Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease

Series Editor: Naranjan S. DhallaWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada

Volume 1: S. K. Cheema (ed), Biochemistry of Atherosclerosis

Volume 2: S. W. Schaffer and M-Saadeh Suleiman (eds), Mitochondria: TheDynamic Organelle

Volume 3: A. K. Srivastava and M. B. Anand-Srivastava (eds), SignalTransduction in the Cardiovascular System in Health and Disease

Volume 4: B. Ostadal and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Cardiac Adaptations-MolecularMechanisms

Volume 5: B. I. Jugdutt and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Cardiac Remodeling-MolecularMechanisms

Volume 6: Jawahar L. Mehta and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Biochemical Basisand Therapeutic Implications of Angiogenesis

Volume 7: S. Chakraborti and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Proteases in Health and Disease

Volume 8: S. Chakraborti and N. S. Dhalla (eds), Role of Proteases in Cellular Dysfunction

For further volumes: http://www.springer.com/series/7064

Naranjan S. Dhalla • Sajal Chakraborti Editors

Role of Proteases in Cellular Dysfunction

ISBN 978-1-4614-9098-2 ISBN 978-1-4614-9099-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-9099-9 Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2013953330

© Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specifi c statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein.

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Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)

Editors Naranjan S. Dhalla Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences St. Boniface Hospital ResearchUniversity of Manitoba Winnipeg , MB Canada

Sajal Chakraborti Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics University of Kalyani Kalyani , WB India

This book is dedicated to Prof. Ranbir C. Sobti, Vice Chancellor, Babasaheb Bhimrao Ambedkar University, Lucknow, India, for his untiring efforts to promote excellence in science throughout the Indian subcontinent. Prof. Sobti served the Punjab University with great distinction, fi rst as Professor and Head and then as Vice Chancellor. In view of his outstanding record as scientist in the fi eld of Biotechnology as well as high commitment for developing scientifi c culture and promoting young investigators, he was elected President of the 101st Indian Science Congress. Dr. Sobti was bestowed the great honor “Padmashree” by the Government of India.

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Pref ace

This book entitled “Role of Proteases in Cellular Dysfunctions” is the second book on Proteases for the Series “Advances in Biochemistry in Health and Disease.” It is now well known that proteases are found everywhere, in viruses and bacteria as well as in all human, animal, and plant cells, and play a role in a variety of biological functions ranging from digestion, fertilization, and development to senescence and death. Under physiological conditions the ability of proteases is regulated by endog-enous inhibitors. However, when the activity of proteases is not regulated appropri-ately, disease processes can result in, as seen in Alzheimer’s disease, cancer metastasis and tumor progression, infl ammation, and atherosclerosis. Thus it is evi-dent that there is an absolute need for a tighter control of proteolytic activities in different cells and tissues.

For scientists working on proteases, it is important to consider the components that are intimately involved in the activation/inhibition of proteases. Additionally, proteases regulate a plethora of cell functions via interactions with other enzymes/proteins in cells. Effi cacy of protease inhibitors to treat diseases has also been rec-ognized and is currently an important fi eld of research. This book is the result of the commendable effort by a large group of world leading experts to provide excellent, comprehensive, and up-to-date reviews on the subjects in the fi eld. It contains 23 chapters contributed by experts in their respective fi elds and elucidates the crucial role of proteases in biological processes, including how proteolytic function and regulation can be combined for new strategies for the development of therapeutic interventions.

The book consists of three parts in specifi ed topics based on current literatures for a better understanding for the readers with respect to their subject-wise interests. The fi rst section of this book covers a brief idea about the neuronal disorders and the involvement of proteases such as calpains, caspases, and matrix metalloproteases (MMPs). The second section covers the deadly disease, cancer, and its relation to ubiquitin–proteasomal system, MMPs, and serine proteases. The last section is about the role of proteases such as calpains, MMPs, and serine protease as well as urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) in causing cardiovascular

viii

defects. The readers will fi nd these chapters both stimulating and interesting. We hope that this book will prove useful for graduate students and also researchers, who have an interest in cellular proteolytic events.

As editors of this book, we are greatly indebted to the authors for the time and effort they spent in making the book as an advancement of knowledge in this fi eld. We would also like to thank Prof. Dilip Kumar Mohanta, Vice Chancellor, University of Kalyani, West Bengal, India, and Prof. Bimal K Ray, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, USA, for their encouragement. The time and efforts of Dr. Vijayan Elimban and Mrs. Eva Little (St. Boniface Hospital Research) during the editing of this book are highly appreciated. We are also grateful to Ms. Melanie Tucker and Ms. Rita Beck (Springer, New York) for their understanding as well as patience for the preparation of this book.

Winnipeg , MB, Canada Naranjan S. Dhalla Kalyani , WB , India Sajal Chakraborti

Preface

ix

Contents

Part I Proteases and Neural Disorders

1 Role of Calpain in Immunobiology of Neurodegenerative Diseases ............................................................... 3Nicole Trager, Azizul Haque, Swapan K. Ray, Arabinda Das, and Naren L. Banik

2 Calpain Interactions with the Protein Phosphatase Calcineurin in Neurodegeneration ........................................................ 17Christopher M. Norris

3 Involvement of Caspases in the Pathophysiology of Neurodegeneration and Stroke .......................................................... 47Alakananda Goswami, Prosenjit Sen, Kuladip Jana, and Sanghamitra Raha

4 Matrix Metalloproteinases in Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury in Brain: Antioxidants as Rescuer ............................................. 67Sibani Sarkar, Somnath Chatterjee, and Snehasikta Swarnakar

5 The Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Neurovascular Injury ...... 93Ji Hae Seo, Shuzhen Guo, Josephine Lok, Deepti Navaratna, Changhong Xing, and Eng H. Lo

6 The Role of Proteases in Embryonic Neural Crest Cells ..................... 103Avi Bar, Irit Shoval, Efrat Monsonego-Ornan, and Dalit Sela-Donenfeld

Part II Proteases and Cancer

7 Proteases and Cancer Development ...................................................... 129Shudong Zhu and Zhoufang Li

x

8 Matrix Metalloproteinase and Its Inhibitors in Cancer Progression ............................................................................. 147Ajay K. Chaudhary, Anita H. Nadkarni, Shruti Pandya, and Kanjaksha Ghosh

9 Ubiquitin–Proteasome System in the Hallmarks of Cancer ............... 159Pushpak Bhattacharjee, Minakshi Mazumdar, Deblina Guha, and Gaurisankar Sa

10 Matrix Metalloproteinases in Cancer Metastasis: An Unsolved Mystery ............................................................................. 187Shravanti Mukherjee, Argha Manna, Minakshi Mazumdar, and Tanya Das

11 A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinase-12 as a New Target for Cancer Treatment ............................................................................. 213Alpana Ray and Bimal K. Ray

12 Proteases and Their Role in Drug Development with an Emphasis in Cancer .................................................................. 227Sindhuri Upadrasta and Neeru Saini

Part III Proteases and Cardiovascular Defects

13 Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Atherosclerosis ......................... 247Karina Di Gregoli and Jason L. Johnson

14 The Importance of the Urokinase-Type Plasminogen Activator and Its Receptor for the Development and Progression of Atherosclerosis ........................................................ 263Nicole Paland and Bianca Fuhrman

15 Matrix Metalloproteinases and Hypertension ...................................... 279Alejandro F. Prado, Michele M. Castro, and Raquel F. Gerlach

16 Regulation of Proteolysis in Vascular Remodeling .............................. 295Erin R. Mandel, Cassandra Uchida, and Tara L. Haas

17 Emerging Role of Genetic Variants of Matrix Metalloproteinases Genes in Left Ventricular Dysfunction ................ 321Balraj Mittal, Avshesh Mishra, Anshika Srivastava, and Naveen Garg

18 Implications of Intracellular Proteolytic Activation of MMP-2 in the Heart ........................................................................... 335Marcia Y. Kondo and Richard Schulz

19 Matrix Metalloprotease-2 in the Development and Progression of Cardiovascular Diseases ........................................ 351Soumitra Roy, Tapati Chakraborti, Soni Shaikh, Animesh Chowdhury, and Sajal Chakraborti

Contents

xi

20 Role of Protease Activation in Subcellular Remodeling and Heart Failure .................................................................................... 365Naranjan S. Dhalla, Vijayan Elimban, and Davinder S. Jassal

21 Proteases as Potential Targets in Left Ventricular Remodeling After Myocardial Infarction ............................................. 383Bodh I. Jugdutt

22 MMPs in Cardiovascular Diseases: Emerging Pharmacological Targets ...................................................... 407Aastha Chhabra, Shrey Kohli, and Vibha Rani

23 Proteases as Clinical Markers of Adverse Remodeling for Heart Failure in the Aging Population ............................................ 427Bodh I. Jugdutt

Index ................................................................................................................. 459

Contents