lte fundamentals amit prabhu lte optimization and tuning ca-access

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LTE Fundamentals

Amit Prabhu

LTE Optimization and Tuning

CA-Access

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text in the footer area LTE Fundamentals | Ericsson Internal | EUS-11:002421 Uae, Rev B | 2011-02-24 |

Contents

› Evolution to LTE

› Architecture

› LTE Physical Layer

› FDD- OFDMA/ SC-FDMA

› Time domain- Frame, Sub-frame, Slots, Symbols

› Bandwidth

› MIMO

› Modulation Schemes

› Throughput Calculation

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Evolution to LTE

› 1G FDMA (NMT, AMPS, TACS) 80’s - Voice (analog traffic, digital signaling)

› 2G TDMA (GSM, D-AMPS, PDC) and CDMA (IS-95) 90’s - Voice, SMS, CS data transfer ~ 9.6 kbit/s (50 kbit/s HSCSD)

› 2.5G TDMA (GPRS) 00’s - PS data transfer ~ 50 kbit/s

› 2.75G TDMA (GPRS+EDGE) 00’s - PS data ~ 150kbit/s

› 3-3.5G WCDMA (UMTS) and CDMA 2000 00’s - PS & CS data transfer ~ 14 Mbit/s (HSPA), Voice, SMS

› 3.9G OFDMA (LTE/SAE) 10’s - VoIP and Data ~ 100Mbit/s

› 4G IMT Advanced

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The Trend

GSM

EDGE

CDMA1X EV-DO

WCDMA HSPA

TD-SCDMA LTE

- FDD

- TDD

3GPP

3GPP2

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Simplified EPS Architecture

eNodeB eNodeB

eNodeB

MME P/S-GW

MME P/S-GW

S1

X2

X2

X2

SAE

(System Architecture

Evolution)

LTE

(Long Term Evolution)

EPC

(Evolved

Packet Core)

E-UTRAN

EPS

(Evolved

Packet

System)

UE

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X2-UP

S1-UP

Internet

Evolved

Packet

Core

S1-CP

E-UTRAN

eNodeBeNodeBeNodeBeNodeB

LTELTE

Gi

S11

SAESAE

MME

S-GW

• Idle mode mobility

management

• IRAT handover

• EPS Bearer

Management (QoS)

•Security – AAA

•UE attach/detach

Charging, Packet

filtering (QoS),

PCEF (QoS)

Not seen by

terminal

Termination of U-

plane packets for

paging reasons;

Switching of U-

plane for support of

UE mobility

Terminates all user plane functions seen

by the terminal (including security)

Radio Resource Management

- Radio Bearer Control

- Radio Admission Control

- Connection Mobility Control

- UL/DL scheduling

IP header compression and encryption

of user data streams

Measurement and measurement

reporting configuration for mobility and

scheduling

P-GW

S5/S8

X2-CP

MME

S10

Charging, Packet

filtering (QoS), PCEF

(QoS)

IP PoP

EPS Bearer Handling

Not seen by terminal

EPC / E-UTRAN Architecture

LTE

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LTE Physical Layer

› Flexible bandwidth

– Possible to deploy in 6 different bandwidths up to 20 MHz

› Uplink: SC-FDMA with dynamic bandwidth (Pre-coded OFDM)

– Low PAPR Higher power efficiency

– Reduced uplink interference (enables intra-cell

orthogonality )

› Downlink: Adaptive OFDM

– Channel-dependent scheduling and link adaptation

in time and frequency domain

› Multi-Antennas, both RBS and terminal

– MIMO, antenna beams, TX- and RX diversity, interference rejection

– High bit rates and high capacity TX RX

frequency

frequency

› Harmonized FDD and TDD concept

– Maximum commonality between FDD and TDD

› Minimum UE capability: BW = 20 MHz

10 15 20 MHz 3

fDL

fUL

FDD-only fDL

fUL

Half-duplex FDD fDL/UL

TDD-only

Δf=15kHz

180 kHz

User #2 scheduled User #1 scheduled

User #3

scheduled

1.4 5

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#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9

One radio frame (Tframe = 10 ms)

One subframe (Tsubframe = 1 ms)

1st slot 2nd slot

Tslot = 0.5 ms

#0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9

One radio frame (Tframe = 10 ms)

One subframe (Tsubframe = 1 ms)

1st slot 2nd slot

Tslot = 0.5 ms

Time Domain (FDD)

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LTE – Access Network - Downlink

One subframe (1 ms)

One slot (0.5 ms)

One frame (10 ms)

One resource element

12 sub-carriers

TCP Tu

› One Frame = 10 ms

– 10 ms Frame consisting of 10 Subframes of length 1 ms

– Each subframe consisting of 2 Slots of length 0.5 ms

– Each slot consisting of 7 OFDM symbols

› Resource Block

– 12 sub carriers during one slot

– Assigned in pairs of two consecutive resource blocks

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f = 15 kHz

LTE DL Physical Resources

One Resource Block

12 x 7 = 84 resource elements

12 sub-carriers

frequency

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LTE DL Physical Resources

12 sub-carriers

frequency

One Scheduling Block

180 kHz and 1 ms

f = 15 kHz

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Downlink transmission scheme – OFDM

› Normal Subcarrier spacing f = 15 kHz Tu 66.7 s

› Normal Cyclic prefix TCP 4.7 s / 5.2 s*

* First symbol each of slot

Size-N

IFFT CP

insertion

Block of

M symbols

Tu TCP

Tu TCP-E

Tu = 1/f

0

0

f

M subcarriers

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LTE – Resource Block

› Resource Block

– 1 Slot (0.5ms) and 12 sub-carriers.

– 1 User is Scheduled every TTI (1ms), which means a minimum of 2

consecutive resource blocks in time at every scheduling instance.

By 3GPP

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Modulation Modes

› Constellation of QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

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LTE Throughput Calculation

Exercise:

Calculate the Maximum theoretical LTE throughput?

Solution:

1 RB = 12 sub-carriers

1 Sub-carrier = 7 OFDM symbols in time domain = 7 Resource elements

Thus total OFDM symbols in 1 RB = 12 X 7

With 64 QAM 1 symbol = 6 bits

Thus total bits in 1 RB = 12 X 7 X 6 transmitted in 0.5 msec

With 20 MHZ BW, 100 RB are transmitted

Thus total bits in 100 RB = 12 X 7 X 6 X 100 transmitted in 0.5 msec

Thus in 1 msec, total bits transmitted = 12 X 7 X 6 X 2 X100

In 1 sec, total transmitted bits = 12 X 7 X 6 X 2 X 100 X 1000 = 100.8 Mbps

This is possible with Single antenna configuration

But with 4 x 4 MIMO

Maximum throughout = 4 X 100.8 = 403.2 Mbps

lte fundamentals amit prabhu lte optimization and tuning ca-access

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