initial environmental examination report

Initial Environmental Examination Report ________________________________________

Project Number: 47021-002

Loan Number: 3239

PAK: Federally Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources

Development Project

Initial Environmental Examination Report for Tor Dara and Tarkhokas Weirs,

District Khyber

Prepared by Project Management Unit, Government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

For the Asian Development Bank

Date received by ADB: June 2020

NOTES

(i) The fiscal year (FY) of the Government of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan and its

agencies ends on 30 June.

(ii) In this report “$” refer to US dollars.

This initial environmental examination report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed

herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature.

In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation

of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian

Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any

territory or area.

FEDERALLY ADMINISTERED TRIBAL AREAS

WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

PMU FWRDP

Project Management Unit FATA Water Resources Development Project P&D Department KP

INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EXAMINATION (IEE)

TOR DARA & TARKHO KAS WEIRS

(KHYBER DISTRICT) March, 2020

House # 3, Street # 1, Near Board Bazar, Tajabad, Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Tel: +92 91 5601635 - 6 Fax: +92 91 5840807 E-mail: [email protected]

FATA WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT PROJECT CONSULTANTS

Initial Environmental Examination:

FATA Water Resources Development Project Tor Dara & Tarkho Kas Weir Sub Projects

i | T O C

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Sr. No. Description ................................................................................................. Page No.

List of Abbreviations ................................................................................................................ ii

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................... i

INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................... 9

General .................................................................................................................... 9

Project Background ................................................................................................. 9

Project Consultants .................................................................................................10

Purpose of This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) ........................................10

IEE Methodology ....................................................................................................10

Study Area ..............................................................................................................11

Baseline Survey Methodology ................................................................................11

Impact Assessment Methodology ...........................................................................13

Report Format ........................................................................................................14

Project Categorization ............................................................................................15

IEE Team ...............................................................................................................15

POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK ................................................... 16

General ...................................................................................................................16

National Policy and Legal Framework .....................................................................16

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 ..............................16

Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ....................................17

Regulatory Clearances, EPA ..................................................................................18

Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA ......................................18

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, (2000)…. ..............................................................................................................................18

National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ................................................18

Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards .........................19

ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 ....................................................25

Project Categorization ............................................................................................26

Other Environment Related Legislations .................................................................27

PROJECT DESCRIPTION ................................................................................................... 30

Project Features .....................................................................................................30

Project Location ......................................................................................................36

Project Objectives ...................................................................................................36

Construction Planning .............................................................................................36

Stage-I ....................................................................................................................37

Stage- II ..................................................................................................................37



ii | T O C

Sub Projects Implementation ..................................................................................42

Executing Agency ...................................................................................................42

Design Consultant ..................................................................................................42

Provincial Development Working Party ...................................................................42

Terms of Partnership ..............................................................................................43

Operation and Maintenance ....................................................................................43

DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT .................................................................................... 44

General ...................................................................................................................44

Baseline Survey Methodology ................................................................................44

Study Area ..............................................................................................................46

Physical Environment .............................................................................................46

Topography ............................................................................................................46

Climate ...................................................................................................................47

Hydrology ...............................................................................................................48

Regional Geology ...................................................................................................49

Geology of the Sub Project Area .............................................................................49

Soil .........................................................................................................................50

Seismology .............................................................................................................50

Ambient Air Quality and Noise ................................................................................52

Water Resources ....................................................................................................56

Water Quality ..........................................................................................................57

Biological Environment ...........................................................................................59

Land use and Land Cover.......................................................................................59

Flora .......................................................................................................................62

Fauna .....................................................................................................................65

Avifauna .................................................................................................................66

Protected areas / National sanctuaries ...................................................................67

Fisheries .................................................................................................................67

Socio-Economic Environment .................................................................................67

Administrative Set Up .............................................................................................68

Demographic Profile ...............................................................................................68

Population ..............................................................................................................69

Family Size .............................................................................................................69

Dwelling ..................................................................................................................69

Language ...............................................................................................................70

The Family System .................................................................................................70

Livestock ................................................................................................................70

Conflicts Resolution Mechanism .............................................................................71

Religious Beliefs .....................................................................................................72

Water Supply and Sanitation ..................................................................................72

Poverty ...................................................................................................................73



iii | T O C

Health facilities .......................................................................................................74

Social Organization .................................................................................................74

Agriculture ..............................................................................................................74

Education ...............................................................................................................75

Food .......................................................................................................................76

Dress and Ornaments .............................................................................................77

Economic Features .................................................................................................77

Mining .....................................................................................................................77

Roads .....................................................................................................................78

Telephone Facilities ................................................................................................78

Sites of Historical Significance ................................................................................78

Gender Issues ........................................................................................................80

PROJECT ALTERNATIVES ................................................................................................. 82

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION MEASURES .................... 87

Impact Assessment - Overview ...............................................................................87

Impact Area ............................................................................................................87

Excavation ..............................................................................................................91

Waste Generation and Disposal .............................................................................92

Labour camps, storage and approach roads ...........................................................92

Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from construction machinery ....................93

Agriculture Land Damage .......................................................................................94

Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site ..........................................94

Construction material leftovers................................................................................95

Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources ..........................................................95

Contamination of surface water due to washing ......................................................95

Drinking water Supply for Contractor’s Staff............................................................96

Municipal waste disposed into the stream ...............................................................96

Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution ...............................................................96

Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment ...............................96

Noise from use of old/and or out-dated machinery ..................................................97

Dust Emission from stone quarrying and transportation ..........................................97

Impact on Biological Resources ..............................................................................97

Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues .............................98

Tribal Tension and Rivalries ...................................................................................98

Impact on Civic Infrastructure ............................................................................... 100



iv | T O C

Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards ................................ 100

Health and safety of labour at construction site ..................................................... 100

Soil pollution due to excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers.................. 101

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) ............................................................. 103

General ................................................................................................................. 103

Mitigation Measures .............................................................................................. 103

Residual Impact .................................................................................................... 104

Institutional Arrangements .................................................................................... 104

Management Responsibilities ............................................................................... 104

Monitoring Activities .............................................................................................. 125

Project Enhancement Plans .................................................................................. 126

Restoration Plan ................................................................................................... 126

Reports ................................................................................................................. 126

Training Schedule ................................................................................................. 127

EMP Estimated Budget for Implementation .......................................................... 128

Third Party Monitoring .......................................................................................... 129

PUBLIC CONSULTATION ................................................................................................. 131

General ................................................................................................................. 131

Identification of Stakeholders ................................................................................ 132

Methodology ......................................................................................................... 133

Agenda of Consultative Session ........................................................................... 135

Local Farmer Views .............................................................................................. 135

Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response .................................. 136

GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM ............................................................................. 139

General ................................................................................................................. 139

Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism ....................................................... 139

Awareness of GRM ............................................................................................... 140

Implementation of GRM ........................................................................................ 141

CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .................................................. 144

Findings and Recommendations ........................................................................... 144

Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 144



v | T O C

List of Annexures

ANNEX-I Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist ....................................................... 146

ANNEX – II Environmental Testing .................................................................................... 149

ANNEX III - National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) ......................................... 157

ANNEX – IV Governor Notifications on Wetlands and Wild Life in FATA ............................ 163

ANNEX-V Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring ................................... 167

ANNEX – VI Photo Log ...................................................................................................... 169

ANNEX-VII WHO Standards .............................................................................................. 172



vi | T O C

List of Tables & Figures

Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards ....................................20

Table 2.2: Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq .........................21

Table 2.3 Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water ........................22

Table 2.4 (a) Criteria for Irrigation Water ..................................................................................23

Table 2.4 (b) Conditions of Water Use and Irrigation Water Quality .........................................25

Table 2.4. Environmental Guidelines and Legislations .............................................................27

Table 3.1: Salient Features of Tor Dara Sub Project ................................................................30

Table 3.2: Salient Features of Tarkho Kas Sub Project ............................................................31

Figure 3.1: Sub Projects Location Map ....................................................................................33

Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of Tor Dara Sub Project Area .........................................................34

Figure 3.3: Satellite Image of Tarkho Kas Sub Project Area .....................................................35

Table 3.3: Weirs Location GPS Coordinates ............................................................................36

Table 3.4: Diversion Weirs Works and Quantities ....................................................................37

Figure 3.6: Diversion Weir Layout Plan Tor Dara .....................................................................39

Figure 3.7: Diversion Weir Layout Plan Tarkho Kas .................................................................40

Table 3.5: Personnel Requirement ...........................................................................................41

Table 3.6: Equipment Requirements ........................................................................................41

Figure 4.2: Tectonic Map of Pakistan .......................................................................................51

Table 4.1: Ambient Air Quality and Noise of Sub Projects Area ...............................................53

Figure 4.3 Environmental Testing and Sampling Map Tor Dara ...............................................54

Table 4.4: Water Quality of Tor Dara Sub Project ....................................................................57

Table 4.5: Water Quality of Tarkho Kas Sub Project ................................................................58

Figure 4.5: Land use Map ........................................................................................................61

Table 4.6: Common Trees Species in Project Area ..................................................................63

Table 4.7: Common Grasses Species in the Area.....................................................................64

Table 4.8: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area ............................................................64

Table 4.9: Fauna of the Project Area ........................................................................................65

Table 4.10: Avifauna of the Project Area...................................................................................66

Table 4.11: Population Details of Khyber District .....................................................................69

Table 4.12: No. of Functional Govt. Schools and Enrolment in Khyber (2014-15) ....................76

Figure 5.1 Impact Area .............................................................................................................88

Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Operation Stages ...............89

Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation) ............ 108

Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring ....................................................................................... 125

Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports ........................................................................................... 127

Table 6.4: Estimated Budget for Environmental Management ................................................ 128

Table 6.5: Estimated Budget Environmental Monitoring ......................................................... 128

Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders ............................................................................... 133

Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants .......................................................... 137

Figure 7.2: Community Consultation Meetings ....................................................................... 138

Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM .................................................................................................... 143



| T O C

Units Conversion Tables

Length Units

Millimeters Centimeters Meters Kilometers Inches Feet Yards Miles

mm Cm M Km In ft yd mi

1 0.1 0.001 0.000001 0.03937 0.003281 0.001094 6.21e-07

10 1 0.01 0.00001 0.393701 0.032808 0.010936 0.000006 1000 100 1 0.001 39.37008 3.28084 1.093613 0.000621

1000000 100000 1000 1 39370.08 3280.84 1093.613 0.621371 25.4 2.54 0.0254 0.000025 1 0.083333 0.027778 0.000016 304.8 30.48 0.3048 0.000305 12 1 0.333333 0.000189 914.4 91.44 0.9144 0.000914 36 3 1 0.000568

1609344 160934.4 1609.344 1.609344 63360 5280 1760 1

Area Units

Millimeter Square

Centimeter Square

Meter square

Inch square

Foot square

Yard square

mm2

cm2

m2 in2 ft

2 yd

2

1 0.01 0.000001 0.00155 0.000011 0.000001

100 1 0.0001 0.155 0.001076 0.00012

1000000 10000 1 1550.003 10.76391 1.19599

645.16 6.4516 0.000645 1 0.006944 0.000772

92903 929.0304 0.092903 144 1 0.111111

836127 8361.274 0.836127 1296 9 1

Volume Units

Centimeter cube

Meter cube

Liter Inch cub

Foot

US gallons

Imperial

US barrel (oil)

cm3

m3 Ltr in3

ft3

US gal Imp. gal US brl

1 0.000001 0.001 0.061024 0.000035 0.000264 0.00022 0.000006

1000000 1 1000 61024 35 264 220 6.29 1000 0.001 1 61 0.035 0.264201 0.22 0.00629 16.4 0.000016 0.01638 1 0.000579 0.004329 0.003605 0.000103

28317 0.028317 28.3168 1728 1 7.481333 6.229712 0.178127 3785 0.003785 3.79 231 0.13 1 0.832701 0.02381 4545 0.004545 4.55 277 0.16 1.20 1 0.028593

158970 0.15897 159 9701 6 42 35 1

Mass Units

Grams Kilograms Metric tonnes Short ton Long ton Pounds Ounces

g Kg Tonne Shton Lton lb Oz

1 0.001 0.000001 0.000001 9.84e-07 0.002205 0.035273 1000 1 0.001 0.001102 0.000984 2.204586 35.27337

1000000 1000 1 1.102293 0.984252 2204.586 35273.37

907200 907.2 0.9072 1 0.892913 2000 32000

1016000 1016 1.016 1.119929 1 2239.859 35837.74 453.6 0.4536 0.000454 0.0005 0.000446 1 16

28 0.02835 0.000028 0.000031 0.000028 0.0625 1



i | T O C

Volumetric Liquid Flow Units

Liter/second Liter/minute Meter

cube/hour Foot

cube/minute Foot

cube/hour US

gallons/minute US barrels

(oil)/day

L/sec L/min M3/hr ft

3/min ft

3/hr gal/min US brl/d

1 60 3.6 2.119093 127.1197 15.85037 543.4783 0.016666 1 0.06 0.035317 2.118577 0.264162 9.057609 0.277778 16.6667 1 0.588637 35.31102 4.40288 150.9661

0.4719 28.31513 1.69884 1 60 7.479791 256.4674 0.007867 0.472015 0.02832 0.01667 1 0.124689 4.275326 0.06309 3.785551 0.227124 0.133694 8.019983 1 34.28804 0.00184 0.110404 0.006624 0.003899 0.2339 0.029165 1

Temperature Conversion Formulas

Degree Celsius (°C) (°F - 32) x 5/9

(K - 273.15)

Degree Fahrenheit (°F) (°C x 9/5) + 32

(1.8 x K) - 459.67

Kelvin (K) (°C + 273.15)

(°F + 459.67) ÷ 1.8

Currency Exchange Table

US Dollar Pakistani Rupees

01 154.99

Exchange Rate as of 13 February, 2020



ii | T O C

List of Abbreviations

AC Assistant Commissioner

ADB Asian Development Bank

AMSL Above Mean Sea Level

CO Community Organization

CCA Culturable Command Area

CSC Construction Supervision Consultant

DC Deputy Commissioner

DG Director General

EIA Environmental Impact Assessment

ESMU Environmental and Social Management Unit

EMMP Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan

EMP Environment Management Plan

EPA Environment Protection Agency

FRDP FATA Rural Development Project

FWRDP FATA Water Resources Development Project

FATA Federally Administered Tribal Areas

FGD Focus Group Discussions

GIS Geographic Information System

GoP Government of Pakistan

GRC Grievance Redress Committee

GRM Grievance Redress Mechanism

HSE Health, Safety and Environment

IA Implementing Agency

IEE Initial Environmental Examination

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

KP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

MMT Main Mantle Thrust

NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards

NSDWQ National Standards for Drinking Water Quality

NGO Non-Governmental Organization

NOC No Objection Certificate

PCC Plain Cement Concrete

PD Project Director

PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act

PEPC Pakistan Environmental Protection Council

PIU Project Implementation Unit

PMU Project Management Unit

PPTA Project Preparatory Technical Assistance

RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete

RE Resident Engineer

SDS Safety Data Sheet

SPS Safeguard Policy Statement

SSEMP Site Specific Environmental Management Plan

ToP Terms of Partnership

ToR Terms of Reference

WWF World Wide Fund for Nature


i | Executive Summary

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1. Introduction

This environmental study was undertaken in accordance with Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 and ADB`s Safeguards Policy

Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and recommendations.

The study Terms of References (TOR) requires that an assessment of the

environmental impacts of the sub projects (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the

environmental management and monitoring plans (EMMPs), inclusion of costs

for implementing recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity

strengthening measures in the project development costs.

Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) Water Resources Development

Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the provincial tribal territories at the

western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on increasing irrigation

supplies in three Tribal Districts, namely Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur, to

increase crop production and harvest water sustainably. The project is being

proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed under the

completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of former FATA

Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater aquifers

are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due to

unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It

recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally

unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs

in the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Tribal Districts of Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa (KP).

With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical

Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development

Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB through FATA

support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a team of national

consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources project for erstwhile

FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request of Government of

Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally Administered

Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (Project) contributing $42.97

million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of Pakistan signed the legal

agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan effective on 7th August 2015.

The Project implementation period ends on 31th March 2020 and loan accounts

will close on 30th September 2020.


ii | Executive Summary

Since the sub projects are categorized as a category B projects as per ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement 2009, an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

exercise is done for sub projects.

2. Project Location

The Tor Dara and Tarkho Kas weir sub projects are proposed on Tor Dara nullah

and Mato nullah which are tributaries of Bara River and are located at a distance

of 100 Km and 79 Km respectively from Jamrud Khyber District Head Quarter.

The weirs location coordinates are provided in the table below:

Proposed Weirs Longitude Latitude

Tor Dara Weir 70.772° E 33.909° N

Tarkho Kas Weir 70.837° E 33.918° N

3. Environmental Issues

The main features of the sub projects include construction of weirs, irrigation

channels, retaining walls, fall structures, road culverts and drainage culverts, on-

farm water management works, improvement of ware sheds through forestation

and development of cultivable command area of 183 ha. This will cause some

disturbance due to construction activities within the RoW at site and the allied

sites involving borrow material, camp area, material and machinery yard and

necessary facilities for the staff and labor to be engaged for the execution of the

sub projects.

4. Policy Legal and Administrative Framework

This report represents in accordance to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental

Protection Act, 2014 and the Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be

incorporated into ADB’s funded project to ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and be environmentally sound. Occupational

health & safety of the local population should also be addressed as well as the

project workers as stated in SPS 2009. Because these sub projects fall in the

jurisdiction of Provincial EPA, therefore an approval from the KP EPA will be

required.

5. Project Description

Tor Dara Weir and Natu Khel Weir are proposed to collect water from Tor Dara

Nullah and its tributary and to convey the available flows to the command area

laying at both right and left side of Tor Dara Nullah. Gross command area is 96

ha and Cultivable Command Area is 93 ha, which is proposed to be irrigated at


iii | Executive Summary

cropping intensity of 100 % with the design discharge of 22.90 lit/sec and 6.45

lit/sec for Tor Dara and Natu Khel Weir respectively.

The project cost of Tor Dara weirs is estimated as Rs. 93.804 million and is

anticipated to take 12 months period to complete. The results of the economic

analysis show that the sub project is economically viable (EIRR 12.03 %). The

financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 10.23 %.

Tarkho Kas Weir is proposed to collect water from Matu Nullah and carry it to

the command area. Cultivable Command Area of 90 ha will be irrigated at

cropping intensity of 100 % and design discharge of 28.9 lit/sec. Total length of

irrigation network is 5290 m.

The project cost of Tarkho Kas weir is estimated Rs. 64.577 million and

anticipated to take 12 months period to complete. The results of the economic

analysis show that the project is economically viable (EIRR 12.23 %). The

financial analysis also indicates the safe investment with FIRR as 10.33 %.

6. Project Alternatives

Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability to

match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand while

ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. Technically there is no other

source of water or place at Tarkho Kas diverting water for irrigation purposes.

However, different siting alternatives including construction of small concrete

gravity dam were studied for Tor Dara sub project which were discarded on

technical and social basis.

The sub project area is considered as poor from an economic perspective.

Subsistence farming is the economic mainstay. Water availability is scarce in

area hence the proposed project will contribute positively to the project area.

Therefore, no project option is not viable option.

Various technical alternatives including conventional weir were also considered

and the most viable option Tyrolean weir was adopted.

7. Environmental and Social Baseline

The purpose of this chapter is to establish the baseline conditions for the

physical, biological and the social aspects of the environment of the sub projects

area. The data were collected of the study area from field surveys, desk studies

and visits to the Government Departments, other relevant agencies, and

discussions with the main stakeholders of the area.

8. Physical Environment

Khyber District is one of the eight newly merged districts in KP. It ranges from

the Tirah valley down to Peshawar. It borders Nangarhar Province of


iv | Executive Summary

Afghanistan to the west, Orakzai Tribal District to the south, Kurram Tribal

District to south west and Peshawar to the east.

The topography of this area is prevailingly hilly, with rugged barren mountainous

terrain, including narrow strips of bottom valleys and sub valleys. An interesting

feature in the topography is a mountain spur from the Kunar range, which,

curving eastwards culminates in the well-known peak of Koh-i-Mor, which is

visible from the Peshawar valley.

Agriculture is limited in the region due to rocky soils, steep slopes, lack of

suitable land and limited water supply. Scanty shrub vegetation along slopes

and other areas are used as grazing and fuel wood gathering. The sub projects

area has forest cover of 61.9%, sparse forest is 10.7%, range land is 16.0%

while barren land is 11.4%.

Tor Dara and Matu nullah / stream, where the sub projects will be constructed

are left side tributaries of Bara River. The sub projects area falls in the temperate

and warm climatic zone associated with 600-800 mm of annual precipitation.

Soil of the area are loam, non-calcareous, non-saline and non-sodic in nature.

Soil pH is slightly alkaline. The soils are low in organic matter and nitrogen

contents, medium in phosphorus while sufficient in potassium contents.

The sub projects area experiences two rain seasons: winter and summer. Water

supply is from rainfall, snow melt and groundwater during the dry periods. The

source of water supply in the sub projects area is springs. Both the drinking

water and stream water is fit for drinking and irrigation respectively with

exception of turbidity which is exceeding the NEQS.

The ambient air quality and noise testing results reveals that the air quality and

noise of the area is within the permissible limits of NEQS.

9. Biological Environment

Ecologically, this area falls within the main group of Dry Subtropical Broad-

leaved Forest. The sub–group is Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation

is thorny evergreen shrubs, which are capable of developing into small trees,

even under harsh climatic conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing

/browsing).

The main tree species are Querons ilex ( Kharpata Cherai), Olia europea

(Khomunor Khowand), Morus alba (Tooth), Olea cuspidate (wild olive), Salix

(Wula), Juglans regia (Akhrot), Punicis grantsum (Anar), Amygdalus persica

(Mandatas), Pyrus pyrifolia (Nashpati)..

Similarly, there are no evidences of any animal species apart from the common

cats, dogs, wild boars, brown monkey and jackals etc.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juglans_regia


v | Executive Summary

Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely dispersed

in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. No threatened or

endangered species were observed in the sub projects area, as per IUCN red

list classification of 2017.

10. Socio-Economic and Cultural Aspects

Khyber Tribal District is bordered with Afghanistan, Peshawar city and the

Kurram and Orakzai Tribal Districts. The total area of the District is 2,5761

square kilometers, with 0.8% of the total area of the district being forest. The

Khyber Tribal District consists of four tehsils; Bara, Landi Kotal, Jamrud and

Mullagori.

Until 2018, it was an agency of Federally Administered Tribal Areas, with merger

of FATA with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, it became a district. The 25th amendment

received assent from President of Pakistan on 31 May 2018, after which FATA

was officially merged with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

The Khyber Tribal District had a unique governance status in the past, whereby

all land is owned by tribes inhabiting the areas since generations. No revenue

record of lands is available or maintained.

The communities of the sub projects area lead their lives under strict tribal code

and cultural practices. The traditional tribal governance structure of local Maliks

(tribal chiefs), Jirga (committee of tribal elders) is in place. The main ethnic

groups in the Khyber District are Pashtuns. The four main tribes of Khyber

District are; Afridis, Shinwaris, Mollagoris, and Shilmanis.

The population of the district, according to the 2017 census is 986,9732 with an

average annual growth rate 3.15. The sub projects sites are situated in the

remote area of Tirah valley in Tehsil Bara. Afridis are the main tribe of the sub

projects area and are further sub divided into Koki Khel/Abdal Khel and Qambar

Khel sub tribes.

The people in the sub projects area are not widely educated. They migrate to

down districts in search of jobs or any other labour. The former FATA region has

historically remained amongst the poorest parts of Pakistan. There are serious

disparities in service provision as compared to the rest of the country. The

absence of visible progress and the perceived lack of interest by both sub-

national and federal governments in redressing the disparities have

consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the ability of government institutions

1 "DISTRICT AND TEHSIL LEVEL POPULATION SUMMARY WITH REGION BREAKUP [PDF]" (PDF). www.pbscensus.gov.pk. 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2018-03-25. 2http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_(country_subdivision)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federally_Administered_Tribal_Areas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamnoon_Hussain

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa

http://www.pbs.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CENSUS_2017.pdf


vi | Executive Summary

to meet the basic needs of the population. The militancy crisis in KP and former

FATA is a key contributor to stagnant growth and high unemployment.

Tribal identity along with gender and age are the key factors in determining

power and influence. The identity of women is drawn from that of their male

relative as next of kin–father, brothers or husband. Women had no significant

role in decision-making, even if decisions directly affect their lives.

11. Public Consultation

The public consultation process with various stakeholders has been carried out

to create awareness, information dissemination and to involve them in the

designing, planning and execution of sub projects. The viewpoints of the

stakeholders have been taken into account and their concerns and suggestions

for possible improvements have been included where appropriate.

During the field survey, significant efforts were made to identify the possible

categories of stakeholders. Stakeholders at site were notified villagers, local

residents, government officials, shop owners, public representative, NGO’s and

general public. All those stake holders had different types of stakes according to

their professions.

Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members

of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe

strict purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing

household work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic

front and at the community level. Keeping in mind the above background,

women of the subproject area were not consulted.

The people of the area were briefed about the both negative and positive

impacts of the subproject during construction. They responded that the

negative impacts like noise and dust are very minor and temporary issues as

compared to the positive impacts, which will help them to improve their

socioeconomic conditions.

12. Environmental Impact Assessment and Mitigation Measures

The Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study has revealed that the sub

projects are not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment

and people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified

during the present assessment are associated with the construction stage of the

subproject, and minor to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided

(through good design and construction planning) or mitigated (through proper

implementation of the EMP).

No acquisition of permanent land will be involved. There is no such adverse

environmental impact of the sub projects but the construction-related impacts


vii | Executive Summary

such as air pollution, noise and use of community resources can be well

managed through proper implementation of the mitigation measures, which

have been identified in this report. Also, there is no environmentally sensitive

area in the vicinity of the sub projects area.

Women headed households has not been identified and no indigenous people

impacts are involved in the proposed sub projects. The other social issues like

safety of general public and workers, security problems, risk of communicable

diseases, vector borne diseases etc. are of temporary nature.

On the other hand, the subproject will create job opportunities particularly for the

local population during construction stage and extremely beneficial for the uplift

of socio-economic condition of the local population through irrigated agriculture

i.e. development of 183 ha culturable land.

13. Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) is produced as a complementary part

of Detailed Design and is a free- standing document. It ensures incorporation of

the relevant environmental factors into the overall sub projects design and will

identify linkages to other safeguard policies relating to the project.

The EMP defines roles and responsibilities for the implementation of mitigation

measures in order to minimize or control negative impacts of construction and

operational of the project, as well as defining a framework and responsibilities

for the monitoring of each mitigation measure. The EMP shall implemented

throughout the construction period by the contractor. The EMP shall be

supplemented by Site Specific Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to be

prepared by the contractor upon mobilization. Based on the preliminary

assessment, key mitigation measures recommended under this Environmental

Management Plan (EMP), the Contractor will submit the Site-Specific

Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP) to the CSC and PMU for approval

at least ten (10) days prior to commencement of any physical works. Overall

responsibility for Environmental Management and Monitoring will rest with the

Project Management Unit (PMU) which is headed by a Project Director (PD) and

assisted by the CSC.

14. Conclusion and Recommendations

The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Tor Dara and Tarkho Kas

weir sub projects reveals that these sub projects will generate only minor to

moderate adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly

confined to the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted

adverse impacts will be minimized and reduced by timely execution of the


viii | Executive Summary

prescribed mitigation measures and will be continually monitored by

implementing and updating the EMP.

The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by irrigation sub projects

will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and

without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. It is

emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line

agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the

EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses with

allocated cost in the Contractor bidding documents is mandatory to ensure the

successful implementation of all environmental safeguard measures.

As the sub projects are exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse

environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the

sub projects will be of minor nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate

implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire

command of the sub projects components does not include any environmentally

sensitive areas. The final conclusion is that, the sub projects are environmentally

safe and socially acceptable.


9 | Initial Environmental Examination

INTRODUCTION

General

1. The environmental study is undertaken in accordance with Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Environmental Protection (Amendment) Act 2014 and Asian Development Bank`s

(ADB) Environment Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 requirement and

recommendations.

2. The study Terms of References (TOR) requires that an assessment of the

environmental impacts of the sub projects (i.e. IEE or EIA), preparation of the

environmental management plan (EMP), inclusion of costs for implementing

recommended mitigation measures, and any capacity strengthening measures in

the project development costs.

Project Background

3. The merged districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) have scarcity of land and water

resources. In spite of the land scarcity, the people are agriculturalist and livestock

herders by occupation and practice agriculture. Encouraged by the salutary

effects of schemes in water sector, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Planning &

Development Department has proposed to harvest the flood water in the streams

by constructing small dams to bring more areas under irrigation and to recharge

aquifer for supplementing groundwater reserve. Therefore, main focus in recent

years has been the construction of dams to conserve water in order to expand

and intensify irrigated agriculture. The irrigated agriculture has evolved over many

centuries and today, despite the decades of civil strife, there are still thousands of

hectares being irrigated by traditional systems, which are managed, operated and

maintained by communities with little or no involvement of the government.

However, there is considerable opportunity for increasing agricultural production

by construction of major infrastructure works, like construction of small dams,

diversion weirs, lining of water courses and increasing awareness about latest

farm practices and cropping patterns which are beyond the technical and financial

capacity of the farming communities.

4. FATA Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP) will be operational in the

tribal territories at the western borders of Pakistan with Afghanistan. It focuses on

increasing irrigation supplies in three tribal districts, namely Mohmand, Khyber

and Bajaur, to increase crop production and harvest water sustainability. The

project is being proposed as a result of the Water Assessment Study executed

under the completed ADB supported FATA Rural Development Project of former

FATA Secretariat. The study identified 40 watersheds where the groundwater

aquifers are depleting at a high rate, even under average weather conditions due

to unplanned water extraction for irrigation and other associated purposes. It



recommends shifting from groundwater to surface water, which remains totally

unutilized, and identified potential sites for small reservoirs and diversion weirs in

the 40 watersheds of Mohmand, Khyber and Bajaur Tribal Districts of KP.

5. With above background, ADB financed a Project Preparatory Technical

Assistance, TA 8409-PAK (PPTA) for FATA Water Resources Development

Project in preparing a project for financing consideration by ADB through former

FATA Secretariat support implemented the PPTA during 2013-2014, in which a

team of national consultants prepared a feasibility study for a water resources

project for erstwhile FATA. Based on the findings of the PPTA and on the request

of Government of Pakistan, ADB approved, on 15th December 2014, the Federally

Administered Tribal Areas Water Resources Development Project (Project)

contributing $42.97 million from ADB’s Special Funds. The Government will contribute $4.93 million as counterpart fund. The ADB and Government of

Pakistan signed the legal agreement on 17th April 2015 and declared the loan

effective on 7th August 2015. The Project implementation period ends on 31th

March 2020 and loan accounts will close on 30th September 2020.

6. The Tor Dara and Tarkho Kas weir sub projects are proposed on Tor Dara and

Matto Nullah/ Khwars respectively which are tributaries of Bara River and are

located at a distance of 95 km from Jamrud Khyber District Head Quarter. As per

site observation there is perennial flow exist in the Nullah/Khwar/stream.

Project Consultants

7. The Proponent / client, FATA Water Resources Development Project, former

FATA Secretariat entered into a formal contract in October, 2016 with design and

supervision consultants for the project with joint venture, led by BAK Consulting

Engineers, AGES Consultants and Rehman Habib Consultants.

Purpose of This Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

8. The purpose of the IEE is:

• Establish preconstruction environmental baseline of the subproject for

construction and operation phases impacts evaluation.

• Predict positive and adverse impacts.

• Find ways to minimize/manage adverse impacts.

• Enhance positive effects.

IEE Methodology

9. In the present study, standard methods were followed for Environmental and

Social Impact Assessment. All the methods were structured for collection and

organization of environmental baseline data and identification of environmental



impacts using different survey tools and discussions with different stakeholders.

The information, thus gathered, has been analyzed and presented in the form of

a number of visual formats for easy interpretation and decision making.

10. The baseline data was developed and analyzed to identify potential environmental

impacts of the sub projects. A Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

(Annex-I) methodology was adopted to identify the high-risk activities and suggest

their mitigation measures. Where possible, eliminating the risk by altering the

scope or method of execution of work was preferred rather than minimizing the

risk with control measures.

11. The Social Assessment (SA) has been conducted to evaluate the sub projects

potential positive and adverse effects on the affected people and to examine sub

projects alternatives where adverse effects may be significant. The width, depth

and type of analysis in the social assessment are proportional to the nature of the

sub projects and scale of its potential effects, positive or adverse, on the affected

people.

Study Area

12. The study area related to IEE of the project comprised the following areas and

features / aspects:

i. Primary impacts zone, where the proposed sub projects components,

including “the area of weir, along the alignment of the proposed irrigation system, Contractor’s camp and construction material storage area.

ii. The secondary impact zone is the command area of the sub projects, where

beneficial impacts are anticipated as with the availability of water, the

cultivated area will be increased and cropping pattern will be changed as

well as intensified.

Baseline Survey Methodology

13. A survey was carried out in the sub projects area for field studies including

physical, biological and social impact assessment in April and May, 2019. The

visit was made to the project area to understand the terrain, environment and

social issues, and vegetation of the study area. During the visit, the preliminary

interpreted data were tested and necessary corrections made after proper ground-

truthing. The physiographic features on the satellite imagery appearing in different

tones and textures were used to correlate image elements and ground features

for accurate identification.

14. The purpose of the site visits was to familiarize with the physical, biological and

socioeconomic environment of the proposed project area and the areas in the

vicinity. Critical areas with respect to environmental and social concerns were



identified and assessment of positive as well as adverse impacts of the project on

the environment was done. A summary of the main activities undertaken during

the visit has been enlisted below:

i. Collected information and required data from the project area for

preparation of Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) report.

ii. Identified site-specific issues of microenvironment of the proposed

project.

iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and around

the project area.

iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be integrated

into the overall plan were identified.

v. Consultations were held with the population settled in the vicinity of

the project.

vi. Survey of nearby environmental sensitive receptors was carried out.

vii. Interviews with the locals for the presence and relative abundance

of various animal species within each locality were also taken for

firsthand information.

viii. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal

presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences.

15. Spatial data base on the physiographic features was prepared based on the

various data sources including survey map of the sub projects and topographic

sheets. These data were extracted and presented in accordance with the standard

IEE methodology used for such studies.

16. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report

made by project hydrologists.

17. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based on

the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion on

project geology has been based on the data available in the Project Geology

Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different project

affected sites.

18. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of

analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truthing.

19. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the floristic

data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature. Based on the

field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover of each species

were calculated.

20. Ecological status of species was identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017 and other

available literature.



21. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna, herpetofauna)

in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were utilized.

22. The environmental testing (air, noise and water) at about 10 m distance from main

proposed construction site has been carried out to determine the baseline

conditions of the area (Annex-II).

Impact Assessment Methodology

23. Prediction of impacts has been based on a broad matrix group ‘ecosystem’ constituted by physical and biological components. The vulnerability of an

ecosystem to various impacts resulting from an activity or multiple activities was

identified and accordingly impacts predicted. The main theme of the ecosystem

approach in visualizing impacts on various sets of environmental data revolves

around the idea that natural processes and patterns are likely to be affected under

impacts of a developmental activity.

24. In natural ecosystems, the impacts would surely change the existing state of

equilibrium. In managed ecosystems and human societies, impacts could be of

positive as well as adverse consequence. Similarly, in case of natural ecosystems,

likelihood of adverse impacts could be seen in terms of direct and/or indirect,

temporary or permanent impacts.

25. In the absence of long-term data availability on various environmental variables

and also the paucity of studies on their likely responses to changes under

developmental activities, it is difficult to predict impacts with a high degree of

exactness and certainty. For example, it will not be possible to predict impacts of

such a developmental activity on the behavioral patterns of animal and bird

populations except for the fact that their habitats may come under stress. In that

sense these predictive impacts could be said to have a limitation.

26. The potential impacts at various stages of the project were predicted, identified

and assessed according to their category of impact. They were classified as

negligent, moderate or high. Each category is defined as under;

Negligible: No or minimum impact

Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated (Site Specific)

High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or

unprecedented

27. The moderate to high impacts were further described and mitigation measures

were suggested accordingly.

28. The mitigation measures and environmental monitoring have been worked out in

the light of environmental impacts assessed. Interviews, field visits/surveys,



scoping sessions with officials/notables and concerned stakeholders were also

made for the accomplishment of the study.

Report Format

Chapter A: Introduction consists of the background; project needs and

objectives. It also explains the methodologies adopted for

carrying out different environmental and socio-economic

studies.

Chapter B: The legal and institutional framework section provides in

detail, an overview of the government laws and rules that

apply to regulate and control the environmental impacts due

to project implementation, operation and maintenance,

together with the relevant guidelines, legislation and policies

concerning the project.

Chapter C: It provides details of the project components and study of

different project alternatives. This chapter also includes, route

selection studies to select most viable route with maximum

socio-economic benefits with minimum environmental

adverse impacts.

Chapter D: It describes the baseline conditions like physical, biological

and socioeconomic, and surrounding area people. It also

provides information about the existing amenities like

education, health, infrastructure, cultural heritage, water

supply/availability, electricity, etc. in the area.

Chapter E: It describes the different alternative options studied for placing

the weir axis and type including No Project Option. Different

options were considered and evaluated on the basis of

technical, economic, social and environmental parameters. It

also provides the justification of current weir axis.

Chapter F: It provides the project impacts, both positive and

negative/adverse, on the land, land-based assets,

infrastructure, crops, forest and fruit trees, existing amenities,

sewage, waste material generation etc. due to the

construction of the project. This section also deals with the

mitigation of the adverse impacts identified in the shape of the

compensation, rehabilitation, capacity building, provision of

livelihood resources and other needed amenities etc.

Chapter G: This chapter ensures that healthy and friendly environment is

created during the construction, operation and maintenance of

the project by adopting effective Environmental Management

Plan (EMP).



Chapter H: This chapter deals with consultation with different

stakeholders of the project as well as the study area.

Chapter I: This chapter covers the Grievance Redress Mechanism from

stakeholders and general public, and also includes required

actions taken on any issue raised by them during construction

or operational phases of the project.

Chapter J: It summaries the positive and adverse impacts, mitigation

measures of the adverse impacts and main recommendations

based on the studies carried out and

discussions/consultations with the affected persons, other

stakeholders and notables of the project area.

Project Categorization

29. According to ADB Safeguard Policy Statement 2009, projects are to be

categorized into three environmental categories; A, B, or C. All the anticipated

adverse environmental impacts of the project can be mitigated, are of temporary

nature and localized, except a few adverse impacts which are long term and will

be managed/minimized through implementation of the Environmental

Management Plan. The REA Checklist defines these sub project in category “B” as per ADB’s guidelines for project categorization.

IEE Team

30. The IEE team for Tor Dara and Tarkho Kas weir sub projects consists of the

following.

➢ Mr. Shabir Ahmad Khan Environment Specialist

➢ Mr. Ihsan Afridi Environmentalist

➢ Mr. Farhan Environmentalist

➢ Mr. Ibad Ullah Sociologist



POLICY, LEGAL AND ADMINISTRATIVE FRAMEWORK

General

31. This section provides an overview of the policy framework and national legislation

that applies to the proposed sub-project. The project is expected to comply with

all national legislation relating to environment in Pakistan and ADB`s Environment

Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009.

National Policy and Legal Framework

32. National Environmental Policy (NEP) is the primary policy of Government of

Pakistan addressing environmental issues. The broad Goal of NEP is, “to protect, conserve and restore Pakistan’s environment in order to improve the quality of life

of the citizens through sustainable development”. The NEP identifies a set of sectorial and cross-sectoral guidelines to achieve its goal of sustainable

development. It also suggests various policy instruments to overcome the

environmental problems throughout the country.

33. Prior to the adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment, the Pakistan

Environmental Protection Act (PEPA) 1997 was the governing law for

environmental conservation in the country. Under PEPA 1997, the Pakistan

Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and Pakistan Environmental Protection

Agency (EPA) were primarily responsible for administering PEPA 1997. After the

adoption of the 18th Constitutional Amendment in 2011, the subject of environment

was devolved and the provinces have been empowered for environmental

protection and conservation.

The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014

34. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act, 2014 is the basic

legislative tool empowering the provincial government to frame regulations for the

protection of the environment. The act is applicable to a broad range of issues and

extends to air, water, soil and noise pollution, as well as to the handling of

hazardous substance. The key features of the law which are directly related to the

proposed project area are:

Section-11: Prohibition of certain discharges or emissions:

(1) "Subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules & regulations made there

under no person shall discharge or emit or allow the discharge or emission

of any effluent or waste or air pollution or noise in an amount, concentration

or level which is in excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards.”



Section-13: Initial Environmental Examination and Environmental Impact

Assessment:

(1) "No proponent of a project shall commence construction or operation unless

he has filed with the Federal Agency an Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

or, where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect, an

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), and has obtained from the Federal

Agency approval in respect thereof".

Section-14 and 15: Prohibition of Import of Hazardous Waste and Handling

of Hazardous Substances:

No person shall carry, import, bring, transport or deliver hazardous waste or

cause to carry, import, bring, transport or delivery of hazardous waste into the

territorial jurisdiction of the Province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Subject to the provisions of this Act, no person shall generate, collect, consign,

transport, treat, dispose of, store, handle, deal in and use or import any

hazardous substance except:

(a) under a license issued by the Agency and in such manner, as may be

prescribed; or

(b) in accordance with the provisions of any other law for the time being in force,

or of any International Treaty, Convention, Protocol, Code, Standard, Agreement

or other instrument to which Pakistan or the Province of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

is a party.

Regulations for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA

35. Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and section

13 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection (Amendment) Act 2014, a

project falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000)

requires the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with

concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects

falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an

EIA with the Provincial or federal Agency, in this case Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Environmental Protection Agency (KP-EPA) Peshawar as the sub projects are

located in KP within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the

concerned agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the

purpose of review. During this time should the empowered agency require the

proponent for revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion

the proponent will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned

agency will make every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45

days and an EIA within 90 days of filing and issue a “No-Objection Certificate” to the project proponent.



Regulatory Clearances, EPA

36. In accordance with regulatory requirements, an IEE/EIA satisfying the

requirements of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act is to be

submitted to KP Environment Protection Agency for review and approval, and

subsequent issuance of NOC before the commencement of construction.

Guidelines for Environmental Assessment, Pakistan EPA

37. The Pak-EPA has published a set of environmental guidelines for conducting

environmental assessments and the environmental management of different

types of development projects. The guidelines that are relevant to the proposed

sub-project are listed below:

• Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports, Pakistan, EPA1997;

• Guidelines for Public Consultations; Pakistan EPA May 1997;

Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA

Regulations, (2000)

38. The Regulation classifies projects on the basis of expected degree of adverse

environmental impacts and lists them in two separate schedules. Schedule I lists

projects that may not have significant environmental impacts and therefore require

an IEE. Schedule II lists projects of potentially significant environmental impacts

requiring preparation of an EIA. The Regulations also require that all projects

located in environmentally sensitive areas require preparation of an EIA. It also

lists projects not requiring either an EIA or an IEE.

National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

39. The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) were first promulgated in

1993 and have been amended in 1995 and 2000. They have been revised and

the latest NEQS were issued in 2010.These standards are also correlating with

the International Regulation. The following standards that are specified in the

NEQS are relevant to the proposed sub projects.

• NEQS for Ambient Air – November, 2010 state the maximum allowable

concentration of air pollutants

• NEQS for Drinking Water Quality – 2010 describe the drinking water

properties by outlining the defined physical and chemical parameters.

• NEQS for vehicle exhaust –2000 maximum allowable concentration of

pollutants (02 parameters) in gaseous emissions from vehicle exhaust and

noise emission from vehicles



• NEQS for Noise – November 2010 states the maximum allowable limit of

noise arising from vehicles in decibels (dB) separately for day and night

times.

• NEQS for Waste Effluents –2000 states the Maximum allowable

concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid

industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment facilities

and the sea.

• These standards apply to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents

discharged by, campsites and construction machinery. The standards for

vehicles will apply only during the construction phase of the Sub Projects.

Standards for ambient air quality have also been prescribed. (Reference

Annex III for NEQS).

Comparative Analysis of the National and International Standards

40. A comparison of applicable local and international guidelines for air quality has

been provided in Table 2.1 In general, the NEQS standards for air quality are most

stringent in comparison to USEPA, WHO and the World Bank standards. The only

exception is the TSP parameter for the annual mean where the World Bank

standard (100 ug/m3) is more stringent than the NEQS standard (360 ug/m3).

Apart from this one exception, the NEQS standards will also be used for the

proposed project.

41. Similar to the standards for air quality, the comparison of noise standards provided

in Table 2.2 clearly shows that NEQS standards for noise in case of commercial

areas are more stringent in comparison to the World Bank/IFC standards. In case

of night time standards for the residential areas, the IFC/WHO standards are more

stringent as compared to Pak NEQS. Apart from this one exception, the NEQS

will be used for the proposed project.

42. A comparison of National Standards for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ),

Pakistan and World Health Organization (WHO) are given in Table 2.3. Maximum

Allowable limits of all of the contaminates are almost same except for Lead &

Arsenic. The NSDWQ will be used for the proposed project.

43. Guidelines of Irrigation water quality for Pakistan (proposed by WWF 2007) is

provided in Table 2.4 (a) & (b) to consider for this project.



Table 2.1 Comparison of International and local Air Quality Standards

Pollutants

USEPA3 WHO4 World Bank5 Pak. NEQS

Avg. Time

Standard Avg. Time

Standard Avg. Time

Standard Avg. Time

Standard

SO2 1 hr

3hrs

Primary- 75 ppb

Secondary- 0.5 ppm (1,300 μg/m³)

24-hour mean

20 μg/m3

Annual Mean

125 (Interim target-1)

50 (Interim target-2)

20 (guideline)

Annual Average

80 ug/m3

10-minute mean

500 μg/m3

24 hrs 120

ug/m3

10 minutes

500 ug/m3

CO

1 hr

8 hrs

Primary 35 ppm

(40 mg/m³)

Primary 9 ppm

(10 mg/m³)

8 hrs

10 mg/m3

(8.7 ppm)

- -

8 hrs 5 mg/m3

40 mg/m3 1 hr 10

mg/m3

1 hr

NO2 Annual Mean

Primary & Secondary- 0.053 ppm

(100 μg/m³)

annual mean

1-hour mean

40 μg/m3

200 μg/m3

Annual Mean

40 (guideline)

200 (guideline)

Annual Average

40 ug/m3

24 hrs 80 ug/m3

O3

1 hr

8 hrs

Primary & Secondary- 0.12 ppm

(235 μg/m³)

Primary &

Secondary- 0.070 ppm

(140 μg/m³)

- - 1 hr 130

ug/m3 8 hrs mean

100 μg/m3

TSP 24 hrs 260 ug/m3 24 hrs 150-230 ug/m3

Annual Mean

100 ug/m3 Annual Mean

360 ug/m3

24 hrs 500 ug/m3 24 hrs 500

ug/m3

PM10 24 hrs annual mean

20 μg/m3

1 year

Annual Mean

120 ug/m3

3 Source- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 4 Source-http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/ retrieved on 15th January, 2018. 5 Source-IFC Environmental, Health, and Safety Guidelines-GENERAL EHS GUIDELINES: ENVIRONMENTAL AIR EMISSIONS AND AMBIENT AIR QUALITY, April 2007.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milligram

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ambient_Air_Quality_Standards



Pollutants

USEPA3 WHO4 World Bank5 Pak. NEQS

Avg. Time

Standard Avg. Time

Standard Avg. Time

Standard Avg. Time

Standard

150 μg/m³

Primary and

Secondary

24-hour mean

50

μg/m3

24 hours

70 (Interim target-1) 50 (Interim target-2) 30 (Interim target-3)

20 (guideline)

150 (Interim target-1) 100 (Interim target-2) 75 (Interim target-3)

50 (guideline)

24 hrs 150

ug/m3

PM2.5

-Annual

Annual

24 hrs

-Primary 12 μg/m³

Secondary 15 μg/m³

Primary & Secondary 35 μg/m³

annual mean

24-hour mean

10 μg/m3

25 μg/m3

- -

Annual Average

15 ug/m3

24 hrs 35 ug/m3

1 hr 15 ug/m3

Note: I ug/m3 = 0.002ppm

Table 2.2: Comparison of International and local for Noise-Limit in dB(A) Leq

NEQS (Effective form July, 2012) IFC & WHO

S.No Category of

Area/Zone

Day time Night time Receptor Day time

(7-00:22-

00)

Night time

(22:00-7:00)

1 Residential Area (A) 55 55 Residential;

institutional;

educational6

55 45

2 Commercial Area (B) 65 45 Industrial;

commercial

70 70

3 Industrial Area (C) 75 65

6 For acceptable indoor noise levels for residential, institutional, and educational settings refer to WHO (1999).



4 Silence Zone (D) 50 45

Table 2.3 Comparison of International and local Standards for Drinking Water

Sr. No.

Parameter Unit WHO

Guidelines

National Standards for Drinking Water

Quality

Biological Analysis

1. Total Coliform No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

2. E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

3. Fecal E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0

Chemical Analysis

4. pH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5

5. Temperature 0C - -

6. Color TCU <15 <15

7. Taste …. Not Objectionable Not Objectionable

8. Odour ouE/m³ Not Objectionable Not Objectionable

9. Turbidity NTU <5 <5

10. Electrical Conductivity

µS NA NA

11. Total Hardness mg/l <500 <500

12. TDS mg/l <1000 <1000

13. TSS mg/l NA NA

14. Ammonia mg/l NA NA

15. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 <0.05

16. Iron mg/l NA NA

17. Aluminum mg/l - <0.2

18. Sodium mg/l NA NA

19. Chloride mg/l NA NA

20. Sulphate mg/l 0.01 <0.05

21. Fluoride mg/l <1.5 <1.5

22. Nitrate mg/l <50 <50

23. Nitrite mg/l 3 3



Sr. No.

Parameter Unit WHO

Guidelines

National Standards for Drinking Water

Quality

24. Cadmium mg/l 0.003 0.01

25. Chromium mg/l 0.05 <0.05

26. Copper mg/l 2.0 2.0

27. Manganese mg/l 0.5 <0.5

28. Nickel mg/l 0.02 <0.02

29. Lead mg/l 0.01 <0.05

30. Zinc mg/l 3.0 5.0

NA: Not Applicable

Table 2.4 (a) Criteria for Irrigation Water7

Explanation:

This class applies to the surface waters that are primarily used for agricultural irrigation.

SUBSTANCE OR

CONDITION

UNIT RECOMMENDED VALUE REMARKS

Sa

linity

Solids (TDS)

mg/L 1000

The values depend on various factors; can be relaxed. See table 2.4 (b) for details.

EC at 25 °C dS/m 1.5

SAR 5

RSC me/L 1.25

Boron mg/L 1.0

Chloride mg/L 100

pH Units 6.5 - 8.4

BOD mg/L 8.0

Dissolved Oxygen (D.O) mg/L >4.0

Coliform bacteria (fecal) No./100mL 1000

Aluminium mg/L 5.0

7 National Surface Water Classification Criteria & Irrigation Water Quality Guidelines for Pakistan Proposed by WWF - Pakistan through consultations with stakeholders Source: http://mocc.gov.pk/moclc/userfiles1/file/MOC/National%20Environment%20Quality%20Standards/National%20Surface%20Water%20Classification%20Criteria.pdf

http://mocc.gov.pk/moclc/userfiles1/file/MOC/National%20Environment%20Quality%20Standards/National%20Surface%20Water%20Classification%20Criteria.pdf

http://mocc.gov.pk/moclc/userfiles1/file/MOC/National%20Environment%20Quality%20Standards/National%20Surface%20Water%20Classification%20Criteria.pdf



Arsenic mg/L 0.10

Beryllium mg/L 0.10

Cadmium mg/L 0.01

Chromium mg/L 0.01

Cobalt mg/L 0.05

Copper mg/L 0.20

Cyanide mg/L 1.0

Fluoride mg/L 1.0

Iron mg/L 5.0

Lead mg/L 0.1 Livestock

Lithium mg/L 2.5

Manganese mg/L 0.20

Mercury mg/L 0.01 Livestock

Molybdenum mg/L 0.01

Nickel mg/L 0.20

Selenium mg/L 0.02

Vanadium mg/L 0.10

Zinc mg/L 2.0

Toxic substances and organic pollutants

The water should not contain toxic substances and other organic compounds in quantities that can accumulate in the soils to such a level as to result in the uptake by the crop and thus may be detrimental to public health or impair the quality of water for use in agriculture and livestock watering.



Table 2.4 (b) Conditions of Water Use and Irrigation Water Quality

Water Quality Guidelines Condition of Use

Water Quality Parameter Guideline Value

Salinity TDS or EC 2000mg/L or 3.0 dS/m Coarse textured soils

SAR 10

RSC 2.5 me/L

Salinity TDS or EC 1500 mg/L or 23 dS/m Medium textured soils

SAR 8

RSC 2.3 me/L

Salinity TDS or EC 1000 mg/L or 1.5 dS/m Fine textured soils

SAR 8

RSC 1.25 me/L

ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009

44. The Asian Development Bank’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) 2009 requires that environmental considerations be incorporated into all ADB funded projects to

ensure that the project will have minimal environmental impacts and is

environmentally sound. Health & safety aspects for the project workers and the

local population should also be addressed as stated in SPS.

45. All loans and investments are subject to categorization to determine

environmental assessment requirements. Categorization is to be undertaken

using Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklists, consisting of questions

relating to (i) the sensitivity and vulnerability of environmental resources in sub

Projects area, and (ii) the potential for the sub projects to cause significant adverse

environmental impacts. Projects are classified into one of the following

environmental categories:

46. Category A: A project is classified as category A if it is likely to have significant

adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse or unprecedented.

These impacts may affect an area larger than the sites or facilities subject to

physical works. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is required.

47. Category B: A project is classified as category B if its potential adverse

environmental impacts are less adverse than those of category “A” projects. These impacts are site-specific, few, if any of them are irreversible, and in most



cases mitigation measures can be designed more readily than for category “A” projects. An Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) is required.

48. Category C: A project is classified as category C if it is likely to have minimal or

no adverse environmental impacts. No environmental assessment is required

although environmental implications need to be reviewed.

49. Category FI: A project is classified as category FI if it involves investment of ADB

funds to or through a financial intermediary (FI).

Access to Information Policy (AIP) 2018

50. ADB’s new Access to Information Policy (AIP), reflects the ADB’s ongoing commitment to transparency, accountability, and participation by stakeholders.

The policy contains principles and exceptions to information sharing with external

stakeholders, led by a new overarching principle of “clear, timely, and appropriate disclosure.”

ADB’s Accountability Mechanism Policy 2012

51. The objectives of the Accountability Mechanism is providing an independent and

effective forum for people adversely affected by ADB-assisted projects to voice

their concerns and seek solutions to their problems, and to request compliance

review of the alleged noncompliance by ADB with its operational policies and

procedures that may have caused, or is likely to cause, them direct and material

harm. The Accountability Mechanism is a “last resort” mechanism.

B.13 Project Categorization

52. As per the Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist of ADB

(Attached as Annex-II), the subproject is classified as Category B, which requires

an IEE study to be conducted. Thus, a detailed and comprehensive IEE study,

including the EMP, has been prepared

53.Under Section 12 of the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act 1997 and

section 13 of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Environmental Protection Act 2014, a project

falling under any category specified in Schedule I (SRO 339, 10/2000) requires

the proponent to file an Initial Environment Examination (IEE) report with

concerned provincial or federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Projects

falling under any category specified in schedule II, the proponent shall submit an

EIA with the Provincial or Federal Agency, in this case Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Environmental Protection Agency (KP-EPA) Peshawar, as the project is located

in KP. Within 10 working days of IEE or EIA having been deposited, the concerned

agency will confirm that the document submitted is complete for the purpose of

review. During this time should the empowered agency require the proponent for

revision, clearly citing those aspects that need further discussion the proponent

will carry out necessary revision. Subsequently, the concerned agency will make



every effort to complete the process for an IEE review within 45 days and an EIA

within 90 days of filing and issue a “No-Objection Certificate” to the project proponent.

54.These sub projects fall under schedule-I of the Pakistan Environmental

Protection Agency (Review of IEE & EIA) Regulations, 2000 in water

management, dams, irrigation and flood protection heading which states that

dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters of

surface area less than 8 square kilometers require an IEE.

IEE/EIA Regulations 2000, Schedule I IEE Required

Dams and reservoirs with storage volume less than 50 million cubic meters or surface area less than 8 square kilometers

Yes

Irrigation and drainage projects serving less than 15,000 hectares Yes

B.13 Other Environment Related Legislations

55 The Table 2.4 provides all others legislations, guidelines, conventions and

corporate requirements.

Table 2.4. Environmental Guidelines and Legislations

Legislation/Guideline Description

The Forest Act (1927) The Act empowers the provincial forest departments to declare any

forest area as reserved or protected. It empowers the provincial

forest departments to prohibit the clearing of forest for cultivation,

grazing, hunting, removing forest produce, quarrying and felling,

lopping and topping of trees, branches in reserved and protected

forests

The Antiquities Act

(1975)

It ensures the protection of Pakistan’s cultural resources. The Act defines “antiquities” as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national

monuments, etc. The Act is designed to protect these antiquities

from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade, and

export. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a

protected antiquity and empowers the GOP to prohibit excavation

in any area that may contain articles of archaeological significance.

Under the Act, the project proponents are obligated to ensure that

no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity,

report to the Department of Archaeology, GOP, any archaeological

discovery made during the course of the project.

Pakistan Penal Code

(1860)

It authorizes fines, imprisonment or both for voluntary corruption or

fouling of public springs or reservoirs so as to make them less fit for

ordinary use.

The Public Health

(Emergency Provision)

Act 1954 read with

These two laws cover the presentation and spread of human

diseases, safeguarding the public health and providing and




West Pakistan

Epidemic Control Act

1958

maintaining adequate medical services and other services essential

to the health of the communities in the project area.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL AND CONSERVATION STRATEGIES

National Conservation

Strategy

Before the approval of NEP, the National Conservation Strategy

(NCS) was considered as the Government’s primary policy document on national environmental issues. At the moment, this

strategy just exists as a national conservation program. The NCS

identifies 14 core areas including conservation of biodiversity,

pollution prevention and abatement, soil and water conservation

and preservation of cultural heritage and recommends immediate

attention to these core areas.

Biodiversity Action

Plan

The plan recognizes IEE/EIA as an effective tool for identifying and

assessing the effects of a proposed operation on biodiversity.

Environment and

Conservation

There is a well-established framework for environmental

management in Pakistan. The Ministry of Environment deals with

environment and biological resources. Within the ministry, the NCS

unit established in 1992 is responsible for overseeing the

implementation of the strategy. Two organizations, the Pakistan

Environmental Protection Council (PEPC) and the Pak EPA are

primarily responsible for administering the provisions of the PEPA,

1997. The PEPC oversees the functioning of the Pak EPA. Its

members include representatives of the government, industry, non-

governmental organizations and the private sector. The Pak EPA is

required to ensure compliance with the NEQS, establish monitoring

and evaluation systems, and both identify the need to and institution

of legislations whenever necessary. It is thus the primary

implementing agency in the hierarchy. The Provincial

Environmental Protection Agencies are formed by the respective

provinces.

ADB’s ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES

Safeguard Policy

Statement (SPS), 2009

ADB’s Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS), 2009 provides guidelines for environmental assessments of development projects.

These guidelines help prospective projects identify impacts they will

have on various environmental receptors. The guidelines call for

carrying out EIAs or IEEs of projects based on severity of their

impacts.

INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS

The Convention on

Conservation of

Migratory Species of

Wild Animals (1981.21)

The Convention requires countries to take action to avoid

endangering migratory species. The term "migratory species" refers

to the species of wild animals, a significant proportion of whose

members cyclically and predictably cross one or more national

jurisdictional boundaries. The parties are also required to promote

or cooperate with other countries in matters of research on

migratory species. There are no endangered species of plant life or

animal life in the vicinity of the Project.




Convention on

International Trade in

Endangered Species of

Wild Fauna and Flora

(1973)

The convention requires Pakistan to impose strict regulation

(including penalization, confiscation of the specimen) regarding

trade of all species threatened with extinction or that may become

so, in order not to endanger their survival further.

International Union for

Conservation of Nature

and Natural Resources

Red List (2000)

Lists wildlife species experiencing various levels of threats

internationally. Some of the species indicated in the IUCN red list

are also present in the wetlands of Pakistan.



PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Project Features

52. The Tor Dara weir sub project has two weirs one on the main Tor Dara Nullah and

the other on its small tributary near village Natu Khel in Tirah Valley, District

Khyber and is located at a distance of 100 km from Peshawar.

53. During various visits at site the hydrological observation was made and found the

perennial flow in a range of 5-8 cusecs. The last site visit was made on (19-06-

2019) and approximately 5 cusecs of flows was observed on Tor Dara nullah and

0.30 cusecs was observed in its tributary.

54. Tor Dara Weir and Natu Khel Weirs are proposed to collect water from Tor Dara

Nullah and its tributary to convey the available flows to the command area laying

at both right and left side of Tor Dara Nullah. Gross command area is 96 hectares

and cultivable command area is 93 hectares which is proposed to be irrigated at

cropping intensity of 100 % with the design discharge of 22.90 lit/sec and 6.45

lit/sec for Tor Dara and Natu Khel Weir respectively.

55. The main features of the project include construction of weirs, irrigation channels,

retaining walls, fall structures, road culverts and drainage culverts, on-farm water

management works and improvement of ware sheds through forestation. The

project cost is estimated as Rs. 93.804 million and is anticipated to take 12 months

period to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the sub project

is economically viable (EIRR 12.03%). The financial analysis also indicates the

safe investment with FIRR as 10.23%.

Table 3.1: Salient Features of Tor Dara Sub Project

Catchment Area 35.66 km2

No. of Weirs 02

Type of Weir Tyrolean Type

50 Year Return Flood

• Tor Dara Weir 180 Cumecs

• Natu Khel Weir 13 Cumecs

Gross Command Area 96 ha

Total Culturable Command Area 93 ha

Irrigation Intensity

100%



Irrigation discharge required

• Channel – 01 (Tor Dara Weir) 22.90 Lit/sec

• Channel – 02 (Natu Khel Weir) 6.45 Lit/sec

Irrigation Channels Type PCC Rectangular

Length of Channel 01 (Tor Dara Weir) 4640 m

Length of Channel 02 (Natu Khel Weir) 1660 m

Length of Water Courses 4092 m

Project Cost Rs. 93.804 Million

Construction Period 12 Months

EIRR 12.03 %

FIRR 10.23 %

56. The Tarkho Kas Weir sub-project is proposed on Matu Nullah near village

Naghara in Tirah vallay in District Khyber and is located at a distance of 79 km

from Jamrud Khyber District head quarter. As per site observation there is

perennial flow exist in the Nullah.

57. Tarkho Kas Weir is proposed to collect water from Matu Nullah and convey it to

the command area. Cultivable command area of 90 ha will be irrigated at cropping

intensity of 100 % and design discharge of 28.9 lit/sec. Total length of irrigation

network is 5290 m.

58. The project cost is estimated Rs. 64.577 million and anticipated to take 12 months

period to complete. The results of the economic analysis show that the project is

economically viable (EIRR 12.23 %). The financial analysis also indicates the safe

investment with FIRR as 10.33 %.

Table 3.2: Salient Features of Tarkho Kas Sub Project

Catchment Area 14.75 km2

Design Flood 104 cumecs

Total Culturable Command Area 90 ha

Irrigated Area 36 ha

Barani Area 54 ha

Irrigation Intensity 100%



Irrigation discharge required 28.9 lit/sec

Channels Type PCC Trapezoidal

Pre-Cast Parabolic Channel

Length of Channel 01 1843 m



Length of Water Courses 4550 m

Project Cost Rs. 64.577 Million

Construction Period 12 months

EIRR 12.23 %

FIRR 10.33 %

59. Tor Dara and Tarkho Kas weir sub projects on account of its construction volume

would not require elaborate arrangements for construction of labor camps.

Keeping in mind the quantum of work, no large size camp would be required as

non-technical labour is to be engaged would be of local origin. Storage sheds for

construction materials would be constructed in the vicinity of weir construction site.

The contractor will make his own arrangements for the technical staff and details

will be provided in the SSEMP.

60. All the land required for different sub projects components is community owned

barren land, which would be provided voluntarily; no land base infrastructure will

be affected during construction as well as operational phases of the sub projects.

The permanent land for sub projects components such as weir, water channels,

offices, etc. as well as temporary land will be taken on lease if required. The

amount of lease is part of project civil cost and is not added in Environmental

Management Cost (details in Chapter G) to avoid duplication of cost.

61. The location of the project is shown in Figure 3.1 and layout plan over satellite

image in Figure 3.2 and 3.3:

FATA Water Resources Development Tor Dara & Tarkho Kas Weir Sub Projects


Figure 3.1: Sub Projects Location Map



Figure 3.2: Satellite Image of Tor Dara Sub Project Area



Figure 3.3: Satellite Image of Tarkho Kas Sub Project Area



Project Location

Khyber merged District, KP was the tribal area in the former Federally

Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan created in 1873. It ranges from the Tirah

valley down to Peshawar. It borders Nangarhar Province of Afghanistan in the

west, Orakzai Tribal District in the south, Kurram merged District in south west

and Peshawar district in the east. Jamrud is headquarter of the Khyber merged

District. Khyber District lies between latitude 33˚ 43' to 34˚ 21' and longitude 71˚ 27' to 71˚ 32'. The Khyber District is drained by tributaries of the Kabul and Bara

rivers. It covers an area of 2,576 km2.The Tor Dara (two weirs i.e. Tor Dara main

weir and Natu khel weir under one subproject) and Tarkho Kas weir sub projects

are proposed on Tor Dara nullah and Mato nullah which are tributaries of Bara

River and are located at a distance of 100 Km and 79 Km respectively from

Jamrud Khyber District Head Quarter.

62. The weirs location coordinates are provided in the table below;

Table 3.3: Weirs Location GPS Coordinates

Proposed Weirs Longitude Latitude

Tor Dara Weir 70.772° E 33.909° N

Tarkho Kas Weir 70.837° E 33.918° N

Project Objectives

63. The main objective of the sub projects is to construct a low height Tyrolean weir

and irrigation channels that will irrigate Culturable Command Area (CCA) of

approximately 183 ha downstream of the subprojects. The present cropping

intensity is 0 to 38% in rainfed and irrigated agricultural lands respectively. It is

estimated that a reasonable quantity of water from the weirs will meet the irrigation

demand of lands in the command area. Regular and dependable irrigation water

availability with the construction of the sub projects will greatly increase cropping

intensity by 100% and production in the currently partially irrigated command area.

Due to timely and regulated water supplies there will be substantial improvement

in agriculture production. Provision of irrigation water with the construction of the

weirs, will transform the below subsistence level rain-fed farming lands into

productive irrigated agriculture.

Construction Planning

64. The main components of Tor Dara and Tarkho Kas weirs irrigation sub projects

include the:

i. Geotechnical Investigation



ii. Foundation preparation

iii. Diversion Weir.

iv. Stilling Basin at the downstream.

v. Irrigation system.

vi. On-Farm Water Management Works

65. These components are proposed to be constructed in two stages. The

geotechnical investigation will be carried out first, while construction of civil works

will be carried out after design review. The stage wise break-up of components for

construction purposes is briefly described below:

Stage-I

Preparation of Foundation for Weirs

66. The foundation preparation will involve excavation in stream/khwar bed and

abutments, which mostly constitute of shingle gravel and weathered rock

formation. The detail of excavation involved has provided in Table 3.4 below.

Table 3.4: Diversion Weirs Works and Quantities

Item # Description Unit Tor Dara Weirs

Quantity Tarkho Kas Weir

Quantity

1 Excavation

cu. m 2827.38 1778.56

2 Structural backfill cu. m 219.46 142.47

3 Re-handling of gravel work or excavated rock

cu. m 438.92 284.94

4 Cement Concrete Work cu. m 868.31 976.65

5 Erecting & removing formwork to concrete in any shape / position (Vertical)

sq. m 1334.17 1,032.01

6 Supply & fabricate M.S. reinforcement for cement concrete (Hot rolled deformed bars Grade 60)

Tonne 34.84 46.80

7 Providing and laying stone pitching/filling, dry hand packed in pitching & aprons

cu. m 41.32 593.25

Stage- II

Main Weir Body

67. The diversion weir has been located at the location keeping in view the minimum

possible width of the nullah and the ease of construction to the contractor. It has

been considered during project sites selection that change in nullah regime should

be avoided with the construction of weir. The wing walls of proposed weirs are

properly embedded in the side hills/embankments to fix the flow regime at the weir

top permanently. The area beyond weir’s side wall will be consolidated by



providing protection/backfill up to side wall height for trenches produced for the

construction of weir or by flood before the construction of weir.

68. For the diversion of irrigation discharge tyrolean intake is adopted at these

locations. The diversion weir comprises an overflow sections for flood routing and

a depressed tyrolean section to divert the flow for irrigation.

69. The oblique arrangement of the trash rack prevents it from being clogged by bed

load or floating materials, resultantly, the intake from being obstructed.

70. In order to ensure the diversion of design discharge when there is blockage of the

rack due wedging of stones or leaves and branches trap in the rack, length of the

rack has kept 20 % more than its required length. Inclination angle (15 deg) of the

rack with horizontal plane has been kept in the direction of flow. The clear spacing

of rack bars have been kept 10 mm, hence only the particle with less than 10 mm

size could get into the embedded channel which would be settled down in

collection sump.

71. Construction of the weir body is proposed to commence from left and right

abutment and intake pipe would be placed near abutment in the weir. Construction

of Irrigation channel and outlet structure will be taken up as parallel activities of

this stage.

Stilling Basin

72. Terminal structures to weir are provided to safely deliver the excess discharge to

the downstream. The hydraulic jump stilling basin is one of the typical types of

energy dissipaters, which has been adopted for the projects. At downstream of

the stilling basin, riprap has been proposed to protect the structure from scouring.

73. Due to low velocity and weak hydraulic jump formation type-I stilling Basin has

been adopted for all the weirs.

74. Construction of stilling basin will be started after construction of outlet structures.



Figure 3.6: Diversion Weir Layout Plan Tor Dara



Figure 3.7: Diversion Weir Layout Plan Tarkho Kas



Irrigation System

75. Once the main irrigation channel has been completed, the beneficiaries will be

provided with design and layout of field channels falling within the proposed weir

project. The activity would be mostly carried out by the beneficiaries as part of

their labor and land contribution.

On-Farm Water Management Works

76. All irrigation projects are designed focusing the command area, targeting the

community of that command and management of this water on farm level.

Controlling the conveyance losses by an efficient conveyance system and the best

possible irrigation application method is always the main aim of such projects.

Typical precast water course x-section, farm outlet, drainage culverts, foot bridge

etc. are part of these activities.

77. The command area activities mostly initiated when main structure (Weir) is

completed and work on main conveyance structure starts. However, the land

development can be started when work on main structure is near to completion.

The personnel and equipment required for the execution of one subproject is

given in the tables below, also the same personnel and equipment will be used

for the second subproject.

Table 3.5: Personnel Requirement

Sr. No Position Nos

1 Project Manager / Project Engineer 01

2 Construction Supervisor 02

3 Site Engineer 01

4 Environmentalist 01

5 Health and Safety Officer 01

6 Surveyor 02

7 Quantity Surveyor 01

8 Site Inspector (Environment) 01

9 Skilled Labor 05

Table 3.6: Equipment Requirements

Sr. No Equipment/Machinery Type Nos

1 Front End Loader 01

2 Excavator 01

3 Dumper 02

4 Water Tanker 02



5 Mixer 01

6 Generator 02

7 Tractor along with Trolley 01

Commissioning of Weirs

77. The weirs and its associated structures i.e. main irrigation channels and minor

distribution channels will be commissioned on completion of stage-II works and

by starting the perennial flow diversion.

Sub Projects Implementation

78. The sub projects implementation would be carried out in accordance with Project

Administration Manual (PAM) framed under FWRDP PPTA by Asian Development

Bank. The sub projects construction would be completed in twelve (12) months.

Executing Agency

79. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Planning & Development Department will be the

executing agency. A Project Management Unit (PMU) will be established in the

Planning and Development Department (P&D Department) of the Merged Areas

Secretariat. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of Irrigation,

which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure and on-farm

water management components with the latter effort supported by the Department

of Agriculture. The Department of Forests will be responsible for the watershed

management component.

Design Consultant

80. The design and residency supervision of the subproject would be carried out by

FWRDP design consultants. The consultants will carry out screening of the

subproject as per selection criteria. Accordingly, feasibility study of the subproject

fulfilling the selection criteria would be framed.

Provincial Development Working Party

81. The Provincial Development Working Party (PDWP) would approve the feasible

sub projects of FWRDP. The PDWP would be delegated special powers to

approve FWRDP sub projects costing more than the threshold approval limit of

PDWP. The sub project will also be implemented in cooperation with local

community organizations (COs) established under the FRDP and will be key

partners in the new project. The COs will enter into Terms of Partnership (TOPs)

with the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Planning & Development Department for the

preparation and implementation of all sub-projects to be financed under the

project. Such TOPs were already signed with COs for the 3 pilot sub projects, and

are the model to be followed for subsequent sub projects. The COs also would be

responsible for maintenance of completed sub projects under the main project.



Prior to the commencement of each proposed sub project, the Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa Planning & Development Department and the relevant Community

Organization will have entered into a Terms of Partnership (“TOP”) setting forth, among other relevant terms, the details of the preparation and implementation of

such sub project (including information on any land to be voluntarily contributed

by the community for such sub projects) and subsequent operation and

maintenance of the facilities financed under such sub project, which such TOP will

have been approved by the Deputy Commissioner.

Terms of Partnership

82. TOP for a sub project involving the construction of a weir or irrigation channel will

stipulate that the relevant Community Organization will be responsible for

operation and maintenance of such weir or irrigation channel from such

Community Organization’s own funds, provided, that, any major repairs to such

facilities shall be carried out by, and at the expense of, the Merged Areas

Secretariat, through its Irrigation Department.

Operation and Maintenance

83. The sub projects have been designed to minimize manual operation to a minimum

but the main canal can be regulated for flows through vertical steel gate.

84. The beneficiaries have signed Terms of Partnership (TOP) with the local

authorities of Khyber Tribal District and Irrigation Directorate. The TOP clearly

states the roles and responsibilities of each stake holder. Most of the O & M

activities at secondary and tertiary level would be carried out by the beneficiaries

through Village Organizations/COs.



DESCRIPTION OF ENVIRONMENT

General

85. The purpose of this chapter is to establish baseline conditions for the

physical, biological and social aspects of the environment of project area.

The data were collected from field surveys, desk studies and visits to the

government departments, other relevant agencies, and discussions with the

main stakeholders of the area. The purpose of the baseline study is to fulfill

the following objectives.

a. To get the data about the physical, biological and socio-

economic environment of the project area

b. To understand the current situation of the area

comprehensively, and

c. To rationalize the decisions according to the ground realities.

86. Information sources for this IEE also include:

i. Water Assessment Study & Management Plan, Bajaur, Khyber and Mohmand, published by ADB and FATA Secretariat, produced under the ADB FATA Rural Development Project (FRDP)

ii. Forest Atlas of Pakistan

iii. GIS Database developed by the PPTA GIS Specialist

iv. Primary Surveys conducted under PPTA by Environment Specialist

v. Hydraulic Design Feasibilities conducted under PPTA by Hydraulic Design Specialist and

vi. Agriculture and Geological Studies conducted under PPTA by Agricultural Specialist and Geologist

87. The main environmental conditions, likely to be affected due to project

execution are:

a. Physical Environment

b. Biological Environment

c. Socio-economic Environment

Baseline Survey Methodology

88. A survey was carried out in the project area for field studies including

physical, biological and social impact assessment in March and April, 2019.

The visit was made to the project area to understand the terrain, environment

and social issues, and vegetation of the study area. During the visit, the

preliminary interpreted data were tested and necessary corrections made



after proper ground-truthing. The physiographic features on the satellite

imagery appearing in different tones and textures were used to correlate

image elements and ground features for accurate identification.

89. The purpose of the site visits was to familiarize with the physical, biological

and socioeconomic environment of the proposed project area and the areas

in the vicinity. Critical areas with respect to environmental and social

concerns were identified and assessment of positive as well as adverse

impacts of the project on the environment was done. A summary of the main

activities undertaken during the visit have been enlisted below:

i. Collected information and required data from the project area

for preparation of Initial Environmental Examination report.

ii. Identified site-specific issues of microenvironment of the

proposed project.

iii. Information obtained regarding existing infrastructure in and

around the project area.

iv. Requirements of necessary mitigation measures to be

integrated into the overall plan were identified.

v. Consultations with the population settled in the vicinity of the

project.

vi. Survey of nearby environmental sensitive receptors.

vii. Interviews with the locals for the presence and relative

abundance of various animal species within each locality were

also taken to have firsthand information.

viii. Data collection was carried out on habitat condition, animal

presence by direct sighting and indirect evidences.

90. Spatial data base on the physiographic features was prepared based on the

various data sources including survey map of the project and topographic

sheets. These data were extracted and presented in accordance with the

standard IEE methodology used for such studies.

91. The section on climatology has been taken from the Project Hydrology Report

made by project hydrologists.

92. The regional geology and seismo-tectonics of the region are discussed based

on the various available data sources and reports. Particularly, the discussion

on project geology has been based on the data available in the project

Geology Report and field observations made in selective pockets of different

project affected sites.

93. Land use and land cover mapping was carried out by standard methods of

analysis of remotely sensed data followed by ground truthing.



94. Forest types and plant species were recorded during the field visits and the

floristic data for the catchment were sourced from the published literature.

Based on the field data and available literature, frequency, density and cover

of each species were calculated.

95. Ecological status of species was identified as per IUCN Red list, 2017 and

other available literature.

96. In order to collect the information on the fauna (mammals, avifauna,

herpetofauna) in the area, primary as well as secondary sources were

utilized.

97. The environmental testing (air, noise and water) at about 10 m distance from

main proposed construction site has been carried out to determine the

baseline conditions of the area.

Study Area

98. The studied area for this IEE was broadly the Khyber merged District and

more specifically the Tor Dara and Tarkho Kas settlements.

99. The required information/ data of a baseline study were classified into two

main categories i.e. Primary data and Secondary data. The primary data was

collected directly from the concerned communities and direct observation,

secondary data was the information gathered through secondary sources

such as census report, research publications, topographic sheets, other

published data related to the project such as wildlife, livestock, fishery,

forestry, agriculture, horticulture, climate etc.

100. The project Area of influence (AoI) is referred to all those areas in the region

within 0.5 km from the sub project corridor and which may be affected directly

or indirectly by the sub project activities.

101. For the purpose of this IEE, detailed deliberations were held with relevant

stakeholders from the state, civil society and academia.

102. As a result, an effort was made to establish a baseline or state of environment

for the study area, with a focus on sub-project site location. Having stated the

above, there are still limitations to the accuracy and authenticity, since in

numerous cases, sources for data are singular and cannot be cross verified

due to paucity of reliable sources.

Physical Environment

Topography

103. Khyber Merged District was a tribal area in the erstwhile Federally

Administered Tribal Areas region of Pakistan. It is one of the eight newly

merged tribal District in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. It ranges from



the Tirah valley down to Peshawar. It borders Nangarhar of Afghanistan

Province to the west, Orakzai Tribal District to the south, Kurram Tribal

District to south west and Peshawar to the east. An interesting feature in the

topography is a mountain spur from the Kunar range, which, curving

eastwards culminates in the well-known peak of Koh-i-Mor, which is visible

from the Peshawar valley. The topography of this pass is prevailingly hilly,

with rugged barren mountainous terrain, including narrow strips of bottom

valleys and sub valleys. The primary ecological factors which determine the

plant communities/association in this eco–zone are, rainfall & temperature,

topography and soil and elevation.

Climate

104. The sub projects area falls in the warm and temperate climatic zone

associated with 600-800 mm of annual precipitation. There are two distinct

rainy seasons in the Area: winter (December through March) and summer

(June- September).

105. Meteorological stations within sub projects area do not exist. Nearest

meteorological stations are Peshawar (77 km East from project site), Kohat

(76 km South East), Parachinar (59 km West) and Fort Lockhart (46 km

South). All other stations except Parachinar, Kohat and Fort Lockhart are not

representing the climate zone of the sub projects area and located far from

sub projects area, hence not used for the project area assessment studies.

Fort Lockhart average annual rainfall is almost double than estimated from

isohyetal map and gridded data set for the project area, hence dropped from

studies.

106. The sub projects area has a climate with cold winters and mild summers.

During summer months there is great fluctuation in diurnal temperature in the

open and in the shade of hilly areas. In the winter at higher elevations the

area may experience snow from late December to mid-March.

107. The mean maximum temperature during the hottest months of June and July

are 30.9 °C and 30.1 °C respectively. January and February are the coldest

months with minimum temperature of about -4.4 °C and -2.3 °C8.

108. The nearest meteorological station to the sub projects area is Parachinar.

The mean monthly with minimum and maximum temperature for Parachinar

representing the sub projects area is provided in Figure 4.1 below.

8 Hydrological studies Feasibility Reports (Data Source: Monthly Climate Normal of Pakistan (1981-2010), Pakistan Met. Department Karachi, Jan, 2013)



Figure 4.1 Monthly Mean Temperature of Parachinar 9

Hydrology

109. Surface flow was not gauged in the past therefore, no flow record exists within

watershed of proposed weir site. Perennial flow exists at proposed weir site.

Flow measurements have been carried out through conventional method at

Tor Dara weir site. About (1.5 – 2.0 cusec) flow was observed during

December, 2018 while 141-226 liter/sec (5-8 cusec) flow was

observed/measured during March-April, 2019 at weir site. The last site visit

was made on (19-06-2019) and approximately 5 cusecs of flows was

observed on Tor Dara nullah and 0.30 cusecs was observed on tributary of

Tor Dara nullah.

110. At Tarkho Kas 43.07 liters/sec (1.52 cusec) was observed/measured during

March 2019. One cusecs of discharge were estimated during low flow season

that is in the month of January at weir site.

111. The qualitative statement of the available flows would have been worded

differently had there been any reliable records of their measurement. These

types of streams have their own ifs and buts and one could not ascertain the

9 Data Source: Monthly Climate Normal of Pakistan (1981-2010), Pakistan Met. Department Karachi, Jan, 2013



perennial flow from a single or a couple of site visits. The scheme has been

devised based on the flows experienced during the site visits.

112. Daily rainfall data for metrological stations Parachinar & Kohat for the period

of 1961-2017 & 1970-2017 have been collected from Pakistan Metrological

Department. Historic annual isohyetal maps for period of 1951-80, 1971-

2000, 1955-2000, 1981-2010 indicates that mean annual rainfall in the

project area ranges from 600-800 mm.

113. The estimation of water availability has also been carried out indirectly by Soil

Conservation Services Curve Number (SCS) method. To be on a

conservative site perennial flow of 1.5 cusec (42.50 lit./sec) and 1.2 cusec

(34.0 lit./sec) are added in rainfall-runoff estimated flow for Tor Dara and

Tarkho Kas sub projects respectively. Curve number of 51, 70 and 85 for

AMC-I, AMC-II and AMC-III conditions are used. As project area lies in

between gauging station of Parachinar and Kohat. Parachinar & Kohat

rainfall data is representing the project area rainfall, water availability is

estimated without any adjustment / correction factor for daily rainfall record10.

Regional Geology

114. The Khyber emerged District, KP in which these weirs have been proposed

lies in the region which is close to the collision zone of the Indian and

Eurasian Plates; the collision process started in the late Eocene to Early

Oligocene with the formation of Himalayan Ranges and this process is still

going on. Relative to Eurasia, the Indian Plate is still moving northward at a

rate of about 4 cm/yr. The subduction of the Indian Plate beneath the

Eurasian Plate has resulted in folding and thrusting of the upper crustal layers

near the collisional boundary. The thrusting has been depicted from north to

south in the shape of Main Karakoram Thrust (MKT), Main Mantle Thrust

(MMT) and Salt Range Thrust (SRT).

Geology of the Sub Project Area

115. The topography of the project area having rugged and hilly terrain with low to

moderate relief. The both scheme of project are proposed on the stream

having perennial flow with the slope gradient of about 2-3% on average in the

nullah bed. The flow pattern is generally dendritic though at places trellis

pattern can be observed. Geologically the project area has got consolidated

deposits of sedimentary and metamorphic origin comprising slates, phylites,

schist, quartzite, shale marl and Lime stone. Folding and shearing is quite

common due to tectonic forces. The rock body is mostly covered by

unconsolidated material. The unconsolidated deposits comprise Recent to

10 Hydrological studies Feasibility Report



sub-Recent gravel, sand, silt and clay mixed with gravel of mostly of

metamorphic and sedimentary origin.

116. The rock unit found at weir site belong to Landikotal Slates in contact with

slightly metamorphosed shale and quartzite. The formation is composed

predominantly of greenish gray to yellowish gray slates and phyllites intruded

by dykes & sills. At few places slate is calcareous11.

Soil

117. Soil of the area are loam, non-calcareous, non-saline and non-sodic in

nature. Soil pH is slightly alkaline. The soils are low in organic matter and

nitrogen contents, medium in phosphorus while sufficient in potassium

contents.

118. Judicious use of farmyard manure and inorganic fertilizers is required to

improve soil physical conditions, soil fertility and crop yields.

Seismology

119. Figure 4.2 shows the tectonic map of the area. The project area falls in minor

to moderate seismic zone. Formations in the study area are highly folded and

faulted due to tectonic movement. A large variety of rocks occur together in

a very disturbed manner. The country rocks are diorites, granite phyllites and

amphibolites with limestone, schist and phyllites.

11 Geological Studies Section of Feasibility Reports



Figure 4.2: Tectonic Map of Pakistan12

12 Source: Pakistan Meteorological Department



Ambient Air Quality and Noise

120. Sources of air and noise pollution around the sub-project area are minimal.

The area is predominantly rural, with no major industrial setups. The NEQS

for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB (A) at

night. Traffic is low, with heavy traffic being minimal. The ambient air quality

and noise at site was conducted at a 10 m distance from the main sub

projects axis as most of the construction activities will be done here while the

residential area is at distance of more than 500 m where the impact of all the

construction activities will be minimum. The sampling location (Figure 4.3 &

4.4) were selected keeping in view;

(a) the sensitive receptors and

(b) magnitude of construction activities.

121. These locations will be helpful for construction phase impacts monitoring and

comparison of the results with the baseline situation. The result (Table 4.1)

reveals that the air quality and noise of the sub projects area is within the

permissible limits of NEQS.



Table 4.1: Ambient Air Quality and Noise of Sub Projects Area

Sr. No.

Parameter UoM Results Tor Dara

Results Tarkho Kas

NEQS IFC Method

1 Carbon Monoxide (CO)

mg/m3 2.9 1.6 5 - NDIR

2 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

µg/m3 21 19 120 125 UV Fluorescent

3 Nitrogen Oxide (NO)

µg/m3 11.4 13.8 40 - Chemiluminescence

4 Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

µg/m3 18 11 80 - Chemiluminescence

5 Combined Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

µg/m3 29.4 24.8 Chemiluminescence

6 PM10 µg/m3 18 40 150 150 Beta- Attenuation

7 PM2.5 µg/m3 11 23 35 Beta- Attenuation

8 Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

µg/m3 117 258 500 Gravimetric Sampling

9 Noise Entrance Point

dB(A) 47.9 48.4 55 55 ASTM E-1124

10 Noise Center Point

dB(A) 50.6 51.9 55 55 ASTM E-1124



Figure 4.3 Environmental Testing and Sampling Map Tor Dara



Figure 4.4 Environmental Testing and Sampling Map Tarkho Kas



Water Resources

Surface Water

122. The following major rivers flow through the Khyber Tribal District:

123. Kabul River originates from Chitral, and enters Afghanistan at Arandu,

making a semi-circle around Kabul City reaches in the vicinity of Jalalabad

where it is called Kunar River. Of late, Government of Afghanistan has

planned a multipurpose dam at Kama village near Jalalabad. The proposed

Kama dam is expected to irrigate about 40,486 ha in Kunar province. The

proposed Kama dam will reduce the flows in Kabul River by 15%. The

construction of proposed Munda dam on Swat River which is a tributary of

Kabul River will mitigate the effects of 15% reduction of flows in Kabul River

due to Kama dam in Afghanistan. Kabul River re-enters Pakistan in

Mohmand District and after traversing a few kilometers it turns into a

boundary river between Mohmand and Khyber Districts.

124. Bara River originates in the southeast of Khyber District from Rajgal and

Malik Din Khel watersheds. It drains into the Kabul River near Nissata, after

passing through the settled areas. There are three canals off-taking from the

river, within and outside Khyber District.

125. Drainage pattern plays key role in the ground water system. The perennial

nullahs on which the weirs are proposed are flowing near the command area.

The Nullahs are flowing from North to South. The Nullah originates in the

Northern Mountains further joining the Bara River which finally leaves the

district.

Ground Water

126. The sub projects area experiences two rain seasons: winter and summer.

Water supply is from rainfall, snow melt, and groundwater during the dry

periods. Springs are the major sources of drinking water. Since there is no

open well/dug well and tube well in the proposed command area therefore

depth to ground water table could not be measured.

127. Ground water flows always follow the surface topography of an area. In the

sub project area, the topographic trend is from West to Southeast. Whereas

topographic trends of the left side are from North to Southwest. Ground water

movement are always perpendicular to the ground water elevation contours.

In the instant case ground water table map and ground elevation contour map

cannot be generated due to non-availability of ground water points.

128. Rain and Snowfall is the main source of recharge in the command area. The

command area of the sub project area is situated on the recharge boundary

of the Sub Watershed Khyber-9 (K 9) located on the left bank of Bara River,



moreover connected to the snow-covered mountains of Tirah, presumably

recharge to the system is not an issue.

Water Quality

129. The surface water samples 10 m upstream of weir axis and drinking water

samples from nearest settlements (Figure 4.3) of the subproject area were

collected and analyzed in the Laboratory. The result reveals that the water is

fit for irrigation and drinking with exception of turbidity which makes it

aesthetically unpleasant. The turbidity is due to snow melting which result in

soil erosion from the nullah banks in the catchment area. This requires proper

physical treatment e.g. slow or rapid sand filtration before consumption. All

other chemical and biological parameters are in accordance with NEQS and

WHO standards. The results are given in Table 4.4 and 4.5.

Table 4.4: Water Quality of Tor Dara Sub Project

Sr. No

Parameters UoM Methods NEQS WHO Results Surface Water

Results Drinking

Water

1 Color TCU Sensory evaluation

< 15 < 15 Colorless Colorless

2 Odor - Sensory evaluation

Unobjectionable Unobjectionable UO UO

3 Taste - Sensory evaluation


4 EC uS/cm Alpha, 21th Edition

< 1000 <1000 701 190

5 pH - Alpha, 21th Edition

6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 7.7 7.8

6 Turbidity NTU Alpha, 21th Edition

<5 <5 5.6 3.2

7 Alkalinity mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- < 500 6.58 1.59

8 Bicarbonate mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- 329.02 79.76

9 Calcium mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- 99.70 39.88

10 Carbonate mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- BDL BDL

11 Chloride mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

250 250 17.44 12.46

12 Hardness mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

500 500 398.81 99.70

13 Magnesium mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- 36.34 0



14 Potassium mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- 1.69 1.39

15 Sodium mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- 14.95 4.98

16 Sulphate mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- 250 42.47 7.47

17 TDS mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

1000 1000 419.75 119.34

18 Nitrate mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

10 50 2.29 1.19

19 Total Coliform

CFU Alpha, 21th Edition

0 CFU/100 ml 0 CFU/100 ml 0 0

20 E.Coli CFU Alpha, 21th Edition

-ve 0 CFU/100 ml 0 0

Table 4.5: Water Quality of Tarkho Kas Sub Project

Sr. No

Parameters UoM Methods NEQS WHO Results Surface Water

Results Drinking

Water

1 Color TCU Sensory evaluation

< 15 < 15 Colorless Colorless

2 Odor - Sensory evaluation


3 Taste - Sensory evaluation


4 EC uS/cm Alpha, 21th Edition

< 1000 <1000 387 368

5 pH - Alpha, 21th Edition

6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5 8.1 8.1

6 Turbidity NTU Alpha, 21th Edition

<5 <5 76.2 47.8

7 Alkalinity mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- < 500 3.19 3.58

8 Bicarbonate mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- 159.52 179.46

9 Calcium mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- 27.91 15.95

10 Carbonate mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- BDL BDL

11 Chloride mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

250 250 14.95 19.94

12 Hardness mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

500 500 199.40 199.40



13 Magnesium mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- 31.40 38.68

14 Potassium mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- 1.79 1.49

15 Sodium mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- -- 9.97 8.97

16 Sulphate mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

-- 250 16.85 17.94

17 TDS mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

1000 1000 208.38 220.34

18 Nitrate mg/l Alpha, 21th Edition

10 50 2.29 2.29

19 Total Coliform

CFU Alpha, 21th Edition

0 CFU/100 ml 0 CFU/100 ml NT 0

20 E.Coli CFU Alpha, 21th Edition

-ve 0 CFU/100 ml NT 0

Biological Environment

130. The natural environment of the project area has undergone severe

degradation due to intensive use of ground water resources, miss

management of watershed resources, over grazing of range lands and

uncontrolled cutting of forest trees13. The agriculture, irrigation, forest range,

and forestry interventions in terms of tree plantation in the project area will

restore the lost eco-systems.

Land use and Land Cover

131. The data pertaining to land use are required to understand that how much

area at present is put directly under different crops. Culturable area,

cultivated and unculturable areas are also known to see the extent of

increase in cropped area, which may be achieved with the provision of project

conditions. Similarly, culturable waste and forest, if any, are also taken into

considerations. The statistics regarding the present land use in the study area

are presented in Table 4.6.

Table 4.6: Land Use Statistics of Project Area14

District Khyber Area in Hectares

Total Reported Area 257676

Cultivated Area 24153

(i) Net Sown 17388

13 PC-I Proforma for FATA Water Resources Development Project (FWRDP)

14 Source: Development Statistics of FATA 2012-13 to 2015-16



District Khyber Area in Hectares

(ii) Current Fallow 6765

Cropped Area 21815

Un-Cultivated Area 235454

(i) Culturable Waste 51010

(ii) Forest 2050

(iii) Not Available for Cultivation 182374

132. Agriculture is limited in the region due to rocky soils, steep slopes, lack of

suitable land and limited water supply. Scanty shrub vegetation along slopes

and other areas are used as grazing and fuel wood gathering. The sub

projects area has forest cover of 61.9%, sparse forest is 10.7%, range land

is 16.0% while barren land is 11.4%. Land use and land cover of the sub

projects are depicted in figure below:



Figure 4.5: Land use Map



Flora

133. The forests being an

integral part of rural

economy provide critical

ecological services.

Healthy forest cover helps

water retention, control

flash floods and soil

erosion, provides a habitat

for flora and fauna and

contributes to a clean

environment. Due to more

dependence of the rural

population on the available scanty forest resource, the environmental

services provided by natural ecosystems have also diminished. The water

retention capacity of the soil has fallen; the area suffers both from flash floods

and long period of drought.

134. The total area of the District is 2,576 square kilometers, with 0.8% of the total

area of the district being forest15. Ecologically, this area falls within the main

group of Dry Subtropical Broad-leaved Forest 16 . The sub–group is

Monotheca Scrubs. Generally, the vegetation is thorny evergreen shrubs,

which are capable of developing into small trees, even under harsh climatic

conditions and social pressure (heavy grazing /browsing).

135. The main tree species are Querons Ilex ( Kharpata Cherai), Olia europea

(Khomunor Khowand), Morus alba (Tooth), Olea cuspidate (wild olive), Salix

(Wula ), Juglans regia (Akhrot), Punicis grantsum (Anar), Amygdalus persica

(Mandatas), Pyrus pyrifolia (Nashpati).

136. The common grasses are Heteropogon, Cymopogon, Saccharum clumps

(munja). The ground vegetation makes appearance after the spring rains in

the month of January and February. Some of the tree species, which have

been planted by the forest department and local community are, eucalyptus,

bakian, mulberry, shisham and poplar.

137. No endangered species have been reported in the project area by the locals.

Sub projects area are free of forest cover. Overall natural vegetation,

including shrubs, bushes and grasses can be aptly termed as potential

rangelands which provide grazing habitat for livestock. Following are some

species of trees and shrubs found in the sub project area:

15 Important Agency/FR wise Socio-Economic Indicators of FATA, BoS P&D FATA 16 (Forest Types of Pakistan by Champion, Seth and Khattak, 1965)




Table 4.6: Common Trees Species in Project Area

Local Name Botanical Name IUCN Status

Local Status Picture

Cherai Kharpata Querons ilex NE Common

Khomunor Khowand

Olia europea NE Common

Zeeton (wild olive)

Olea europaea subsp. cuspidata

DD Rare

Tooth Morus alba LC Common

Wula Salix LC Rare

Toot (Mulberry) Morus LC Common

Bakain (dhraik) Melia azedarach LC Common

Oghuz /Akhrot Juglans regia LC Common




NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern DD: Data Deficient as per IUCN Red List, 2017.

Table 4.7: Common Grasses Species in the Area

Common Name

Botanical Name IUCN Status Picture

baruwa grass (munja)

Saccharum clumps

NE

Suryalla ghass

Heteropogon contortus

NE

lemon grass Cymbopogon LC

NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern as per IUCN Red List,2017.

Table 4.8: Common Shrub Species in the Project Area

Local / Common Name

Botanical Name IUCN Staus

Picture

Baikar Adhatoda vasica

Justicia adhatoda

NE

Ak Calotropis spp NE

Vena Rhazya spp NE

Khatumaal Rumex hastatus NE



Local / Common Name

Botanical Name IUCN Staus

Picture

Granda Carrisa spp NE

Karir Capparis spp NE

Karkanrha Zizyphus nummularia

NE

*NE: Not Evaluated; LC: Least Concern as per IUCN Red List, 2017.

Fauna

138. No baselines on wild mammals,

birds and fish species are

available for erstwhile FATA. No

comprehensive survey has ever

been conducted in the territories

by any line department or NGO.

For the purpose of this IEE, a

primary survey was conducted by

project environmentalist during

January, 2019 to ascertain the

distribution of species, and to collect evidence of any sightings in consultation

with local residents, the following animals have potential to be in the area:

Table 4.9: Fauna of the Project Area

S No. Common Name Scientific Name 1 Mammals i) Jackals Canis aureus (LC)

ii) Foxes SSP. Vulpes (LC)

iii) Field rats Rattus norvegicus (LC)

iv) Hare Lepus nigricollis (LC)

v) Porcupine Hystrix indica (LC)

vi) Hedge Hog Erinaceinae (LC)

vii) Wild cat Felis chaus (LC)

viii) Wild Boar Sus scrofa (LC)



ix) Brown Monkey Ateles hybridus (LC)

2 Reptiles

i) Rat eating snake Colubrinae (NE)

ii) House gecko Hemidactylus frenatus (LC)

3 Amphibians i) Common Toads Bufo bufo (LC)

4 Others i) Scorpions Scorpiones (NE)

ii) Spiders Araneae (NE)

*LC: Least Concern NE: Not Evaluated NT; Near Threatened as per IUCN Red list, 2017.

Avifauna

139. Avifauna of the area is highly diversified and colorful, which is widely

dispersed in gardens, cultivated fields, streams and hill slopes. Common

species are given in Table 4.10.

Table 4.10: Avifauna of the Project Area

S.NO Common Name Scientific Name 1 Tawny Eagle Aquila rapax (LC)

2 Long Legged Buzzard Buteo rufinus (LC)

3 Sparrow Hawk Accipiter nisus (LC)

4 Rose Finch Carpodacus erythrinus (LC)

5 Indian Blue Robin Luscinia brunnea (LC)

6 Red Headed Bunting Emberiza bruniceps (LC)

7 Crested Bunting Melophus lathami (LC)

8 Grey Tit Melaniparus afer (LC)

9 Blue Throated Fly Catcher Cyornis rubeculoides (LC)

10 White Throated Dipper Cinclus cinclus (LC)

11 Green Warbler Phylloscopus nitidus (LC)

12 Himalayan Tree Creeper Certhia himalayana (LC)

13 Magpie Robin Copsychus saularis (LC)

14 Rosy Pastor Pastor roseus (LC)

15 Common Babbler Turdoides caudata (LC)

16 Rufous Backed Shrike Lanius schach (LC)

17 Hoopoe Upupa epops (LC)

18 Red Vented Bulbul Pycnonotus cafer (LC)

19 White Cheeked Bulbul Pycnonotus leucotis (LC)

20 Grey Partridge Perdix perdix (LC)

21 See See Partridge Ammoperdix griseogularis (LC)

22 Grey Lag Goose Anser anser (LC)

23 Wigeon Mareca penelope (LC)

24 Pintail Anas acuta (LC)

25 Mallard Anas platyrhynchos (LC)

26 Grey Heron Ardea cinerea (LC)

27 Black Winged Stilt Himantopus himantopus (LC) 28 Great Egret Ardea alba (LC)

29 Flamingo Phoenicopterus roseus (LC)

30 Sand Plover Charadrius mongolus (LC)

31 Curlew Numenius phaeopus (LC)

32 Red-Wattled Lapwing Vanellus indicus (LC)

33 Little Ringed Plover Charadrius dubius (LC)

34 Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava (LC)

35 Night Heron Nycticorax nycticorax (LC)

36 Little Egret Egretta garzetta (LC)

37 White Breasted King Fisher Halcyon smyrnensis (LC)



140. The hotspots for these birds and waterfowls are irrigation dams, khwars, river

beds and banks.

141. Any human-wildlife interface is very rare in the sub projects area, as most

faunal species are likely to have shifted their niche to higher altitude due to

significant anthropogenic footprint in the area.

142. No threatened or endangered species were observed in the sub projects

area, as per IUCN red list classification of 2017.

Protected areas / National sanctuaries

143. After merger of Tribal district with KP the wildlife and forest laws are extended

to the district. In past there were no wildlife or forest laws enacted for

erstwhile FATA. However, more recently, Governor KP has issued a

notification, declaring all wetlands in the former FATA as Community Game

Reserves. Hunting shall only be allowed with joint agreement of local

communities and local authorities. Moreover, a separate notification has also

been issued declaring trade in body parts (pelt, skin, stuffed bodies, trophies,

etc.) of all wild fauna including migratory birds as illegal. Both of these are

attached as Annex IV.

Fisheries

144. No fish was observed during the present study in the Khwar/stream.

Socio-Economic Environment

145. Khyber Tribal District is the most famous district amongst seven others in the

erstwhile Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA). Khyber Tribal District

derives its name from the famous Khyber Pass, which has served as a

historical trade route, connecting the Asian sub-continent with the rest of

Central Asia, via Afghanistan. Because of its geographical location, the

district has a history dating back thousands of years. The Khyber Pass has

been used by the Aryans in 1600 B.C., the Persians in 600 B.C., Alexander

in 326 B.C. and subsequently, by Changez Khan, Taimurlang, the Mehmood

of Ghazni and the Mughals.

146. Khyber Tribal District is bordered with Afghanistan, Peshawar city and the

Kurram and Orakzai Tribal Districts The total area of the District is 2,576

square kilometers, with 8.22% of the total area of the District being forest.

The Khyber Tribal District consists of three tehsils; Bara, Landi Kotel and

Jamrud. Khyber Tribal District has a barren and rugged mountainous terrain.

It consists mostly of hilly tracks and mountains, with narrow strips of valleys.

It is the meeting place of a series of ranges, such as the Koh-e-Safaid, an

off-shoot of the mighty Hindukush Mountains. Lacha Ghar, Karagah Ghar,

Surghar, Tor Ghar, Morgah and Kalauch; are some of the mountains located

in the district.



Administrative Set Up

147. Under the Constitution, erstwhile FATA is included among the territories of

Pakistan (Article 1). It was administered by Governor of the KP in his capacity

as an agent to the President of Pakistan, under the overall supervision of the

Ministry of States and Frontier Regions in Islamabad. The KP Governor

Secretariat played a coordinating role for interaction between the federal and

provincial governments and the Merged Area Secretariat.

148. The 25th Constitutional amendment like 18th Constitutional amendment which

resulted in abolition of concurrent list and devolved 47 subjects to provinces,

is a paradigm shift where under Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA)

stand integrated with and merged in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

149. The executive authority previously exercised by the Governor Khyber

Pakhtunkhwa in respect of FATA under Article 247 of the constitution has

been done away with. Now being part of the province, the executive authority

is shifted to the Chief Minister and his cabinet. The Merged Areas have no

longer special status or dispensation. All provincial laws shall equally be

applicable to these areas and on mainstreaming of erstwhile FATA due

representation (about 16 general seats) shall be given in the Provincial

Assembly.

150. The colonial legacy in the form of political administration under the unbridled

powers of Political Agent is no longer there. The office is re- named as Deputy

Commissioner and Assistant Commissioner. Similarly, the Century old FCR

is no more in the field and replaced with Interim Governance Regulation. The

tribal people will have fundamental rights guaranteed by the Constitution and

of which they were deprived till now. The introduction and presence of

criminal and judicial system will ensure their fundamental rights like other

citizens of rest of the Country.

Demographic Profile

151. Erstwhile FATA had a unique governance status in the recent past, whereby

all land is owned by tribes inhabiting the areas since generations. Any

physical activity hence carried out needs the agreement of the locals, as well

as land donation by them. Since it is an egalitarian society, chances of elite

capture are minimum and major decisions are taken by Jirga, the tribal

administrative and management body.

152. The Malik (chief/elder) serves as an intermediary between the tribe and the

political administration, in exchange for a regular allowance with which to

meet social and leadership obligations. The more weapons at a Malik’s

disposal and the more men he can command to bear arms when needed, the



greater is his stature within the tribe. The jirga plays an important part in tribal

society as a traditional mechanism for conflict resolution.

153. Tribal people are accustomed to managing their own resources and solving

disputes without outside intervention. They act collectively to assist others in

the group and help fulfill social obligations. Marriages and deaths, for

example, draw support from all members of the tribe, as do everyday

activities such as harvesting and threshing, laying and clearing irrigation

channels, carrying out flood protection, maintaining paths, cutting grass, and

constructing hujras (meeting places), mosques or other buildings.

Population

154. The population of the district, according to the 2017 census is 986,973

persons, out of which 51% are males and 49% are female. Average

household size is around 8.84 persons per family with an average annual

growth rate of 3.15.

155. The subproject site is situated in west of Jamrud tehsil. Afridis are the main

tribe of the sub projects area and are further sub divided into Koki Khel Abdal

Khel and Qambar Khel sub tribes.

Table 4.11: Population Details of Khyber District 17

Households Population 2017

Male Female Sex Ratio

Population 1998

1998-2017 Average Annual Growth Rate

111,558 986,973 505,475 481,487 104.98 546,730 3.15

Family Size

156. The average household consists of 9 individuals. The male and female ratio

is 105 males to 100 females18.

Dwelling

157. Mostly the houses are made of mud throughout the District. The houses are

called Qila that is fortresses, which encompasses a number of houses inside.

A house generally consists of two or three rooms with a verandah in the rear

17http://www.pbscensus.gov.pk/sites/default/files/DISTRICT_WISE_CENSUS_RESULTS_CEN

SUS_2017.pdf 18 FRDP Inception Report, Important Agency/FR wise Socioeconomic Indicators of FATA 2012



and front. Joint family system is in vogue in the District. Every cluster of

houses has a common sitting place called Hujra where the male members

daily meet, discuss and share views on variety of local, national and inter-

national issues with each other’s. It is a common place and is also used as a

guest room. The young spend winter nights in Hujra and arrange for

themselves music programs or food dishes as a pass time activity. It is an

important part of Pakhtoon culture, which is unfortunately changing with the

modern times as people have begun to prefer using personal guest-room.

158. Majority of the houses (100%) of the sub projects area have ordinary

construction (Kutcha structure) with timber roof and mud mortar, whereas

moderate standard buildings with cement masonry (pacca structure) and dry-

stone masonry (semi-pacca structure) were not reported.

Language

159. Pashto is the main language of the area, with a softer form spoken in the

north and a harder dialect in the south.

The Family System

160. Majority households are compound type where one or extended families19

are living. Both Joint and nuclear family systems20 exist in the compounds.

The area of the house and number of persons living in a house is irrelevant

in the context of tribal society. The household data shows that a middle-sized

compound is housed with 25 persons as one extended family. Another same

sized compound is housed with 3 small sized families. The construction

material used for the compound is an indicator of economic status of the

occupants.

161. Men are the dominant force in the household, with final say in the affairs of

all members of the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role

and observe strict purdah (veiling). Although divorces or separations are

extremely rare in tribal households, a husband is free to take on additional

wives.

Livestock

162. Livestock not only provides milk, meat, eggs for daily human consumption

but also provides hides/skins and wool/hair and bones/blood for industrial

products and manure /urine for soil fertilization. Livestock is also a source of

rural transport and draft power in Agricultural farming and provides an easy

source of income to majority of the rural population.

19 a family which extends beyond the nuclear family to include grandparents and other relatives. 20 A nuclear family, elementary family or conjugal family is a family group consisting of two parents and their children (one or more).



163. The erstwhile FATA, being mostly dry hilly terrain, has little land for crops

production whereas sizeable land is available for grazing. The land-less and

small holders (more than 85% of farmers) are mostly dependent on Livestock

production. Livestock provides employment to 50% of the population either

directly or indirectly. About 80% of the income of trans-hum ant families

accrues from Livestock.

164. There is a good enough network of Veterinary Institutions in erstwhile FATA

established since years, providing Veterinary services to the poor Livestock

Farmers; but due to meager amount of operational funds, lack of access to

appropriate know how the SDS is not up to the required level.

Conflicts Resolution Mechanism

165. Erstwhile FATA region is traditionally based on the principle of close

association by tribe or kinship. The people of erstwhile FATA have long been

accustomed to witnessing violent conflict between the members of different

tribes and clans. Inter- or intra-tribe conflict may range from minor family

disputes that create tensions and uncertainty to full-blown armed clashes that

result in irreparable losses. While for many generations the people have

managed to build their lives in this climate of instability, today there is growing

awareness that internecine conflict of this sort is a waste of resources and a

major obstacle in the way of development.

166. The tribal elder (Malik) often serve as an intermediary between people and

the local administrative structures for identifying the priorities. The tribal

council of elders (Jirga) is the main mechanism for decision making on behalf

of the local population and is also considered the key entity for conflict

resolution and providing judgment for punitive actions. The Jirga is essentially

the only mechanism for out-of-court settlements over enmities that span

generations. The tribe’s identity is the key to how local communities exercise

their right to and ownership of natural resources and other assets. The tribal

identity as depicted through the Malik and Jirga is therefore essential for

access and use of resources and is often seen as the only safety net available

to poorer segments of the population. This intricate community system has

survived for centuries with adequate legitimacy by the local authorities as well

as acceptance by local communities as it continues to exert its influence on

communal life. In more recent times, some development projects21 working

in the tribal District have invested in forming local community-based groups

and indigenous organizations that have cooperated with the local Jirga as

well as the political administration for implementing their programs.

21 For example, the ADB supported the FATA Rural Development Project in Khyber, Bajaur and

Mohmand agencies that implemented the project interventions through Community Organizations for delivering services including drinking water supply schemes; irrigation and small dams; natural resource management e.g. raising forest nurseries; etc.



Religious Beliefs

167. A primary survey was conducted as part of the Social Feasibility Study

carried out for the subproject in April, 2019. All the respondents of the Social

Assessment Primary Survey, reported to be Muslim. People generally have

conservative outlook on life and are particular in observance of religious

ceremonies. Majority of the respondents normally offers prayers and keep

fasts during the month of Ramzan. Religious extremism was in full swing for

last few years, but the situation is relatively better now. Majority of the

population belong to Sunni sect of Islam. They believe in Hanafi interpretation

of Shariah. Majority has a religious disposition and practice Islam according

to its fundamental principles. Inheritance is divided according to the Islamic

principles and daughters are given their property right accordingly.

Water Supply and Sanitation

168. Springs, streams, rivers and perennial watercourses serve as the primary

source of water for drinking and domestic use. In mountainous areas, where

natural surface and ground sources are not available, people rely on rain-

water ponds. In the plains where surface water is scarce, shallow wells allow

the people to meet their basic requirements. A combination of factors,

including the large-scale movement of displaced persons from neighboring

Afghanistan, has adversely affected forest reserves which are critical for

watershed protection. The depletion of forest resources has reduced the

water retention capacity of the soil, while ecological and climatic conditions

have led to the low recharge of groundwater sources. As a result, many

springs, streams and perennial watercourses have dried up, forcing people

to turn to deep groundwater sources. Official records for 2014–15 show that

60.0422 per cent of the population is covered by water supply schemes,

mainly through community tanks and taps. Just 27 per cent of supply through

these schemes consists of individual residential connections. Some 85 per

cent of public-sector schemes rely on groundwater, while the remaining use

surface sources23. The majority of groundwater schemes consist of tube

wells, while dug wells and infiltration galleries using electric or diesel pumps

are few in number. The normal water table in most parts of erstwhile FATA is

between 91.44 and 152.4 meters. Surface schemes are gravity-based, using

slopes and gradients to carry water to distribution points. Sources developed

by the works and services department are analyzed for physical and chemical

properties alone, and these results show that the water is fit for human

consumption.

22 Source: Important Agency/FR wise Socio-Economic Indicators of FATA 2016 FATA Secretariat 23 Environmental and Social Assessment (ESA); Rural Livelihood and Community Infrastructure

Project, FATA Secretariat.



169. Traditionally, settlements in the tribal areas have always been widely

dispersed. For reasons of security, meanwhile, communities have generally

preferred to build their houses on mounds and hill-tops. In such areas, the

drainage of rainwater and domestic wastewater was never a problem.

Perhaps as a result, most communities failed to pay much attention to

sanitation infrastructure. But as the population has grown and settlements

have expanded, this arrangement is no longer safe or practicable.

170. The physical growth of settlements without any provision for basic sanitation

is degrading the living environment and polluting water sources. Commerce,

trade and business activities, and related services, add to the congestion.

Today, the lack of adequate sanitation infrastructure poses a serious health

hazard. Children, women and the elderly are particularly vulnerable.

171. Results from the primary social survey of the subproject show that 15 per

cent of houses have “separate” latrines without flush system, 85 per cent

have no access to latrines and use open fields. Overall, it appears that the

population has no access to adequate sanitation in the form of toilets,

sewerage, drainage and solid waste disposal.

Poverty

172. The erstwhile FATA region has historically remained amongst the poorest

parts of Pakistan. There are serious disparities in service provision as

compared to the rest of the country. The absence of visible progress and the

perceived lack of interest by both sub-national and federal governments in

redressing the disparities have consequently deteriorated citizens’ trust in the

ability of government institutions to meet the basic needs of the population.

The general lack of basic services and weak institutional capacity to provide

these have been recognized as drivers of crisis creating conducive

environment for opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for

potential recruits greatly outweighed the alternatives available to the people

for their livelihoods.

173. The militancy crisis in KP and erstwhile FATA is a key contributor to stagnant

growth and high unemployment. The ranks of the unemployed have risen

with the intensification of the crisis in 2009/10, and even are likely to continue

rising. These conditions have created a conducive environment for

opportunistic militant groups whose economic incentives for potential recruits

greatly outweigh alternative available options. Many are dependent on the

black economy, drug trafficking and criminal activity for survival.

174. Official statistics on rural income and poverty in the area are quite weak.

Factors underlying the region's poverty include (i) historical, political, and

social isolation; (ii) a legal system reliant on executive and judicial authority

administered through civil servants preferring to maintain the status quo; (iii)



poor quality and coverage of institutions responsible for the provision of basic

services; (iv) social practices that preclude women’s participation in economic life; and (v) lack of effective institutions for skill training to enable

the labor force to shift from low to high-productivity sectors.

175. Poverty has to some extent made the population vulnerable to extremist

tendencies and criminality. In the absence of viable options to earn a living,

the lure of illicit activities such as smuggling (consumer goods, weapons) and

drug trafficking is as difficult to resist as the call of extremist elements.

Health facilities

176. Health indicators for District

are incomplete and, in many

cases, only estimates are

available. These highlight the

poor state of the health care

system. Health facilities in

project area are inadequate.

District Headquarter Hospital

(Landikotal), Type-D hospital

(Jamrud) and Dogra hospital

(Bara) are main hospitals.

Other than that, there are a

number of private doctors and Hakeems present in the area.

177. Access to health services is severely limited, with 26 dispensaries, 04 T.B

clinic/hospital, 13 Basic Health Units (BHU), 02 Mother Child Health Centers

(MCHs) and 17 Community Health Centers reported in the year 2016 in

District Khyber24.

Social Organization

178. Society is structured on kinship basis in the Project area. Most of the

decisions are made at the household level. The rich and influential people

are accepted as community leaders, especially in collective welfare and

development of the area. Also, the traditional leader in the village is the

“Malik”, the elder who commands respect in the community.

Agriculture

179. Only 8.6 per cent of the total geographic area of Khyber Tribal District is

cultivated, with another two percent recorded as fallow, accounting for

roughly half of all potentially cultivable land. A little over 4.3 percent of the

cultivated area is irrigated, while the remaining farmland relies exclusively on

24 Source: Directorate of Health Services, Merged Area Secretariat, Peshawar



rainfall. In irrigated areas, water is provided through a combination of delivery

systems, including tube wells, dug wells, lift pumps and traditional communal

canals.

180. The total cultivated area of Khyber Tribal District is about 24,153 hectares,

whilst uncultivated land is 233,523 hectares, with 2050 hectares as forest

area. The total cropped area is 24,148 hectares25.

181. At present no agriculture is being carried out and whole of the command area

shows a barren picture and

there is nothing in the fields.

The information about the

project area revealed that

due to the absence of the

local community, there is no

agriculture for the last many

years. The information also

revealed that in past the

inhabitants of the area were

engaged in agriculture.

182. After the people of the area may return in the near future, they will again

engage themselves in agriculture activities for earning their livelihoods.

Therefore, assured supply of irrigation water through construction of

permanent structure, these areas could be as good for crop production as

normal agriculturally developed areas. It will also help in changing cropping

pattern of the area gradually spreading over a period of 5–6 years or even

more. Eventually the cropping intensity will also be increased.

Education

183. Bearing in mind that Khyber district has a traditional society, with low

economic development and limited facilities, education is not a priority for

them. The prevailing security situation over the last few years has retarded

the pace of growth in education sector. The number of functional Govt.

Schools and enrolment of boys and girls are provided in the Table 4.12 shows

a negative picture of the situation.

25 Source: FATA Development Statistics, 2015-16



Table 4.12: No. of Functional Govt. Schools and Enrolment in Khyber (2014-

15) 26

Educational Institutes No. of Schools Enrolment

Total Boys Girls Total Boys Girls

Primary Schools 327 198 128 59188 33827 25361

Middle Schools 26 14 12 1782 1301 481

High Schools 27 23 4 6441 5428 1013

Higher Secondary School 4 2 2 2118 1446 627

Govt. Degree College 4 3 1 3346 3076 270

Technical School 2 2 - 231 231 -

184. Entries to education in Khyber district normally starts from primary level and

children of age five years and above are entitled to be formally enrolled. The

overall literacy rate in Khyber district for both sexes was 49.40%, which is far

less than the national average of 58% (2013-14). Similarly, the adult literacy

rate in the region is 28% as against the national average of 75%.

185. The development statistics show a marked gender gap in literacy ratio as

male adult literacy ratio in Khyber district stands at 76. 30% compared to just

16.60% female literacy rate. Primary level net enrolment rate for boys and

girls is 52.1% compared to 65% across Pakistan.

186. Females are particularly unable to access middle and secondary schools.

These schools are far away from the population or the majority of hamlets.

Female mobility is restricted in Khyber district due to cultural limitations.

Transport facilities are often not available, while the road network is non-

existent or badly constructed. These are the major factors hampering access

to middle and secondary education for girls.

187. A primary school for boys is present in the subproject area which is non-

functional due to non-availability of staff.

Food

188. Simplicity is the haul-mark of the food of the people of the area. Rice is a

staple dish especially for dinners. Maize bread with local vegetable Saag and

Lassi is offered to guest as a seasonal specialty in summer.

26 Source: Directorate of Education, FATA, Peshawar



Dress and Ornaments

189. People wear the traditional Pakhtoon dress of Shalwar Kameez and head-

wear. Generally, the people wear handmade Dir caps while notables wear

Pugri and Kula, but this tradition is gradually fading out. Women folk wear

Shalwar Kameez generally use black printed cloth and Chadder/veil and for

Purdah they use Burkas (veil).

190. Their working and festival dresses are all the same with the exception that

they wear new dress on festival. In winter season a chadar or woolen blanket

is used by the males. While in the case of females their dress remains the

same.

191. Women use ornaments such as Bangles, Bracelets, Pazeb, Karah, Nath,

Golden rings and earrings.

Economic Features

192. Historically, and particularly during the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

beginning in 1979, the region was a major center for opium production &

trafficking and weapons sale. Today, the transit trade with Afghanistan is a

major source of employment for the local population. The economy operates

on an informal basis and is undocumented, since few laws providing for the

regulation of economic activity have been extended to the tribal areas.

193. The people of the subproject area are not widely educated. They migrate to

down districts in search of jobs or any other labor. Government services are

a cherished source of livelihood for many. Agricultural farming (25%), small

scale business (08%) and working on daily wages basis (55%) are also major

providers of job and sources employment in the subproject area. About 02%

of the employed population which is predominantly male works as migrant

workers in Gulf countries while just less than 10% of the population is

reported as employed in other provinces of Pakistan.27

Mining

194. The mineral deposits in Khyber Tribal District include Soapstone, limestone,

dolomite, ciliate, silica sand, barite, mica, graphite and marble. Mullagori

marble is one of the largest deposits in the world. Soapstone is the second

largest mineral found in the area.

195. Extensive deposits of marble are found at several places in Khyber district.

The marble is associated with the calcareous rocks in the Mullagori area. The

marble is processed in different green and black colors. The marble is

processed in different marble factories in KP, and in other parts of the

country.

27 Primary Social Survey of the Sub Project, 2019.



Roads

196. According Socio-Economic Indicators of FATA 2016, total coverage extends

to 662.96 kilometers of blacktop and another 218.74 kilometers of shingle

roads in the year 201628. The sub projects area is accessible through all-

weather road.

Telephone Facilities

197. Landline telephone facilities are not available while Cellular networks are

available with limited network in the subproject area.

Sites of Historical Significance

198. The prime attraction in this

region is the Khyber Pass

situated some 5 kilometers to

the west from Jamrud. It runs

to a length of about 40

kilometers up to Torkham

check post at the Pak-Afghan

border. For centuries this pass

has been witnessing

numerous kings, generals and

preachers passing through it.

Khyber is associated with

numerous events in history, which have brought about momentous changes

in the annals of mankind. It is a collection of mountain ranges, barren and

crazily piled hills; forts of steel and rock stop every vantage point and naked

road.

199. Baab-i-Khyber, the gateway to Khyber, has been constructed at the

entrance of the historic Khyber Pass near Jamrud. The platform, for visiting

dignitaries and containing

useful and authenticated

information which present in a

nutshell, the historical

background of the pass, the

secrets of its magical charm

and strategic importance, have

also been constructed.

200. Jamrud Fort is visible from a

distance like an old battleship.

Looking ruggedly majestic with

28 Important Agency/FR Wise Socio-Economic Indicators of FATA 2016, FATA Secretariat.



its jumble of towers and loop hole walls, the fort contains the grave of its

builder, the famous Sikh General Hari Singh Nalwa, who died here in action

against the forces of the Amir of Kabul in 1837 AD. The fort; coarsely

constructed of stone daubed with mud plaster, was built by the Sikhs in 1823

on the site of an earlier fort. The modern stone arch spanning the road dates

from 1964.

201. Near the narrowest point of

the pass, about 15 Km from

Jamrud is Ali Masjid and a

large fort and a British

cemetery. The valley walls

bear insignia of British

regiments that have served

here. In the cemetery here

are the graves of British

soldiers killed in the Second

Afghan War of 1879. This

was the famous battle of Ali

Masjid. Regimental insignia

are carved and painted on to the rock faces at several places along the road,

with the Gordon Highlanders, the South Wales Borderers, and the Royal

Sussex, Cheshire and Dorset regiments standing in one doughty group. After

the gorge, the pass opens out into a wide fertile valley dotted with Pashtun

villages. True to form, however, these villages look more like forts, with high,

crenellated mud walls running between watch-towers pierced with narrow

gun slits.

202. Ali Masjid Fort is located at

the narrowest portion of the

Khyber Pass, through which

only a loaded mule or Camel

could pass till as late as the

mid nineteenth century. The

fort was built by the British in

1890. The ruins of a Buddhist

Stupa can also be seen in the

area. There is also a mosque

and a shrine in the memory of

Hazrat Ali (RA), who visited

this place according to a local

tradition. There is also a huge boulder which carries the marks of a hand

believed to be that of Hazrat Ali (RA). Even Khyber was named after the



Khyber of Arabia, where Hazrat Ali (RA) accomplished a great deed of

valour.

203. Shpola Stupa, a Buddhist ruin

dating from the second to the

fifth centuries AD, stands to the

right of the road and above the

railway at the village of Zarai,

25 kilometers (16 miles) from

Jamrud. The Stupa has a high

hemispherical dome resting on

a three-tiered square base.

Some beautiful Gandharan

sculptures were found here

when the site was excavated at

the beginning of this century.

Some of the finds are now in the Peshawar Museum. The side of the Stupa

lacing the road has been restored.

204. On a hilltop to the left of Torkham is the ruined Kafir Fort, a Hindu relic of the

ninth century AD. On this ridge in 1919, the British and Afghans fought one

of the last engagements of the Third Afghan War. The top of the hill is now

Afghan territory, with a commanding view down on Pakistani installations and

forts.

205. No sites have been reported around the sub projects site of any cultural and

historical significance.

Gender Issues

206. Tribal society is dominated by men. Cultural tradition, social practices and

low female literacy have left women in a vulnerable position. They are for the

most part restricted to performing household work, and are excluded from

decision-making both on the domestic front and at the community level.

Women’s access to education and health care is limited because such services are not available close to home.

207. The male domination in total population is consistent. Although the women

about ½ of the population but they are not visible in public life of the villages

due to strict purdah/veil system. The FGDs confirmed that women’s role in the tribal system is limited to unpaid housekeeping and very small-scale

productive activities at household level and they are not involved in any

economic activity

208. Women in the area play a dominant role in running the household, rearing

and guiding children, managing household finances, and providing much of



the labor for agriculture and animal husbandry. They do not normally have a

public role, particularly in interactions with the broader society.



PROJECT ALTERNATIVES

No Project Option

209. Project alternatives have been considered with consideration of their ability

to match immediate demand and then keep pace with emerging demand

while ensuring capture of available yield in the stream. With an increased

awareness of the scarcity of water as a resource, short-term supplies may be

achieved through demand management strategies, water use efficiency,

combined with research and development programs that reduce

consumption.

210. Agricultural demand has the potential to be met through the take up of

currently unutilized, or under-utilized, water resources.

211. The use of groundwater within the area is limited to primarily stock and

domestic purposes and supplies to small towns and is not considered to be

a feasible alternative supply to the Project

212. Inability to support the Project increases inherent risk of supply from a single

source. The primary objective of the Project is to increase the agricultural

production. The ‘no project’ option has the potential to inhibit increase in the crop production. Limiting agricultural production in particular has the potential

to adversely impact the area economy with large-scale agricultural

development potentially seeking alternative locations interstate due to this

water supply constraint. With the implementation of project leading to

increase in agricultural yields and production, the additional generating

benefits are:

• Additional revenues directly from the project output.

• Crop diversification: The introduction of irrigation enables farmers to

diversify their crops based on local market’s demand and export.

• Employment opportunities: During the construction phase there will be

improved employment opportunities for local people and new comers.

• The project will provide water for cultivation of crops, irrigated fodder

development, domestic purpose, livestock etc.

• Food security further improved: In this case, the proposed small-scale

diversion weir irrigation will have a paramount importance in further

improving the overall living conditions of the people residing in and

around the project environment and will play its own role in alleviating

food shortage.

• Improved forage varieties provided and increased.

• Animal productivity and production.



• Increase the opportunities for plant establishment of nursery sites and

forest seedling production.

• Forest tree plantation.

213. Water availability is scarce in area hence the proposed project will contribute

positively to the project area. The no project option is not viable option.

Project Siting Alternatives

214. Based on topography, command area, available flow and site visits,

alternative arrangements for project formulation have been done for a simple,

sustainable and suitable project layout. The perennial flow of the khwar may

be diverted for irrigation by means of weir construction. During the site visit

of the project, the whole stretch of the khwar was inspected for suitable weir

location. Entire stretch of the khwar was inspected at upstream and

downstream for exploration of other possible weir locations so as to irrigate

entire command area available along the banks of khwar. Technically there

is no other source of water or place diverting water for irrigation purposes in

Tarkho Kas however the following siting alternatives were considered for Tor

Dara sub project.

Alternative-1: Concrete Gravity Dam at Tor Dara

215. Initially the Tor Dara khwar/ nullah was studied for construction of concrete

gravity small dam and a narrow gorge was found at a distance of

approximately 2 Km upstream of the currently proposed weir but the

topography of the nullah at this place was found very steep slope where the

formation of reservoir with 15 m high dam was not possible and hence this

option was discarded on technical basis.

Alternative-2: Construction of Weir Upstream

216. It was proposed that a weir should be constructed at the above-mentioned

site initially selected for construction of small dam which will irrigate both the

command areas available on the left and right side of the nullah. The

available flow was not enough to irrigate both the command areas.

Furthermore, water mills and Micro Hydro Power plants (MHPs) were located

downstream where no water will be available for them to operate which will

result in social issues. Hence this option was also discarded on technical and

social basis.

Alternative-3: Proposed Tor Dara Weirs

217. The Tor Dara sub project comprises of two weir one at the main Tor Dara

Nullah named as Tor Dara Weir and other at the tributary of Tor Dara Nullah

named as Natu Khel Weir. At both the proposed weir sites the previous

abandoned irrigation system signs are available which helped in planning



irrigation channels in hard rock vertical cliffs available at both banks of Tor

Dara Nullah.

218. The location of the weir has been fixed by considering the natural conditions,

the project purpose, command area and construction difficulties including

topography and geology. The detailed considerations for the selection of weir

site are as follows.

• Suitability of the weir structure type;

• Geological and topographic conditions;

• Technically most suitable site to command the irrigable area; and

• Minimum environmental degradation.

219. By considering the above-mentioned parameters the weir sites have been

proposed near Natu Khel village which is situated approximately 04 km at

upstream on Tor Dara Nullah from Main Tirah-Miadan Road in District

Khyber. Both the weirs axis have been proposed on the location where

perennial flow was visually observed and the available command area could

easily be irrigated without creating any social issues.

220. The diversion weir has been fixed at the location keeping in view the width of

the Nullah, elevation of the weir axis with respect to the command area and

the ease of construction to the contractor. It has been considered during

project site selection that change in Nullah regime should be avoided up to

maximum possible extent with the construction of weir. The width of Nullah

flood plan at proposed weir location is about 30m, while active perennial and

low flood creek is only 10m wide, therefore weir has been proposed in the

active creek portion of Nullah which is 10m wide. The wing walls of proposed

weir is properly embedded in the side hill to fix the flow regime at the weir top

permanently at right side while at left side plum concrete protection wall is

proposed at both upstream and downstream side to protect the low height

adjacent fields.

Technological Alternatives

221. Tor Dara Nullah and tributary of Tor Dara Nullah have an average bed slopes

of 0.028 m/m at upstream and d/s of proposed weirs axis which will result

high flow velocity during floods and will bring coarse sediments. A

conventional weir at proposed location will cause sediment deposition at

upstream, which necessitates the flushing arrangements by means of

providing Bottom outlets or undersluice section.

222. For the diversion of irrigation discharge Tyrolean intake type of structure is

proposed and the outlet is at right side of the weir. The overall diversion weir

comprises an overflow sections for flood routing, a depressed Tyrolean



section to divert the flow for irrigation, Wing walls at both side for proper flow

channelization and plum concrete protection wall at left side both upstream

and downstream of weir.

223. The Delivery Box Channel/Conduit is proposed to align at right side of Tor

Dara nullah protected with plum concrete protection wall up to collection

sump 01 proposed at RD 0+100m. A free flow spillway is proposed at

collection sump 01 to off-load the additional flows. From sump 01 power

channel will emanates and run at longitudinal slope of 1:250m and dissipates

in sump 02 where water will be distributed between MHP and for irrigation.

After sump 02 irrigation channel will start and run upto RD 4+160m with

1:250m longitudinal slope and end at the end of proposed command area of

Tora Dara weir.

224. Tyrolean intake weir is the most appropriate diversion arrangement for the

perennial streams. A Tyrolean section is slightly deeper portion provided in

main weir, it consists trash rack at bottom and embedded channel beneath.

The length of rack is provided according to design discharge to be diverted.

Bars of the rack are laid parallel to flow and inclined in the direction of flow.

The flow passing over the rack, is collected in the embedded channel to the

limit of its capacity.

225. The embedded channel has 1.5% bed slope to convey the sediments laden

discharge outside through conveyance box channel connected at its end.

After removal of coarse sand and pebbles from diverted discharge at main

sump comparatively clean water will be delivered into the conveyance system

to irrigate command area.

226. The oblique arrangement of the trash rack prevents it from being clogged by

bed load or floating materials, resultantly, the intake from being obstructed.

227. In order to ensure the diversion of design discharge when there is blockage

of the rack due wedging of stones or leaves and branches trap in the rack,

length of the rack has kept 20 % more than its required length. Inclination

angle of the rack with horizontal plane has been kept 15 degree in the

direction of flow. The spacing of rack bars have been kept 10mm, hence only

the particle with less than 10mm size could get into the embedded channel

and box channel. The particle with more than 10mm will slip down the weir

over trash rack to the cistern of weir.

228. Therefore, based on simple and sediment free operation a low height

Tyrolean weir has been proposed for the Tor Dara weirs sub project.

Selection of the Tyrolean type weir has been accomplished on following

bases:

• Self-operated system;



• Insured diversion of water during minimum flow season;

• Self-creation of upstream channelization and minimize silt deposition

at upstream of intake;

• Ease in construction; and

• Cost effectiveness.



ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT AND MITIGATION

MEASURES

Impact Assessment - Overview

229. The environment assessment study has disclosed that the sub projects are

not likely to have any severe negative impacts on the environment and

people of the area. All the potential impacts which have been identified during

the present assessment are associated with the construction stage, are minor

to moderate in severity; and can easily be avoided (through good design and

construction planning) or mitigated (through proper implementation of the

EMP). On the other hand, the sub projects will be beneficial particularly for

the local population on creation of job opportunities and extremely beneficial

for irrigation. Significant indicators of the project are mentioned below:

▪ Construction of irrigation system in virgin lands tends to change water and

land use patterns that might have potential of severe, long term

permanent impacts (positive) on the environmental settings of that area.

▪ Construction activities in general could lead to interference with local

community life.

▪ Most beneficial impacts associated with the improved channel condition,

management and efficient and equitable water distribution are of long-

term in nature.

▪ After completion of the construction works, the improved canal water

supplies will contribute to increased cropping intensity resulting into

increased use of agricultural inputs like fertilizers and pesticides which

may cause limited adverse impacts and need to be addressed.

▪ The improved water supplies will boost the agriculture and improve the

living standard of the community in the project area.

▪ The sub projects will also help to regulate the groundwater abstraction to

neutralize the lowering trend.

▪ The sub projects will also provide unskilled jobs during the construction

phase and a limited number of jobs in operations. This will be a bonus for

the people of the area, many of who are used to having to travel down

country for employment.

Impact Area

230. The subproject impact areas mainly involve weir and construction areas. The

vegetation cover of the catchment is good. The weir sites are however

located in and around shrub lands, hence no felling of trees is involved.



Figure 5.1 Impact Area



231. Table 5.1 considers the potential impacts at various stages of the project, and

assesses the category of the impact, classifying them as negligent, moderate

or high. Each category is defined as under:

Negligible: No or minimum impact

Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated (Site Specific)

High: significant adverse environmental impacts which are irreversible,

diverse, or unprecedented

232. The section further goes on to explain the table, by describing those impacts

that have moderate to high impact, but can be mitigated.

Table 5.1 Screening of Environmental Impacts; Construction and Operation

Stages

Potential Environmental Impacts Project Stage Impact Categorization (N=Negligible, M=Moderate, H=High)

1. Land resources

1.1 Excavation Construction M

1.2 Waste generation and disposal Construction N

1.3 Labor camps, storage, approach roads Construction M

1.4 Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage (related to construction machinery)

Construction M

1.5 Agriculture land damage Construction N

1.6 Earth Borrow Site Construction M

1.7 Installation of cement mixing plants Construction N

1.8 changes in Soil Characteristics due to labour camps, and machinery yards

Construction N

1.9 Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics

Operation N

1.10 Soil pollution due to excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides

Operation M

1.11 Construction Material Leftover Construction & Operation

N

2. Hydrology and Water Resources

2.1 Contamination of surface water due to washing (machinery and other related materials)

Construction M

2.2 Drinking water supply Construction M

2.3 Municipal waste disposed into the stream Construction M

2.4 Water quality & sedimentation load Operation M

2.7 Excessive use of irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops

Operation M

2.8 Contamination of water due to farm runoff Operation N

3. Air Quality and Noise Pollution

3.1 Dust and smoke and other pollutants from plants and equipment

Construction M

3.2 Smoke from burning of waste or firewood Construction N



3.3 Noise control from use of old and/or outdated machinery

Construction M

3.4 Dust Emission from Stone quarrying and transportation

Construction M

4. Biological Resources

4.1 Damage to flora and fauna Construction N

4.2 Habitat fragmentation Operation N

4.3 Aquatic Life Construction and Operation

N

5. Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues

5.1 Tribal tensions and rivalries All stages M

5.2 Impact on civic infrastructure (education, health, roads, water supply, electricity)

Construction N

5.3 Community safety risks due to both accidental and natural hazards

Construction and Operation

M

5.4 Health and safety of labor and employees at construction site

Construction H

5.5 Aesthetic/scenic value Operation N 5.6 Employment of alien labor Construction N

Negligible: No or minimum impact, Moderate: Potential impact but can be mitigated, (Site

specific) High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or

unprecedented

Pre Construction Stage

Assure Compliance with Relevant Construction Field Legislation

233. There are certain laws and regulations in the country before undertaking any

construction work of developmental project. Therefore, No Objection

Certificates (NOCs) will be required as legal complications may lead to delay

in sub projects construction.

Mitigation

• Acquire construction permit/ Environmental Approval/ NOC from local

authorities.

• Preparation SSEMPs for each site and get them approved by the

Consultant/PMU with endorsement of ADB, before the construction

works start.

• Provide water management guidelines if subprojects are executed

near surface watercourse.

Development of Strategies

234. Some strategies need to be developed prior to the construction of the project

as problems may arise due to non-compliance. It will help the project staff to

carry out the construction and of the sub projects in organized manner. This

will be highly beneficial in long terms.



235. An Operation Environmental Action Plan (OEAP) needs to be prepared

demonstrating the manner in which the Contractor/Operator will comply with

the requirements of management plans proposed in EMP/SSEMP.

236. The following strategies and procedures will be developed prior to the

commencement of Project operations:

• Project specific security and public access control strategy;

• Project specific waste management strategy

• Project specific air and noise control strategy;

• Project specific traffic control strategy;

Construction Stage Impacts

Excavation

237. Being located in a hilly terrain, the weirs will require excavation for alignment

of abutments and land leveling. The quantity of excavated material at Tor

Dara and Tarkho Kas weirs is 2827.38 m3 and 1778 m3 respectively. Such

physical work has the propensity to alter the landscape, due to cutting of trees

and/or leveling mounds and hills, and also create dust pollution. In case of

these weirs, the sites do not have extensive vegetation in terms of trees.

238. Any excavation work during the construction activities, whether permanent or

temporary, may lead to loss of soil. Erosion of soil can also occur from

removal of vegetation cover, runoff from unprotected excavated areas, etc.

Excavations on slopes would also decrease its stability. It is expected that

minor level of short-term risk is associated with the type of construction

activities that are likely to take place. The current land formation is fairly

stable therefore no major impact is associated with regards to slope stability.

Mitigation

239. Vegetation loss will be avoided as much as possible and limited to

demarcated construction area. Slope stabilization measures will be adopted

such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, cross drainage etc. Slope

movements will be monitored around excavation work areas. Top six inches

soil should be protected through stockpiling before excavation and should be

placed back after completion of construction work. Excavated material shall

be preferably reused after approval of quality control engineer of CSC. Non-

reusable excavated material shall be safely dumped and leveled in barren

land with approval from Environment specialist of CSC and dumping. The

location of the dumping area should be selected in joint survey of contractor

and CSC and should be provided in SSEMP.



Waste Generation and Disposal

240. During the construction phase, most of the waste generated will be related to

construction. Construction waste will involve debris due to cutting of stones,

residual RCC material, domestic waste and other associated waste from

construction site. Beside this waste from Kitchen etc. will also be generated

which is estimated to be less than 01 cubic meter. This is a medium negative

impact but can be mitigated.

Mitigation

241. To minimize environmental impacts and avoid any need for disposal of

earthwork materials or the importation and unnecessary storage of earth, the

project will maximize the reuse of excavated materials. All of the construction

activity will be contained inside construction area. Solid waste generation

should be reduced, reused and recycled. Any residual spoil will have to be

disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and

landscaped.

242. Waste from the project construction area and office area shall be segregated

and collected by the Tehsil Municipal corporation for dumping at approved

Land fill site or if small amount than will be arranged natural gully uncultivable

land for dumping with approval from CSC Environment Specialist.

243. To be made contractor’s obligation through contract document, an SSEMP

will be prepared by the contractor and waste management plan will be a part

of it.

Labour camps, storage and approach roads

244. Due to availability of ample community owned barren land, location, material

yards, equipment yards and approach roads will not cause any serious

problem. Bearing in mind the quantum of work no large size labor camp will

be established as most of the non-technical labor engaged will be of local

origin and would not require housing. Therefore, this is a matter of moderate

significance and can be easily mitigated and managed through proper

mitigation measure.

Mitigation

245. The contractor will, in consultation with RE (CSC), resolve the exact location

of all these facilities within the barren land owned by the local community that

will be provided by the community temporarily and free of cost. The location

of these facilities will be at least 500 m away from the settlements. The

contractor will not locate and construct any facilities without the written

approval of the CSC.



Soil pollution due to fuel and oil spillage from construction machinery

246. Leakage of oil from machinery and vehicles and the dumping of oil will

permanently create contamination along with allied physical, biological and

social losses. This can be mitigated through effective application of the

maximum spill regulations.

247. “Guidelines for Oil Spill Waste Minimization and Management issued by International Petroleum Industry Environmental Conservation Association29

are as follows: -

248. Soil contaminated by minor spills/ leakages (defined as leaks from

vehicles, machinery, equipment or storage containers such that the area and

depth of contaminated soil is less than 0.92903 sq. meter and 0.0762 meter

respectively) is to be scraped and disposed of accordingly in environmentally

friendly manner to ensure protection of water sources.

249. Moderate spills defined as spills of volume less than or equal to 200 liters is

to be contained and controlled using shovels, sands and native soil. These

equipment’s and materials are to be made available at camp sites during the

operation. The contaminated soil is to be excavated and stored in a burn area

lined with an impermeable base. Depending on the volume, the contaminated

soil is either disposed-off through by specialized treatment such as

bioremediation or through approved contractor.

250. Major spills (defined as spills of volume much greater than 200 liters) require

initiation of Emergency Response Procedures and Oil Spill Contingency

Plan. These spills are to be handled and controlled according to the Plan

and require special treatment such as bioremediation and through approved

contractors.

Mitigation

251. Strict rules will be imposed on workers and labors to ensure that no such

spills are caused. If the spills take place, it must be followed by treatment

prescribed above as per the degree of spill. An Oil Spill Management Plan

containing specific mitigation measures to be part of contractor site specific

environmental management plan are:

• Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refueling locations

• On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be

avoided, a vehicle maintenance area with impermeable floor will be

designated.

29 http://www.ipieca.org/resources/good-practice/oil-spill-waste-minimization-and-management/



• Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in

construction vehicles and equipment.

• Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas,

underlain with impervious lining.

• Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be

available near fuel and oil storage areas.

• Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a

manner to ensure protection of water sources

• Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to

the staff for any incident of spill.

• The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least

100 meters away from springs and water bores

• Record of spills and Volume of removed contaminated soil will be

maintained.

• Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained.

Agriculture Land Damage

252. Land leveling, excavation and construction of channels and distributary

channel may cause damage to agricultural land. In case of these sub

projects there will be no agricultural land damage as cultivated area is away

from the project site.

Mitigation

253. It is contractor’s obligation not to cause such damage and strictly follow the

design. Top six inches soil will be protected through stockpiling and land will

be restored to its previous condition after completion of construction works.

Impact of taking borrow material from earth borrow site

254. There is likelihood for obtaining the earth fill material for On-Farm Water

Management works. Excavation and cutting activities could cause adverse

environmental impacts including sliding, soil erosion and drainage on the

surrounding areas.

Mitigation

• No private land will be acquired for the borrow areas.

• The contractor will ensure that selected borrow areas on irrigation

land are clearly demarcated and approved by the engineer including

the allowed depth of the excavation before starting excavation.



• The borrow areas will be leveled. The Contractor will not leave the

borrow pits in such a condition that they are unsuitably filled with rain

water and cause the problem for the community.

• If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it should be fenced

completely.

• If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, then the

Contractor will adopt the following methods during the digging

process.

• Fix the location of excavation.

• Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site

for re-spreading in the field.

• Excavate up to one-meter depth.

• Maintain the slope as far as possible.

• Place the top soil back during the restoration process.

• Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses.

255. Following the above criteria, after identification and approval by the

Engineers, the Contractor will mark borrow areas location in his Site-Specific

Environmental Management Plan (SSEMP).

Construction material leftovers

256. Construction material leftover may likely happen after the closure of

temporary construction sites. This might have short term and minimal

insignificant impact on the project area.

Mitigation

• All shivers and material that remain after the closure of temporary

construction sites are to be removed from the location and re-

used/re-cycled where possible.

• All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that will not be harmful

to environment.

Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources

Contamination of surface water due to washing

257. There is a tendency to wash construction machinery and equipment using

the stream water, eventually draining the same into the stream.

Contaminants like motor oil, diesel and other such materials pollute the water

body in the short run, causing harm to aquatic life, and affecting the overall

water quality.

Mitigation

258. Contractor will demarcate a washing area for all sorts of washing activities,

with running water facility connected to a dedicated drain flowing into the



septic tanks. There would be restriction on servicing/ washing of vehicles and

equipment at site.

Drinking water Supply for Contractor’s Staff

259. Since the site and adjacent area is away from settlements, there is no

connection available to a water supply scheme. There are springs in the

catchment of the weir, but they can be far off. Stream water will need to be

tested and used for drinking purposes.

Mitigation

260. Contractor, under the guidance of Environment Specialist of CSC, will get

stream water tested for chemical and biological contaminants, and assist in

providing filtration to make water drinkable. There are numerous cost-

effective water treatment models available in order to mitigate chemical

and/or biological contamination. Sand filtration, Chlorination, UV treatment

and oxidation are a few such methods.

Municipal waste disposed into the stream

261. Municipal waste generated due to human activity is a concern if it is disposed

and drained into the stream.

Mitigation

262. Solid waste bins will be placed at labor eating and resting areas. Latrines and

washing areas with septic tanks will be erected by the contractor at the

construction site. Waste from the project construction area and office area

shall be segregated and collected by the Tehsil Municipal corporation for

dumping at approved land fill site or if small amount then a natural gully or

uncultivable land will be arranged for dumping with approval from CSC

Environment Specialist.

Impact on Air Quality and Noise Pollution

Dust from construction and smoke from plants and equipment

263. Due to nature of the construction, involving excavation, land leveling and

clearing, a lot of dust will be produced. Heavy machinery will be used to carry

out these activities which will result in vehicular emissions as well as other

exhaust fumes.

264. Dust or other pollution from stored material is also inevitable, moderately

significant and can be mitigated.

Mitigation

265. Contractor’s contractual obligation will include keeping the dust and smoke

within permissible level by using machinery which is well maintained and with



low noise land all Kutcha roads and paths will be sprinkled with water after

regular intervals.

266. The contractor must avoid/ control the dust and smoke by carefully storing

and distributing the construction material so as to cause minimum dust which

again should be within the acceptable limits.

Noise from use of old/and or out-dated machinery

267. Old and poorly maintained machinery generates higher decibels of noise and

cause noise pollution for workers in the close vicinity of heavy machinery.

Mitigation

268. Contractor’s contractual obligation is to use new, well maintained and low

noise machinery preferably during day time. The drivers, operators and

workers working on or near the heavy machinery must be provided ear plugs.

269. The contractor will ensure use of newer, well maintained machinery that

creates minimum noise and emissions, as per National Environmental

Quality Standards (NEQS 2000). Environment Specialist of CSC will ensure

that this clause is added to the biding and contract document. Night time

construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and may only be carried

out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer. Noise

monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a monthly basis.

The NEQS for noise residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day time and 45 dB

(A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to sensitive receptors

do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day time as required by the NEQS.

Dust Emission from stone quarrying and transportation

270. This will not cause any impact on the immediate project area except that the

vehicles carrying the stone shall exert additional traffic load on the roads

leading to the project. Crushed stone will fall on roads.

Mitigation

271. Contractor shall use the road network carefully and repair any damages

immediately. During transportation, covering of vehicle with sheet will be

done. Unloading of vehicles will be done on designated sites.

Impact on Biological Resources

272. No major change is expected in the habitat of the natural flora or fauna. No

tree will be cut for the project construction. Small readjustment of place may

be made by some birds and rodents. Similarly, negligible impact on aquatic

life is anticipated.



Mitigation

273. Environment Specialist of CSC together with the line departments will

ascertain the status of the site area in terms of occurrence of wildlife species,

flora and aquatic life. And in accordance, recommend a watch and ward

system that will be based on partnership between communities, wildlife,

forest & fisheries departments and political administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities assigned. Till the

completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place

from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the

labor employed. If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of

the project management as well as the concerned Assistant Commissioner.

274. Contractor’s obligation to strictly respect the limits of construction site. Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of

trees will be done in case any tree is cut for project activities. Tree cutting will

be restored by planting four trees against each tree cut.

275. As per Environmental Safeguard policy of the project, sufficient amount has

been allocated for tree plantation for better environment. For this purpose,

Watershed Management Specialist in consultation with District Forest Officer

(DFO) will prepare a tree plantation plan by Watershed Management

Specialist in consultation with District Forest Officer including the type of

species, location for plantation and other necessary information. This plan

will also compensate any unlikely tree cutting involved during project

implementation. Selection of borrow area with least vegetation cover. Soft

start for allowing time to reptiles to move away from the project site

Restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of

wild species. No night time activity will be carried out. Photographs of the

project area will be taken at pre and post project stage.

Impacts on Socioeconomic, Cultural and Archaeological Issues

Tribal Tension and Rivalries

276. Since the subproject will benefit a certain number of beneficiaries and their

agricultural land, a tendency of rivalry exists which can cause tensions

amongst neighboring tribal households. Although terms of partnership have

been signed with the intended beneficiaries, the risk will still remain.

277. Other socio economic cultural and archaeological impacts can be:

• Disturbance to existing services: education, health, electricity,

water supply or signboards.

• Aggravation of any disputes on land ownership.

• Any need for land acquisition.



• Access to other construction materials.

• Adverse effects on known archaeological sites.

• Dealing with chance finds.

• Problems to Health and Safety of labour and employees on

construction work and provision of safety equipment to workers

on site.

• Employment of locals on the project.

• Possibility of spread of HIV/AIDS amongst the project labour

and adjoining population.

• Rise in prices of essential commodities.

• Gender Issues.

• Recreational facilities for public.

• Any spots of religious significance e.g. Mosques, Tombs and

Shrines etc.

• Discovery of Antiquities

Mitigation

278. For matters pertaining to social obligation and benefits of the communities, if

needed, a social Framework Agreement shall be signed by the RE with

communities to ensure their participation and full satisfaction in matters

pertaining to them. All matters where contractor is involved, these should be

made as his contractual obligations.

279. Project Team along with the Social Organizers of Project Implementation Unit

(PIU) will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the

construction phase of the project, so as to identify any incident or cause of

dispute/grievance in time. Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast

of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making.

280. If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is

discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural interest,

such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence

of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all work shall

stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The

area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence

preserved for examination. The contractor is required to develop Chance

Find Procedure as part of the SSEMP.



Impact on Civic Infrastructure

281. Construction activities cause additional wear and tear of roads and cross

drainage. Such situation can arise through carelessness of the heavy

machinery drivers / operators. A considerable damage to paths, roads and

drainages structures may occur if the drivers/operators are not made aware,

trained and bound to be careful. It is a concern of minor significance but can

be mitigated through care and regulation.

Mitigation

282. Contractor’s contractual obligations to impose strict control over operators

and drivers of all types of vehicles/machinery. Awareness may be given to

them. The position of infrastructure and underground installation should be

precisely located to avoid any damage. Should the damage take place, the

contractor must contractually be bound to carry out repair immediately.

Community safety risks due to accidental or natural hazards

283. Although there are no settlements near the construction site, but there is

always some risk involved with construction activities. Also, since the area is

prone to natural hazards including floods, earthquakes and drought, the

construction team will pay heed to this risk as well.

Mitigation

284. The contractor will ensure proper signage and fencing in order to limit public

access to the construction site. Access will be strictly restricted specially

during activities such excavation. Construction site will have a first aid facility

with certain staff trained to handle emergencies. The design of the weir has

been tested for a 50 years flood return period, but at the same time, an

emergency response plan will be prepared by subproject contractor’s SSEMP in order to respond to any hazard caused naturally or otherwise.

Health and safety of labour at construction site

285. Since the project is being constructed at a remote site in the tribal areas,

safety of labor will be of prime concern. In addition, adequate measures

related to Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) will have to be provided for

the labor employed.

Mitigation

286. The contractor will ensure that proper HSE protocols are in place, including

protective gear, drinking water, sanitation, energy supply and overall safety

for the labor. Evacuation plans in case of fire or any other accidents will also

be prepared, and drills carried out to ensure the labor is aware of responding

to such a situation.



Operation Stage Impacts

287. Various operational activities will invariably create environmental

disturbances, which may have impacts on the people working in the area

nearby communities and flora and fauna. Such impacts include the

following:

Soil pollution due to excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers

288. Pesticides and herbicides are applied to agricultural land, during operational

phase, to control pests that disrupt crop production. Soil contamination can

occur when pesticides persist and accumulate in soils, which can alter

microbial processes, increase plant uptake of the chemical, and also cause

toxicity to soil organisms. Pesticide leaching occurs when pesticides mix

with water and move through the soil, ultimately contaminating

groundwater. The amount of leaching is correlated with particular soil type

and pesticide characteristics and the degree of rainfall and irrigation.

289. Only a fraction of the nitrogen-based fertilizers is converted to produce and

other plant matter. The remainder accumulates in the soil or lost as runoff.

High application rates of nitrogen-containing fertilizers combined with the

high water-solubility of nitrate leads to increased runoff into surface water

as well as leaching into groundwater, thereby causing groundwater

pollution. The excessive use of nitrogen-containing fertilizers (be they

synthetic or natural) is particularly damaging, as much of the nitrogen that

is not taken up by plants is transformed into nitrate which is easily leached.

Mitigation

290. Agriculture Directorate shall introduce agriculture extension programs

targeting use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, and

limiting use of pesticides/ fertilizers to required levels only, and will target

farmer communities to inform and train them. In general, the farmer use

mostly the farm yard manure or green manure. The pesticide use is also

rare, because of less vegetables and fruit production.

Use of additional irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops

291. With additional guaranteed supply of irrigation water, there is strong

likelihood that the farmers will cultivate high delta crops. Such practices will

not be sustainable in longer term, since the water diversion capacity is

dependent limit the irrigation capacity of the weir. In such a situation, high

water demand crops will consume maximum share of irrigation water

supply, and leave the farmers unattended for future cropping seasons.

Water balance models for the area will need to take heed of this factor, and

cropping pattern will have to be developed.



Mitigation

292. Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly discouraged keeping in mind

the appropriate use of the water for maximum are under cropping, and the

water balance model30 . Cropping pattern in accordance with the water

balance model will be suggested and promoted with the help of the

Agriculture Department.

Monitoring Programmes

293. The following monitoring programmes will be developed prior to the

commencement of project operations;

• Landslide monitoring

• Water quality monitoring

• Watershed and flood telemetry monitoring

Training/ Educational programmes

294. The following educational programmes will be developed prior to the

commencement of project operations;

• Employee induction programme on environmental awareness

• Employee code of conduct

• Health and Safety training programme

30 Water balance models were prepared as part of the Water Assessment Study and Management

Plan, 2010



ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP)

General

295. This EMP document is produced as a complementary part of Detailed

Design, as a free-standing document. It ensures incorporation of the relevant

environmental factors into the overall project design and will identify linkages

to other safeguard policies relating to the project.

Mitigation Measures

296. Based on the preliminary assessment, key mitigation measures

recommended under this Environmental Management Plan (EMP) are listed

as follows:

a. Identify and locate on project plans any sensitive natural resources

in the project area including but not limited to patches of natural

habitat, bird colonies, and wet lands, unique plant communities etc.

(consult with local nature protection authorities).

b. Identify local access routes through and around cultivated land and

pasture.

c. Minimize requirements for temporary or permanent alteration of

lands.

d. Provide zones for preliminary accumulation of wastes that will

cause no damage to the vegetation cover and other components

of the environment.

e. Transport and disposal of construction concrete rubble, debris and

spoils in approved paths and landfills/ dumpsites.

f. Delineate access roads/ work areas carefully and prevent their

expansion.

g. Rehabilitate access roads and work areas after work completion

(scratch soil with special engine, put fertile topsoil in place, etc.).

h. Use closed/covered trucks for transportation of construction

materials.

i. Clean the surrounding area from dust by water sprinkling, removal

of excess materials and cleaning of sites upon completion of

activities.

j. Restoration to original conditions of landscape after completion of

construction and rehabilitation works.

k. Arrange necessary preservation measures (establish protection

zones, by-pass these areas during transportation and other).

l. Cease the works at once, historical and cultural monuments are

encountered during earthworks and provide relevant information to



the State Agency for Historical and Cultural Monuments

Protection.

m. Conduct mid-term and end-of-project inspections to the sites

during construction works.

297. The parameters, mitigation, monitoring and responsibility will be discussed in

detail in the EMP.

Residual Impact

298. Residual impacts are defined as those impacts that remain following the

implementation of the mitigation measures proposed. Residual impacts refer

to those environmental effects predicted to remain after the application of

mitigation outlined in this IEE. The predicted residual effects are considered

for each project phase (construction, post construction, pre-operations and

operation, as per the Impact screening presented in Table 5.1, the

significance has been determined for each residual adverse effect.

Institutional Arrangements

Management Responsibilities

299. The Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Planning & Development Department is the

project’s executing agency (EA). It established a Project Management Unit (PMU). The PMU will be responsible for;

(i) sub-project preparation including feasibility studies;

(ii) monitoring implementation of all project activities;

(iii) undertaking all procurement activities;

(iv) coordinating and monitor the required civil works and project

facilities;

(v) undertaking financial accounting and reporting; and

(vi) ensuring the project is implemented in compliance with ADB

Safeguard policies and procedures.

300. Project Implementation Units (PIU) are established in each of the three Tribal

Districts for execution of the project at district level. The three PIUs will have

core staff comprised of a project manager assisted by account and

administration officer, monitoring and evaluation coordinator, and social

organizers. Project implementing agencies include the Directorate of

Irrigation, which will be responsible for the improved irrigation infrastructure

and on-farm water management components with the latter effort supported

by the Department of Agriculture, and the Department of Forests, which will

be responsible for the watershed management component. The IAs will

coordinate with the PMU and PIUs to ensure project activities are reflected

in their annual work plans, along with requisite financial and human

resources.



Environment and Social Management Unit

301. For an effective compliance of an EMP, roles and responsibilities need to be

defined at the onset, with relevant professionals hired as project team

members at the executing or implementing agency (EAs/IAs) levels.

Moreover, these professionals are to be placed in the project hierarchy in

such a way whereby they cannot be influenced by the operational teams

(engineers, procurement, contractors, etc.) in order to lessen their

compliance monitoring responsibilities.

302. For the Project, an Environmental and Social Management Unit (ESMU) is

proposed to be set up within the Project Director’s (PD) Office at the E/IA

level, with direct reporting line to the PD. An Environment Specialist and a

Social Development Specialist will need be engaged as be a part of the

ESMU so as to ensure compliance to both parts of the EMP.

303. The responsibilities of ESMU will be the following, but not limited to:

o Ensure effective compliance of EMP as per ADB Safeguards

Policy requirements

o Provide technical assistance to the Project Team, in matters

related to EMP in particular, and to environmental and social

safeguards as a whole

o Put in place reporting mechanism and monitoring regimes of

project staff as well as contractors

o Ensure that EMP related clauses specifically, and environment

related clauses in general, are part of all the tender/bid/RFP

documents.

o Ensure that EMP implementation costs are made part of BoQs

o Provide technical input to the various training programs

proposed as a part of the EMP.

o Ensure that all regulatory clearances (e.g. clearance from KP-

EPA) have been obtained before starting civil works for the

subproject.

o Conduct on site spot checks to monitor the compliance level,

as well as for any outstanding issue not being covered by the

EMP.

o Regularly report to PD as well as ADB and EPA on progress

related to EMP Compliance and



o Immediately report any unanticipated environmental impact to

ADB.

The Consultant

304. The Construction Supervision Consultant (CSC) will ensure the

implementation and regular monitoring of the EMP in true letter and spirit

during execution of the civil works and shall submit periodic reports to ESMU

of IA regarding the EMP implementation status. The Consultant will engage

qualified Environmental Specialist and Social Specialist who will be

responsible for EMP implementation and reporting any non-compliance to

the Engineer of the Project and the ESMU.

a. The Contractor

305. The contractor will be responsible for on-site implementation of the EMP of

the sub-project environmental protection liabilities. They will be responsible

for compliance of EMP provisions under contractual obligations. The

contractor will train their crew/ staff in implementation of the EMP though

capacity building interventions.

306. The EMP will be an integral part of the contract document. The bid should

include a detailed environmental mitigation budget as part of the engineering

costs of the respective works. Contractor will engage social and

environmental managers to realize the above requirements.

307. A site-specific environmental management plan (SSEMP) will be prepared

and submitted to CSC by the contractor at least 10 days before the

commencement of civil work.

308. Civil work will not be commenced on site before the approval of the SSEMP

by the CSC and its endorsement by ADB.

b. Environmental Management Plan

309. The mitigation plan, being a key component of EMP includes measures to

mitigate potential negative impacts and enhance its positive impacts during

the construction phase of the sub-project. The contractor is responsible for

implementation of EMP with the co-operation of executing and implementing

agencies, client staff, social and environmental consultants and local

community of the project.

310. The Environmental Management Plan, shown in Table 6.1, which also covers

monitoring, will therefore form the basis of the environmental and social

protection measures implemented by ESMU and Engineering, Procurement

and Construction (EPC) contractor that will be employed. The implementation

of the EMP ensures that environmental, health, safety (EHS) and social



performance is in accordance with National (PAK-EPA) and International

(ADB Safeguard Policies) standards and best practice.

311. The Table 6.1 depicts the environmental management plan for the impacts

along with mitigation plan, as well as the institutional responsibility.



Table 6.1: Environmental Management (Mitigation) Plan (Construction & Operation)

Activity Problem / Impact Mitigation Measures Timing to Implement MM

Performance Indicator

Residual Impact Negligible: No or minimum adverse impact Moderate: Site specific Potential impact but can be mitigated High: significant adverse environmental impacts that are irreversible, diverse, or unprecedented

ImplementationResponsibility

Supervision Responsibility

Pre-Construction Stage

Assure compliance with relevant construction field legislation.

Legal complications and delay in project

• Acquire construction permit/ Environmental NOC from local authorities.

• Preparation of SSEMPs for each site and get them approved by the Consultant/PMU with the consent of ADB, before the construction works start.

• Provide Water management guidelines if subprojects are executed near surface watercourse.

Before the construction of the project activities.

Number of reported non-compliances

Minimization and continued improvement in number of reported non-compliances

EPC Contractor

ESMU/ Consultant

Development of Strategies.

Problems arising due to non-compliance

• An ‘Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP) needs to be prepared demonstrating the manner in which the Contractor/Operator will comply with the requirements of management plans proposed in EMP/SSEMP.

• The following strategies and procedures will be developed prior to the commencement of Project operations:

• Project specific security and public access control strategy;

Pre-Operations Implementation Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP)

Beneficial in long terms with the implementation of Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP)

ESMU PMU & ADB








• Project specific waste management strategy

• Project specific air and noise control strategy;

• Project specific traffic control strategy;

Construction Stage Impacts Impacts on Land Resources Excavation • Noise &

Vibration • HSE issues

• Vegetation loss will be avoided as much as possible and limited to demarcated construction area.

• Slope stabilization measures will be adopted such as adequate vertical and horizontal drains, cross drainage etc.

• Slope movements will be monitored around excavation work areas.

• Top six inches soil should be protected through stockpiling before excavation and should be placed back after completion of construction work.

• Excavated material shall preferably be reused after approval of quality control engineer of CSC.

• Non-reusable excavated material shall be safely dumped and leveled in

During Construction

• Implementation of SSEMP before start of works

• Annual reports and documentation of safety inspection

• Workforce /Community complaints

Not Significant (Minimal) Target = zero Threshold 1, with agreed mitigation

EPC Contractor

ESMU/CSC








barren land with approval from Environment specialist of CSC and dumping.

• The location of the dumping area should be selected in joint survey of contractor and CSC and should be provided in SSEMP..

Waste Management

• Waste Pollution

• To minimize environmental impacts and avoid any need for disposal of earthwork materials or the importation and unnecessary storage of earth, the project will maximize the reuse of excavated materials.

• All of the construction activity will be contained inside construction area.

• Solid waste generation should be reduced reused and recycled.

• Any residual spoil will have to be disposed in environment friendly manner, where it will be leveled and landscaped. The dumping sites must be approved by CSC environment specialist.

• To be made contractor’s obligation through contract

During construction stage

• EPC’s Site officer and EHS officer in place

• SSEMP including Waste Management Plan

• Zero Complaints from Community & Workers

• Internal auditing and reporting by EPC

Not Significant (Minimal)

EPC Contractor

ESMU/CSC








document, as an SSEMP will be prepared by the contractor and waste management plan will be a part of it.

Labor camps and material storage

• Cultural & Social issues

• Water & Sanitation issues

• The contractor will, in consultation with RE, resolve the exact location of all these facilities within the barren land owned by the local community that will be provided by the community temporarily and free of cost.

• The location of these facilities will be at least 500 m away from the settlements.

• The contractor will not locate and construct any facilities without the written approval of the CSC.

During construction

• Monthly Reports (EPC)

• Supervision by Consultant

• EHS officer implementing SSEMP Information Events for work force


Contractor ESMU/CSC

Soil pollution due to oils and lubricants / equipment poor maintenance and repairs / refueling at the construction site.

• Soil pollution • Water

pollution

• Strict rules will be imposed on workers and labors to ensure that no such spills are caused.

• If the spills take place, it must be followed by treatment prescribed above as per the degree of spill.

• An Oil Spill Management Plan containing specific mitigation measures to be part of contractor site

Because the area can be subject to un seasonal heavy rain plan before and during construction (cut and fill, land reclamation etc.) while considering the climatic conditions.

Spill contingency plan is available at site Properly paved/cemented mechanical workshop No water bodies near the working area Staff Training over oil spillage


Contractor ESMU/CSC








specific environmental management plan are:

• Spill prevention trays will be provided and used at refueling locations

• On-site maintenance of construction vehicles and equipment will be avoided, a vehicle maintenance area with impermeable floor will be designated.

• Regular inspections will be carried out to detect leakages in construction vehicles and equipment.

• Fuels and lubricants will be stored in covered and dyked areas, underlain with impervious lining.

• Spill control kit (shovels, plastic bags and absorbent materials) will be available near fuel and oil storage areas.

• Contaminated soil will be removed from the site and disposed in a manner to ensure protection of water sources

• Emergency plan for spill management will be prepared and inducted to the staff for any incident of spill.

All the vehicles and machinery seals are intact Containers are available for used oil








• The bottom of any soak pit or septic tank will be constructed at least 100 meters away from springs and water bores

• Record of spills and Volume of removed contaminated soil will be maintained.

• Record of remedial measures taken will be maintained.

Heavy Machinery near agricultural land

• Agriculture Land Damage

• It is contractor’s obligation not to cause such damage and strictly follow the design.

• Top six inches soil will be protected through stockpiling and land will be restored to its previous condition after completion of construction works.

Construction and post construction

• Monthly Reports (EPC)

• Supervision by Consultant

• EHS officer implementing SSEMP

Information Events for work force


Contractor ESMU/CSC

Earth borrow • Land owner problems

• Levelling of land after borrowing

• Issues to the local community

• Compensation difficulties

• No private land will be acquired for the borrow areas.

• The Contractor will ensure that selected borrow areas on irrigation land are clearly demarcated and approved by the engineer including the allowed depth of the excavation before starting excavation.

• The borrow areas will be leveled. The Contractor will

Construction and post construction

Top soil management Government approved site Approval for any other site by RE and Government Borrow area management generated and implemented Agreement in case of private land owner

Minor \Reduced

Contractor ESMU/CSC








not leave the borrow pits in such a condition that they are unsuitably filled with rain water and cause the problem for the community.

• If the borrow area is near to the settlements, then it should be fenced completely.

• If agriculture land needs to be used as borrowing area, then the Contractor will adopt the following methods during the digging process.

• Fix the location of excavation.

• Remove thirty centimeters of the top soil and keep it on reserved site for re-spreading in the field.

• Excavate up to one-meter depth.

• Maintain the slope as far as possible.

• Place the top soil back during the restoration

• Pay compensation for any damages/ crop losses.

Grievance redress Mechanism Leveling of Borrow Area

Construction material leftovers and site restoration

Waste generation due to closure of site

Occupation of usable land.

• All shivers and material that remain after the closure of temporary construction sites are to be removed from the location

Completion of Construction

• Site Inspection • Implementation

of Environmental Enhancement Program

Not Significant (Minimal) Short term during construction phase Beneficial in long terms with the implementation of Environmental Enhancement Program

Contractor ESMU/CSC








and re-used/re-cycled where possible.

• All remains are to be disposed of in a manner that will not be harmful to environment.

Impacts on Hydrology and Water Resources

Washing of Vehicle and equipment in the stream

• Contamination of Surface water

• Contractor will demarcate a washing area for all sorts of washing activities, with running water facility connected to a dedicated drain flowing into the septic tanks. There would be restriction on servicing/ washing of vehicles and equipment at site.

During Construction

• Documentation of audit and remedial actions where necessary

• Grievance’s record (Target=0, Threshold 1 with agreed mitigation)

Not Significant (Minimal) Short term during construction phase

Contractor ESMU/CSC

Drinking Water supply

• Water borne diseases & other water related issues

• Contractor, under the guidance of Environment Specialist of CSC, will get spring water tested for chemical and biological contaminants, and assist in providing filtration to make water drinkable.

• There are numerous cost-effective water treatment models available in order to mitigate chemical and/or biological contamination. Sand filtration, Chlorination, UV treatment and oxidation are a few such methods.

Before construction and during the project activities.

• Documentation of audit and remedial actions where necessary

• Grievance’s record (Target=0, Threshold 1 with agreed mitigation)


Contractor ESMU/CSC








Municipal solid and liquid Waste Generation

• Nuisance and Soil Pollution, diseases due to dumping

• Solid waste bins will be placed at labor eating and resting areas.

• Latrines and washing areas with septic tanks will be erected by the contractor at the construction site.

• Waste from the project construction area and office area shall be segregated and collected by the Tehsil Municipal corporation for dumping at approved land fill site or if small amount then a natural gully or uncultivable land for dumping will be arranged with approval from CSC Environment Specialist.

• All these provisions will be incorporated in site Contractor Site Specific EMP for construction. Prior utilization, all the landfill sites or disposal sites will be approved by CSC Environment Specialist

During construction

• Implementation of SSEMP

• Site auditing • Grievance’s

record (Target=0, Threshold 1 with agreed mitigation)


Contractor ESMU/CSC

Impacts on Air Quality and Noise Pollution

Dust/smoke Emission from plants and equipment

• Air pollution • Lung

Diseases

• Contractor’s contractual obligation will include keeping the dust and smoke within permissible

During Construction. Water sprinkling to be done on

• Water sprinkling Records

• Monthly reports EPC


Contractor ESMU/CSC








level by using machinery, which is well maintained and with low noise.

• Land, all katcha roads and paths will be sprinkled with water after regular intervals.

• The contractor must avoid/ control the dust and smoke by carefully storing and distributing the construction material so as to cause minimum dust which again should be within the acceptable limits.

regular/daily basis.

• Site Inspection and Audits

• Monthly Monitoring Reports by EPA certified Laboratory

Operation of heavy mechanization and generators.

Noise pollution

and vibration

• Contractor’s contractual obligation is to use new, well maintained and low noise machinery preferably during day time.

• The drivers, operators and workers working on or near the heavy machinery must be provided with ear plugs. The contractor will ensure use of newer, well maintained machinery that creates minimum noise and emissions, as per National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS 2000)

• Environment Specialist of CSC will ensure that this

During Construction stage

• EPC Site Manager and EHS Officer in Place

• Audit and Inspection record of heavy mechanization and generators.

• Monthly Noise level Monitoring Reports by EPA certified Laboratory

• No. of Grievance’s (Target=0)


Contractor ESMU/CSC








clause is added to the bidding and contract document.

• Night time construction activities will be strictly discouraged, and may only be carried out in exceptional cases, with prior permission of Resident Engineer.

• Noise monitoring will be carried out near sensitive receptors on a quarterly basis.

• The NEQS for noise in residential areas is 55 dB (A) in the day-time and 45 dB (A) at night. It is recommended that noise levels close to sensitive receptors do not exceed 55 dB (A) during the day time as required by the NEQS.

Stone quarrying and Transportation of material

• Dust Emission and lungs diseases.

• Contractor shall use the road network carefully and repair any damages immediately.

• During transportation, covering of vehicle with sheet will be done.

• Unloading of vehicles will be done on designated sites.

During construction.

• Recording of violations and corrective measures

• Performance of Regular Driver Training (target 100% participation of drivers)

• Instruction and Information


Contractor ESMU/CSC








Events for workforce

• No. of accidents (Target=0)

Impacts on Biological Resources

Multiple project activities

• Damage to Flora and Fauna

• Impact on aquatic life

• Environment Specialist together with FATA line departments will ascertain the status of the site area in terms of occurrence of wildlife species, flora and fisheries. And in accordance, recommend a watch and ward system that will be based on partnership between communities, wildlife, forest & fisheries departments and political administration. Each partner’s roles will be specified at the onset, and responsibilities assigned.

• Till the completion of the survey, contractor will ensure no extraction takes place from the surrounding vegetation for fuel wood or hunting of any birds by the labor employed.

• If such a case is witnessed, it will be brought to the notice of the project management as

Rerouting and site identification during design stage and other matters during construction of relevant activities

• EPC internal monitoring and monthly reports

• Site auditing • Photographic

record of pre and post project

• Implementation of Environmental Enhancement Program

Not Significant (Minimal) during construction phase Beneficial in long terms with the implementation of Environmental Enhancement Program

Contractor ESMU/CSC








well as the concerned Authorities.

• Contractor’s obligation is to strictly respect the limits of construction site.

• Cutting of trees will be strictly prohibited and if no alternate is available plantation of trees will be done in case any tree is cut for project activities.

• Tree cutting will be restored by planting four trees against each tree cut.

• Borrow areas with least vegetation cover will be selected.

• The project will have a soft start for allowing time to reptiles to move away from the project site.

• There will be restriction and prohibition on hunting, shooting, trapping, and poaching of wild species.

• No night time activity will be carried out.

• Photographs of the project area will be taken at pre and post project stage.

Impacts on Socioeconomic and Cultural Issues Project Activities

• Tribal tensions and rivalries

• For matters pertaining to social obligation and benefits of the communities, if needed, a

Before and During construction

• Continued Community Consultation Records


Contractor ESMU/CSC








social Framework Agreement shall be signed by the RE with communities to ensure their participation and full satisfaction in matters pertaining to them. All matters where contractor is involved, these should be made as his contractual obligations.

• Project Team along with the Social Development Specialist will ensure continuous liaison with the communities throughout the construction phase of the project, so as to identify any such incident in time. Relevant political authorities will be kept abreast of the progress, as well as any such issue if in making.

• If, during the execution of the activities or excavation, any material is discovered onsite, which may be considered of historical or cultural interest, such as evidence of prior settlements, native or historical activities, evidence of any existence on a site, which may be of cultural significance, all

• Implementation of Community Liaison Plan by EPC

• No. Of Grievance’s (Target=0)








work shall stop and the supervising contracting officer shall be notified immediately. The area in which the material was discovered shall be marked and the evidence preserved for examination.

• The contractor is required to develop Chance Find Procedure as part of the SSEMP.

Excavation activities

Impact on the existing civil infrastructure and facilities, especially underground installations (water supply and sewerage pipeline etc.) which cause obstacles in the provision of services to consumers

• Precisely situate the position of infrastructure and underground installations at the local works in cooperation with the relevant institutions at all levels of authority.

• Close liaison with local relevant authorities

• Should the damage take place, the contractor must contractually be bound to carry out repair immediately.

Before the construction of the dam and all other structures, the APs should be given sufficient time and compensation to satisfy them.

• Continued Community Consultation Records

• No. Of Grievance’s (Target=0)

• Monthly Reports on Information activities and response from community

• Liaison Records with local relevant authorities


Contractor CS Consultant / EMU in cooperation with concerned Department. I-e, Public Health etc.

Multiple project activities related to HSE

• Risk of injuries at work

• The contractor will ensure that proper HSE protocols are in place, including protective gear, drinking water, sanitation, energy supply and overall safety for the labor.

Prior to commencement and during construction

• Site Inspection • Monthly EPC

Reports • PPEs issuance

records • Health and

safety Plans in


Contractor ESMU/CSC








• Evacuation plans in case of fire or any other accidents will also be prepared, and drills carried out to ensure the labor is aware of responding to such a situation.

• A detailed HSE Plan will be formulated in SSEMP.

Place and Implemented

• Implementation of Construction Site Organization Plan

Operation Stage Impacts and Maintenance (O&M)

Water

Availability and

Post

construction

use of

pesticides and

Fertilizers

• Soil pollution due to excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides

• Agriculture Directorate shall introduce Agriculture extension programs targeting use of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), green manure, and limiting use of pesticides/ fertilizers to required levels only will target farmer communities to inform and train them. In general, in erstwhile FATA area the farmer uses mostly the Farm yard manure or green manure. The pesticide use is also rare, because of less vegetables and fruit production.

Post Construction

• Agriculture extension program developed before completion of construction

Minor Agriculture Directorate

PMU

• Use of irrigation water for cultivating high delta crops

• Cultivation of high delta crops will be strictly discouraged.

• Cropping pattern in accordance with the water balance model will be suggested and promoted.

Post construction

Agriculture extension program developed before completion of construction


Agriculture Directorate

PMU








Monitoring programmes

Mitigation plan implementation cannot be gauged

The following monitoring programmes will be developed prior to the commencement of Project operations: • Landslide monitoring; • Water quality monitoring • Watershed and flood

telemetry monitoring

Operational stage

Site Inspection Monitoring Reports

Beneficial in long terms with the implementation of Operation Environmental Action Plan’ (OEAP)

Irrigation Department

PMU

Training/ educational programmes.

Effect on employees` efficiency during project

The following educational programmes will be developed prior to the commencement of Project operations: • Employee induction

programme on environmental awareness;

• Employee code of conduct; • Health and Safety training

programme

Operational stage

Implementation of Training Events and Programs

Highly Beneficial Irrigation Department

PMU

MM: Mitigation Measures



Monitoring Activities

312. For each of the environmental components, the monitoring plan specifies the

parameters to be monitored; location of the monitoring sites and duration of

monitoring. The monitoring plan also specifies the applicable standards,

implementation and supervising responsibilities.

313. In addition to the critical locations selected during design stage, the

environmental monitoring will also be done at the construction camp site and

any other plant site as determined relevant during rehabilitation works stage.

Performance Indicators

314. A key aspect of monitoring is defining relevant indicators. A Performance

Indicator is a measurable value that demonstrates how effectively the EMP

is achieving its key objectives, evaluated against the criteria defined in

environmental management Plan.

Table 6.2 Environmental Monitoring31

Sr. No. Test Frequency Parameters Location of Monitoring

Number of samples

1 Water Quality

Quarterly pH

Color

Odor

Electrical Conductivity

Turbidity

Alkalinity

Bicarbonate

Carbonate

Calcium

Sodium

Potassium

Hardness

Sulphate

Nitrates

TDS

Total Coliforms & E-Coli

Surface water sample to be collected 10 m downstream of the weir.

Drinking water sample from Labor camp

02 (surface and Ground water)

2 Air Quality

Quarterly for one hour at construction site

Carbon Monoxide (CO)

Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

Nitrogen Oxide (NO)

10 m from the main construction site

01

31 Environmental Monitoring Plan is given for one sub project only and the same will be applicable

for each sub project



Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)

PM10

Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM)

3 Noise Quality

Quarterly for one hour at construction site

Quarterly and whenever required in an emergency or exceeding the NEQS limits

10 m from construction site

02

Project Enhancement Plans

Restoration Plan

315. If during construction, further material is required or contractor needs to

borrow material from any other site, then the contractor can acquire private

land in accordance with the lease agreement with the land owner.

Photographic record will be kept before and after the land use as borrowing

area. The contractor will not leave borrowing pit in such a condition that they

are unusable and could be filled with rain water and provide breeding place

for mosquitoes or cause any health and safety issues. Agricultural land

should be restored such that it can be re-used for agricultural purpose. The

topsoil of agricultural land, if used as borrow area, the top soil up to 6 inches

should be removed and kept separate on site for its re-spread back on the

leveled borrow area. Then the site area should be leveled for placing the

topsoil back.

Reports

316. The Environmental Specialist of the Construction Supervision Consultant

(CSC) shall produce periodical reports as well as inspection notes based

upon the visits to the subproject site. The contractor will submit weekly

checklist report to CSC on the basis of which CSC will prepare monthly report

and submit to PMU. Similarly, CSC will prepare Bi-annual report and submit

to PMU.

317. This information shall make a basis for Project Management Unit (PMU) for

their further reporting or visiting the site. All reports shall be location based

and activity specific. The reports shall especially identify areas of contractor’s noncompliance with the EMP and provide guiding remarks on actions to be

taken. The significance of the non-compliance shall also be noted. Copies of

these reports shall be sent to the Resident Engineer (RE) who shall forward

them to the team leader, Head PMU and the contractor for their action(s).

The RE will include in routine reports a summary status of activities relating



to the EMP. Supplemental reports on issues should also be prepared when

required.

318. The consultant’s environmental team will produce daily, monthly reports, as well as a final report of the project based on the information collected. The

Table of Contents (TOC) of Monthly Environmental Progress Report (MEPR)

is annexed as Annex-V. The list of distribution reports is given in Table 6.3.

Table 6.3: Distribution of Reports

Training Schedule

319. Environmental training will form part of the Environment Management Plan.

The training will be conducted for all personnel involved in the project works.

The key objective of training program is to ensure that the requirements of

the EMP are clearly understood and followed throughout the implementation

of the sub projects. The trainings to the staff will help in communicating

environmental related restrictions specified in the EMP. The contractors will

be primarily responsible for providing environmental training to all project

personnel on potential environmental issues of the Sub Projects.

Responsibility of trainings related to public safety lies with PIU. In addition to

the training specified in the training log, special/ additional trainings will be

provided during the sub projects activity.

Report Prepared by Reviewed by Distribution

Weekly

Checklist

Contractor’s HSE/Environment officer

Contractor`s Environment

Officer and Consultant’s Environment Specialist

Resident Engineer

Monthly Environment team of the

Design & Construction

Supervision Consultants

PMU`s Environment

Specialist

Project Director

Effects

Monitoring

Environment team of the



PMU`s Environment

Specialist

Project Director

Change

Management

Environment team of the



PMU`s Environment

Specialist

Project Director

Semi-annual Environment team of the



PMU`s Environment

Specialist

ADB through Project

Director

Final Environment team of the



Reviewed by ESMU of

ESMU

ADB through Project

Director



EMP Estimated Budget for Implementation

320. Contractor will be responsible for the implementation of environmental

mitigation plan. Most of the mitigation measures are covered in the

engineering costs of the respective works. The following EMP Cost reflected

in Table 6.4 deem to covered in the engineering cost, the contractor will not

claim this amount as a direct cost, while the environmental monitoring cost32

(Table 6.5) to be claimed as a direct cost, when to be carried out at site.

The appointment of Environment Health & Safety (EHS) staff is already

included in the contractor Employees/personnel requirement. The

afforestation cost will be covered as part of Watershed Management

component for the sub projects catchment area.

Table 6.4: Estimated Budget for Environmental Management

Serial No. Description Amount in Pak Rs

1 PPEs 1,00,000

2 Safety Banners & Sign boards 25,000

3 Medical facility at site 1,00,000

4 Water sprinkling 2,00,000

5 Fire protection equipment’s 50,000

6 HSE Training 1,00,000

7 Misc. (Unforeseen) 75,000

Total Amount 650,000

Table 6.5: Estimated Budget Environmental Monitoring

Item No Item Description

Parameters Frequency Rate (Rs)

As per Contract Amount

Quantity Amount

1 Air Testing at site

1. Carbon Monoxide (CO)

2. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)

3. Nitric Oxide (NO)

4. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2)

5. PM10 6. PM2.5

Quarterly for one hour at construction

site

8000 4/year 32000

2 Noise Testing at

site

1. Noise Quarterly for one hour at construction

site

500 8/year 4000

32 Note: All the budgets are calculated in 2019 for one sub project only without any escalation rates and taxes. Actual budget will be provided by the Contractor at the time of implementation and will be applicable for each subproject.



3 Water Testing in

Lab

1. Total Coli form

2. E. coli 3. pH 4. Total

Dissolved solids (TDS)

5. Total Hardness as CaCO3

6. Sodium 7. Potassium 8. Sulphate 9. Chloride 10. Alkalinity 11. Color 12. Odor 13. Taste 14. Nitrogen-

Nitrates 15. TSS

Quarterly 11000 8/year 88000

Total 1,24,000

Contingency Cost @5%

6200

Grand Total 130,200

Third Party Monitoring

321. The purpose of third-party monitoring is to ensure that the project is

implemented with a due concern for environmental and social safeguards

according to ADB’s Safeguards Policy Statement (SPS) 2009, and specifically to ensure that these issues are adequately addressed in

compliance with the approved EIA/IEE reports and Environment

Management Plan (EMP). The third-party monitoring consultant will check /

validate these reports during the construction phase of the project and also

the Project Completion Report and report to ADB

322. As per TOR of the Contract the Third-Party Consultant will perform the

following key tasks.

i. Review the sub-project's environmental performance to ensure that it

complies with the national environmental legislation, requirements

under Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, ADB's environmental

safeguards as stipulated in Safeguard Policy Statement (SPS) and

relevant environmental documents (IEE, EIA, Site specific EMP,

Environmental Assessment and Review Framework);

ii. Monitor and participate in selected sub-projects' design and

construction stage consultations;

iii. Monitor the performance of consultants in delivering the services and

the performance of EA/PMU/PIUs and IAs in delivering their roles and

responsibilities so that the project stays compliant with ADB

environmental safeguards;



iv. Monitor on sample basis EMP compliance at a construction site;

v. In the case of unpredicted environmental impacts occurring during

project implementation, provide guidance on the preparation of a

corrective action plan, and monitor its implementation;

vi. Support the PMU in information sharing and disclosure of

environmental safeguard documents, training on environmental

management, and health and safety aspects to project staff;

vii. If required, participate in the ADB project review missions to assist in

due diligence reviews and analyses; and

viii. Identify implementation capacities gaps, recommend improvements

and troubleshooting to address bottlenecks and emerging issues that

affect project management;

323. The Consultant will deliver (a) third party monitoring detailed plan in

consultation with the EA, PMU, PIU and IAs; (b) biannual external

environment safeguards monitoring report; and (c) collate and provide input

to the final TA report. The Consultant will report to ADB Project Team Lead

in PRM Islamabad.



PUBLIC CONSULTATION

General

324. Public Consultation is a process to disclose project information to the local

communities and other concerned stakeholders and record feedback regarding

the proposed subproject and preference. It brings new ideas and information in a

dynamic and integrated way. It also educates the community towards type and

objectives of the subproject and persuades them to be rational to participate in the

sub project activities.

325. The public consultation process was commenced in the initial feasibility stages

(prior to construction) in order to disclose the project information to the

stakeholders. The stakeholders involved in the process, were the population likely

to be impacted, the village leaders and relevant departments.

326. Prior to the implementation of the subproject, consultations have been carried out

to support this EMMP. The focus of attention has been the population near the

subproject area that may be affected by the subproject. The level of engagement

varied from the stakeholder to stakeholder with some registering no major

comment but it is noted that none registered any outright opposition to subproject.

327. The disclosure of the subproject intervention and subsequent consultation with

stakeholders is imperative for the environmental assessment and mitigation of

impacts. Public consultation can also provide a conduit for the improvement of the

subproject implementation to better serve the stakeholders. In this EMMP, the

consultation process was performed to achieve the objective of ADB Safe guard’s policy statement 2009.

328. The main objectives of public participation and consultation are to achieve the

following:

• Ensure public and community participation in the subproject environmental

policy objectives and decision making.

• Ensure public confidence in the administration of the environment by

demonstrating the role of government to enforce the environmental

stewardship of government agencies and organs, corporate citizens and

elite organizations;

• Grant the citizenry access to environmental information and data, thereby

promoting the quality of environmental management and compliance

monitoring.

• Provide key project information and create awareness among various

stakeholders about the project intervention;



• Have interaction for primary and secondary data collection with project

affectees and other stakeholders;

• Begin establishing communication and an evolving mechanism for the

resolution of social and environmental problems at local and project level;

• Involve project stakeholders in an inclusive manner; and

• Receive feedback from primary stakeholders on mitigation and

enhancement measures for environmental and social impacts.

329. Community engagement provides a valuable link between the stakeholders of the

subproject and serves by;

• Enabling the community to be better informed

• Reducing the level of possible misconception/ misinterpretation or

deception

• Ensuring commitment and greater ownership of the final decision by the

community

• Strengthening relationships between project cycle and the community

• Encouraging the community to put forward ideas

• Assembling better understanding of local needs

• Helping to identify issues which may not otherwise have been considered

Identification of Stakeholders

330. Stakeholders are persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a

project as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the ability to

influence its outcome, either positively or negatively. Stakeholders of the

subproject include locally affected communities, local government authorities, and

civil society organizations, groups with special interests, the academic community,

or businesses. (Figure 7.1).

331. During the field survey, different stakeholders identified, were the villagers, local

residents, government officials, farmers, public representative, NGO’s and general public. All those stakeholders had different types of stakes according to

their professions.

332. Two types of the stakeholders were identified: the primary stakeholders, who

would be directly affected by the subproject; and the secondary stakeholders, who

would be indirectly affected by the subproject.



Figure 7.1: Identification of Stakeholders

333. These stakeholders were contacted by the Construction Supervision Consultants

(CSC) in August, 2019. Their views and reservations/ concerns about the

subprojects were taken into consideration. Construction Supervision Consultants

also interacted with the community-based organizations that can support the

community during the execution of the subprojects.

334. Tribal society is dominated by men with final say in the affairs of all members of

the family. Women, by comparison, play a subservient role and observe strict

purdah (veiling). They are for the most part restricted to performing household

work, and are excluded from decision-making both on the domestic front and at

the community level. Due to cultural background, women of the subproject area

were not consulted.

Methodology

335. To carry out stakeholder consultations, the survey team adopted a strategic and

flexible approach, where influential were earlier briefed and taken into confidence



for holding community level meetings. This was followed by candid meetings with

residents and small group meetings with locals.

336. A number of comprehensive consultations were carried out with the subproject

stakeholders at various locations during the preparation of environmental and

social impact assessment. The consultation and scoping sessions were designed

specifically to provide subproject information to the public. These sessions were

informal so as to encourage friendly social environment in which participants may

feel comfortable in raising questions, expressing their opinion and concerns about

the subproject besides seeking clarification regarding their concerns. The focus

group discussions were instrumental in the process, whereas one-to- one

meetings were also held with the institutions.

337. During the field visit we observed that most of the infrastructure are damaged or

destroyed during war against militancy. The local communities displaced from the

subproject area after launching of the military operation against militancy/

extremism. The people of the subproject area are not yet returned to their homes.

Therefore, no public consultation was carried out with the community of Tarkho

Kas subproject area. Information was collected about physical infrastructure in the

subproject area through security forces deployed there and the extent to which it

could be affected by the subproject intervention. As people of the area were not

consulted at feasibility stage however every possible effort has been done to

design the subproject in socially acceptable manner. After their return to

subproject area they will be consulted and changes would be done according to

their needs and want.

338. The subproject survey was carried out to cover socio-economic condition of the

area and to assess the farmer community’s demands and difficulties with the

consideration of the following protocols:

339. The meeting was freely formatted so as to avoid any uneasiness of local farmers

and to provide them maximum freedom of speech.

• Survey team has highlighted the potential benefits of project

implementation and noticing any aspects which would need to be covered

in greater detail during execution stage.

• Discussions were also made regarding the proposed rehabilitation of

irrigation system and feedback /suggestions based on historical knowledge

of area were recorded.

• Preliminary assessment of community’s willingness was assessed to contribute to project implementation in the form of local labor with the Civil

Works Contractor.



Agenda of Consultative Session

340. The agenda for the consultative session with local farmers was prepared after

investigating all existing irrigation infrastructure in the area. Similarly, an informal

interview guide was used to obtain views of key informants on the issues of

irrigation in the project area. Data obtained helped the facilitator in drafting and

adopting the following agenda for the community meetings.

➢ To assess the apprehensions and aspirations of the local farmers

regarding improvements to the existing irrigation infrastructure;

➢ To assess indigenous knowledge of potential improvements in

irrigation system

➢ Knowledge and experience of any similar works undertaken by

government agencies, NGOs and other technical institutions.

Local Farmer Views

341. The local farmers openly expressed their views that farmers understood fully that

improved and ensured surface water supply is the only way to improve agriculture

and rural livelihood. The improved surface water supplies will contribute to

minimize reliance on ground water abstraction thus, resulting into improved

income and regulated ground water regime. The peoples told that the tail end

users will not receive water, as experience of surrounding irrigated area. Farmers

termed the uncertain and unreliable supply of the canal water. No one has directly

or indirectly indicated any negative feelings towards the proposed intervention.

342. Relations between farmers and Irrigation Department officers are generally poor.

Rural farmers have little trust in government generally and in the Irrigation

Department in particular. Therefore, the proposed weir will be supervised by the

farmer community. The irrigation Department will arrange only the major repair in

future.

343. When asked whether a Farmers’ Organization (FO) would be useful or not,

respondent answers were largely in favor (90%). Farmers want FOs to share the

resolution of issues like water theft, cementing of watercourse etc., agricultural

issues (e.g. marketing) and credit etc.

344. The participants were in complete agreement about the benefits of the project and

expressed full support to the project. Qualitative assessment during the field

survey indicates that the community is willing to contribute to sub-project

implementation by working as unskilled labor. The preference is to work during

the agricultural off-season. Training in labor-based construction works will be

needed in order to implement the project efficiently. This will also result in

necessary basic skills transfer for future maintenance of the scheme.



Consultation with Other Stakeholders and Their Response

345. The potential stakeholders were inhabitants, field staff of Irrigation Department

and other relevant departments working in the Sub Projects area. During the

consultation, maximum information about the Sub Projects were shared. A list of

Government official consulted is enlisted in Table 7.2 and local

Notables/beneficiaries farmers are in Table 7.3.

346. All the stakeholders including the local community were consulted about the

proposed subproject. Salient features of the subproject and requirement of ADB

SPS were discussed. Sub project does not require land acquisition and no

resettlement of the people is involved. There is no major issue related to the RoW

of the sub projects, which was provided by Irrigation Department. Public

consultation was also made with the local people residing in the adjacent and

surveyed villages in the sub projects area. The discussion was focused on the

impacts of the proposed sub projects.

347. The people were pleased to know about the proposed subproject. They

appreciated the efforts of taking-up the subproject for providing benefits to the

public.

348. The stakeholders were asked about the likely impacts of the proposed sub

projects during construction/ execution phases. Most of the people have

knowledge about the sub projects. The people of the area were briefed about the

both negative and positive impacts of the sub projects. They responded that the

negative impacts like noise and dust are very minor and temporary issues as

compared to the positive impacts which will help them to improve their

socioeconomic conditions. They said that the project will greatly help in the

rehabilitation of the Temporarily Displaced Persons (TDPs) as most of the

irrigation channels are damaged. The project will also help us in providing

temporary employment opportunities. People of the area were demanding some

basic facilities like drinking water supply, electricity, Schools and Basic Health

Units (BHU) etc. however they were told that the project focuses only on improving

irrigation and efficient use of water resources. They also demanded for flood

protection wall. Their concerns were noted and were shared with the line

department and their queries about the sub projects were answered to their

satisfaction. Suggestions were also sought from the locals for incorporating

mitigation measures in the EMP.

Table 7.2: List of Government Official Contacted

Sr. No Name Designation Contact No Department

1 Nasrat

Shaheen

Agricultural

officer 091 2211998 Agriculture

2 Abdurahman XEN 03009065647 Irrigation



Table 7.3: List of Community Consultation Participants33

S/No. Name CNIC No. Cell No.

1. Shahid Ullah 21202-1544029-9 03063976038

2. Mir Sadiq 21202-7310201-7 03325578131

3. Ihsan Gul 21202-5694699-5 03015915115

4. Shams Ul Haq ____________ 03348703867

5. Zarghoon Jan 21202-9060309-3 03359111567

6. Amirooz Khan 21202-7377162-1 03009866668

7. Khan Shah 21202-9659371-5 03038875951

8. Naqibullah 21202-3564422-5 03027353566

9. Dost Muhammad ____________ 03025775155

10. Shabir Ahmad 21202-4142162-7 03099218905

11. Muhammad Idrees 21202-4109284-7 03005984343

12. Muhammad Ali Jan 21202-1303773-7 03077133335

13. Aziz Khan 21202-5703520-1 03349023508

14. Asad Ullah 21202-3251359-7 03077170345

15. Muhammad Alam Khan 21202-8281315-5 03063976038

33 The consultation was only done with the community of Tor Dara sub project and no community is available for consultation at

Tarkho kas as the TDPs not yet returned to their native villages after military operation. Both the projects are of same nature and

closely located.

3 Fazal Ilahi DFO 091 9213830

03009034468 Forest



16. Aman Ullah 21202-9242043-5 03342344445

17. Kashmir Khan ____________ 03065933377

Figure 7.2: Community Consultation Meetings



GRIEVANCE REDRESS MECHANISM

General

349. A Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM), consistent with the requirements of

ADB safeguard policies will be established to prevent and redress community

concerns, reduce risks, and assist the project to maximize social and

environmental benefits, in addition to serving as a platform to resolve grievances.

For this purpose, a Public Complaint Centre with Public Complaint Committee will

be established in all concerned agencies where the project activities are in

progress. Generally, all project staff, management staff involved in the project,

and government administrators will take on grievance handling as a responsibility.

The GRM members should be qualified, experienced, and competent personnel

who can win the respect and confidence of the affected communities. Criteria for

selecting members of GRM could include the following knowledge of the project,

its objectives, and outcomes; technical knowledge and expertise, e.g., irrigation,

engineering, environmental, geological; understanding of the social, economic,

and cultural environments and the dynamics of the communities; capacity to

absorb the issues dealt with and to contribute actively to decision-making

processes; social recognition and standing; and an equitable representation of the

community.

350. The following committee members are being proposed for Public Complaint

Centers at concerned districts where project activities are being undertaken:

1. Chairperson, Project Director-FWRDP.

2. Member, community elder/Malak, Religious leader.

3. Member, Social Development Officer/ Resettlement officer - FWRDP.

4. Member, Environment Officer - FWRDP

5. Member from Village Organization (one for Executive Body and one for

General Body)

6. Member, PIU (Project Manager, Monitoring officer and Social organizer)

7. Member from Contractor/Environment Specialist/Manager

8. Member District Administration Representative

9. Member from Line Department

Objectives of Grievance Redress Mechanism

351. The main objective of establishing GRM is to resolve problems in an efficient,

timely and cost-effective manner in a cordial environment with the participation of

all stakeholders including affected parties. The GRM, it shall describe the options

available to the project for grievance redress. Any environmental or social impacts



that would be adversely affecting the general public in the project area should be

resolved through the GRM.

352. The PIU shall indicate how these would be disseminated and accessible to

affected parties in a way that should be clear and understandable to the

Implementing Agency (IA) also. The Grievance Redress Mechanism should also

have an in-built monitoring mechanism to check on responsiveness to complaints

or grievances lodged. The different forms of receiving the complaints should be

clearly described together with the different stages of going through the process.

In addition, the redress mechanism shall indicate alternatives, in case the

proposed mechanism, for any reason, does not respond to all grievances and

complaints. GRM should be able to provide benefits to both the project and

affected parties by setting up following objectives,

• Provide a forum for redressing grievance and disputes at the lowest level.

• To build up productive relationship among the all stakeholders including

affected parties.

• Provide access to affected parties to negotiate and influence the decisions and

policies of the project which might affect them adversely.

• Mitigate or prevent adverse impacts of the project on communities and

produces appropriate corrective or preventive action.

• To harmonize both project and affected parties activities.

• Open channels for effective communication, including the identification of new

social and environmental issues of concern arising from the project:

• Be accessible to diverse members of community, including more vulnerable

groups such as women and youth

• Provide opportunities for confidentialities and privacy for complainants to be

honored where this is seen as important

Awareness of GRM

353. GRM should be widely publicized among stakeholder groups such as the affected

communities, government agencies, and community organizations. Lack of

knowledge about GRM results in people not approaching and using it, and they

eventually lose the importance and the validity of the purpose for which they were

created. People should also be informed about their options, depending on the

types of complaints, but should not be encouraged to submit false claims. Criteria

for eligibility need to be communicated. An effective awareness campaign should



be launched to give publicity to the roles and functions of the GRM and should

include the following components:

• How complaints can be reported in the GRM and to whom, e.g., phone, postal

address and email addresses, of the GRM as well as information that should

be included in a complaint; procedures and time frames for initiating and

concluding the grievance redress process; boundaries and limits of GRMs in

handling grievances; and roles of different agencies such as project

implementers and funding agencies.

354. A variety of methods can be adopted for communicating information to the

relevant stakeholders:

• Display of posters in public places such as in government offices, project

offices, community centers, etc.; distribution of brochures;

• P.O BOX number should be established to receive the grievance of the

affected community through mail.

• Community-based organizations; and print and electronic media, including

radio.

Implementation of GRM

Stage 1:

355. When a grievance arises, (social & environmental /or any other) the affected

person may contact directly with the contractor/operator and the project manager

to resolve the issue of concern, if the issue is successfully resolved, no further

follow up is required.

Stage 2:

356. If solution is not found the affected person/s will submit an oral or written complaint

to the Public Complaint Centre (PCC) by themselves. In case of an oral complaint

the PCC must make a written record. For every complaint PCC must investigate

the complaint, assess its eligibility and identify an appropriate solution. It will

provide a clear response in five working days to the complainant. The PCC will

instruct the contractor to take corrective action. It will than review the contractor’s

response and undertake additional monitoring. During the complaint investigation,

the PCC will work in close consultation with the contractors and the supervising

engineer (during construction). The contractor during construction and the IA

during operation should convey the outcome to the PCC within seven working

days.



Stage 3:

357. If no solution can be identified by the PCC or if the complainant is not satisfied

with the suggested solutions under stage 2, the PCC will organize within two

weeks a multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of the irrigation

department, where all relevant stakeholders (i.e. the complainant, IA,

contractor/operator, relevant local government offices) will be invited. The meeting

should result in solution acceptable to all, and identify responsibilities and action

plan.

358. The contractor during construction and IA during operation should implement the

agreed upon redress solution and convey the outcome to the PCC within seven

working days.

Stage 4;

359. If the multi stakeholder hearing process is not successful, the PCC will inform the

project steering committee (PSC), A Project Steering Committee headed by

additional Chief Secretary, Planning and Development Department (P&DD) KP,

will provide policy guidelines for smooth running of the project activities, the

Members of PSC include the Secretary, P&DD, KP, Secretary finance KP,

Secretary Irrigation KP, Secretary Agriculture KP, Secretary Forest KP, Director

General Projects, Merged Areas , Representative of Planning & Development

Division Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Deputy Commissioner of Khyber,

Bajaur, Mohmand Districts, representatives of all concerned line departments and

representative of ADB, PRM Islamabad. The Project Director will participate as

PSC Member cum Secretary. The PSC will meet at least twice a year or more

frequently, whenever issues requiring resolution are submitted for its

consideration. The PSC will organize special meetings to address the problem

and identify its solution.

Stage 5:

360. If the affected people are still not satisfied with the reply in stage 4, he or she can

go through local Jirga and or judicial proceedings.



Stage 1

Yes

No

Stage 2

Yes

No

Stage 3

Yes

No

Stage 4

Yes

No

Stage 5

Figure 8.1: Proposed GRM

Assessment and action taken directly by the

contractor/operator and the project manager

Grievance Resolved

Grievance

Resolved

Registration of Grievance through PO BOX 023

Public Complaint Centre (PCC)

Multi stakeholders meeting under the auspices of

the irrigation department

Project Steering Committee (PSC)

Grievance

Resolved

Local Jirga and or Judicial Proceedings Grievance

Settled

Grievance

Resolved



CONCLUSION, FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Findings and Recommendations

361. The assessment of potential impacts of the proposed Tor Dara and Tarkho Kas

sub projects reveals that these sub projects will generate only minor to moderate

adverse environmental impacts. These adverse impacts will be mostly confined to

the construction works and will be temporary in nature. The predicted adverse

impacts will be minimized and reduced by implementing the prescribed mitigation

measures and will be continually monitored by implementing and updating the

EMP.

362. The overall finding is that the beneficial gains provided by irrigation sub projects

will by far exceed the negative impacts – most of them being short-termed and

without major interference to both the bio-physical and human environment. All

mitigation measures proposed in the Environmental Management Plan are

deemed to be appropriate. The Environmental Monitoring Plan represents the

basic verification tool for ensuring the effectiveness of the proposed measures.

363. It is emphasized that the success of the EMP depends on the respective line

agencies and institutions identified as key players in the implementation of the

EMP. The timely and complete inclusion of the EMP’s compliance clauses in the Contractor documents is mandatory to ensure the success of all environmental

safeguard measures.

Conclusion

364. As the sub projects are exclusively an irrigation system, all identified adverse

environmental impacts during the rehabilitation and improvement works of the

project will be of minor to moderate in nature, easily to be mitigated by adequate

implementation of the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plans. Entire

command of the sub projects components does not include any environmentally

sensitive areas. The measures taken to adequately mitigate negative impact in

the construction phase will be the most important task. Implementation of

proposed mitigation measures are deemed to be sufficient for negating the

potentially identified impacts. The supervision of the mitigation measures provided

in the contractor’s documents is the key for completing this project in an

environmentally sound manner.

365. The final conclusion is that, the sub projects are environmentally safe and socially

acceptable project.

366. A few, essentially minor, negative residual impacts identified in the Impact

Assessment during the feasibility study design are all unavoidable and there are

no technically or economically feasible alternatives which would remove them

altogether.



ANNEXURES



ANNEX-I Rapid Environmental Assessment Checklist

The projects are screened through Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) checklist

to determine environmental categorization. The environmental and social rapid

screening depicts that:

(i) the subproject will not require any land acquisition;

(ii) the subproject will not involve any involuntary resettlement; and

(iii) the subproject does not fall in any protected area.

Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

A PROJECT SITING

IS THE PROJECT AREA ADJACENT TO OR WITHIN ANY

OF THE FOLLOWING ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE

AREAS?

▪ PROTECTED AREA

▪ WETLAND

▪ MANGROVE

▪ ESTUARINE

▪ BUFFER ZONE OF PROTECTED AREA

▪ SPECIAL AREA FOR PROTECTING BIODIVERSITY

B POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

WILL THE PROJECT CAUSE…

▪ loss of precious ecological values (e.g. result of encroachment into forests/swamplands or historical/cultural buildings/areas, disruption of hydrology of natural waterways, regional flooding, and drainage hazards)?

▪ conflicts in water supply rights and related social conflicts?

▪ impediments to movements of people and animals?

▪ potential ecological problems due to increased soil erosion and siltation, leading to decreased stream capacity?

▪ Insufficient drainage leading to salinity intrusion

▪ Over pumping of groundwater, leading to salinization and ground subsidence?

Use of surface water have no effect on salinization, as the area has no salinity/alkalinity problem. No pumping of water will be required.

▪ Impairment of downstream water quality and therefore, impairment of downstream beneficial uses of water?

▪ Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people?

No dislocation or involuntary resettlement of people will occur

▪ Disproportionate impacts on the poor, women and children, Indigenous Peoples or other vulnerable groups?

▪ Potential social conflicts arising from land tenure and land use issues?

No land acquisition will be required

▪ Soil erosion before compaction and lining of canals? N.A



Screening Questions Yes No Remarks

▪ Noise from construction equipment?

It will be managed through mitigation measures and will be documented in EMP

▪ dust during construction?

It has moderate Impact for labors during construction, but It will be managed by water sprinkling and wet earth. Dust generated will be managed through sound planning and good management practices with implementation of EMP

▪ Waterlogging and soil salinization due to inadequate drainage and farm management?

▪ Leaching of soil nutrients and changes in soil characteristics due to excessive application of irrigation water?

▪ Reduction of downstream water supply during peak seasons?

▪ Soil pollution, polluted farm runoff and groundwater, and public health risks due to excessive application of fertilizers and pesticides?

▪ Soil erosion (furrow, surface)?

▪ Scouring of canals?

▪ Clogging of canals by sediments?

▪ Clogging of canals by weeds?

▪ Seawater intrusion into downstream freshwater systems?

▪ Introduction of increase in incidence of waterborne or water related diseases?

▪ Dangers to a safe and healthy working environment due to physical, chemical and biological hazards during project construction and operation?

The subproject does not have usage of any hazardous chemicals during construction. However, health and safety measures for laborers will be taken to implement HSE Plan that will be developed and documented in EMP

▪ Large population influx during project construction and operation that causes increased burden on social infrastructure and services (such as water supply and sanitation systems)?

Local people will be employed as much as possible from close by villages/ towns and the same will be documented in EMP

▪ Social conflicts if workers from other regions or countries are hired?

Priority will be given to local for employment and the same will be documented in EMP

▪ Risks to community health and safety due to the transport, storage, and use and/or disposal of materials such as explosives, fuel and other chemicals during construction and operation?

Risk may likely lead to a very minimum and short time for community during construction time, however, Health and safety Plan and Emergency response procedures will be prepared and implemented. The same will be documented in EMP.

▪ Community safety risks due to both accidental and natural hazards, especially where the structural elements or components of the project (e.g., irrigation dams) are accessible to members of the affected community or where their failure could result in injury to the community throughout project construction, operation and decommissioning?

Safety measures for community will be taken to avoid any risk and consequence. It will be documented in EMP. However, it has major positive impact, because the construction of the new weir will save community/infrastructure from flood threat if any.



Climate Change and Disaster Risk Questions The following questions are not for environmental categorization. They are included in this checklist to help identify potential climate and disaster risks.

Yes No Remarks

• Is the Project area subject to hazards such as earthquakes, floods, landslides, tropical cyclone winds, storm surges, tsunami or volcanic eruptions and climate changes?

▪ Could changes in temperature, precipitation, or extreme events patterns over the Project lifespan affect technical or financial sustainability (e.g., increased glacial melt affect delivery volumes of irrigated water; sea level rise increases salinity gradient such that source water cannot be used for some or all of the year)?

▪ Are there any demographic or socio-economic aspects of the Project area that are already vulnerable (e.g., high incidence of marginalized populations, rural-urban migrants, illegal settlements, ethnic minorities, women or children)?

▪ Could the Project potentially increase the climate or disaster vulnerability of the surrounding area (e.g., by diverting water in rivers that further increases salinity upstream, or encouraging settlement in earthquake zones)?

Note: Hazards are potentially damaging physical events.



ANNEX – II Environmental Testing



ANNEX III - National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS)

Table 1: Effluent Discharge Standards (NEQS 2000) Applicable to the Works

Sr. No. Determinant NEQS

1 Temperature 40 OC =≤3 deg. 2 pH 6 – 9

3 BOD5 80 mg/l

4 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) 150 mg/l

5 Total Suspended Solid (TSS) 200 mg/l

6 Total Dissolved Solids 3500 mg/l

7 Grease and Oil 10 mg/l

8 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) 0.1 mg/l

9 Ammonia 40 mg/l

10 Chlorine 1.0 mg/l

11 Chloride 1000.0 mg/l

12 Sulphate 600 mg/l

13 Manganese 1.5 mg/l

14 Fluoride 10 mg/l

15 Cyanide (as CN’) total 1.0 mg/l

16 An-ionic detergents (as MB As) 20 mg/l

17 Sulphide (S-2) 1.0 mg/l

18 Pesticides 0.15 mg/l

19 Cadmium 0.1 mg/l

20 Chromium trivalent and hexavalent 1.0 mg/l

21 Copper 1.0 mg/l

22 Lead 0.5 mg/l

23 Mercury 0.01 mg/l

24 Selenium 0.5 mg/l

25 Nickel 1.0 mg/l

26 Silver 1.0 mg/l

27 Total Toxic metals 2.0 mg/l

28 Zinc 5.0 mg/l

29 Arsenic 1.0 mg/l

30 Barium 1.5 mg/l

31 Iron 8.0 mg/l

32 Boron 6.0 mg/l



Table 2: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) for Gaseous Emission

(mg/Nm3, Unless Otherwise Defined)

Sr.

No. Parameter Source of Emission

Existing

Standards

Revised

Standards

1 2 3 4 5

1. Smoke Smoke Opacity not to exceed 40% or 2

Ringlemann Scale

40% or 2

Ringlemann

Scale or

equivalent smoke

number

2.

Particulate

Matter

(I)

(a) Boilers and Furnaces

(i) Oil fired

(ii) Coal fired

(iii) Cement Kilns

(b) Grinding, crushing, clinker

coolers and Related processes,

Metallurgical Processes,

converter, blast furnaces and

cupolas.

300

500

200

500

300

500

200

500

3. Hydrogen

Chloride Any 400 400

4. Chlorine Any 150 150

5. Hydrogen

Fluoride Any 150 150

6. Hydrogen

Sulphide Any 10 10

7. Sulphur Oxide (2) (3)

Sulfuric acid/ Sulphonic acid

plants

Other plants except power

plants operating on oil and coal

400

1700

8. Carbon

Monoxide Any 800 800

9. Lead Any 50 50

10. Mercury Any 10 10

11. Cadmium Any 20 20

12. Arsenic Any 20 20

13. Copper Any 50 50

14. Antimony Any 20 20

15. Zinc Any 200 200

16.

Oxides of

Nitrogen

(3)

Nitric acid manufacturing unit.

Other plants except power

plants operating on oil or coal:

Gas fired

Oil fired

Coal fired

400

-

-

400

600

1200

Explanations:-



1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more.

2. Based on 1 percent sulphur content in fuel. Higher content of Sulphur will case standards to be pro-rated.

3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide Nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and coal as fuel shall in addition to National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified above, comply with the following standards.

Table 3: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2009) for Vehicular

Emission

Sr.

No. Parameter

Standard (Maximum

permissible Limit) Measuring Method Applicability

1 Smoke

40% or 2 on the

Ringlemann Scale during

engine acceleration

mode.

To be compared with

Ringlemann Chart at a distance

of 6 meters or more

Immediate effect

2

Carbon

Monoxide

(CO)

6%

Under idling condition: Non-

dispersive infrared detection

through gas analyzer.

3 Noise 85 dB(A) Sound Meter at 7.5 meters from

the source

Table 4: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Noise

Sr.

No.

Category of Area /

Zone

Effective from 1st July,

2010

Effective from 1st July,

2013

Limit in dB (A) Leq*

Daytime Night-time Daytime Night-time

1 Residential Area (A) 65 50 55 45

2 Commercial Area (B) 70 60 65 55

3 Industrial Area (C) 80 75 75 65

4 Silence Zone (D) 55 45 50 45

Note:

1. Daytime hours: 6:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.

2. Night-time hours: 10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.

3. Silence Zone: Zones which are declared as such by the competent authority. An area comprising not less than 100 meters round hospitals, educational institutions and courts.

4. Mixed categories of areas may be decided as one of the four above mentioned categories by the competent authority.

*dB (A) Leq: Time weighted average of the level of sound in scale “A” which is relatable to human hearing.



Table 5: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Drinking

Water

Sr.

No. Properties/Parameters

Standard Values for

Pakistan WHO Standards Remarks

BACTERIAL

1

All water is intended for

drinking (E.Coli or

Thermotolerant Coliform

bacteria)

Must not be

detectable in any

100ml sample

Must not be

detectable in any

100ml sample

Most Asian Countries

also follow WHO

Standards

2

Treated water entering the

distribution system (E.Coli

or Thermotolerant

Coliform and total Coliform

bacteria)

Must not be

detectable in any

100ml sample

Must not be

detectable in any

100ml sample


also follow WHO

Standards

3

Treated water entering the

distribution system (E.Coli

or Thermotolerant

Coliform and total Coliform

bacteria)

Must not be

detectable in any

100ml sample. In

case of large

supplies, where

sufficient samples

are examined, must

not be present in

95% of the samples

taken throughout

any 12-month

period.

Must not be

detectable in any

100ml sample. In

case of large

supplies, where

sufficient samples

are examined,

must not be

present in 95% of

the samples taken

throughout any 12-

month period.


also follow WHO

Standards

PHYSICAL

4 Colour ≤15 TCU ≤15 TCU

5 Taste

Non

Objectionable/

Acceptable

Non

Objectionable/

Acceptable

6 Odour

Non

Objectionable/

Acceptable

Non

Objectionable/

Acceptable

7 Turbidity <5 NTU <5 NTU

8 Total hardness as CaCO3 <500mg/l ---

9 TDS <1000 <1000

10 pH 6.5-8.5 6.5-8.5

RADIOACTIVE

11 Alpha Emitters bq/L or pCi 0.1 0.1

12 Beta Emitters 01 01

CHEMICAL

Essential Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre

13 Aluminum (Al) mg/l ≤0.2 0.02

14 Antimony (Sb) ≤0.005 0.02



Sr.

No. Properties/Parameters

Standard Values for

Pakistan WHO Standards Remarks

15 Arsenic (As) ≤0.05 0.01

Standard for Pakistan

similar to most Asian

developing Countries

16 Barium (Ba) 0.7 0.7

17 Boron (B) 0.3 0.3

18 Cadmium (Cd) 0.01 0.003




19 Chloride (Cl) <250 250

20 Chromium (Cr) ≤0.05 0.05

21 Copper (Cu) 2 2

Toxic Inorganics mg/litre mg/litre

22 Cyanide (CN) ≤0.05 0.07




23 Fluoride (F) ≤1.5 1.5

24 Lead (Pb) ≤0.05 0.01




25 Manganese (Mn) ≤0.5 0.5

26 Mercury (Hg) ≤0.001 0.001

27 Nickel (Ni) ≤0.02 0.02

28 Nitrate (NO3) ≤50 50

29 Nitrite (NO2) ≤3 3

30 Selenium (Se) 0.01 0.01

31 Residual Chlorine

0.2-0.5 at

consumer end 0.5-

1.5 at source

---

32 Zinc (Zn) 5.0 3




Organics

33 Pesticides

mg/L ---

PSQCA No. 4629-

2004, Page No.4,

Table No. 3, Serial

No. 20-58 may be

consulted

Annex-II

34 Phenolic Compounds (as

Phenols) mg/L --- ≤0.002

35

Poly nuclear aromatic

hydrocarbons (as PAH)

g/L

0.01 (By GC/MS

method)

***PSQCA: Pakistan Standards Quality Control Authority



Table 6: National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS, 2010) for Ambient Air

Pollutants Time-weighted

average

Concentration in Ambient Air Method of

Measurement Effective from

1st July 2010

Effective from

1st January 2013

Sulphur

Dioxide (SO2)

Annual Average* 80µg/m3 80µg/m3 Ultraviolet

Fluorescence Method 24 hours** 120µg/m3 120µg/m3

Oxides of

Nitrogen as

(NO)

Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase

Chemiluminescence 24 hours** 40µg/m3 40µg/m3

Oxides of

Nitrogen as

(NO2)

Annual Average* 40µg/m3 40µg/m3 Gas Phase

Chemiluminescence 24 hours** 80µg/m3 80µg/m3

Ozone (O3) 1 hour 180µg/m3 130µg/m3 Non disperse UV

absorption method

Suspended

Particulate

Matter (SPM)

Annual Average* 400µg/m3 360µg/m3

High Volume

Sampling, (Average

flow rate not less than

1.1m3/minute)



ANNEX – IV Governor Notifications on Wetlands and Wild Life in FATA



ANNEX-V Table of Content Environmental Compliance Monitoring

Monthly Progress Report

CONTENTS OF MONTHLY ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING REPORT



CONTENTS

Part I Introduction ..................................................................................................................

Description of the Subprojects…………………………………………….…………….…………….

Environmental Monitoring………….……………………………………………………..……………

Part II Environmental Monitoring ..........................................................................................

Environmental Monitoring Summary.........................................................................................

Environmental Trainings………………………………………………………………………………..

Noise and Vibration ..................................................................................................................

Water Quality ...........................................................................................................................

Air Quality ................................................................................................................................

Flora and Fauna Monitoring .....................................................................................................

Fuel Consumption ....................................................................................................................

Water Consumption .................................................................................................................

Solid Waste Management ……………………………………………………………………………

Part III Environmental Management ......................................................................................

Site Inspections and Audits ......................................................................................................

Non-Compliances Notices, Corrective Action Plans .................................................................

Table

Table-I Oustanding Issues .......................................................................................................

Conclusion ……………………………………………………………………………………………..

Annexure

Weekly Monitoring Checklist

file:///C:/Users/Admin/Downloads/EMPR%20TOC.doc%23_Toc358281074













ANNEX – VI Photo Log

Tor Dara Command Area

Tor Dara Weir Site



Natu Khel Weir

Tarkho Kas Weir



Tarkho Kas Command Area



ANNEX-VII WHO Standards

Ambient Air Quality Standards

Average(24 hrs) CO NOx SO2 PM10 PM2.5

µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3

NEQS 10 80 120 250 35

IFC - - 125 150 75

Noise Levels (For Residential Areas)

Day Time Avg Night Time Avg

NEQS Limits 55 45

IFC/WHO Limit 55 45

Drinking Water Standards

Sr.

No. Parameter Unit

WHO

Guidelines NSDWQ Method

4. Total Coliform No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture

5. E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture

6. Fecal E. Coli No./100ml 0/100 ml 0 Culture

7. pH - 6.5 – 8.5 6.5 – 8.5 Field Test- ExStik EC500

8. Temperature 0C - - Field Test-

9. Color TCU <15 <15 US EPA 110.1

10. Taste …. Not Objectionable Not Taste Panel

11. Odour ouE/m³ Not Objectionable Not Dilution

12. Turbidity NTU <5 <5 US EPA 160.1

13. Electrical Conductivity µS NA NA Field Test-

14. Total Hardness mg/l <500 NA US EPA 130.2



Sr.

No. Parameter Unit

WHO

Guidelines NSDWQ Method

15. TDS mg/l <1000 <1000 US EPA 160.1

16. TSS mg/l NA NA Filtration

17. Ammonia mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8

18. Arsenic mg/l 0.01 <0.05 US EPA 200.8

19. Iron mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8

20. Aluminum mg/l - <0.2 US EPA 200.8

21. Sodium mg/l NA NA US EPA 200.8

22. Chloride mg/l NA NA SMEW

23. Sulphate mg/l 0.01 <0.05 SW-846 Test Method 9035

24. Fluoride mg/l <1.5 <1.5 US EPA 340.1

25. Nitrate mg/l <50 <50 US EPA 352.1

26. Nitrite mg/l 3 3 US EPA 354.1

27. Cadmium mg/l 0.003 0.01 US EPA 200.8

28. Chromium mg/l 0.05 <0.05 US EPA 200.8

29. Copper mg/l 2.0 2.0 US EPA 200.8

30. Manganese mg/l 0.5 <0.5 US EPA 200.8

31. Nickel mg/l 0.02 <0.02 US EPA 200.8

32. Lead mg/l 0.01 <0.05 US EPA 200.8

33. Zinc mg/l 3.0 5.0 US EPA 200.8

https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-9035-sulfate-colorimetric-automated-chloranilate

https://www.epa.gov/hw-sw846/sw-846-test-method-9035-sulfate-colorimetric-automated-chloranilate

initial environmental examination report

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