landscape archaeology in the venetian plain (northern italy)

IdentifyingSettlementPatternsandTerritories 1

Robin Brigand – Andrea Ninfo

LandscapeArchaeologyintheVenetianPlain(NorthernItaly)

Abstract: ThisstudyunderlinesthelinksbetweenenvironmentalsciencesandsocialsciencesandaimsforabetterunderstandingofthelandscapedynamicsintheVenetianplain.Thegeodynamicconstraintsresult-ingfromnaturalforcesandthehistoricallandoccupationpatternsareapproachedjointly.Theanalysisoftheagrarianmorphologyoftheplainisintegratedwiththegeomorphologicaldata.Theprevalenceoftheir-rigationnetworksconstructedinordertocontrolthehydrousflows,byirrigationordrainingishighlighted.Thisincludes1)centurialforms,understoodasaremarkabletoolforagrarianimprovement,2)patternsoflandplanning,datingfromthe12thand13thcenturiesAC,3)modernnetworksaccompanyingtheVenetiannobility’scolonisationcampaignoftheplain.Theseagrariandynamicsallowustopinpointthecomplexityofthehistoricalheritages,closelycombinedwiththenaturalcomponents,whilerestrictedtotheVenetianplainlandscape.

Introduction

Thisstudyfocusesonthehistoryofagrarianland-scapesinthecentralpartoftheVenetianplain.First-lyitdiscussestheenvironmentalgeodynamicsandthehumandynamics,aimingtolocatetheformsoflandoccupationovermorethantwomillennia.Themain threadof theargumentwillbebasedon themagnitude of the transformationswhichman hasimposed on his natural environment fromprehis-torictomoderntimes.TheVenetianplain,situatedbetweenthelagoon

and the foothillsof theDolomites, canbeseparat-edintotwomainparts:thehighandthelowplainwhicharecharacterizedbythedifferentgranulom-etryof thedeposits.Theanthropicdynamicsweresystematicallyorientedtowardthewaterorganisa-tion in a regionwhere hydraulic conditionswerecritical:therewaslackofwaterinthehighplainanddifficulties ofdrainage in the lowplain.Through-outtheseareasaretheRomancenturiationswhichrepresentthedominantstructureoftheseterritoriessinceantiquity.Ouraimistoexploreanddefine,ontheonehand,

thenatureandtheformsofcontrolthatmanhasex-ercisedovertheenvironmentandontheotherhand,the influence of water resources on the anthropicdynamicsinthisarea.Thisapproachaddressesthecorrelation between the archaeological agrarianformsandthenaturalcomponentsoftheVenetianplain.Therefore,beitaprotohistoricsettlement,an-tiqueland-planning,distributionofmedievalfoun-dations or the organisation of modern irrigationnetworks,thesedynamicsaredirectlylinkedtosoil

properties. In this study,we focus on the Brenta’shigh plain, a sector particularlywell documentedfromthegeomorphological,archaeologicalandhis-toricalpointsofview.

Tools and Methods

We utilised GIS in order to manage and analysethe large set of georeferenced data coming fromenvironmental sciences (i.e. geology, hydrology,geomorphology) and human sciences (i.e. history,archaeology, geography). The understanding ofthe natural environment begins with the recogni-tionof themaingeomorphologicalunitsbasedonthe planimetric documentation offered by the En-vironmental Protection Agency of Veneto (Arpav 2005).Ofparticular interest is thedigitalelevationmodelofthelandscapespecificallydesignedforge-omorphological analysis. Built by theDepartmentofGeographyof theUniversityofPadua– in col-laborationwiththeARPAV–itinterpolatestheele-vationpointsof theCarta Tecnica Regionale (C.T.R.)ona 1 : 10,000 scale.TheC.T.R.,published in Italysometwentyyearsago,possessesahighernumberofpointsthantheItalianarmy’s(IstitutoGeograficoMilitare)topographicalmapsona1 : 25,000scale.Inthecontextofananalysisofnaturallandscape

forms,onlytherepresentativepointsonthealluvialmodelwere selected.The anthropic structures areseparated.Inadditiontothistopographicdocumen-tation,allavailableplanimetricdocumentationwasgeoreferenced, from IGM’s topographicalmaps tohistoricalmaps consulted in the StateArchives in

2 LayersofPerception–CAA2007

Padua,TrevisoandVicenza.Manymulti-scaleandmulti-temporal remote sensing images (acquiredbydifferentsatelliteandaerialplatformsfrom1944to2003)wereanalysedtomapthelandformsonanarea of about 450 km2. Aiming to reconstruct theagrarian organisation before its destruction dur-ingthesecondpartofthe20thcentury,weusedtheAustrianLandRegisterfromthefirsthalfofthe19th century.Analysis of satellite images acquired in 2002

(25/02/2002)by theASTERplatformshowed inter-

estingresults.TheseresultsfromthecompositionofSWIR(shortwaveinfrared)bands,whichareveryeffectiveforthevisualisationofthedifferentsuper-ficialdeposits, andalso theTIR (thermal infrared)bandsthatwereusefulforunderstandingthemois-turecontentsofthesoil(Figs. 1, 2).Thesedocumentsallowedus to capture themorphologyof antique,medieval and modern agrarian structures linkedwiththeirnaturalenvironment.Thisapproachisfil-teredbysometheoreticalknowledgeandanalyticalpractice.

Fig.1. Geomorphologicalunits andcenturiations in theCentralVenetianplain (Arpav2005;Mozzi 2005 modified).Legend:1.Nervesamegafan,PiaveRiver(UpperPleistocene–Holocene).2.Montebellunamegafan,PiaveRiver(UpperPleistocene).3.Brentamegafan(UpperPleistocene).4.Brentamegafan(Holocene).5.MusoneRiverunit(Holocene).6.SileRiverunit(Holocene).7.Mountainareas.8.AdriaticSeaandVenetianlagoon.9.Upperlimitofthespringbelt.

10.Naturalandartificialhydrography.11.Romanland-registers.


Geomorphological Organisation

ThecentralpartoftheVenetianPlainisformedbythe alluvial systemsof the twomain alpine riversthatflowinthisterritory:BrentaandPiave(Comel 1955). These depositional systems have been rec-ognized as being similar to the so-called “mega-fan” of the Indo-Gangetic Plain; so this terminol-ogyhas been introduced in the geomorphologicalworks inNorthern Italy.Megafan is intendedasafan-shapedepositwithanextensionof103–105 km2 (Mozzi2005).The Brentafanis2600 km2andPiaveis1050 km2;between21,000and8000BP,thesetwosystemscoveredthewholeupperpartoftheAdriatic Sea.Thenorth-easternpartoftheupperCentralPlain

is the apex of the Brenta megafan (Fig. 1). Herethefluvio-glacial deposits (sedimentedmainly be-tween 22,000 and 15,000BP) are gravel and sandswithaprogressivedecreaseofthegrainsizealongtheslope.Thetransitionbetweenthehighandthelow plain, situated south of Cittadella, alternatesbetween sandy-silt and clay levels. This transitionfrompermeabletoimpermeabledepositscausestheprogressive resurgenceof theundergroundwater.

NearBassanotheundergroundwatertableisabout75 m deep, while near Cittadella it is only 3–5 mdeep.ItoutcropsnearFontaniva,thelocationofthespringbelt(Arpav2005).Thiswatercontributestothealimentationofthedensehydrographicnetworkof the low plain. The altitude of this zone rangesfrom130 ma.s.lnear the townofBassano to40 mnearthespringbelt.Themeanslopegoesfrom0.6%to0.2–0.3%southofCittadella(Fig. 3).Attheendofthelastglaciation,around14,000BP,theBrentariverformedadeepincisionfromtheapextothemediumlowplain.Thisheadfanincisionhasdrasticallyde-activatedthesedimentationonthePleistocenemeg-afan(Bondesan / Calderoni / Mozzi2002).

Archaeological and Historical Approach

Thestudyofanthropicdynamicsdrawsonpunctualinformationprovidedbythelocalisationofarchaeo-logicalsitesontheonehand(Bosioetal.1988),andconversely the historical agrarian forms inscribedinthe landplots.Wehave insistedontakingadi-achronicperspectiveofthedynamicsoftheBrenta’shighplainbetweentheendoftheBronzeAgeand

Fig.2. ImageryacquiredfromThermal InfraRed subsystemofASTER(2002)fortheupperpartofBrenta’smegafan,betweenBassano (1),Cittadella (2) andCastelfranco (3).Thegradualresurgenceofwaterisdistinguishedbythesoilmoisturecontrastand isvisible, in theupperplain,thehorizontal“constraintdrainage”imposedbytheRo-

mancadastre.

Fig.3. Micro-reliefmapoftheBrentahighplainandhy-drography, with 2 m contour lines. The 1 : 10,000 scalemap(Carta Tecnica Regionale,F°104,1992–1997) isusedforcontour interpolation. Cittadella, Castelfranco and Bas-sanoarethe3medievaltowns(11th–13thAC)ofthisarea.


the Italian Renaissance. Also particular attentionwaspaidtoantiqueandmedievaldynamics.

Bronze and Iron Age–DuringtheBronzeAgeandtheIronAge,thepopulationremainedmodestandoccupiedthesectorswherewaterwaswithineasyreach: foothill sails the transitionbeltbetween thehigh and low plain, theMusonemicro-valley be-tweenthePiavemegafanandtheBrentamegafan.Threeimportanthabitatsdatingfromtheendofthe13thcenturyBCarepickedout:LeMotte,CittadellaandCastellierro(BianchinCitton1997).Thesearerelevant and indicative of the dynamics of settle-mentsduringthisperiod.Amapshowingthecon-nectionbetweenprotohistoricvillageswithrampartandwaterresourcesillustratesacleardependency(Fig. 3, on the right).More accurately, they twoofthem are located close to the upsurge of under-groundwater.Themicro-topographicalmapshowslightlydepressedareasprobablylinkedtooldfluvi-alridges(Fig. 3).IncontrasttoRomanandmoderntimes when hydraulic improvement is important,

medievalandprotohistoricdynamicsarestrictlylo-calisedclosetowaterresource.

Roman Period–TheRoman land-registersof theVenetianplainarehighlyvisibleontheground,andconstitutedaradicaltransformationofthelandscape.Specifically,theRomandivisionoftheterritoryrep-resentsamethodicalandgeometricalreclamationofthesoil inaplacewherehydraulicorganisation isfundamentalforenhancingthevalueoftheground.Principallysincecenturiationreconstitutionmodel-lingbyP.Fraccaro(1940)andF.Castagnoli(1953)reconstitution methodology has hardly changed.In the pioneering work done by B. Marcolongo(Marcolongo / Mascellani 1992), the centuriationremainsapurelyhistoricaldocument,onlyexistingintermsof thechronologyofromanisationandofthequestionofthepoliticalstatusofthemunicipium inquestion–Tarvisium,Acelum,Patavium,Altinum.Benefitingfromthetoolsformodellingtheantiqueland-registers,asproposedbyG.Chouquer (1983)andF.Favory(1983),theobjectivehereistospecifytheimpactoftheRomanagrariannetworksonsoilquality,whilealsoconsideringthecontextofthean-tique topography transformedby thedynamicsofmedievalandmoderncolonisation.Ifthedistributionofprotohistoricsettlementson

theVenitianplainappearstobelinkedtoalocalisedandspecificexploitationofwaterresources(Fig. 4),the antique agrarian structures represent the firstcontinuingorganisationwithintheterritoryofboththehighandthelowplains.Ineachofthesecases,decumaniandkardines –themainintermediateaxesofthecenturiation,areclearlylinkedtotopographi-calconstraints.Theiressentialfunctionisthatofsoilirrigationordraining,inordertoimprovetheland’sagricultural value. The repartition of the archaeo-logicalsitesdatingfromthe1stcenturyBCtothe4th centuryACclearlyindicatesthattheorganisationoftheterritoriesbythecenturiationisthecorollaryoftheagrariancolonisation.

Central Middle Ages– The second key phase ofthe constructionof theVenetian landscape startedin the 12th century. This period of economic anddemographicgrowthprovidedthetownswithhu-man and financial resources, which in turn rein-forced communalpoweron the land (Heers 1990;Balard / Ducellier1998).Ifthis“communalera”isa synonym forwith economic, social andmilitarygrowth,itisalsomarkedbycontinuousclashesbe-tweencommuneswantingtoestablishtheirterrito-rial limits and to control the keywater resources.Theterritorialechoofthisdynamicisthemultipli-

Fig.4. Archaeologicalsitesandarchaeologicalevidences(Bosioetal.1988,modified).Legend:1.BronzeAge(2200–1000BC)remainsandprotohistoricvillagewithrampartfromtheendoftheBronzeAgeandthebeginningofthe lateIronAge:Cittadella(A),LeMotte(B),Castelliero(C).2.IronAge(1000–3rdcenturyBC).3.RomanAge(2ndcen- turyBC–5thAD).4.ModernVenetianVilla(14th–19thcentu-ryAD).5.AgrarianstructuresfromRomanland-registers.

6.Naturalandartificialhydrography.


cationofnewtowns,bastidesandothernewfounda-tionsinEuropeandinNorthernItaly(Fasoli1942;Higounet 1970; Panero 1988; Ménant 1993). TheVenitianareaparticipatedinthisdynamic,andthenew foundations systematically took on a doublefunction:togivevaluetoagriculturewhiledelimit-ingandprotectingthecommunalboundaries.

Modern times – The end of themedieval periodand the beginning of the Italian Renaissance sawthe advent of a true hydraulic revolution due tothe urban authorities coping with the problemof supplying populated centres (Vergani 2001).This was the case in Lombardia, one of the prov-inceswith themost flourishing agriculture in Eu-rope, and particularly in Venice, where, with itsdesire for Terraferma, there were no doubts about

the importance of hydraulic networks for irrigat-ingthehighplainandregulatingthefloodsfurther down.Thisdynamicistranslated,inthemoderncharts,

by the creation of amagistracy in charge of adac-quare li terreni,intoactionsaimingatincreasingthecultivated surface area and also protecting the la-goonanditssurroundingareaswithstagnantwater.In situonmapsandplans,theorganisationoflandplotsisshowntobedirectlyadaptedtotheenviron-ment,thetopographyandtothequalityofthesoil,whileoftenlinkedtoapatricianvilla.Thelocationofthemodernvilla,atoncearecreationalplaceanda realagriculturalazienda (Beltrami1961),wasdi-rectlyinfluencedbythehistoricalprocessofparcel-lingouttheruralnetwork.

Fig.5. MorphologyofagrarianstructuresclosetothecapillaryupsurgeofundergroundwaterbetweenCittadellaandLeMotte(orthophotograph2001).TheblackframeisanextractoftheoldcadastralmapofCittadella(1835).Legend:1.Land-registeroftheBrentalowplain.2.Land-registeroftheBrentahighplain.3.Regularandgeometricgrid(20× 20actus,708–710 m).4.Medievalpatternsoflandplanning.5.Habitatandindustry(in1992–1997).6.Riverbedandmain

canals.


Discussion

Thisdiscussionconcernsthenatureoftheanthropi-caldynamicsdependingonaspecificnaturalenvi-ronment.Thesedynamicsemphasizetheimportanceofamorphologicalreadingofagrarianlandscapes.Thespringbelt,characterisedbyabetterwatersup-ply, is anattractive factor forhumancommunitiesandthereforewechosethisframeforgraspingthedifferentformsoflandoccupationsincetheProto-history,antiquityandMiddleAges.Fig. 5showsthemainmorphological features at the level of Citta-della,withthose inheritedbyanthropogenic land-scaping.Thetwoprotohistoricsettlements,Cittadellaand

LeMotte,arefortifiedvillageswithrampartsdatingfromtheendoftheBronzeAgeandthebeginningoftheIronAge.LeMotte’ssurroundingwallisdistinctfromgeometricfieldstructuresofthecenturiation.TheprotohistoricrampartofCittadella, issituateddirectlyunderthemedievalwall(BianchinCitton 1997).Thisexplainstheapproximatelycircularformof thewall and itsdisplacement in relation to theurbanplot,linkedtothenewtownfromthe13thcen-turyAC.Thesesettlementsarepositionedindirectproximity to the twounderground streamsdrain-ingtheinfiltratedwatertothenorthernlimitofthespringbelt.Theland-registerontheupperpartoftheBrenta

megafanappearsasagoodexampleofgoodadjust-menttothemegafan’stopography.Thisiswhythepertica–thelanddividedbythecenturialforms–isorientedinawaytowarranttheoptimalcirculationof thewater. The orientation of the kardines – thenorth-southaxes–andthedecumani–theeast-westaxes– areestablishedbycalculatingtheanglesofatheoreticalgridof20×20actus (708 m).TheperticaisstructuredaroundtheConsularRoad,theVia Pos-tumia, dating 148BC,used asdecumanus maximus,andtheactualNationalRoadnumber47,whichlinksupwithCittadellaatBassanodelGrappa(Ramilli 1997).Thisroadisused,foranimportantlength,askardo maximus.Thegridmetrology(20actus)oftheselargecenturiations,conceivedforbigassignments,andthehistoriccontextoftheRomancolonisation,areprobablydatedfromthe1stcenturyBC.Thecenturiationexpandingonthehighplainof

Brenta is imbricated, in aparticularway,with theoneonthelowerplainstretchingtowardsthenorth-east of Padua until Cittadella, known on IGM’stopographicalmapsasgraticolato romano.Thislandregisterisalsointerestingforthemorphology.The

internalstructuresoftheintermediateformsofthecenturiationareclearlydistinctdependingontheirlocationeitherattheproximalpartofthemegafan,orattheresurgencearea.Inthefirstarea,theagrar-ianformsaremorepooledorclustered.TheydonotseemtobeintegratedwithinanagrarianstructuremodelledontheRomanactus. Intheareatowardsthe south, where the depth of the aquifer dimin-ishesandwherethelessmarkedtopographyregu-larlydrainthewatertowardstheMusonevalley,themorphologyofplotsclearlyappearstobewell-keptandisorganisedaccordingtothedecumaniandthelimites intercisivi.Twogapsinthecontinuityoftheantiqueorienta-

tionmustbementioned.Thefirstgapcorrespondsto twoagrarian frameworksplanned to thenorth-east and to the south-east of Cittadella;while thesecondgapistothewestoftheprotohistorichabitatofLeMotte.Thesetwoplannedagrarianforms,theoriginofwhichwewilldiscuss,aredirectlylocatedontheuphillslopeoftheVanduraandtheTergolaresurgencesandappeartofollowanundergroundwater-drainage channel all theway to the level oftheresurgence(Civita / DeMaio2002).Recentmodellingofpatternsoflandplanningin

medieval times (Lavigne 2002) has shown the im-portanceofagrarianplanningwithinthecontextoflandscapingnewfoundations.Whiletheprocessesof colonisation and the foundation of new townsare generallywell documented by texts, the cluesconcerningagrarianlandscapingarerareandveryoftendifficult to interpret.Henceforth, in the Ital-iancaseitisnecessarytorefertosomewellknownexamples,thenewtownofdeMassaLombardainEmilia-Romagna(Chouquer1985),VillafrancadiVe-ronaortheimprovementoftheZeviomarshlandtothesouth-eastofVerone(Castagnetti1974;Lavigne 2005).WehavechosentherelevantCittadellacase.ItrelatestothefoundationofthePaduacommunein 1220,which sought to establish itself in face ofTreviso’s territorial pretensions, translated by thefoundationofCastelfrancoin1195.Thismassive colonisationwas intended to con-

trol a key sector of the hydrographical networks,andalsoto improvethevalueofaperipheralpartof the Roman land-register. More accurately, anareawherecenturial formsdidnotrespondto theparticularities imposed by the topography. Thus,the two planned frameworks, the modules oscil-lating around 130 m and the global surface plan-ningof300 ha,aredisposedinaccordancewiththeTergolaresurgence.Itisparticularlyevidentinthe


meridionalframework,whichdrainstheresurgenceinthisslightlydepressedsector.Thefieldinvestiga-tionsshowtheimportanceoftheditches,certainlyofmedievalorigin,intendedtodrainthewaterre-surgence.Thedatingof landplanning close toLeMotteisdifficult,duetoitsdisconnectionfromwell-knownhistoricalcontexts.Nevertheless,thisagrar-ianstructurecouldbelinkedtothemedievalvillageofVillafranca documented on historicalmaps (18th centuryAD).Thesefewexamplesunderlinetheimportanceofa

geoarchaeologicalapproachwhenobservingthena-tureofhumandynamics in faceofnaturalenviron-mentalconstraints.Thisstage is fundamental in thesensethattheantiquelandstructuration,constructedby ditches and channels, constantly organised thehydrogicalflowsandgaveorientationtosubsequentdynamics.Therefore,whethermedieval ormodern,linkedtoirrigationordrainage,theyaredirectlyin-scribed in the antique planning. The Roman agrar-ian structure– both its distinct materialisation anditscompletedestruction–isexplainedbythenaturalandsocio-economicparametersintheselandscapes.

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Robin Brigand

University of Franche-ComtéDepartment of Archaeology

16 Route de Gray25030 Besançon

[email protected]

Andrea Ninfo

University of PaduaDepartment of Geography

via del Santo, 2635123 Padova

Italy

mailto:[email protected]

landscape archaeology in the venetian plain (northern italy)

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