B.J. MasonE.E. Bushby

J. RasmussenR.S. GreenfieldG. D. Cartwr ight

principal delegate

principal delegatedelegatede legate

principal delegate

principal delegatedelegate

principal delegate

principal delegatedelegate

principal delegatedelegate

principal delegatedelegatedelegate

Braz i I

France

Finland

Germany, Federa IRepub I i c of

Senegal

Union of SovietSocial ist Republ ics

United Kingdom

United Statesof America

2. Representatives of Regional Associations

Amidou Sene

L. Gylvan Meira

J. Rasmussen

3. Representatives of International Organizations

D.R. Rodenhuis

F.W.G. Baker

J. Mer Ie

G. Siedler

RA-I

RA-Ill

RA-IV

WMO

ICSU

IOC

SCOR

APPENDIX B

· AGENDA

1. ORGANIZATION OF THE SESSION

1.1 Opening of the session

1.2 Election of the chairman

1.3 Approval of the agenda

1.4 Working arrangements

2. REPORT FROM THE GARP ACTIVITIES OFFICE

3. GATE DATA-PROCESSING

3.1 International assessment by GARP Activities Office

3.2 Status Reports from NPCs

3.3 Status Reports from SDCs and WOCs

3.4 Recommendations from the JOC

3.5 Data-processing plans for 1976-1977

3.5.1 Assessment of completion of NPC tasks

3.5.2 Presentation of SDC Plans

3.5.3 Long-term data security

4. THE GATE SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMME

4.1 Report on scientific co-ordination by the GARP Activities Office

4.2 National reports of progress in scientific analysis

4.3 Schedule of DATE scientific meetings and seminars

4.4 The GATE Visiting Scientist Programme

5. COMMENTS BY ~4TIONAL DELEGATES

6. DATE AND PLACE OF NEXT SESSION

7. REPORT OF THE SESSION

APPENDIX C

INFORMATION ON THE GATE FILM

I. The Tropical Experiment Board had suggested during its fifth session,

that an international documentary fi Im on GATE should be produced by WMO "with

the assistance of a professional fi Im contractor and making maximum use of fi Im

footage provided by the various participating nations". Detai led arrangements

for the production of the fi Im were developed during an informal meeting of

Members interested held in Geneva in February 1974 and they were supported

by TEB-VI. With the approval of the Executive Committee, the fi Im has been

produced as planned and wi I I be shown during the TEB-VI I I session.

2. The purpose of this document is to inform the participants about

the specifications of the fi Irn, and about the possibi I ities of borrowing or

purchasing copies.

3. A tentative I ist of scenes suggested for fi Iming by national camera

teams, based upon the draft outl ine of the fi Im, was sent to Members concerned

at the beginning of GATE. After GATE, selected footage (working footage and

dupl icate master) was obtained at laboratory reproduction cost from the six

following WMO Members: Canada, France, Federal Republ ic of Germany, U.S.S.R.,

United Kingdom and U.S.A.* This footage together with scenes filmed by the

camera team of the WMO fi Im contractor constitutes the major part of the fi Im.

* For their contribution, these countries were each sent a copy of the GATEfi Im.

APPENDIX C, p. 3

numerous requests are received for the same fi Im. Request for loan are there­

fore satisfied as soon as possible in the chronological order of their reception.

Purchase of the GATE fi Im

7. The fi Im may be purchased through the WMO Secretariat at pr-int price,

which is about 840 Sw.fr. per copy, plus mai I ing charges (air or surface as

requested). A special order form is attached herewith (see Addendum), it

contains al I detai Is on how to order the fi Im. As a number of Members may

be interested in purchasing a copy/ a circular letter is being sent to al I

Permanent Representatives with an order form to be returned to the Secretariat.

If the number of requests is sufficient a lower price can be obtained. It

is therefore the intention to place al I orders at the same time. The time

required for printing copies is approximately 3 to 4 weeks depending on

their number.

Participants may, if they so wish, place orders for the fi Im

by means of the order give~ in the Addendum.

o R D E R FOR M

APPENDIX C, ADDENDUM

~10 Film.No. III

GAT E

THE ATLANTIC TROPICAL EXPERIMENT

OF THE GLOBAL ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH PROGRAMME

Maximum price Sw.fr. 840.- + handling and mailing charges

(Price not subject to any discount. Actual cost will depend on totalnumber of copies ordered in each language).

Please supply ••••••••• prints of the GATE film

*in English, French, Spanish

Film(s) to be sent }bY surface*

(by air*

*Delete as appropriate

(Name and address)

Orders sent on this form should be returned to:

WMO, Case postale No. 5, CH-12ll Geneva 20, Switzerland.

Pro forma invoices are issued on receipt of orders: packing and mailingcharges are not included in the price of films and are added to the invoices

Orders are executed when the full amount (without any deduction for bankcharges and/or commission) of the pro forma invoices are credited, inSwiss francs exclusively, to one of the two following accounts:

Lloyds Bank International Ltd., 1200 Geneva

Postal cheque account/C.c.p.: Geneva 12-12694

Payments by cheques in non-Swiss currency are accepted at the prevailingbank rate of exchange on the date of receipt.

Governmental agencies sending official purchase orders are invoiced whenfilms are dispatched.

3 months3.4 months395 puns

51%

APPENDIX D

INTERNATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF NPC DATA PROCESSING

The following Tables and Figures present a sample of the information found inthe past Quarterly Reports on GATE Data Processing*). This material is based on reportsfrom the NPC's which arrived at the WMO before and during the first week in May.

An overal I summary of the accompl ishment in data processing is shown in Table I.The workload is measured in "puns" or processing units (one data type measured from asingle platform for one phase of the experiment is defined as one pun). The "accompl ishment"is determined by completion of the data processing (not actual del ivery of the data in properformat and with complete documentation). The overal I accompl ishment as compared to thetotal workload is 58%.

At the bottom of the Table is shown that there is an estimated delay of 3.4months which has occurred during the past three months. This delay affects 51% of theGATE international data set.

TABLE I - A summary of the international GATE data processing workload and accompl ishmentas of 15 Apri I 1976.

I

!CountryITotal workload Status Accomp I ishment

(puns) unknown (Status Categories 3 - 6)(puns) (puns) (%)

___0-- __--~-------

Brazi I 40 3 22 55 ICanada 65 0 I 38 : 58I ,

DDR 5 0 I 5 100I

I ;

FRG 145 0

I53 i 37

France 63 0 461

73

IIMexico 10 0 I 8 80

i

INether lands: 15 0 ! 12 80

U.K. 87 3 i 44 51

I IU.S.A. 474 0 ! 346 73

U.S.S.R. 355 0 161 45

TOTAL 1259 6 735 58I

Summary of Table I - Total international workload is 1259 punsThe overall {InternatIonal) accompl ishment is about 735Relative to the total workload the fraction is 58%

Summary of delays in data exchange

The overal I (international) delay in exchange of data is (median) .(average) .....•..

The number of elements which produced the delay , .. , .Relative to the total workload the fraction is .

First Quarterly Report to 15 March 1975: Second Quarterly Report 16 March - 15 June 1975Third Quarterly Report 16 June to 15 October 1975: Fourth Quarterly Report 16 October 1975 ­15 January 1976: Fifth Quarterly Report 16 January - 15 Apri I 1976

APPENDIX D, p. 3

SLJrfiJCC: f·teteorolo,]\, (\':I,K)) all shiV.:>

B/C Ship Q.UADRA

Netherlands---X=-~'mNERSAAG

validation .J 90% complete

TRIDENT' data unavailable .(~ll~)• ISELIN tJ2 data ~C7o compiete

FAY 02 data 0~ complete

j,

Status

J 23456

,'-23z{

I.3

M. liATAliOR03

A.DOHRN

V.HUliBOLDT

ATLANTIS(j4'1 )FAY(rl2 I/C)ISELIN ~ ~2 , ci ':. ;DALLAS,GILLISSRESEARCHEROCEANOGRAPHERVANGUARD(NoI/C)

MexicoA-Ship

GDRR-Ship

Canada

A/B:,& B Ships VIZE,PORYVKOROLOV, r-:USSONKRENKEL,OKEANKURCIlATOV,,;UBOV

USSRA & R Ships

VOLNA,PASSATLOMONOSOV,DEbHlffiV

Bral.il~. fSTRIU~It-ba1.pS .~ _

SALDANHA

B/C Ships liliTEORPLANET(1il3)

R~Ship FAY(~3)

B,:-Ships

USA~-Ships

~A-Ships

B-Shj,pR-Sliip

UK-A;'Ships

R-ShipC-Ship

FIGURE 01 The Schedule and status of Surface Meteorological Data (WMO) coming from 10 countries

column I (Period) I is intercomparison periods - 3, 2 and I refer to each of theGATE experimental phases

columns 2-7 (Schedule) \l indicates a planned del ivery date-.-sv i nd icates a de Iay with a .new de I ivery date

column 8 (Status) catalogue 0 - software development or planningI - software debugging; I imited results2 - data processing in routine production3 - processing complete4 - data sent to SDCs and WDCs5 - ful I documentation sent6 - data set catalogued at WDC-A

The %completion of processing is indicated

APPENDIX 0, p. 5

":I

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3

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G fP-CrZ £ V~A

I2 3 l( S , "7 g 9 10 " 12. "2- 3 '-f s ~ 'l

1'i7~ le, ":/ ,-DATE OF PREDICTION -.:

FIGURE 03 - Phase I I I Ship Surface Meteorological Data (Boom)

Same as Figure 02 except that the data set under consideration is a selection of Phase I I Ihigh frequency Surface Meteorological Data taken from special booms mounted on the ships;

APPENDIX 0, p. 7

::­c::::l.LJ>­>-<-Il.LJCl

lJ..ol.LJI-

i3 1Cl

ti,§ 1c:::0...5

3

11

10

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-.- ---------------------~-1--

o f.- ..... ",t.-e

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DATE OF PREDICTION ..

FIGURE 05 ~ Phase I I I Ship S/S Upper Air Data

Same as Figure 02 except that the data set under consideration is Phase I I I Upper AirSoundings (the data set for standard and significant levels only).

APPENDIX D, p. 9

.---------t ~ ~-=1/

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~ 5'--

? 'i~ ~ L i.

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2.

t 12. nc,c

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DATE OF PREDICTION ...

FIGURE 07 - Phase I I I Long-Range Aircraft FI ight-Level Data

Same as Figure 02 except that the data set under consideration is a selection of the Phase I I IAircraft FI ight level Data.

APPENDIX E

INTERNATIONAL ASSESSMENT OF SDC DATA INPUT

The following Tables show the present status of arrival of input data to theSDCs. Within the body of the Table the bar-graphs show the fraction of data which hasbeen received from each country, compared to what is expected. Above each bar-graph arewritten the number of processing units* (puns) expected and the number received. Theslash-marks mark the portion of the Table when data is not expected from the NPC.

An overal I summary of the fraction of input received at each SDC may be calculatedfrom these tables. These estimates are based on the number of processing units (puns)displayed in the Tables.

SSDCCSDCBSDCRSDCOSDC

41%62%41%39%26%

It is apparent from these Tables that there is so much missing data that it Isdifficult to expect the SDC's to finish their work within a year from the present time(i.e., May 1977),

* A GATE processing unit is defined as one data type measured from a single platformfor one phase of the experiment.

TABLE ,2 - CONVECTION SUllPROGRAMME DATA CENTRE f .DATA INPUTS es AP/eIl..197,>

NPCs Responsible for Input

Type of platform

Ship

Surface met. (WHO)

Rawinsonde

Radar - photographic

Radar - digital

Long-range aircraft

Met. data (medium resolution)

Gust probe

Short-range aircraft

Met. data (medium resolution) VIIIIIIIIAlI/I/I/IIYIIIII!IIA 0 1J/1@//;1

>­U"UrnZoX

rn'"-0

1.N

,TABLE 4 - RADIATION SUBPROGRAMME DATA CEllTRE

DATA INPUTS

"~

Cl5 APRIL. /(m.)

~~~~ of nlatform

r.a.:lc. Stations

Radiation

Ships

Surface cet. (.~O)

upper-air

Surface radiation

S~a surface tenperature

Cloud photos

Dust, aerosol, turbidit"*

F..a.dio::::!etersondes

Ai:.'cra.!t

?light-level met.

D::-O?30nde

~ea-3urface temperature

Radia.tion

Clo'-1d photos

Cloud physics

Aerosols

Special obs. (spectral fluxesetc.)

Satellites

VIS and lR i'Jases

Sea-surface tecperature

"rz??

Rajiatio~ ch~r~s

!!PCs Responsible for Inputs

BRAZIL CANADA FRG FRANCE GDR MEXICO NETH TTK TT S A TT '" '" "Q

XiX X X X X IXX IXIX/ I .3-s

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,"--,.~.~-"

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-3-0·'.~~."..-;.. .. -. ""'-'---..,.2-2,. 1- 0 S-o

!fll////, 111//1//..3-0

/11//// '1//11/1111/1/'3-0

,.:~ 1///1////11/////1/ '/1//// .'-3-3 1'2.-0 3-0

/1/11/11 11/1////"--0 3-0 .

1/////1. '1/////12'0 3-0 '--0 "-0 1/-0

--' (lU////! ._-_. __M_~. .-

1/////1/1 //11/1/11./-0

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1.(.0

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'l.m/1. /1/1///1; 'li!.lllM .: D3-0

'1/// /1.. 1///1/15-0 '1- 0

(j1:~?III! //1/1:'/ '~!!II/ I '1//1/1/ I//!!!.!

11////!!.(, /1// /L 'l'iI// 11///111 /1/1//1 '//1/1/ r/ ///// I 11////1,I!I-o

'!l/lfiliL. - -

'1////11.(-0

'1/1///1 //////, /////1/~-o 11I- 2 8J;

(/!//!!l/.L ///1(/••

fr.':"= .. . ....

.f.jj//13-0

11111// /1/11/,IS-o g-o

'//I/.~/Il. .'!J.L!J.L l(iJll/I !l1I!1'1////1 '/1/1/1., '/111/// /11//1/

'1-0 /2- 0 g-o'il!lL!.l 1///./1. iLL!..!J .

(//1// /1 '/1//1/ '1/111/. '//////1 '/11/// '/111!!I.LZ-o g-o

.!LiLil m.lLB .- boO

'//////;. /I //1/ '///1// '/1111// '// / ///) ///1/// //1//1, //I//I//' 11/111//1/

V ~//X ~>(IXIX:')<,X ~<X.// "'" //" '-, /,/', "-

-"1-.3 ~- "\L/!/!!lJ..' U./,/I/! I111///!////.i.LI'/IIII.L!"/jiliL /1.LfI..I, iLl//II ':~---~. ~""'~

. d~

~LiLT1IIIi /Il!LLL ''fiLfULtLlLlii.!iiL! '.LWl:iJPfLI ,_ _ZljfiLL3-0

/1'1L/!!(/I//I (/llll il!//I.(I(J.!.L/I((/~1//IJ//1 '//11.//(( .. ,...... --~ili{1/'

'1/// /~:',/////,//1/ ///1 ////;// !.LL!Lli i// Z.1l / /Il 11/// ///// l/ll/!!..;r.~.:-::...

* 0, measurement" will bs supplied by USSR

::<>"1J"1Jmz0-?X

m~

-0

U1

APPENDIX F

NATIONAL REPORTS ON SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS

I. U.K. RESEARCH WITH GATE DATA

I. The development of an analysis, initial ization and integration scheme using a 2~ 11-level model continues. A forecast with the I imited area model has been taken to 8 days andsti I I appears wel I-behaved at this time. Use is being made of the GATE data to improve theradiation and convection parameterization schemes in the model. A significant conclusion ofthe results so far obtained is that given a good data coverage in the tropics, one can obtainsimi lar standards of numerical weather prediction to those obtained in temperate latitudes.

2. Two fl ights of the MRF CI30 during GATE have been analysed in connexion with aninvestigation of atmospheric absorption in the I I ~m region.

3. Analysis of the oceanographic data has been directed towards the study of potentialtemperature and pressure pattern or related potential density surfaces in the thermocl ine.The aim is to explore the temporal variation of these patterns as revealed in the time seriesof Batfish surveys made at nominally half day intervals whi le following watermasses 20 kmsquare as they drifted through the C-scale array.

It is too early to draw firm conclusions, but it is possible that related pressureand temperature signals in the first map of the first Lagrangian time series, as evidenceinsiae the thermocl ine of the front reported by the P3 aircraft to be outcropping in the areaof the Batfish survey.

4.stage.

11.

Other U.K. research related to the GATE data have not yet reached a significant

SOME PRELIMINARY GATE RESULTS IN THE SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH CARRIED OUT IN F.R.G.

During the last 6-8 months we have had some progress in the first attempts of ascientific analysis.

For the use of the buoy data the influence of the orientation of the spar boomsof the buoy in respect to the wind direction was determined and the data were corrected.Also the influence of precipitation on the cup anemometer record has been analyzed.

Some case studies have been done which determined the variation of the tluxesof sensible and latent heat for disturbed and convective situations. Based on both thesecases, in which the data was corrected for the stabi I ity, it was found that an increase ofthe sum of the fluxes was less than 20% if hourly means are used. The data of the C-scaleships Fay, Planet and Meteor were reduced in the usual way by computing al I possible spectraand cospectra between the meterological parameters of the single ship and between ships.

Significant periods of about half an hour, 30 hours and perhaps about 5 days wereobserved for the Phase I i I of GATE.

In a simi lar way the oceanographic data recorded at the depth of the thermocl inein the centre of the C-scale array were reduced. A significant correlation was found betweenthe variances of the ampl itudes of the internal waves and of the momentum flux in the atmos­pheric surface layer.

An attempt was also made to determine the part of the momentum flux which goesinto the waves. The result seems reasonable and is based on the measured wind speed and themeasured temperature difference between the surface and 5 m depth.

Dr. I.G. Sitnikov -2-

APPENDIX F, p. 3

April 21~ 1976

2. Over 100 VLF flights were tracked using QUADRA'Sradar~ during all three phases of GATE includingthe intercomparison periods. The results showgeneral agreement between the soundings exceptfor the occasional unrealistic spike and thesaw-tooth pattern of the VLF observations whichgenerally follow the smoother radar-windobservations. Using the radar wind measurementsas a standard the root mean square diffe~ences

between the radar and unsmoothed VLF and 3-minutesmoothed VLF were computed. When unreasonableVLF winds were removed from the data as willeventually be smoothed out by computer processing~

the RMS difference between the radar and the 3­minute smoothed VLF improved to less than 2 m/s. Inthis preliminary analysis~ time offsets; and errorsarising due to different time averaging intervals~

were not considered. Further analysis is plannedwhen the post processed data using the AmericansOftware are available.

3. During intercomparison - 2~ simultaneous tethersondemeasurements were made on board the DALLAS andQUADRA which were separated by about 4 kms. Coherencemeasurements of the wind speed field indicated acircular symmetry for scale sizes comparable to theinstrument separation. Similar calculation on thetemperature and relative humidity fields indicatedan elongation along the wind direction.

4. New formulations of cloud effects on the large-scaleheat and moisture budgets have been derived byincluding the finite life-cycles of cumulus clouds.In the past~ cumulus clouds were considered to be insteady state; cloud life-cycle effects were ignored.Through the new formulation we have found that cloudlife-cycles have very significant contributions tothe large-scale moisture balance. Future diagnosticstudies of cloud population using GATE data shouldmake use of this new formulation.

• .•• 3

APPENDIX F, p. 5

IV. PROGRESS REPORT ON THE U.S. GATE SCiENTIFIC PROGRAMME

PROGRESS REPORT ON THE U.S. GATE SCrEN.;..;TO-I..;;.F..:..:I...:.C..:..:PO-~..:..:O.;..;G...:.RAM= ;:.::AP:...:R:.::I;:.::L:.....=l::.S.L.'-:1;:.::9...:.7.::.6_

The U.S. GATE scientific program,- which currently involves about 140 scientistsactively working on GATE topics, is discussed in detail through a set of re­search abstracts in GATE Information Bulletin No. 9 (and Addendum) and thegeographic distribution of the researchers is shown in Figure I. As thesetwo sources indicate, the research program is quite comprehensive in scopeand nicely distributed among government and non-government institutions.In general, the U.S. GA1~ Project Office is responsible for overall co­ordination of the research program and for administering the research pro­jects at NOAA labs while the National Science Foundation administers GATEresearch grants to the university community and NCAR. A significant GATEresearch program is also being conducted in the NASA 1aborato~ies, and this isadministered in-house by NASA.

1. THE SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS OF GATE DATA

The GATE Scientific Program is expected to accelerate rapidly in thenear future as some of the more critical data sets, such as B-scaleupper air observations, complete national processing and validationprocedures and are made available and as certain derived productsare completed and placed in the archives. Examples of derived prod­ucts which will be available within a few months are:

o Compacted Digital SMS Data Set

This data set is-being produced by Colorado State University.It consists of hourly IR and Visible images, navigated andearth-located, covering the area 50 S - 220 N, SOOw - SaW. Thedata set is on two tapes per day for all GATE observationaldays for a total of 170 tapes. The data set will be availablein June 1976 from the National Climatic Center and will belisted in Section 5 of the wcD-A GATE catalog. The data arenot in the International GATE Format.

o Rain Rate Data from the NIMBUS-S - Earth Scanning MicrowaveRadiometer (ESMR) Experiment

This data set is being produc~d by the Goddard Space FlightCenter of NASA. It consists of twice- daily (noon and mid-night)estimates of rain rate at 10

l~titude x 10 longitude grid over

APPENDIX F, p. 7

o Tests show that with GATE data numerical models of the tropicalatmosphere realistically describe the synoptic features.

o Verification and description of theoretically predicted equatorialwaves in the ocean.

o Research progress in air-sea interaction, ocean mixed layerdynamics and aerosol studies have been reported.

It is anticipated that with the increased availability of GATE data,the pace of the research will dramatically accelerate.

3. COORDINATION AND SYNTHESIS ACTIVITIES

In recognition pf the importance of maintaining effective coordinationof the U.S. -GATE scientific program, the GPO and NSF have identifiedarid are supporting the activities of scientific coordinators withineach of ~e subprograms. Overall coordination is provided by theDirector of the GPO with assistance from the NSF GARP Program Director

'and the U.S. GARP Committee Executive Scientist.

A principal means of coordination among scientists is the exchange ofinformation at scientific meetings. Examples of U.S. meetings thathave recently had or plan sessions devoted exclusively to GATE re­search are:

o American Meteorological Society (AMS) Conference on Air-SeaInteractions; Seattle. Washington. March 1976

o AMS Conference on Tropical Meteorology; Charlottesville. Va.,July 1976

Another format that has been used to coordinate GATE research activitiesare workshops at which particular groups of scientists compare resultsand pian -future research etforts" An example is:

o C-acale Oceanography Experiment; Miami, Florida, March 1976

Finally, the U.S. GATE coordinators have decided that to ensure a com­prehensive attempt to achieve the Central Objectives of GATE. it isdesirable to plan a workshop whose objectives are:

lJ ~ ,~1:'.....~~ n GA1~ERESEARCI~ PROGRAM

\D

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-n~

'0

'I' '.~""

e

U. PUERTO fllCO

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TEXAS A&M \•

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APPENDIX F, p. I I

The construction of vertical cross-sections for meridional and zonal cir­culBtion along 230 30' W in conditions of developed and dJffuse ITCZ showedthat in the first case on both sides of the ITCZ axis two vertical circula­tion eel Is develop, and in the second, four cel Is (above and below approx.600 mb). These eel Is have nothing in common with Hadley cl imatic eel Is.However, it is in these cel Is that real transfer of mass and other propertiestakes place, as they determine the development and disintegration of cloudclusters.

3) Investigation of the energy budgets in the ITCZ (A. I. Falkovich and V.A. Antsipovich,1975) .

The calculated amounts of the inflow into the AB-area of such quantities aslatent heat, enthalpy, potential energy and total energy proved to be com­pletely different for developed and diffuse ITCZ. Thus, the inflow oflatent heat rises sharply in developed ITCZ at al I levels of the troposphere.As for diffuse ITCZ, it takes place only below 850 mb surface (above thissurface an outflow of latent heat takes place). A quantity of any substancein the air column does not remain unchanged during this process, but isimmediately converted into another type of energy (latent heat becomes sen­sible heat, "surplus" water vapour condenses and falls as precipitation).This research also al lows for evaluation of the effect of sub-grid processeson the energetics of the atmosphere in the ITCZ region.

4) Testing and comparison of the methods of parameterization of cumulus convection inthe ITCZ region (A. I. Degtyarev and I.G. Sitnikov, 1976),

Three methods of parameterization of cumulus convection were tested on thebasis of data from the AB-area: moist convective adjustment after Manabe­Smagorinsky and methods based on the hypothesis of conditional instabi I ityof the second kind (CISK) after Kuo and Rosenthal. The mean values of theheating function due to the latent heat release and the correspondingintensities of convective precipitation were calculated.' In the CISK-typemethods the maximum release of latent heat occurs at the levels of 400-500 mb(which is close to Reed and Recker's results for troughs in easterly wavesin the west equatorial Pacific). Comparison with observed precipitationaveraged for the AB-area showed that the Kuo method gives more real isticresults. On the basis of this analysis proposals have been put forward forimproving the CISK-type parameterization techniques as appl ied to the investiga­tion of the ITCZ.

5) Spectral and dispersJon analysis of meteorological observation data, including datafor the boundary layers of the atmosphere and ocean (M.A. PetrossJants, V.N. Ivanov,'1.'1. Galushko, J.A. Menshov, 1975; V.V. Galushko, V.N. Ivanov, 1.'1. Nekrasov,V.P. Pudev, A.V. Rostkov, A.A. Shushkov, 1975; '1.0. Andreev, V.N. Ivanov,V.C. Korolev, V.M. Linkin, T.F. Masagutov, A.V. Smirnov, Y. Holtz, 1975, etc.).

Analysis of the spectra has enabled the distinction a number of wave move­ments in the tropical Atlantic with periods of between a few hours and4-5 days. An evaluation was carried out of the influence of synoptic-scaleprocesses on the change of meteorological parameters in the surface layerof the atmosphere at the equator. "Two-modal" type spectra were found bothfor the temperature pulsations and for the pulsations of energy of othermeteorological elements in the surface and boundary layers.

APPENDIX F, p. 13

Finally, for the purposes of testing and developing methods of parameterizationof cumulus convection in numerical models of tropical circulation and also to be preparedfor the work within the GARP Tropical Sub-programme in the context of the FGGE. I.G. Sitnikovand K.G. Rubinstein, 1975, carried out numerical experiments on simulation of some elementsof tropical circulation on the basis of a zonal version of the general circulation modeldeveloped by I.V. Trosnikov and E.N. Yegorova, 1974.

The model is based on the use of the primitive equations on the latitude-longi­tude grid and includes the basic non-adiabatic processes such as radiation, macro-turbulenthorizontal exchange, vertical turbulence, large-scale condensation and convection. Inintegration, carried out over a period of 200-300 days, vertical temperature profi les aswel I as the motion fields characteristic of the tropics can be obtained. Latitudinal dis­Tributions of water vapour contents, precipitation and evaporation in the lower latitudesseem real istic.

In the future it is planned to carry out the calculations and the analysis oftropical circulation in the framework of a three-dimensional general circulation model,using "nested grids" in regions of special interest (the ITCl, etc.>.

IV. Analysis of the GATE data obtained through the channels of the GlobalTelecommunication System

During the field phase of GATE (June-September 1974), processing and analysesof both surface and upper-air maps were carried out in the real-time in the USSR Hydro­meteorological Centre on the basis of data arriving from the global telecommunicationlines.

B.S. Chuchkalov and his col leagues have prepared an atlas of those maps whichis soon to be published. In addition, also in the USSR Hydrometeorological Centre, datawhich arrived from the global telecommunication I ines over the period of the GATE for thewhole northern hemisphere were regularly recorded on magnetic tapes. This work was carriedout under the supervision of S.L. Belousov, N.M. Potievsky and K.A. Semendyaev.

Using this material, I.G. Sitnikov and K.G. Rubinstein, 1975, calculated a numberof experimental forecasts of meteorological fields in the GATE area applying the modifiedversion of the 6-level primitive equation forecast model for the northern hemispheredeveloped by S.O. Krichak and M.S. Fux-Rabinovich, 1972. It was shown in particular thatthe additional information from the GATE-dedicated ships reduces the values of the meanrelative error of the height forecast. Latitudinal distribution of mean convective pre­cipitation intensities (calculated according to the convective adjustment method) seemsrea I isti c.

V. Conclusion

The results obtained in the Soviet Union in the scientific analysis of GATEmaterial are for the time being only provisional, as is the case in other countries, sincethey are based merely on part of the whole GATE information which was avai lable up tonow. Nevertheless, many interesting conclusions on a wide range of questions have beenalready obtained.

Progress in future work wi I I depend to a large extent on the speed and qual ityof processing GATE data in the NPC's and the SDC's. The present VI 11th session of theTropical Experiment Board has made a great contribution to this work.

APPENDIX F, p. 15

Falkovich A. I., Antsipovich V.A., 1975. Comparison of Balance Characteristics for Strongand Depressed Intertropical Convergence Zones. GATE Report No. 14, vol. I, Geneva,pp. 29-50.

Galushko V.V., Ivanov V.N., Nekrasov I.V., Pudov V.P., Rostkov A.V., Shushkov A.A., 1975.Turbulent Characteristic Measurements in the Marine Boundary Layer during GATE.GATE Report No. 14, vol. I I, Geneva, pp. 237-261.

GATE Report No. 14, vol. I and I I, 1975. Prel iminary Scientific Results of the GARPAtlantic Tropical Experiment. ICSU/WMO, Geneva, 364+397 pp.

Ivanov V.N., Ingel L.Kh., 1976. To the Theory of the Atmospher-ic Boundary Layer in theTrade Wind Zone. Abstract of the report presented for the JOC Study Conferenceon the Development of Numerical Models in the Tropics. Exeter, 4-10 Apri I, 1976,4 pp.

Kontarev G.R., 1976. A Numerical Model of Short-Range Weather Prediction forArea Based on the Spl itting-up Method. Abstract of the report presentedStudy Conference on -the Development of Numerical Models in the Tropics.4-10 Apri I 1976, 2pp.

a Tropicalfor the JOCExeter,

Mirabel A.P., Vasi lenko V.M., 1975. Horizontal Eddy Heat, Density and Momentum Transportsin the Lomonosov Current. GATE Report No. 14, vol. I, Geneva, pp. 354-358.

Petrossiants M.A., Ivanov V.N., Galushko V.V., Menshov J.A., 1975. On CharacteristicTime Scales of Meteorological Fields in the Tropical Atlantic Zone. GATE ReportNo. 14, vol. 11, Geneva, pp.48-63.

Petrossiants M.A., Slaby S., Snitkovsky A.I., Falkovich A.I., 1975. The AJr Circulationin the Tropical Troposphere along the Meridian of 230 30' W. GATE Report No. 14,vol. I, Geneva, pp. 89-95.

Petrossiants M.A., Snitkovsky A. I., Falkovich A.I., 1975. On the Evolution of the ITCZ.GATE Report No. 14, vol. I, Geneva, pp.12-28.

Rybnikov A.A., 1975. Prel iminary Analysis of the Current Measurements at the Equator.GATE Report No. 14, vol. I, Geneva, pp.350-353.

APPENDIX G

SCHEDULE OF SCIENTIFIC MEETINGS RELATED TO GATE

I. Recent Scientific Meetings related to GATE (1975-1976)

Ninth Technical Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Miami,Florida, 27-30 May 1975.

Symposium on the First Scientific Results of the Investigation of the Atmospherein GATE, Moscow, 9-12 June 1975.

Symposium on the First Scientific Results of the Investigation of the Ocean inGATE, Moscow, March 1975.

GATE Seminar, Hamburg, 28-29 November 1975.

AMS Conference on Parameterization in Meteorology, Chicago, 3-5 December 1975.

J OC Study Group Con ference on the Deve lopment of Numer ica I Mode Is for the Trqr' i LS,

Exeter, U.K., 4-10 Apri I 1976.

2. Future Scientific Meetings related to GATE (1976-1977)

Tenth Technical Conference on Hurricanes and Tropical Meteorology, Charlol \Virginia, U.S.A., 6-9 July 1976.

Symposium on Radiation in the Atmosphere C1AMAP), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, r .. '19-28 August 1976.

Oceanography Workshop (A and B/C-scale), Brest, France,6-10 September 1976.

U.S. Workshop on GATE Central Pr'ogramme, Boulder, Colorado, U.S.A., 1-19 August 1977.

The GATE Radiation Working Group, Leningrad, U.S.S.R., Autumn 1977.

3. Long-Term Proposals for International Scientific Meetings (1977-1978)

IAMPA/IUGA Special Assembly, Seattle, Washington, U.S.A., Autumn 1977.

Conference on the Energetics of the Tropical Atmosphere, Tashkent, U.S.S.R.,September 1977.

Seminar on the Appl ication of GATE Results in Tropical Countries (WMO), Cairo,December 1977.

GATE Symposium on Oceanography and Atmospheric Surface-layer Meteorology(SCOR/IAPSO/IAMAP), Kiel, 16-20 May 1978.

Conference on Meteorology over the Tropical Ocean (RMS/AMS), U.K., October 1978.

IUGG Congress, Austral ia, late 1979.

APPENDIX H

PROPOSAL BY THE GAO FOR THE GATE VISITING SCIENTIST PROGRAMME

INTRODUCT ION

I. Throughout the planning stage of GATE, the national participants have

supported the concept of the international exchange of scientific visitors, (GATE

Report No. 13). It was imagined that these visitors would be engaged directly in

data val idation or in scientific analysis which would aid the data processing at

the Sub-programme Data Centres.

2. In any case it was generally felt that international visitors should

be encouraged to carry out a part of thei r research programmes away from the i r

home institution. These visits would benefit the host and the visitors through

exchange of opinion and scientific expertise.

PURPOSE OF DOCUMENT

3. The purpose of this document is to substantiate the use of the

international exchange of scientists via the proposed GATE Visiting Scientist

Programme and to stimulate the participants of the TEB-VII I meeting to take

necessary steps for the implementation of the Programme.

01 SCUSS ION

4. At the present time there are a number of opportunities for exchange

of scientific visitors. HO\~ever, since there are few "dedicated resources" and

because there is no established "programme" to which a scientist may apply

(except through personal arrangements), few scientists have been able to

participate.

5. The success of an international experiment like GATE required not only

the exchange of data, but also an exchange of ideas, theories and the practical

detai Is of instrument design and cal ibration. Therefore, after the initial

exploitation of the national data sets there is a great benefit to nations and

thei r national scientisi"s to be the host to foreign visitors.

APPENDIX I

THE GATE VISITING SCIENTIST PROGRAMME:

STATEMENTS OF INTENT FROM NATIONAL PARTICIPANTS

I. STATEMENT OF THE U.S. MEMBER TO TEB-VI I I RELATIVE TO THE GATE VISITINGSCIENTIST PROGRAMME

The United States endorses the GATE Visiting Scientist Programme as outl inedin TEB-VIII/Doc. 6*). Several Institutions in the U.S. have indicated an intent to par­ticipate in the programme by accepting foreign visitors and in encouraging their staffto arrange for visits to other countries.

Acceptance and detai led arrangements for visitors to U.S. Institutions wi I I beleft to the discretion of the proposed institution. Individual U.S. scientists wishingto do GATE research during visits to other countries should initially contact the U.S.GATE Project Office, the WMO GARP Activities Office and, if appropriate, the proposedhost institution. Final arrangements wi I I be handled separately for each case; the U.S.GATE Project Office is the appropriate contact point for these matters.

In recognition of the importance of international collaborative research, severalscientist exchanges have already been undertaken or are in the planning stages. We considerthese to be "GATE Visiting Scientists" and we bel ieve should be included in the I ist. Theylack the co-ordination step through the GAO, a step that should not be considered mandatoryalthough it wi I I be critical for many scientists to initiate their visits. The "GATEVisiting Scientists" referred to above includes the very successful visit to ColoradoState University (CSU) by Soviet Scientist, Dr. Michael Prokofyev (15 October - I I November1975). That visit, supported jointly by the U.S. and U.S.S.R., permitted the discoveryof the reasons behind the disagreement in the U.S. and U.S.S.R. pyrgeometer measurements.Dr. Prokofyev also was able to present some prel iminary U.S.S.R. GATE results to the AMSRadiation Conference in Washington, D.C.

Presently, Dr. Alan K. Betts of CSU is visiting the Imperial Col lege, London,England. Support for Dr. Betts visit is being shared by the U.K. and the U.S.

Dr. George D. Emmitt's proposal from the University of Virginia, to spend a yeardoing GATE research at the Max-Planck Institute in 'Hamburg, Germany, is now being processedby NSF. Fiscal arrangements include a sharing of expenses by the host institution.

Or; Jeff Austin of McGi11 University, Canada, is planning to spend a period duringthe summer of 1976 at NCAR with the NCAR GATE group.

Therefore, the U.S. is already engaged in a "GATE Visiting Scientist Programme".The U.S. has interest in accelerating and broadening the scope of this aCllvity now thatthe GATE data sets are avai lable.

Document 6 of ~he TEB-VI I I is presented as Appendix H in this Report

Dr. David R. Rodenhuis -2-

APPENDIX I, p. 3

Apl·iZ 15~ 1976

I hope this statement of intent can be conveyed to the meeting ofTEB~ May 4-6~ 1976~ as I understand there will not be a Canadiandelegate attending.

Yours sincerely~

G.A. MaBean"Chairman,GARP SaientificCommittee of Canada.

c~c. Professor H.R. choc.c. Dr. A.E. Col~in

c. c-. Dr. W. [,. Gods on

CAMcB/kf

APPENDIX I, p. 5

IV. STATEMENT OF FRG ON THE GATE VISITING SCIENTIST PROGRAMME

UNIVERSITAT HAMBURG

Meteorologisches Institut

The GATE National Focal point for the Federal Republic ofGermany would like to encourage an intensive exchange ofGATE-scientists with the purpose of an optimal use of theGATE field data.

We ban offer 6 places for scientists, which will be situatedin the Max-Planck-Institute for Meteorology and in theMeteorological Institute of the Hamburg University. Thus acooperation with groups of these institutes as well as withothE'r Institutes and groups in our country would be possible.The GATE visiting scientists would have the opportunity to usethe data of the Boundary Layer sub data center and the computerfacilities of a CYBER 7600, a TR 440 and some smaller computers.

In some cases a certain financial support should be possible,but this has to be arranged for the single case.

Hamburg, November 3,1975 (f[~/'y-~<J(Prof.Dr.H.Hinzpeter)

National .GATE-Coordinator

APPENDIX I, p. 7

PRICE LIST FOR.HOTEL - :RESTAURAllT. OF C.O.E.

Lunch

Dinner

a ••••• G ••••••••• O •• OCleO

•••••••••••• s ••••••••••

10.- FF + drinks + coffee

7.- FF (to be ordered before 4 P.c.)

Breakfast ••••••••••••• a ••••••• 3.- FF

2. Accomnodation

Normal price: 44.00 FF ou 33.00 FF according to the rooms.

For visitors staying more than one week the Director of the C.O.B.may agree to a special price:

75.- FP per week150.- FF per fortnight300.- FF per month

APPENDIX I, p. 9

Pour des visiteurs sejournant quelque temps et ne disposant pasd'un moyen de transport personnel, il y a done deux solutions:

Boit loger dans un hotel en ville, et venir au C.O.B. parl'autobus de notre personnel, ce qui impose des horaires strictset limites de travail (8 h 30 - 17 hOD)

soit loger au C.O.B., dans d'excellentes conditions materielles,mais les liaisons avec la ville en soiree ne sont possibles quepar taxi.

Je vous joins en annexe le tarif de l'hotel restaurant du C.O.B.

Je vous prie de bien vouloir agreer, Monsieur, l'expression demes sentiments distingues.

~:.:!:. : 1

APPENDIX I, p. I I

ADDENDUM

PROPOSAL OF THE HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL SERVICE OF THE USSR RELATIVE TO VISITS OF SOVIETSCIENTISTS WITHIN THE GATE VISITING SCIENTIST PROGRAMME

I.

Destination

Country Institution

U.S.A. Colorado StateUniversity

Timi ng

Date

July 1976

I Period oft\ Sojourn:

I!I 10 days;

2The joint analysis ofRadiation sub~programme

data

2. U.S.A. NCAR IJ u I y- ! 10 dAugust 1976: ays

1

ij The ana Iys i s of the Con-i vection sub-programme!data

3. U.S.A.

4. U.S.A.

GFDL

NMC

Sept. 1977

I Jaooacy­"March 1977

~

I

, I monthI

I month

IHydro­met.CentreUSSR)

2Hydro­met.CentreUSSR)

;

iWork at the numericallsimulation of the1general circulation ofjthe atmosphere using thelGATE data

iJoint work at the develop\ment of the real-time,Ihemispherical or global, i!numerica1 forecastinglmodels, including tropicalidata

5.

6.

7.

U.S.A.

F.R.G.

France

NationalHurricane Center

Max PlanckInstitute

OSDC, Brest

, Apri 1­jJune 1977

I1

i11

:1 1977~l

j

"~:1 1977,

; I month

: I month

I month

IHydro­met.CentreUSSR)

2

1-2

:Joint analysis of theitropical atmosphericjprocesses using GATEidata I

!(Joint work at the Boundan!Layer Sub-programme

!Jo i nt work at the:Oceanographic Sub-programme !

APPENDIX J

PUBLICATIONS RELATED TO GATE FROM THE GARP ACTIVITIES OFFICE

1975 - 1976

I. During the past year the GAO has continued the formal GATE pUbl ica-

tion series started by the ISMG: The publ ications so issued are I jsted below for

the information of the TEB.

GATE Report No. 15, Report on the Field Phase of the GARP Atlantic

Tropical Experiment - Operations. October 1975, 148 pp.

GATE Report No. 16, Report on the Field Phase of the GARP Atlantic

Tropical Experiment - Scientific Programme, Apri I 1975, 514 pp.

GATE Report No. 17, Report on the Field Phase of the GARP Atlantic

Tropical Experiment ~ Meteorological Atlas, July 1975, 179 pp.

GATE Report No. 18, Report on the Field Phase of the GARP Atlantic

Tropical Experiment - Aircraft Mission Summary, July 1975, 143 pp.

GATE Report No. 19, Report on the Field Phase of the GARP Atlantic

Tropical Experiment Summary of Data Collected, Apri I 1975, 219 pp.

2. The GAO prepares two regular publ ications for distribution as part

of its responsibi I ity for co-ordination and communication with the GATE com­

munity of scientists, data processors, and programme administrators. These

publ ications are the Quarterly Reports on GATE Data Management and the GATE

Information Bulletin <publ ished by NCAR in the U.S.A.).

APPENDIX J, p. 3

Progress Report on the GATE Oceanic Boundary Layer (C~Scale) Experi~

ment Based on the Proceedings of the A~Scale Oceanographic Workshop.

Volume I I. Data Inventory and Principle Investigators. Southampton

University, July 1975, 76 pp.

Report of the GATE Informal Oceanographic Workshop on the Equatorial

and A-Scale Experiments. Geneva, August 1975, 60 pages.

Report on Sal inity Intercomparison. Geneva, February 1976, 33 pages.

Report on the Third International Meeting of Experts on the GATE Radiation

Sub-programme. Appendix on Data Management and Val idation. Leningrad,

July 1975, 107 pp.

Report on the Advisory Group Meeting of the Boundary Layer Sub-programme.

Hamburg, February 1976, 26 pages