identification of building and environment character using a quantitative methods. case: kebayoran...

International Conference on Urban and Regional Planning, 2014

Identification of Building andEnvironment Character Using A

Quantitative Methods.Case: Kebayoran Baru Conservation

Area, Jakarta

A. HADI PRABOWO Architecture Doctoral Program ITB School of Architecture, Planning and

Policy Development (SAPPD); Faculty Member of Architecture Department, Faculty of Civil Engineering and

Planning; Trisakti University, JakartaEmail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Kebayoran Baru is a residential area that is located around the centre of South Jakarta (PrimeCentre), namely the Commercial Centre Blok M. Because of its strategic location, the region has thepotential to change from residential to commercial functions. Some regulations have been made tocontrol the development, but physical and functional changes remains to continue, even moreuncontrollable. With the increasing of demands of Kebayoran Baru conservation area development,the existing of regional regulations increasingly irrelevant. Therefore, reassessment is needed todetermine a spatial planning strategy based on conservation principles, that is to reidentify thebuilding and environment character of the area. The purpose of this research is to identify thebuilding and environmentt character in Kebayoran Baru conservation area. The methods used areobservation, interview, factor analysis, cluster analysis and superimpose map analysis. Result offactor analysis found five factors that form the character of Kebayoran Baru conservation area, i.e. 1)the closure and brightness of the fence; 2) visual transparency and enclosure of the corridor; 3)brightness of the colour of walls; 4) clearances and size of building lots; 5) ease of pedestrianaccessibility. Based on those five factors building and environment character in Kebayoran Baru areais indicated with the presence of the fence, closure of the land and residential or commercial buildingfunction.

KEYWORDS character, conservation, building and environment, Kebayoran Baru

INTRODUCTION

The character of the area is a mixture of variouselements that give "personality" that differentiates withother regions. Those elements comprise of land use, urban


design, visual resources, historical resources, of economic,social, and traffic or noise (Environmental, 2010). Thecharacter of the environment is a combination of environmentalelements that can be captured by the five senses (Jones,2010). But in general the visual elements become dominant as acomponent of character. The character is described as aquality of place that distinguish one place to another place.If a place has strong a similarity and distinctiveness qualitythen the place has a strong character (Council C. o., 2007).

There are five categories of character elements are: 1)context: topography, edges, and from the view area, landmark;2) scale and texture: the width of the building, setback,building height; 3) uses and activities: land use, circulationof motor vehicles and pedestrians, the density of population;4) aspects of spaces: green spaces, activities and physicalcharacteristics of public spaces; 5) built heritage:historical, building style, the building is protected (Miller,2005). The character is also a synthesis of public and privatesphere and as a result of mutual interaction between thecharacteristics that create the distinctiveness of aenvironment character. Environment characteristics can also bedetermined by the type of building, building styles andspacing between buildings, proportions and combinations ofappearance 'walls' and 'floor' of the streetscape, and theamount and type of vegetation. Vegetation elements includestreet trees, gardens in front of the house. A criticalelement in the 'wall' and 'floor' of street space includebuilding height, profile 'wall', the distance betweenbuildings and street, the garden and fence type of building(Curtis, 2002).

In the urban context, character of the area identified asshowing relatively homogeneous characteristics (Council B. C.,1999). Urban character assessment approach using a combinationof townscape analysis with morphological analysis and streetpatterns (Associates, 2008). The interaction and relationshipbetween the characteristics of nature, buildings, social andpopulation profile is an urban environment character. Eachurban environment has a character formed by topography, floraand fauna, street construction, tree in street, public andprivate buildings and parks. (Patrick, 1999).

Early in its development, building and environmentcharacter in Kebayoran Baru conservation area is a dwelling


unit which is called a block. In one block contains varioustypes of buildings i.e. people house, medium house, villas,terraced villa. Environmental concept inspired by models ofGarden City and New Town (Silver, 2011). According HebenezerHoward (Ward, 1992) the concept of garden city is a circularstreet pattern and clear zoning system, public serviceactivities and the building is in the center surrounded byresidential land, public parks, gardens, three lines of streetas prominent features. Kebayoran Baru possess thesecharacteristics, service centers and public buildings locatedin the center surrounded by a circular street. Buildingcharacter was affected by Indies architectural style which ischaracterized by a steep slope of the building roof,rectangular windows and ventilation holes are on top, windowsills are made of wood materials.

At this time, in Kebayoran Baru area there have beensignificant change to building and environment character.These changes are caused by changes in the building function,from residential into commercial. This function change drivenby government policy on road function. Building functionChanges has occurred in almost all arterial roads and buildingcharacter changes occurred in most area (Prabowo, 2013).Kebayoran Baru designated as a conservation area since 1975,but the changes still occur. If this is not immediately re-ordering, building and environmental character damage willstill take place and the identity of the city will be lost.The development will exceed the carrying capacity of the areaso that there will be environmental issues, social andeconomic.

To overcome these problems required the preparation ofconservation and development strategies. Therefore it isnecessary to review the character of the building and theenvironment. For the research problem statement is formulatedas follows: how the building and environment character thatoccurred in Kebayoran Baru conservation area at this time. Thepaper will discuss the identification of the building andenvironment character.

METHODOLOGY

1. Analysis Unit and Sample Criteria


The analysis unit of research is the building and environmenton street corridor. Building data obtained from the dataplots. The determination of street corridor segment is basedon the approach Space Syntax included a visual space calledisovist and defined as the locus of all points that can seeeach other. To determine the analysis unit through thecreation of corridors:a. Axial line maps, map of the axes of the spaces are compiled

from the axial line of the longest and the shortest.b. convex space, contain spaces or convex space consisting of

points that can see each other.The research sample criteria is a corridor that contains:center of trade and or commercial buildings; buildings waslisted as building conservation; public buildings and socialfacilities such as education, worship, health, office, andtransportation facilities; The corridor is a primary arterialroad, secondary road, and collector road; Axeline is thelongest; Block residential area.

2. Data Collection Methods

Data collection was carried out by using the method:observation, taking pictures in the corridor then interpreted,width and height measurements. Data type include, a. Building data, building Intensity (Building Covered Ratio,

side clearances, clearances front, building height);building facade (Type of openings, materials and wall color); roof slope; fence building (height, color and material,transparency); building function.

b. Environmental Data, street width; width street median; widepedestrian paths; enclosure; cover branches.

3. Data Analysis Methods

Analysis of the data using a data processing program that SPSSver. 17, include: a. Factor Analysis is used to reduce variables and identify the

factors that comprise variables that are correlated. Andalso identify the character of the building and theenvironment.

b. Cluster Analysis is used for grouping corridors that havesimilar characteristics.


RESULTS

1. Factor Analysis

Based on factor analysis have been produced fivealternative amount factors with eigenvalue range of 60 to 70percent and number of factors ranging from 5 to 9 factors. Ofthe five alternative factor analysis, the number five factorsare relatively easy to define. Therefore it is chosen from theresults of the factor analysis is the number 5 factors, withconsideration of cumulative eigenvalue numbers above 50percent and is relatively easy to define each factor.

On the first factor comprised several variables relatedto fence height and color, fence material, wall material,Building Covered Ratio (BCR), commercial and residentialbuildings. Based on these groupings can be arranged newcharacter that is commercial or residential, closure and fencecolor brightness, wall texture and land building closure.There is a negative value to the first factor is a variablefunction of commercial buildings, metal wall material and BCR.That means that if commercial buildings tend to be dominantthen the building has a metal material and has a large BCR. Incontrast to the variables that have a positive value.

In the second factor contains variables related tobuilding height, street width, glass wall material, enclosure,cover branches and types of openings. It can be formulatedthat the second factor is the character: visual transparency;massive - voids buildings of wall; corridor closure. Severalvariables have negative values such as building height, glasswalls materials, street wide and street transparency. Thissuggests that if the higher building a strong tendency to havethe characteristics of the glass-walled building, street widthgreater and more transparent fence.

In the third factor contained only variable walls color.Therefore, the third factor is color character. The greaterthe third factor value, the more bright color of buildingwalls.

The fourth factor consists of variables clearances sideand front, lots wide, government and public facilitiesbuildings. For the fourth factor can be defined as


characteristics: free distance of the building, the size ofthe parcel, the function of government buildings or publicfacilities.

The fifth factor consists of variable pedestrian pathwaywidth, street median width and stone wall material. At thefactors that have great value are variable pedestrian pathwaywidth and street median width, whereas variable stone wallmaterial has little value. This means little influence on thedetermination of a new character. Pedestrian path isinfrastructure support to improve accessibility to the towncenters, so that if there is no pedestrian pathway will affectthe level of accessibility to the urban centers. Therefore,the fifth factor is set as the character pedestrianaccessibility.

Table 1 Factors that make up the Building and EnvironmentCharacter as a Factor Analysis Results

FACTOR/VARIABLECOEFFICIENT

VALUECHARACTER

FACTOR 1High Fence 0.891 Residential function

with a high fence andbright colors as wellas cement-walled

Color Fence Red 0.883Color Fence Blue 0.875Color Fence Green 0.870Cement fence Material 0.839Commercial building -0.837Residential building 0.721 Building Covered Ratio

(BCR) large commercialfunction areas andwalled metal

Metal fence material 0.715Metal wall material -0.579Building CoveredRatio (BCR) -0.480Stone fence material 0.459Cement wall material 0.256FACTOR 2Building Height -0.725 Residential function

with a narrow, highshade, slope of theroof, and the type ofvertical openings

Roof Slope 0.720Opening type 0.640

Glass wall material -0.578


Enclosure 0.566 Commercial functionswith wide streets,transparent high fencesand walled glass

street width -0.555

Cover limb 0.444FACTOR 3Color Wall Green 0.944 Brightness of theColor Wall Blue 0.925color Wall Red 0.836

Continuation of table 1

FACTOR/VARIABLECOEFFICIENT

VALUECHARACTER

FACTOR 4Front clearance 0.771 Governmental functions

and public facilitiesthat have free range ofbuildings and width plots

Side clearance 0.696Lots wide 0.662Government building 0.617Public facilityBuilding 0.455FAKTOR 5Pedestrian pathswidth 0.690

Level of accessibilityfor pedestrians

Median street width 0.553Wall Stone material -0.193

2. Cluster Analysis

The results of cluster analysis showed that clustering of thecorridor consists of two major groups. This is indicated bythe distance far enough kombine cluster. Therefore, thedetermination of the amount specified group into two groups.Furthermore, the results of cluster analysis is used as areference for the grouping factors.


Figure 1 Grouping Corridor Cluster Analysis Result

3. Scatter Diagram

To determine the character of the two groups corridor needs tocreate a scatter diagram. To obtain a picture of the characterof each group then conducted by incorporating severalalternative combinations of these factors on y axis and xaxis. The combination comprises a combination of factor 1 withfactor 2, factor 3, factor 4 and factor 5. Fourth scatterdiagram shows that the grouping of the corridor based onfactor 1 seems clear.


Figure 2 Scatter Diagram Based on Factor


Figure 3 Examples of Building and Environment Character

Figure 4 Factor 1 Mapping

DISCUSSION

Commercial functions with wide streets, transparent high

Government buildingsthat have front andside clearances are

Brightness of thecolor of the walls

BCR largecommercialfunction and

Residentialfunction with ahigh fence andbright color as


Result of factor analysis showed that factors 1 and 3have a high coefficient values . This shows the dominancefactor 1 and 3 compared with other factors .. This shows thedominance factor 1 and 3 compared with other factors . Factor1 contains variables of color and material fence, residentialand commercial buildings . Factor 3 contains variables wallscolor. Factor 1 is a variable that has a negative coefficientvalue is large enough that variables of commercial buildings ,metal wall material and Building Covered Ratio . This suggeststhat if a corridor dominated commercial buildings then thecorridor has great value and is dominated KDB building withwalled metal. Factor 3 has coefficient value is positive, thismeans that the greater the value the brighter the color of thewalls. If coefficient value on Factor 2 shows that the higherthe building where it will be followed by the dominance of theglass-walled building and road widening.

The results of cluster analysis showed that there areonly two major groups, each corridor has some similarities.Different in characters of the two groups is quite strong, asindicated by the distance between the two groups combine far.In the scatter diagram shows that the character of thecorridor is dominated by factor of 1. Results of the fourcombinations of x and y axis, it is seen that the factor 1remains the most prominent and stable. Distance of eachcorridor on average quite close, this shows the corridors havethe same strong character. While other corridors are seen tospread so corridor have a very varied character.

CONCLUSION

1. Building and environment character in Kebayoran Baruconservation area indicated by the presence of fenceplots, closure of land to the buildings as well asresidential buildings or commercial functions.

2. There is a correlation between the building function, thewall material and magnitude of Building Covered Ratio(BCR). The greater the value BCR corridor dominated bycommercial buildings and walled metal. While the housingfunction tend to have bright colors and has a valuesmaller BCR.


3. There is a correlation between high buildings, walls ofglass material, road width and transparency of the fence.The higher the building, the building is situated in awider way, the use of glass walls and fences tend to usemore transparent.

4. There is a correlation between the limb cover, and thetype of enclosure openings. The more clouded cover has avalue higher then tends to have high enclosure value andtype of openings patterned vertical rectangles.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Associates, R. S. (2008). Urban Character Area Appraisals, Bishopstoke,Fair Oak And Horton Heath. Bishopstoke: Eastleigh BoroughCouncil.

Council, B. C. (1999). City of Bayside Urban Chaeacter. Bayside City:Bayside City Council.

Council, C. o. (2007). Neighborhood Character in the R-1 Zone City ofWoodinville. Woodinville: City of Woodinville Council.

Curtis, J. (2002). Frankston City Neighbourhood Character Study.Victoria: Frankston City Council.

Environmental, N. Y. (2010). City Environmental Quality Review TechnicalManual. New York: New York State Department ofEnvironmental.

Jones, D. M. (2010). Understanding Place, Historic Area Assessments :Principle and Practice. London: English Heritage Publishing.

Miller, W. (2005). St Heiler Urban Character Appraisal. St Helier:State of Jersey Planning and Environment.

Orbasli, A. (2000). Tourist in Historic Towns, Urban Conservation andHaritage Management. New York: Taylor & Francis.

Patrick, J. (1999). Ballarat Urban Character Study. Ballarat: JohnPatrict Pty Ltd.

Prabowo, A. H. (2013). Development Pattern of Land Use Changein Conservation Area, case study : Kebayoran BaruJakarta. 2nd Planocosmo International Conference. Bandung: Schoolof Architecture, Planning and Policy Development,Institut Teknologi Bandung.

Silver, C. (2011). Planning the Megacity Jakarta in the Twentieth Century.New York: Routledge.

Ward, S. V. (1992). The Garden City, Past, present and future. London: E& FN Spon.

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