lit rev updated

Literature Review - structure

Created by: Wim Vandekerckhove

Updated: Hoang Nguyen, PhD

Dissertation 2011 -2012

Literature Review = backbone of your dissertation

You have Term 1 to develop it

Draft Literature Review

feedbackfinalize in full dissertation

Find research on your concepts

1. What is the current state of knowledge on your topic?

2. What kind of research has been done on your topic?

3. What theories have been used to research your topic?

Develop expectations as to what you will find (hypotheses).

Get ideas on data collection (who and what to ask).

Expand your horizon on what theories to use.

What are the critiques of these theories?How have these theories developed?Which other theories build on them,

or developed in response to remaining questions?

Internalization

(Cost)

Internationalization

(Technology)

Government PolicyTrade theory

(Market)

Product structure

Vertical

Horizontal

Market structure

Knowledge-based

Services

Slide 9

What are the critiques of these theories?How have these theories developed?Which other theories build on them, or developed in response to remaining questions?

4 theories explain why/ how/ to what extent FDI inflows

occur

4 groups factors influence FDI inflow

Create analysis by comparing and contrasting various academic journal sources to display your understanding of the topic area in order to better conduct your research for your Dissertation or Management Report.

Literature Review Challenge

Slide 12

Find theories on your concepts

1. Look in textbooks to identify theories

2. Go to original works on articles and books about these theories(Emerald e-books through UoG portal, or googlebooks)(academic journals)

Textbooks are merely ‘sound bites’ – not enough to work with.

Author Title of Dissertation Research QuestionVan Le Study of Effectiveness of

Performance Appraisal in Improving Employees’

Performance & Achieving Organizational Objective in the

Life Insurance Sector.

How effective is performance appraisal in improving employees’ performances and achieving organisational objectives in the life insurance services sector?

Effectiveness of Performance Appraisal

Employees’ performances and achieving organisational objectives

improving

Independent variable

Dependent variable

Theories

Author Title of Dissertation Research Question

Karolina Hajduk

An Investigation into the Suitability of Performance

Management Systems within a Cross-Cultural Workforce.

How can different performance management systems fit and stimulate performance and productivity of a cross-cultural workforce?

performance management systems fit

stimulate performance and productivity

differing

Theories

Theories


Priya Baungally

An investigation on the importance of branding for a small independent boutique

hotel.

how can small independent businesses use branding to create its presence in the marketplace?’

Branding Presence in the marketplacecreating


Dependent variable

Theories

Finding articles

Created by:Angela Bowles & Wim Vandekerckhove

Dissertation 2011 -2012

18

Tips to get started- Use the reference list at the back of a book & text book on your topic

area (good just to get started)- Use the reference lists of articles you find to search for related papers

(very effective)- Ask the Business Librarians for help asap if needed

- (Fraser Nicolas and Margaret Friday and Will on the Weekend)

Tips to find quality sources

- Search E-Journal by title for related Journal in the catalogue - Eg. Journal of Human Resources Management

- Use Databases like:- Business Source Premier (over 1000 academic journals)- Swetswise (will search Emerald and Science Direct)- Emerald, Blackwell Synergy, Science Direct

19

Electronic Journals• A database is a searchable collection of records. Most of the databases

subscribed to by the Library are bibliographical. The records in this type of database are usually full-text journal articles.

• The Library Databases directory gives access to a wide range of inter-disciplinary and business specific products, including:– Business Source Premier

• Wide coverage of all business topics– Emerald

• Operations management; organisation studies; etc.– MyiLibrary

• Full-text electronic books

– Blackwell Synergy & Wiley Interscience

– SwetsWise• A gateway service giving access to all of the Library’s electronic journals

20

What does a Journal look like?

Slide 21

Emerald Management Database

• Go to the Student Portal...then• Click on Library & IT ....then• Click on Databases, Journals & E-Book...then• Click E for Emerald or B for Business Source• Click into the database ....then• Click advanced search....then• Click in drop down box keyword search .

Slide 22

Emerald Example Advanced Search

Slide 23

Search in a specific Journal Publication

Slide 24

Business Source Premier• The largest business database• Includes full-text articles from over 2,300 journals,

magazines and trade publications• Extensive subject coverage, including:

– management; marketing; finance; international business; tourism; logistics

• Also gives access to – company profiles, SWOT analyses, market research

reports, and industry reports

25

Example Business Source Search

Slide 26

Some Rules• As a general rule, magazine, newspaper articles, anything written by

‘anonymous’, & most websites are NOT ACCEPTABLE• Lectures should not be cited as sources in assignments• Do not use textbooks (except to get started with ideas)• ALWAYS look at the reference list at the end of any article (gives ideas)

• Use up-to-date refereed journal articles or on occasion very specific book chapters.

• The referee process ensures published articles have been ‘blind peer reviewed’ by experts in the field. (Do not use Google, Yahoo etc!!)– eg Emerald (peer-reviewed only)

• Try to get the most up-to-date sources available eg 2000 on-wards• Use a variety of sources from a variety of journals

27

Good Journal ArticlesLook at Emerald Database:How to judge if it is good quality by:

• Written by lecturers / academics from universities• Looking at submission procedures in front of journals (blind peer

refereed)• Large Paragraph as an Abstract• Is it from a Journal? (not a Monthly, Review, Weekly)• Approx 8-15 pages (average 8-12)• Articles have substantial reference list (eg 3 pages)• General Sections:

– Intro, Literature Review, Method, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, Implications & Future Research

28

Example Good Article

Slide 29

Academic Journals Trade Publications• Academy of Management Journal

• International Journal of Organisational Behaviour

• Administrative Science Quarterly,

• Journal of Applied Psychology,

• Journal of Human Resources, • Journal of Organizational Behavior,

• Management Today

• International Issues

• Administration Quarterly

• Psychology News

• HR Monthly

• Organisational Behaviour Magazine

30

Example of Academic Journalsyou could use

• Harvard Business Review• Academy of Management

Journal• Journal of Human Resources• Human Resource Management

Journal• Academy of Management

Review• California Management Review• Journal of General Management• Personnel Review

• Management International Review

• Management Science• Management Decision• Strategic Management Journal• British Journal of Industrial

Relations• Industrial Relations Journal• Administration Science

Quarterly• Journal of Organisational

Change ManagementSlide 31

• Academy of Management Journal, • Academy of Management Review, • Academy of Management Executive, • Administrative Science Quarterly, • Compensation and Benefits Review, • Group and Organisational Studies, • Human Relations, • International Journal of Organisational Behaviour, • International Journal of Selection and Assessment, • Journal of Applied Psychology, • Journal of Business Ethics,• Journal of Human Resources, • Journal of Organizational Behavior, • Journal of Organizational Behavior Management, • Journal of Personality and Individual Differences, • Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, • Organizational Behavior and Human Decision, • Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, • Organizational Dynamics, • Personnel Psychology

32

Typical Parts of an Article

• Abstract• Introduction• Literature Review• Methodology / Method• Findings & Results• Discussion• Conclusion & Further Research

Slide 33

Tips for Reading Articles• Make sure you can scribble on them (print them or electronically• Focus first on the first & last 2 or 3 pages• Focus on the Introduction/Literature Review & Discussion/ Conclus • Use a highlighter/s and sticky pads to tag items• Put stars next to important parts• Write notes at the top of the article about the key areas with in it• Make notes next to each point so its easy to find later• MAKE SUMMARY SHEETS (cf templates)

34

Make summary sheets building blocks

•One page per article, chapter, book you read.

•Include full reference.

•Write down aim and method of the paper.

•Summarize findings.

•Note down implications.

•Came across interesting citations? Write them down (+page number)

Drafting and redrafting your Lit Review goes quicker and easierwhen you have these building blocks !

Finding Key Words• Your RQ-concepts !!• What pops into your head when you think of the

word ‘Business’ or ‘Management or HRM’ associated with your selected topic?

For Example: Change Management • Change Strategies Leading Change• Managing Change Facilitating Change• Challenges Time consuming• Implementation Driving Forces• Resistance Overcoming Resistance

Come up with as many words as possible to search in the databases.

36

Example Stress Keyword Searches• Managing Stress• Stress in the workplace• Workplace Stress• Stress in Organisations• Individual Stress• Stressful Environment • Time Pressures in the Workplace• Stress and Job Satisfaction • Job and Organisational Stressors• Working Conditions• Occupation Health and Safety • Personal or Family Stress / orsExample articles on Web CT – Under Example Quality Journal Articles

37

Homework

• Get at least 06 articles closely related to your research topic.

• Bring the articles to the next class for writing Literature Review.

Slide 38

• Introduction• Definition• Literature Review (or name of Lit Rev/ Theories)• Gaps• Conceptual Framework + Hypotheses• Conclusion

Structure of Lit Rev (Chapter 2)

Example:

How can small independent businesses use branding to create its presence in the marketplace?


Priya Baungally

An investigation on the importance of branding for a small independent boutique

hotel.

how can small independent businesses use branding to create its presence in the marketplace?’

Branding Presence in the marketplacecreating


Dependent variable

Theories

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Introduction 2.2 Nature and Purpose of Branding 2.3 The Strategic Role of Branding • 2.3.1 Marketing and Brand Equity • 2.3.2 Brand Awareness • 2.3.3 Brand Loyalty 2.4 Branding and Stakeholders • 2.4.1 Internal Stakeholder – Employees • 2.4.2 External Stakeholder – Customers 2.5 Managing Corporate Branding • 2.5.1 Market Competitiveness 2.6 The Gaps in the Literature2.7 Conceptual Framework 2.8 Conclusion

Introduction

Gaps

Definition

Main body

Conceptual Framework

Conclusion

Hour Glass Model

Introduction

Body

Conclusion

Outline the broad context

List the issues that surround the question

Choose one or more issues and say why

Discuss in Detail

the issues chosen

Link your issues back to the context

Conclude summarising your argument and coming to a

conclusion

Tell them what you are going to

tell them

Tell them

Tell them what you have told them

Slide 43

1. The introduction should provide the reader with the scale and

structure of your review. It serves as a kind of map.

-Your lit review will develop the conceptual framework for your research

-What is your research approach

-You will (develop hypotheses: depth) (theoretically explore various dimensions: breadth)(status quaestionis: systematic coverage)

-Sketch (outline) structure

2. DefinitionsDefine (and reference) your concepts/ define concepts of your research issuesEx: Nature and Purpose of Branding

Elements of literature review

1. Introduction

• In today’s competitive business environment, branding is a fundamental concept to any organisation and it is being used as an increasingly key strategic tool (Abimbola, 2001; Herstein & Gamliel, 2006; Horal, et, al, 2011; Lin et, al, 2010; Wentz & Suchard, 1993). Additionally, over the last decade, many practitioners and researches have shown significant interest regarding branding and its importance to companies (Abimbola, 2001; Berthon, et, al, 2011; Raggio & Leone, 2007; Souiden, et, al, 2006). Hence, the purpose of chapter two is to critically analyse “how can small independent businesses use branding to create their presence in the marketplace?” According to Moller, et, al, (2008), branding is one of the most challenging business strategies that need to be effectively managed. Consequently, this chapter will also illustrate the different factors regarding branding. This includes definitions and nature of brand management as well as evaluation of the strategic role of branding in marketing and brand equity. Furthermore, the purpose of this chapter aims to assess the internal and external branding process, focusing on the employees and customers. Lastly, it highlights the economic value of a successful corporate brand which helps to generate substantial and competitive advantages to a company (De Chernatomy, 2001; Edelman, 2010; Newman & Pyne, 1996; Rooney, 1995; Timmerman, 2001).

3. The body of the review depends on how you have organised your key points.

Literature reviews at post-graduate level should be evaluative and not merely

descriptive. For example possible reasons for similarities or differences between

studies are considered rather than a mere identification of them.

Slide 46


Element 1 Element 2combine

•Informal payments•Relationship mktng•Brand image•PMS•Motivation•CSR•Internat. students

•Health care•Transaction. Org•Across cultures•Implementation•Drug rehab clients•Legal means•Integration

•Level?•Effective?•Effective?•Effective?•Strategy?•Enhance?•Effective?

Start with theories about your

phenomenon Then discuss research on the phenomenon

in your other element

Develop hypotheses

Distinguish various dimensions/approaches

Write how field of research is progressing

Deductive

Inductive

Meta-Analysis

2.3 The Strategic Role of Branding • 2.3.1 Marketing and Brand Equity • 2.3.2 Brand Awareness • 2.3.3 Brand Loyalty 2.4 Branding and Stakeholders • 2.4.1 Internal Stakeholder – Employees • 2.4.2 External Stakeholder – Customers 2.5 Managing Corporate Branding • 2.5.1 Market Competitiveness

Example: How can small independent businesses use branding to create its presence in the marketplace?

Main body

4. Identify gaps in the literature

Ideally your research would make a contribution by starting to fill one of these gaps.Look for ‘suggestions for further research’-sections in recent journal articles.

5. Conclusion of the review needs to sum up the main findings of your research into

the literature. The findings can be related to the aims of the study you are proposing to do.

The reader is thus provided with a coherent background to the current study.

What have you done in this chapter + how will this inform your research?

You need a visual representation of your conceptual framework here.


The Gaps in the Literature

• Within the literature, this chapter aimed to establish multiple arguments in terms of branding and its correlated elements. However, many authors highlight that there are several gaps in branding literature and have advocated that there are many potential areas that can further be explored (Abimbola, 2001; Baraldi & Bacconcelli, 2001; Carvens, et al, 2000; Rooney, 1995; Wilden, et, al, 2010). Moreover, O’Cass and Ngo (2011) as well as Punjaisri and Wilson (2011) highlight the fact that a research can be deficient as there are many shifting factors that equally, need to be considered. An example of the shifting factors can be behavioural changes in customers (Kimpakorn & Toquern, 2010; Souiden, et, al, 2006). Likewise, O’Cass and Ngo (2011) as well as Punjaisri and Wilson (2011) postulate that cultural difference, political boundaries and variable consumers’ perspectives may have potential impacts on the validity of the research used. In addition, Souiden, et, al, (2006), argue that there is a lack of specific methodology in regards to certain issues such as, technological impact on branding. Consequently, the rationale of the research used can again be deficient for the purpose of this literature. Hence, the aim of this paper was to focus on branding and its strategic implications, including the role of marketing, employees and customers. Moreover, it was an attempt to establish a comprehensive study of how corporate brand can formulate the success of an organisation (Abimbola, 2001; Carvens, et, al, 2000; Herstein & Gamliel, 2006; Lin, et, al, 2010; Ruzzier & Ruzzier, 2009).

Conclusion

• In conclusion, the literature review related to the fundamental concept of branding and its simultaneous effects on an organisation and eventually, how businesses use branding to create their presence on the marketplace (Abimbola, 2001; Balmer & Greyser, 2006; Carvens, et, al, 2000; Newman & Pyne, 1996; Wilden, et, al, 2010). Moreover, chapter two highlighted the critical relationships between corporate branding, stakeholders and market competitiveness. Accordingly, many authors consider that marketing is a key organisational tool which businesses need to exploit to achieve brand equity (Abimbola, 2001; Balmer & Gray, 2003; Tarnovskaya & Burt, 2008). Balmer and Gray (2003) also, advocate that the philosophy of brand equity can be reinforced by brand awareness and brand loyalty. Likewise, Raggio and Leone (2007) as well as Wilden, et, al, (2010) consider that brand equity does not completely relate to marketing but to other key factors that influence corporate brand. Therefore, according to Abimbola (2001), alternative factors that need to be investigated are the stakeholders of the organisation, particularly, the employees and the customers. In addition, Abimbola (2001) highlights that the strategic mentalities and behaviours expressed by employees and customers can, indeed, create core values for a firm.

Show how your research question is situated with regard to the literature Example 1 (fictitious)

Long working hours

Unclear management

Low workload

High workload

Lack of training

stressabsenteeism

Physical strain

unmotivated

Feeling incompetent

What causes absenteeism in waiting staff?

How can motivation management reduce

absenteeism?

Show how your research question is situated with regard to the literature

Example 2 (fictitious)

Absent Individual

Escape mechanism• bullying• meaninglessness

Coping mechanism• recover physically• set thoughts straight

Present Team mates

Blame • cowards• lazy

Survival • someone has to do the job• flexibility

Elite• loyalty

What are the motivational effects of absenteeism on present staff?

How do nursing staff justify their absenteeism?

Tips

Slide 54

Main activities for preparing• Finding articles/ dissertations that close to your research topic

• Reading carefully and recording the literature in terms of:

– Theoretical background: factors and their relationship

- Methodology and/or research methods/ Models

- Previous findings

- Rationale and/or relevance of the current study

• Drafting your conceptual framework

• Arranging and organizing the previous ideas into your critical review in:– Chronological (in order)– By trend– Thematic (subject)– By publication– Methodological– Questions for Further Research

• Outlining your LR’ structure after the class

Sentences Express one idea in a sentence. Ensure that all your sentences have a subject, verb and object.

Paragraphs Group sentences that express and develop one aspect of your topic. Use a new paragraph for another aspect or another topic.

Consistent Grammar Use sentences and paragraphs with appropriate use of commas, colours and semi-colours. Incorrect use of punctuation can affect the meaning.

Transition Words Use words that link paragraphs and which show contrast and development to your argument e.g. ‘hence’, ‘therefore’, ‘but’, ‘thus’, ‘as a result’, ‘in contrast’.

56

Tips on writing

Language focus

• Create a balance between direct quotation (citation) and paraphrasing. Avoid too

much direct quoting. The verb tense chosen depends on your emphasis:

• When you are citing a specific author's findings, use the past tense: (found,

demonstrated);

• When you are writing about an accepted fact, use the present tense:

(demonstrates, finds); and

• When you are citing several authors or making a general statement, use the

present perfect tense: (have shown, have found, little research has been done).

Slide 57

Tips for Creating a Good Literature Review

(1) A strong paper statement with logical supporting points.(2) Body paragraphs that discuss the supporting points in the order they are

mentioned(3) Good transitions between paragraphs. (4) A conclusion which summarises what has been said in the body of the paper

backed up with citings (5) Appropriate diction and tone.

Slide 58

What is literature reviews

• A “good “ LR:- Is a synthesis of available research- Is a critical evaluation- Has appropriate breadth and depth- Has clarity and conciseness- Use rigorous and consistent methods

• A “poor “ LR is:- An annotated bibliography- Confined to description- Narrow and shallow (thin)- Confusing and long winded- Constructed in an arbitrary way

MUST DO Tips for Writing Essays

• Attach a Greewnich Headersheet to the front of your word document using the no in your handbooks under assessment items

• Header with Student Name, No. Topic etc - Footer with Page no.’s• Title of chosen topic at the top• 1.5 Line Spacing - Arial 11pt font• Reference List single spacing (indent the 2nd line on) • Reference List not a Bibliography (alpha order / no dot points / no numbering / must indent 2nd

line on )• Justify the alignment of the document • Consistent paragraphing 5-6 sentences• Clear intro -1. Context, 2. Aim, 3. Research Question /Argument, 4. Outline• Start first section after intro with definition and explanation to the topic• Use linking sentences between sections and paragraphs• Use linking words extensively throughout e.g. Moreover, Consequently, • Have a strong large conclusion drawing meaning and clarifying your argument e.g. In conclusion,

Ultimately, In summary, Overall, etc

Slide 60

Theoretical Framework (TF)or Conceptual Model (CM)

Purpose of Lit Review

Develops conceptual framework for your research

Academic literatureon concepts in your RQ:-Theories-Findings from research

Informs your data collection:-Method-Questions to ask-What to look for-Articles to select (model-B)

Discussing your findings:-What do they mean-Limits of the theories

How to do the Lit Review?

Depends on your research approach:

Deductive (suy diễn): formulate hypotheses to be tested

Inductive (quy nạp): discuss different dimensions you will be looking for

Meta-analysis (model-B): provide a status quaestionis (= “the state of investigation“)

Definition of TF

• The TF is the foundation on which the entire research project is based,

• It is a logically developed, described, and elaborated network of associations among the variables deemed relevant to the problem situation,

• The relationship between the literature review and the TF is that the LR provides a solid foundation for developing the TF. LR sets the stage for a good TF.

The components of the TF

1. The variables considered relevant to the study should be clearly identified and labeled in the discussion

2. The discussion should state how two or more Vs are related to one another

3. If the nature and direction of the relationship can be theorized on the findings of previous research, the discussion should indicate whether the relationship would be positive or negative,

4. Explanation of why we would expect these relationships to exits. The argument could be drawn from the previous research findings

5. A schematic diagram of the TF should be given so that the reader can see and easily comprehend the theorized relationships.

Example

• DV: safety violation• IVs:

– Communication among crew members– Communication between group control and the

cockpit crew– Training received by the cockpit crew– Decentralization.

• Intervening V: Nervousness and difference

Schematic diagram for the TF

Communication among crew

members

IV DV

Benefits

Communication between group control

and the cockpit

Decentralization

Training received by the cockpit

2.5 Managing Corporate Branding

2.3.1 Marketing and Brand Equity

2.3.2 Brand Awareness

2.3.3 Brand Loyalty

2.4.1 Internal Stakeholder – Employees

2.4.2 External Stakeholder – Customers



• Overall, the literature helps to build a conceptual model which clarifies the key variables of brand management. Subsequently, O’Dwyer, et, al, (2009) as well as Pinar, et, al (2010) argue that brand management is a powerful concept that represents the essence of a business which includes its strategic management, service quality and targeted audience. Additionally, the fundamental features of marketing such as its product, price, place, promotion, physical evidence, process and people are the key elements that need to be identified as they contribute to strengthen the corporate brand name (Carvens, et, al, 2000; Herstein and Gamliel, 2006; Pinar, et, al, 2010). Ultimately, the conceptual model (see appendix 3) displays how organisations can use corporate brand management to survive market competitiveness. Similarly, the model, systematically, shows the different factors within the framework of branding, including marketing mix, employees, brand awareness, customers and brand loyalty. Accordingly, as argued by Abimbola (2001) as well as Ueno (2010), the systematic implementation of the inter-related factors contributes to sustainable competitive advantages for businesses.

Hypotheses Development

Definition of Hypothesis

• A hypothesis can be defined as a logically conjectured relationship between two or more variables expressed in the form of a testable statement.

• Example: If the pilots are given adequate training to handle midair

crowded situations, air-safety violations will be reduced.

Statement of Hypotheses: Format• If – Then statement:

– Employees who are more healthy will take sick leave less frequently.– If employees are more healthy, then they will take sick leave less frequently.

• Directional:– The greater the stress experienced in the job, the lower the job satisfaction of

employees.– Women are more motivated than men.

• Non-directional:– The is a relationship between age and job satisfaction.– The is a difference between the work ethic values of American and Asian

employees.

Benjamin Bloom (Bloom’s Taxonomy)Remember - Understand - Apply

Analyze - Evaluate - Create

Howard Gardner (Multiple Intelligences Theory)

Visual/ spatial skillsMathematical skills

Verbal/ linguistic skillsBodily-kinesthetic skillsMusical/rhythmic skills

Intrapersonal skillsInterpersonal skills

Naturalist skills

Abraham MaslowHierarchy of Needs

Teaching Style & Classroom Mgt

Different areas of multiple intelligences

H1: Higher-order thinking increases, understanding and retention increases

Promote higher-order thinking in students

H2: More fun, emotion, and creativity, more likely students are to enjoy learning and retain it

H3: Students get to a point where they feel good about themselves and have a positive self-esteem

Meet students ‘needs


10/8/2012 Slide 74

Economic crisis

FDI

M&A in the worldMacro factors

impact on VNese M&A in financial

sector

H1 H3

H2 H1: Economic crisis effects in M&A in VN in financial system

H2: FDI effects in M&A in VN in financial system

H3: M&A in the world effects in M&A in VN in financial system

lit rev updated

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