iceoh 2014 abstract book ver 1
TRANSCRIPT
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Patron:
Prof. Datuk Dr. Mohd Fauzi Hj Ramlan Vice Chancellor, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Prof. Dr. Norlijah Othman Dean, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Advisor: Prof. Dr. Zailina Hashim Head of Department Environmental and Occupational Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Chairman: Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin Head of Occupational Safety and Health Unit Secretariat: Dr. Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin Dr. Ho Yu Bin Norhazlina Mydin Finance: Dr. Shaharuddin Mohd Sham Dr. Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail Siti Rokiah Abu Bakar Publicity and Promotion: Dr. Sarva Mangala Praveena Dr. Irniza Rasdi Mohd Hamzidi Hamid OonYin Bee Mohamad Ridzuan Mohamad Salleh Rahim Muda
Dr. Anita Abdul Rahman Aziemah Zulkifli Najihah Zainol Abidin Aini Syuhada Abd Wahab Umi Raihana Abdul Rahman Noreen Adila Omar Nurul Hafiza Ab Razak Logistic and Preparation: Dr. Saliza Mohd Elias Hamizah Zulkifli Farrah Atiqah Mohd Noor
Sponsorship: Dr. Indrakaran Karthigesu Ahmad Fauzi Abu Bakar Siti Khadijah Ahmad Rosli Raja Azraei Ramli Mokhtaruddin Shublee Harun Bakar Scientific: Dr. Karmegam Karuppiah Dr. Lim Tek Yong Assoc. Prof. Dr. Kazuo Mori Dr. Hassan Sadeghi Naeni Dr. Kulanthayan KC Mani Assoc. Prof. Ahmad Zaharin Aris Sivasankar Sambasivam Dayana Hazwani Mohd Suadi Nata Umi Kalsom Mohd Shafiei Ayuni Alias Irwan Syah Md Yusoff Ng Yee Guan Vivien How Protocol: Dr. Juliana Jalaludin Assoc. Prof. Dr Haliza Abdul Rahman Chua Poh Choo Dr. Tezara Cionita Dr. Manraj Singh Cheema Dr. Nur Fariesha Md Hashim Nuraida Aziz Nur Faseeha Suhaimi Sharmadevan Sundrasegaran Technical: Dr. Ali Karami Varnamkhasti Dr. Zulfa Hanan Ash’aari Rusfazila Ismail Che Surhaini Othman Mohd. Noor Ali Piah Norijah Kassim Registration: Dr. Irniza Rasdi Dr. Aidalina Mahmud Noor Artika Hassan Mohammad Adam
ORGANIZING COMMITTEE
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MESSAGE FROM THE CHAIRMAN
First and foremost, let me welcome all participants to our 1st International Conference on
Environmental and Occupation Health (ICEOH 2014) in Marriott Putrajaya Hotel. I would
like to thank all the participants for their interest and unyielding support in this conference.
I also wish to convey my sincere appreciation to all committee members comprising of
members from the Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of
Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM and other main organizers from United Nations
University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), Social Security
Organization (SOCSO), Dewan Bandaraya Kuala Lumpur (DBKL), Malaysian Industrial
Hygiene Association (MIHA), Malaysian Society for Environmental Epidemiology (MySEE), Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society of Malaysia (HFEM), Ministry of Tourism and Culture and Universiti Tenaga Malaysia (Uniten).
This first ever conference held in Malaysia focusing on the Environmental and Occupational Health field have brought
together participants from various countries including Malaysia, Japan, Australia, the United Kingdom, Poland,
Estonia, Taiwan, Turkey, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, China, India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nigeria, the
Philippines and our close neighbours such as Indonesia, Brunei and Singapore. Apart from the awaited keynote
address, participants will have the opportunity to listen to 8 plenary talks from the most well-known experts in their
fields and over 200 free papers in our concurrent sessions.
As you well already know, the theme of this first ever conference is “”. This conference aims to serve as a platform
where academician and practitioners in both disciplines have the opportunity to collaborate and to seek openings in
sustaining both disciplines for the good of the future. The conference programme will cover a wide spectrum of topics
on environmental and occupational health such as air, soil and water quality, waste management, safety and health
at the work place, environmental toxicology, environmental sustainability, mental health, management systems for
occupational safety and health, food safety, industrial hygiene, ergonomics, geographical information system to name
a few. We hope these scientific deliberations will provide an opportunity for all participants to engage in a fruitful
scientific discourse. These scientific discussions are indeed timely as environment and occupational health issues
have become global and there is a need to discuss both issues coherently.
This conference acts a platform that serves as a meeting point for scientist and practitioners from both field of
Environmental and Occupational health. This conference will be able to facilitate the latest research in this field and
will enable practitioners to implement them as part of their future organization’s policy. Finally, the outcomes of good
environmental and occupational health findings and good practice should feed into sound risk management and risk
communication practices for the protection of human health and safety.
Our appreciation to Dato’ Dr. Ir. Johari Basri for officiating this conference and to the Department of Occupational
Safety and Health and the Department of Local Government for their support. I would also like to express my
appreciation to all committee members who have worked so tirelessly to ensure the success of this conference. Last
but not least, thank you to all participants for making this conference a reality.
Assoc Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin
Chairman
International Conference on Environmental and Occupational Health (ICEOH 2014)
Welcome to International Conference on Environmental and Occupational Health, ICEOH 2014
WELCOMING SPEECH
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Opening Address
Keynote Address
Plenary Presentations
Tentative Programme
List of Oral Presentations by SessioN
List of interactive poster presentations by session
Abstracts
Oral presentations (by session)
Interactive poster presentations (by session)
CONTENT
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INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH,
ICEOH 2014
Date 8th April 2014
Venue Grand Ballroom, Putrajaya Marriott Hotel, Malaysia.
8.00 - 8.55 am Arrival and registration of participants
8.55 - 9.00 am Arrival of guests
9.00 - 9.03 am National Anthem
9.03 - 9.06 am Recitation of Do’a
9.06 - 9.15 am Welcome Speech by the Chairman of ICEOH 2014
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin
9.15 - 9.25 am Opening ceremony and officiating speech by
YBhg. Dato’ Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri
Director General, Department of Occupational Safety and
Health (DOSH), Malaysia
9.25 - 9.30 am Multimedia presentation
9.30 - 10.00 am Keynote address by
YBhg. Dato’ Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri
Blue Ocean Strategy in Promoting Occupational Safety and
Environmental Health: The Road Map to a Greater
Collaboration among the Stakeholder
10.00 - 10.45 am
Dialogue with the experts in environmental and occupational
health – Safety, health and environment beyond 2020: what is
our future?
YBhg. Dato’ Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri
YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan
Mr. Fauzi Yahaya
Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh
Mr. Hj. Daud Amatzin
OPENING CEREMONY
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Dato’ Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri
Director General
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia
I would like to extend my heartiest congratulations to Universiti Putra Malaysia for organizing the
International Conference of Environmental and Occupational Health 2014 for the first time in
Putrajaya, Malaysia. It is indeed an honourable recognition bestowed upon the capital city of Malaysia
to host this prestigious conference. Congratulation also to the co-organisers, Universiti Tenaga
National, United Nation University, Malaysian Industrial Hygiene Association, Human Factors and
Ergonomics Society Malaysia and Malaysian Society of Environmental Epidemiology for playing key
roles in bringing over this conference to Malaysia.
Welcome to all delegates, speakers and participants to the International Conference of Environmental
and Occupational Health 2014.
The goal of this conference is to provide a platform for professionals and experts in the field of
environmental health, occupational safety and health to meet and exchange ideas for improvement of
public health services. The theme for this ICEOH 2014 is "Professionals and Practitioners
Collaboration: A window for sustainable environmental and occupational health for future."
Department of Occupational Safety and Health Malaysia extends its full support to this kind of
knowledge sharing sessions, be it at local, national and international levels. DOSH is a department
under Ministry of Human Resources, Malaysia which is responsible for ensuring the safety, health and
welfare of people at work as well as protecting other people from the safety and health hazards arising
from activities in sectors covered under the Occupational Safety and Health Act 1994 (Act 514).
The department is also constantly engaging in various strategies and programmes for creating a safe
and healthy work culture that contributes towards enhancing the quality of working life, which is vital
in propelling Malaysia to become a developed nation. This ICEOH 2014 is a timely effort in promoting
occupational safety and health besides keeping ourselves updated with new developments and
researches in the field.
I wish all the delegates a successful journey in knowledge through this ICEOH 2014. For attending
overseas delegates, do enjoy your stay here in our pleasant and fascinating Malaysia.
OPENING ADDRESS
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Blue Ocean Strategy in Promoting Occupational Safety and Environmental Health:
The Road Map to a Greater Collaboration among the Stakeholders
Department of Occupational Safety and Health under the Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia is
responsible for ensuring the safety, health and welfare of people at work as well as protecting other people
from the safety and health hazards arising from activities in sectors covered under the Occupational Safety
and Health Act 1994. The National Committee on Occupational Safety and Health (NCOSH), which
functions through a tripartite mechanism between government, employer and employees acts as a priming
and moving body for creating workplace OSH culture in the country.
One of the proactive measures taken by the department is through development of Occupational Safety
and Health Master plan 2015 (OSHMP 2015) in the year 2009. The Master plan provides a much needed
strategic vision and direction for work safety and health in Malaysia. It acts as a guide and directs our
combined efforts to encourage an entire spectrum of key stakeholders and social partners to give a higher
priority to OSH for boosting our national OSH performance.
By the year 2015, it is expected that strategic OSH alliances by the department with partners at both
regional and global level should have been in place and effectively operating. Among the measures
outlined for the purpose are role of industries to lead improvements in workplace OSH practices, while
creating strong support for the issue in the wider community. Another strategy under implementation is on
creating strong partnership through better collaboration locally with OSH practitioners, government and
relevant organizations. At the international level, the Master plan strategizes on enhancing engagements
and fostering mutual agreements between governments, related regional and global organizations.
The ratification of Promotional Framework for Occupational Safety and Health Convention (No 187) in
the year 2012 by Malaysia is another milestone in government’s commitment on better emphasis for
workplace safety and health in the country. The ratification further enhances Malaysia’s image at
international platform for better trade engagements and reassures investors on Malaysia’s high priority for
workplace safety and health. Therefore, it is utmost important to create behavioural changes at workplace
for prevention of occupational accidents, diseases and poisoning. This needs a concerted and consistent
effort between employers, employees and various stakeholders for creating workplace safety and health
culture and it is hoped by the year 2015, self-regulation would have been fully ingrained into the working
culture of all workplaces
Dato’ Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri
Director General
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
Ministry of Human Resources Malaysia
KEYNOTE ADDRESS
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Dato’ Dr. Ir. Johari Bin Basri Director General
Department of Occupational Safety and Health
Currently the Director General of the Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) who is responsible towards the overall planning and the implementation core business of DOSH namely enforcement, standard setting and promotional activities. Prior to this, he was the Executive Director of National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Malaysia from 2000-2002 and 2004-2007. He was the Executive Director of ASEAN-OSHNET, the regional grouping of t en ASEAN member countries working together towards improving the safety and health of the workers from 2004 to 2008. Graduated in Mechanical Engineering from University Technology Malaysia in 1977 and obtained his Master Sc. in Terotechnology from Manchester University, United Kingdom and PhD. in Process Safety (QRA) from University of Sheffield, United Kingdom. He is also Board of Director NIOSH, Board of Member CIDB, Chairman for Industrial Standard Committee of Occupational Safety and Health (ISC W) SIRIM Berhad, Member for Malaysian National Standards Committees (MyNSC) Standards Malaysia and Adjunct Professor at University Malaysia Pahang. His professional affiliations include Fellow of Institute of Engineers Malaysia (IEM), Associate Fellow of The Institution of Chemical Engineer (U.K), a Professional Engineer registered with the Board of Engineers Malaysia, Member of Malaysian Gas Association (MGA) beside a Life Member of The Malaysian Society for Occupational Safety and Health (MSOSH).
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Plenary 1 The road map to a greater collaboration among stakeholders in promoting environmental health: the Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government’s Perspectives YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan Department of Local Government (DLG), Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government, Malaysia
Plenary 2 Collaboration and Success in Governing Malaysia Exploration & Production (E&P) Occupational & Environmental Health Standards Rosnan Bin Hamzah, Head of Governance Section, Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) Department, Petroleum Management Unit, PETRONAS.
Plenary 3 High Occupational Temperature Health and Productivity Suppression Prof. Dr. Tord Kjellstrom, United Nations University and Health and Environment International Trust, New Zealand
Plenary 3
Re-thinking urban environmental health in the 21st century Prof. Dr. Anthony Capon, United Nation University
Plenary 5 Indoor Environmental Quality and Occupational Health: ‘New life for an old Science’ Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh, Head of Endoscopy and Consultant Gastroenterologist at Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu
Plenary 6 An Insight of Current Ergonomics Issues in Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Plenary 7 Geographic Information System (GIS) in Environment and Health Prof. Dr. Andrew Lovett, University of East Anglia, United Kingdom
Plenary 8 Management of Emergency Responders in Tropical Conditions Dr. Matt Brearley, Australia, Disaster Medical Research Manager, National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre (NCCTRC)
PLENARY SESSIONS
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THE ROAD MAP TO A GREATER COLLABORATION AMONG STAKEHOLDERS IN PROMOTING ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH: THE MINISTRY OF URBAN WELLBEING, HOUSING AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT’S PERSPECTIVES YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan Director General Department of Local Government (DLG), Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government
This paper will discuss the importance of sound environmental health knowledge and awareness
among the stakeholders in preventing the ill factors affecting humankinds as the interactions
constantly affect quality of life and years of healthy life live. The environmental factors as explained in
the definition are so diverse and far reaching, need to be looked into seriously. In this presentation
the best practices of environmental health were explored whether we are in the basic, intermediate or
advanced phases of environmental health as recommended by the World Organization (WHO). The
five Basic Environmental Health functions are the customary essential tasks such as water quality
inspection, waste water management, excreta management, municipal solid waste management and
vector control. As a country develops, the functions would be shifting to immediate level while still
taking on basic functions, then progress to the next levels of Intermediate and the Advanced or modern
level. This paper will also touched on our country commitments to several global environmental health
framework statements such as Montreal Protocol on ozone depleting substances, Climate Change
Convention and Kyoto Protocol, Stockholm Convention on POPs and Basel Convention on hazardous
waste. Finally this paper will discuss on the Malaysia’s National Policy on Environmental Health Plan
which is spearheaded by the Ministry of Health, Malaysia with a strong support from various Ministries.
PLENARY SPEAKERS:
PLENARY 1
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YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan
Director General Department of Local Government (DLG), Ministry of Urban Wellbeing,
Housing and Local Government
Datin Maziah Binti Adnan is now the Director General of the Department of Local Government, Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local Government. She has full responsibility for the planning and implementation of DLG include managing the financial support, provides policy, guidance and advice, drafting of laws and circulars related to the decision of cabinet and National Meeting for Local Government (NMLC), integrating new villages in development plans to reflect the unity of the people by providing the infrastructure and socio-economic facilities, implementing programs related to environmental hygiene and coordinate activities in public health in order to be adopted by the local authorities uniformly. Her first appointment in the public service was in 1981 where she was appointed as an Administrative and Diplomatic Officer and placed in the Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia until 1984. She was the Assistant Secretary in Personnel and Services Division, Ministry of Education from 1984 to 1991; she was later served as Assistant Director in Services Division, Public Service Department (PSD) of Malaysia (Grade M3) in 1992 before she served in the Management Service Division of PSD in 1996. She was appointed as Assistant Director in Management Services Division of PSD, (Acting) (Grade PTD M2) in 1998 and was promoted to Grade PTD M2 in 1999. She was appointed as Assistant Director of PSD Training Division in 2000 and appointed as Deputy Director in 2006. She was transferred as the Director in Planning Division, Ministry of Housing and Local Government to deputize PTD M54 grade in 2006 before being confirmed for promotion as PTD Grade C in 2007. She was promoted to Major Grade B (Acting) in 2013 and held the post as Director General of the Department of Local Government. She holds a BA (Hons) History, and she pursued her Masters Degree in Public Administration at the University of Malaya in 1994 to 1996.
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COLLABORATION AND SUCCESS IN GOVERNING MALAYSIA EXPLORATION &
PRODUCTION (E&P) OCCUPATIONAL & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH STANDARDS
Rosnan Bin Hamzah Petronas In the current years, petroleum industry has been providing significant contribution to the Malaysian
economy. The petroleum upstream which consist of exploration and production of crude oil and gas are
continuously strive to increase the national oil and gas reserves as well as national crude oil and gas sales.
Malaysian Petroleum Development Act 1974 vested upon PETRONAS the exclusive rights to explore and
produce petroleum resources within Malaysia. As the entrusted entity and the custodian to manage the
petroleum resources of the nation, PETRONAS has discovered 459 fields comprised of 145 producing
fields in Malaysia. There are 100 Petroleum Arrangement Contract (PACs) awarded, operated by 23
Contractors from International Oil Companies (IOCs).
Petroleum Management Unit (PMU) in PETRONAS, acts as the resource owner and manager of Malaysia’s
domestic oil and gas assets. PMU manages the Malaysia upstream activities throughout the Exploration &
Production (E&P) life cycle with strong emphasis on the Health, Safety and Environment in governing the
operations. The vastness of the industry which recorded 171.7 Million man-hours worked in 2013 alone
shows the challenge in ensuring effective governance are in place from the operators down to the service
providers.
The exploration and production of hydrocarbons may pose significant health hazards and risk thus high
standards is utmost important. Several significant health hazards related to E&P activities such as
benzene, hydrogen sulfide, mercury, naturally occurring radioactive materials, noise, shift work and mental
stress may affect the overall fitness and effectiveness of the worker which worked in remote areas where
immediate medical facilities are hours away.
In managing HSE risk of E&P personnel, in addition to monitoring contractors’ compliance to the acts and
regulations relating to HSE, PMU have initiated the proactive measures by developing a number of HSE
standards, establishing performance reporting for Occupational Health (OH) and Industrial Hygiene (IH)
and conducting health risk management assurance. These effort aimed to regulate and shape the oil and
gas operators and third party contractor’s occupational health management and control systems to be
comparable to international oil and gas standards. In addition, PMU provides strategic guidance and
facilitation in occupational health and hygiene areas such as through providing PETRONAS HSE
expectation during annual work program budget, Health Advisory Panel (HAP) in maintaining fitness to
work standard and authorized medical examiners; and workgroups and taskforce amongst the operators
for development of standards and sharing of best practices.
The key success factor in governing the HSE in E&P is the strong relationship with all stakeholders and
leverage the experience and expertise of organizations in the industry in continuously uplifting HSE
standards of Malaysia Upstream oil and gas. Strengthening of collaboration between the industry and
academic fraternity in research and development that will benefit both may further enhanced the
management of HSE in the upstream oil and gas and became exemplary model to other industry.
PLENARY SPEAKERS:
PLENARY 2
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Rosnan Bin Hamzah Head of Governance Section Health, Safety & Environment (HSE) Department,
Petroleum Management Unit, PETRONAS
Rosnan Hamzah is a Head of Governance Section, HSE Department, PMU. He holds a B.Sc. in
Engineering (Mechanical Engineering) from University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, USA and MBA
(Strategic Management) from International Islamic University of Malaysia as well as M.Sc. in
Community Health (Occupational Health) from National University of Malaysia. He has 18 years
working experience at various organizations including Lecturer Occupational Safety and Health at
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, HSE Performance Manager at
PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd, Senior HSE Specialist & Acting Deputy General Director at JV Aral
Sea Operating Company LLC, Uzbekistan and currently as Head of Governance Section, HSE
Department, PMU. Among his significant achievement at PMU were;
Develop HSE standards for Upstream Oil & Gas Industry in Malaysia such as Process Safety
Minimum Standards for Malaysia Upstream Oil and Gas Exploration and Production (E&P),
Standards for BOSIET Training Providers in Malaysia, HSE Case Standard for E&P
Lifecycle, Requirements of Managing Security Issues in Offshore Operations in Malaysian
Waters, Guideline on Medical Assessment of Fitness to Work for Offshore Workers as well
as Minimum Environment Specification for Malaysia Upstream Oil and Gas Facilities.
Develop and maintain HSE Performance Standards in Malaysia including industrial
hygiene and process safety key performance indicators.
Establish HSE Requirements for Petroleum Arrangement Contractor (PAC) contract and
PETRONAS expectation in annual budgeting.
Develop HSE competency requirement for oil & gas upstream personnel.
Chairman for Upstream Safety Work Group (USWG) and Upstream Health Hygiene Work
Group (UHHWG) as well as secretary for Joint HSE Committee Meeting (JHSEC).
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HIGH OCCUPATIONAL TEMPERATURE HEALTH AND PRODUCTIVITY UPPRESSION (HOTHAPS) Prof. Tord Kjellstrom United Nations University and Health and Environment International Trust, New Zealand It is well known that excessive heat exposure on working people creates heat stroke risks and reduced
work capacity. This is already an important occupational and environmental health problem in tropical
and sub-tropical areas during the hot season, and climate change will make the situation worse in
most of these areas. The Hothaps program was established in 2008 with the aim of encouraging and
facilitating research and health impact analysis so that the future trends of this health challenge could
be quantified. The new evidence could then be used in policy development and decision-making about
adaptation and mitigation actions in relation to climate change. The program has initiated local field
studies and publications in a dozen countries and methods for heat measurement, risk assessment
and prevention advice have been developed and promoted. The global Hothaps impact is likely to be
a major part of the economic cost of climate change and many low and middle income countries are
particularly affected. This presentation will show the components of the Hothaps program and
encourage new research initiatives and cooperation under the auspices of the leading Hothaps
institutions.
PLENARY SPEAKERS:
PLENARY 3
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Prof. Tord Kjellstrom United Nations University and Health and Environment International Trust,
New Zealand
Professor Kjellstrom has a Doctor of the Science of Medicine degree and a Master of Mechanical Engineering degree from Stockholm, Sweden. He has been a researcher and academic teacher, primarily in the environmental and occupational epidemiology fields, in universities in Sweden, New Zealand, Australia and the United Kingdom since 1970. He also worked as an environmental epidemiologist at the World Health Organization (WHO), Geneva, from 1985 to 1993, and was Director of the Office of Global and Integrated Environmental Health there 1994-1997. His research initially involved epidemiological studies of the effects of cadmium, lead, methyl-mercury, asbestos and children's traffic accidents. At WHO he developed scientific review work as well as training and research promotion in environmental health and chemical safety, and by 1994 became Director of an Office with responsibility for developing analysis and global guidance on Climate Change and Health and other emerging topics. From 1998, in New Zealand, he continued research on health effects of air pollution, climate change, road transport, urban health and globalisation as well as the health links to sustainable development. He was co-principal investigator in teams that received substantial grants for these studies from sources in Sweden, USA, UK, New Zealand and Australia, including Health Research Council of New Zealand, Australian National Health and Medical Research Council and the Wellcome Trust. The research work has produced more than 400 publications. During the most recent years he has been co-principal investigator in several major research programs (“Capacity-building in Environmental Health”, ANU; “Training program on Atmospheric Environment and Health”, ANU; “Health transition study in Thailand”, ANU; “Health effects of air pollution in New Zealand”, New Zealand agencies; “Healthy Urban Systems”, ANU) and produced reports on Globalisation and public health, Urban health equity, Road Transport and Public Health, and Climate change and Health research priorities. He has also been active in occupational health development programs funded by the Swedish International Development Agency (Sida) in Central America (SALTRA) and Southern Africa (WHASA). In recent years he has carried out work for the WHO on Climate change and health, Urban health and Health equity. Currently he is expanding a program of studies on “High Occupational Temperature Health and Productivity Suppression (Hothaps)” at global level to document impacts of Climate change on Occupational Health. This program involves collaboration between institutions in Australia, Sweden, Norway, New Zealand, United Kingdom, China, Vietnam, Thailand, Nepal, India, South Africa, Ghana, Nigeria, Costa Rica, Nicaragua and the USA. A major component is a Sida funded cooperation with India in 2012-2013. This work is currently being strengthened via new cooperation with the United Nations University, International Institute of Global Health.
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RE-THINKING URBAN ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH IN THE 21ST CENTURY Prof. Dr. Anthony Capon Director of International Institute for Global Health at United Nations University (UNU-IIGH)
Currently, we are in the midst of a global urban transition. The majority of the world’s population now
live in cities and, for the foreseeable future, most population growth will be in urban areas. By the
middle of the 21st century, we need to house 2-3 billion more people in the cities of the world – more
than one million people every week. Hence, we currently have an opportunity to re-think our cities
and their place in human development and future health and wellbeing. Traditionally, we have thought
of cities as dirty, unsafe and unhealthy places to live. And for many people, this is the case.
However, cities can be great places to live. Urban living can be good for health. Indeed, cities can
make positive contribution to environmental outcomes. Globally, there is no doubt we face immense
challenges – housing, water, sanitation, food, transport, urban poverty, among others. To enable a
healthy and sustainable urban transition, we first need to imagine healthy and sustainable ways of
living in cities. Second, we must accept the need for change. Third, we need to acknowledge the
value of systems thinking for population health and sustainable development. Only then, can we begin
to chart a course for healthy and sustainable urban futures.
PLENARY SPEAKERS:
PLENARY 4
16
Prof. Dr. Anthony Capon Director of International Institute for Global Health at United Nations University
(UNU-IIGH)
Tony directs the International Institute for Global Health at United Nations University (UNU-
IIGH). He is a public health physician and an authority on environmental health and health
promotion. His career spans public health policy, practice, research, education and advocacy.
Since 2008, he has been working with the International Council for Science (ICSU) to develop
the new global interdisciplinary science programme on health and wellbeing in the changing
urban environment using systems approaches. Tony has held National Health and Medical
Research Council (Australia) and World Health Organization fellowships, as well as leadership
roles with the Australasian Faculty of Public Health Medicine (of the Royal Australasian College
of Physicians) and the International Society for Urban Health.
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INDOOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH- ‘NEW LIFE FOR AN
OLD SCIENCE’
Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh
Senior Consultant Physician
Head of Endoscopy and Consultant Gastroenterologist
Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu
Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ) is most simply described as the conditions inside a building. It
does not refer to the air quality alone, but the entire environmental quality of a space, which includes
air quality, access to daylight and views, pleasant acoustic conditions, and occupant control over
lighting and thermal comfort. We spend a majority of our time indoors; not surprisingly, studies have
shown an increase in worker productivity when improvements are made to a space’s IEQ. Building
managers and operators can increase the satisfaction of building occupants by including thoughtful
IEQ details in the design and operation of a space.
When constructing cost-effective buildings, it is easy to forget that the success or failure of a project
may rest on its indoor environmental quality (IEQ). Healthy, comfortable employees are often more
satisfied and productive. Unfortunately, this simple truth is often lost, for it is easier to focus on the
first-cost of a project than it is to determine the value of increased user productivity and health. Facility
managers are interested in IEQ’s close relationship to energy use. Employers hope to enhance
employee comfort and productivity, reduce absenteeism and health-care costs, and reduce risk of
litigation.
Chemicals and related odors can be sources of IEQ problems in buildings. Odors are organic or
inorganic compounds and can be both pleasant and unpleasant. Some odors can be health hazards
and some are not. Reducing exposure to chemicals in the workplace is a preventative action that can
lead to improved outcomes for both worker health and to the environment.
HVAC systems alone can act as sources of pollutant. Improper operation and maintenance of HVAC
systems is one of the most common problems that impact workplace indoor environmental quality
(IEQ). HVAC systems include all of the equipment used to ventilate, heat, and cool the building; to
move the air around the building (ductwork); and to filter and clean the air. These systems can have
a significant impact on how pollutants are distributed and removed. Maintaining good IEQ requires
constant attention to the building's HVAC system, which includes the design, layout and pollutant
source management or air filtration.
While the main purposes of a HVAC system are to maintain good and clean indoor air quality through
adequate ventilation with filtration and provide thermal comfort, a proper design and maintenance of
HVAC system with additional and appropriate Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) will give a new
life and hope for an old science.
PLENARY SPEAKERS:
PLENARY 5
18
Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh Senior Consultant Physician
Head of Endoscopy and Consultant Gastroenterologist Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu
Datuk Dr Ahmad Shukri bin Md Salleh is a Senior Consultant Physician and Gastroenterologist at Hospital Sultanah Nur Zahirah, Kuala Terengganu (HSNZ). He graduated in 1989 from University Malaya, Malaysia and obtained double specialist in Internal Medicine from University Sains Malaysia and Royal College of Physician, United Kingdom in 1995. He became Fellow Royal College of Physician, London in 2010. He is a Gastroenterologist by training and had worked at Royal Liverpool University Hospital, UK from1998-2000. He was head of the Medical Department, Hospital Putrajaya from 2006-2010 before he left to London for one year and became a Fellow in Gastroenterology at St. Thomas’ Hospital in London. After 22 years working at hospital environment, he realized that Hospital Acquired Infection especially with the airborne route of transmission remained to be one of the difficult infections to control. While he was in London, he took the opportunity and developed his other interest in Hospital Airborne Infection Control and Indoor Air Quality. He returned to Malaysia in 2011 and worked at HSNZ. Besides practicing as a Consultant Gastroenterologist, he is also involved in Infection Control Team and member of Occupational Safety and Health unit in the medical department, HSNZ. He has undertaken research on Indoor Air Quality with his colleague from Science Engineering Department at University Malaysia Terengganu. He gave talks on ‘Indoor Air Quality’ not only to engineers and health care workers in public and teaching hospitals, but also to commercial building engineers and among others are the Petronas Twin Tower, Putrajaya Holding Berhad, Malaysian Public Work Department (JKR), Ministry of Higher Education, Museum, University Malaya Medical Centre, University Sains Malaysia Hospital, etc. He has a keen interest in Greening Malaysia by Improving Indoor Environmental Quality. He had written articles in National Newspaper to create awareness among the public about the importance of keeping a good indoor air quality during environmental pollution due to haze recently. He was recently invited to talk at Hospital Engineering International Conference 2013, which was held at KLCC. He correlated well between the roles of engineering ventilation system with indoor air quality for a better indoor environmental quality.
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AN INSIGHT OF CURRENT ERGONOMICS ISSUES IN MALAYSIA Associate Prof. Dr Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin Vice President Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Malaysia (2010)
The field of Ergonomics and human factors had been practice for more than 10 decades; however the awareness of ergonomics in Malaysia is rising up recently with the establishment of the Malaysian Occupational Safety and Health Act (1994). Although Malaysia had related legislation and various occupational guidelines in Ergonomics, the law related to Ergonomics is generally translated and need further interpretation. However, under SOCSO Act (1969), the evidence of ergonomics related disorders can be clearly observed and aligned with the finding by the government agencies and research published. This indicated that Malaysian working environment have not improved and the compliance with the legislation is not taken seriously. There was evidence that the ergonomics awareness is still lacking in most industries including those in healthcare, education and practitioner in Human Computer Interaction (HCI) and usability (cognitive ergonomics). Among the industries that highly affected with ergonomics risks includes those working in agricultural sectors, health care, manufacturing, transportation, those using computer in offices and school children. Besides MSD’s, there is also evidence of vibration related disorders among those in manufacturing and fabricating industries. In addition to the poor understanding to industrial ergonomics risks, most of the Malaysian designers lack of the understanding principles in ergonomics design and application. From HCI, a lot of understanding on user needs and usability are required to ensure adoption and effective implementations. This field calls for deeper knowledge in human cognition which can also create a better user experience. Overall, through The Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Malaysia (HFEM), there is big opportunity where the society can work with the public as well as the employers and manufacturers of products to install HFE in its conception. In a conclusion, there are several gaps in improving and promoting ergonomics in Malaysia.
1) Promoting awareness to various target groups through Rakyat/People-Academia-Government Industry (RAGI) Strategic Planning.
2) Revision and upgrading of current legislation and guidelines to specific regulation on ergonomics.
3) Standardizing ergonomics assessment method and professional certificate.
4) Developing special interest groups in different disciplines of ergonomics (HCI, Product Design and Physical Ergonomics).
5) Translating research finding into proper guidelines, industrial Code of Practice and policy.
6) Promoting low cost improvement and intervention and based on user participation and issues.
PLENARY SPEAKERS:
PLENARY 5
20
Associate Prof. Dr Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin Vice President
Human Factors and Ergonomics Society of Malaysia (2010)
Associate Professor Dr. Shamsul Bahri is Industrial Hygiene/Occupational Ergonomic lecturer in Environmental & Occupational Health, UPM. He had supervised a total of 62 undergraduate students and 15 postgraduate students with 4 PhD students and had completed many research projects sponsored by The Ministry of Science and Innovation and Ministry of Higher Education with the total grant of RM1.7 million. This includes research in industrial ergonomics including intervention of ergonomics injuries among commercial vehicle drivers, improvement of school ergonomics and ergonomics intervention in agriculture especially related to oil palm industries. Under UPM, he owns industrial patent for Ergonomic bus seat design, ergonomics furniture for school and currently tool for harvesting free fruit bunch. He was among recipient of awards both National and International award especially related to ergonomics improvement among bus drivers. Besides publishing peer reviewed publications, he had consulted DOSH and various industries in occupational safety and health issues including noise exposure, audiometry, indoor air quality, epidemiological study on musculoskeletal disorders and developing the Malaysian Occupational Safety and Health Profile in 2008.
21
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEMS (GIS) IN ENVIRONMENT AND HEALTH Professor Andrew Lovett Deputy Head of School University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom A Geographic Information System (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manage, analyse and
display spatially-referenced data. The ability to combine together different forms of data and present
them in map form makes them particularly useful for many applications in the area of environmental
health. This is reflected in the variety of organizations that now make use of GIS tools. This
presentation will discuss a range of examples regarding the use of GIS for exposure assessment and
environmental risk assessment. It will also consider current developments in the availability of data
and software, as well as how the use of GIS is likely to evolve in the future.
PLENARY SPEAKERS:
PLENARY 7
22
Professor Andrew Lovett Deputy Head of School
University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
Andrew Lovett is a Professor of Environmental Sciences and Deputy Head of School at the University of East Anglia, UK. His academic specialism is the use of Geographical Information Systems and he has taught the subject to students for over 20 years. Andrew has published over 130 peer reviewed papers and book chapters on topics such as health geography, landscape planning, renewable energy and environmental economics. He has been the chair of the Geography of Health Research Group of the Royal Geographical Society and on the editorial boards of journals such as Health & Place, Environment and Planning B and Computers, Environment & Urban Systems. At present he is working on the Social, Economic and Environmental Research (SEER) project into Multi-Objective Land Use Decision Making funded by the Economic & Social Research Council and is co-leader of the Wensum Demonstration Test Catchment project (http://www.wensumalliance.org.uk) funded by the UK Government.
23
MANAGEMENT OF EMERGENCY RESPONDERS IN TROPICAL CONDITIONS Dr. Matt Brearley Disaster Medical Research Manager National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre (NCCTRC)
The personal protective clothing and equipment (PPE) requirements of emergency responders (ER) provides a barrier to body heat dissipation. In tropical environments, the combination of PPE and physical activity create a setting conducive to body heat storage. Elevated core body temperatures and associated sequelae may limit ER operational capability. Methods: Quantification of ER physiological (core body temperature, heart rate, sweat rate, dehydration) and perceptual responses (thermal sensation and discomfort) to responding in the tropics, and development of heat stress mitigation strategies have been the focus of the NCCTRC research program. This presentation provides an overview of the research findings to date. Results: High physiological and perceptual strain have been observed for those ER with high physical workloads and PPE requirements. Pacing of effort by non-heat acclimatized ER to limit body heat storage is evident upon deployment to the tropics. Field based cooling strategies delay attainment of high core body temperatures. Conclusion: The development of specific strategies to maximize the health, safety and performance of ER in tropical settings are warranted. Individualized self-administered heat acclimatization programs have been developed to promote adaptation pre-deployment for ER residing in cool climates. External (fans, cold towels, water immersion) and internal cooling (crushed ice ingestion) are options to accelerate body heat dissipation and maintain operational capability in the tropics
PLENARY SPEAKERS:
PLENARY 8
24
Dr. Matt Brearley Disaster Medical Research Manager
National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre (NCCTRC)
Dr Matt Brearley and is the Disaster Medical Research Manager of the National Critical Care and Trauma Response Centre (NCCTRC), having been based in Australia’s tropical north since 2001. Commencing his career in elite sport settings, Matt’s previous roles include managing athlete services at the Northern Territory Institute of Sport and the National Heat Training and Acclimatisation Centre. His work maximising the performance of elite athletes in the heat culminated in the role of heat specialist for the Australian team in the lead up to, and during the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, China. Now focusing on occupational settings, Matt works to mitigate the risks of heat stress for outdoor workers in tropical settings. Specifically, an objective of the NCCTRC research program is the development of evidence based procedures to ensure emergency response teams maximise their health, safety and performance in the heat. To achieve this goal, Matt collaborates with a wide range of emergency personnel including tactical response police, firefighters, medical response teams, US Marines, disaster victim identification teams, urban search and rescue units and power utility crews. The NCCTRC research program has quantified the physiological impost of responding in the heat. A recent project demonstrated the physiological consequences of deploying non-heat acclimatised emergency responders into tropical regions during a 24 hour training exercise. Large scale trials of cooling strategies have been undertaken in the field. Matt introduced crushed ice ingestion to elite sport settings in 2003 and to occupational settings in 2006, and continues to research the potential of this novel cooling strategy in harsh climates.
Such work has been acknowledged with awards for research and innovation, best conference paper and presentations and recognition by the Australian Institute of Policy and Science.
25
TIME 8 APRIL 2014 (TUESDAY)
08:00 – 08:55 Arrival and registration of participants
08:55 – 09:00 Arrival of guests
09:00 – 09:03 National Anthem
09:03 – 09:06 Recitation of Do’a
09:06 – 09:15 Welcome Speech by Chairman of ICEOH 2014
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Hj Mohd Tamrin
09:15 – 09:25
Opening Ceremony and Officiating Speech by Director General of Department of
Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH)
YBhg. Dato’ Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri
09:25 – 09:30 Multimedia Presentation
09:30 – 10.00
Keynote address by Director General of Department of Occupational Safety
and Health (DOSH)
Blue Ocean Strategy in Promoting Occupational Safety and Environmental Health:
The Road Map to a Greater Collaboration among the Stakeholders
YBhg. Dato’ Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri
10:00 – 10:45
Dialogue with the experts in EOH: Safety, health and environment
beyond 2020: What is our future?
YBhg. Dato' Ir. Dr. Johari Bin Basri, YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan, Fauzi
Yahaya,
Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh, Daud Amatzin
Chairman: Prof. Dr. Zailina Hashim
10:45 – 11:00 Coffee Break
11:00 – 11:30
Plenary 1 - YBhg. Datin Maziah Binti Adnan
Director General of Department of Local Government, Malaysia
The Road Map To A Greater Collaboration Among Stakeholders in Promoting
Environmental Health: The Ministry of Urban Wellbeing, Housing and Local
Government’s Perspective
Chairman: Prof. Dr. Zalilah Mohd Shariff
11:30 – 12:00
Plenary 2 - Rosnan Hamzah, PETRONAS
Collaboration and Success in Governing Malaysia Exploration & Production (E&P)
Occupational & Environmental Health Standards
Chairman: Prof. Dr. Jamal Hisham Hashim
TENTATIVE PROGRAM
26
-
TIME 8 APRIL 2014 (TUESDAY)
12:00 – 12:30
ANSR SDN BHD – Indoor Quality: Effects of the environment to our health
First Instrument – Sound and Vibration: User friendly protable measuring devices
and software programs using the same advanced measurement techniques, field
balancing and diagnostic tools.
Chairman: Dr Indrakaran Karthigesu
12:30 – 14:00 Lunch
14:00 – 14:30
Plenary 3 - Prof. Dr Tord Kjellstrom, Health and Environment International
Trust, New Zealand
High Occupational Temperature Health and Productivity Suppression
Chairman: Prof. Dr. Zamberi Sekawi
14:30 – 15:00
Plenary 4 - Prof. Dr. Anthony Capon, UNU
Re-Thinking Urban Environmental Health in the 21st Century
Chairman: Prof. Dr. Zamberi Sekawi
Parallel Paper Presentations (Break-out sessions)
15:00 – 16:00
ROOM 1
Urban Health & Risk
Management Dr. Indrakaran
Karthigesu
ROOM 2
Occupational Rehabilitation Ir, Nor Halim Bin Hassan
ROOM 3
Children’s Health
Dr. Kulanthayan
Mani
ROOM 4
Environmental Sustainability Dr. Mazura
Shahani
ROOM 5
OSH & Environment Vivien How
ROOM 6
Human Behavioral &
Environmental Health
Dr. Irniza Rasdi
16:00 – 16:30 Coffee Break
16:30 – 17:30
ROOM 1
Occupational Management
& Practice Dr. S.
Norkhadijah S. Ismail
ROOM 2
Climate Change &
Environmental Health
Dr. Ali Karami Varnamkhasti
ROOM 3
Hygiene And Industrial
Safety Norhazlina
Mydin
ROOM 4
Occupational Safety And
Health (Part I) Ng Yee Guan
ROOM 5
Psychosocial And
Behavioral Dr. Suriani
Ismail
ROOM 6
Biomarker Dr. Tezara
Cionita
20:00 – 23:00 Conference Dinner
TENTATIVE PROGRAM TENTATIVE PROGRAM
27
TIME 9 APRIL 2014 (WEDNESDAY)
09:00 – 09:35 Plenary 5 - Datuk Dr. Ahmad Shukri Bin Md Salleh, Ministry of Health Malaysia Indoor Environmental Quality and Occupational Health- ‘New life for an old Science’
Chairman: Dr. Juliana Jalaludin
09:35 – 10:10 Plenary 6 - Assoc. Prof. Dr. Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin
An Insight of Current Ergonomics Issues in Malaysia Chairman: Dr. Sarva Mangala Praveena
10:10 – 10:45 Coffee Break
10:45 – 11:20 Plenary 7 - Prof. Dr. Andrew Lovett, University of East Anglia, UK
Geographic Information System (GIS) in Environment and Health Chairman: Prof. Dr. Amin Bin Ismail
11:20 – 11.55 Plenary 8- Dr. Matt Brearley, Australia
Management of emergency responders in tropical conditions Chairman: Dr. Shaharuddin Mohd Sham
11:55 – 12:30 OUM – Occupational Safety and Health: The challenges in carrier
Asean Saintifik – The important PPE in workstation: Is it important? Chairman: Dr Indrakaran Karthigesu
12:30 – 14:00 Lunch
Parallel Paper Presentations (Break-out sessions)*
14:00 – 15:30
ROOM 1 Environmental Toxicology (I)
Dr. Sarva Mangala Praveena
ROOM 2 Air
Pollution Dr.
AnitaAbd. Rahman
ROOM 3 Waste
Management Dr. S.
Norkhadijah S. Ismail
ROOM 4 Ergonomics
(Part II) Dr.
Karmegam Karuppiah
ROOM 5 Environmental Toxicology (II)
Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin
15:30 – 16:00 Coffee Break
16:00 – 17:30
ROOM 1 Water And
Food Safety Dr. Saliza
Mohd Elias
ROOM 2 Ergonomics
(I) Ishkandar Md Yusoff
ROOM 3 Occupational Safety and Health (II) Dr. Matt Brearley
ROOM 4 Air Quality & Ergonomics Dr. Emilia
Zainal Abidin
ROOM 5 Waste
Management Dr. Ho Yu Bin
17:30 – 18:00 Closing ceremony
TENTATIVE PROGRAM
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
28
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
URBAN HEALTH & RISK MANAGEMENT (SESSION ROOM 1)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm
Room: 1
Chairperson: Dr. Indrakaran a/l Karthigesu
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 1A-1: Time: 3.00pm
Title: Origin and Geochemistry of the Mishrif, Yamama and Nahr Umr Reservoirs, In
Nasiriya Oilfield, Southern Iraq
Amer Al-Khafaji*
OP Room 1A-2: Time: 3.10pm
Title: Sustainability Concern In Value Management: A Study On Government’s Building
Project
Nuur Fadzilah Md. Noor*, Kamruzzaman, S.N., and Norafida Ab. Ghaffar
OP Room 1A-3: Time: 3.20pm
Title: How Safe Are We from Environmental Disaster in Malaysia?
Haliza Abdul Rahman*
OP Room 1A-4: Time: 3.30pm
Title: Determination of Dithiocarbamate Fungicide Residue in Cucumber, Ginger, and
Pepper and Health Risk Assessment
Buran Phansawan*, Tippawan Prapamontol, Ampica Mangklabruks, Choochad Santasup,
Somporn Chantrara & Prasak Thavornyutikarn
OP Room 1A-5: Time: 3.40pm
Title: The Study of Floculation Charecteristics for Landfill Leachate Treatment Using
Starch Natural Based Floculant from Durio Zibethinus Seed
Mohd Faiz Muaz Ahmad Zamri, Mohd Suffian Yusoff * & Hamidi Abdul Aziz
PP Room 1A-6: Time: 3.50pm
Title: The Health Co-Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation through Mass Public
Transportation in an Urban Environment
Soo Chen Kwan & Jamal Hisham Hashim
PP Room 1A-7: Time: 3.53pm
Title: Dengue Fever Spatial Occurrence and Its Relationship with Land Use In Selangor,
Malaysia
Haidar Rizal Toha*, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Mazrura Sahani & Mohd Shahir Shamsir
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
29
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OCCUPATIONAL MANAGEMENT & PRACTICE (SESSION ROOM 1)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm
Room: 1
Chairperson: Dr. S. Norkhadijah S. Ismail
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 1B-1: Time: 4.30pm
Title: Risk Factors for Near Miss Incident among Long Distance Bus Drivers in Malaysia
Nik Nor Ronaidi Nik Mahdi*, Norsa’adah Bachok, Norlen Mohamed & Mohd Nazri Shafei
OP Room 1B-2: Time: 4.40pm
Title: It Takes Two to Tango: Emotional Job Demands and Personality Interaction in
Predicting Employee Health
Rosnah Ismail*, Azmi Mohd Tamil, Mohd Awang Idris & Noor Hassim Ismail
OP Room 1B-3: Time: 4.50pm
Title: Radiation Dose Management In Fluoroscopy Procedures: An Audit And Surveillance
Siti Farizwana Mohd Ridzwan*, Elavarasi Selvarajah & Hamzaini Abdul Hamid
OP Room 1B-4: Time: 5.00pm
Title: A Preliminary Result of Occupational Safety and Health Management System
Compliance among Gas Contractor (Petroleum Pipeline) In Peninsular Malaysia
Hamdan Bin Ramat* & Shamsul Bahri Bin Mohd Tamrin
OP Room 1B-5: Time: 5.10pm
Title: The Association between Vibrotactile Perception and Chemical Exposure among
Vehicle Service Technicians in Klang Valley Nurul Ain Zali, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin & Karmegam Karuppiah
OP Room 1B-6: Time: 5.20pm
Title: Heavy Metals Emitting From Welding Fumes in Automotive Industry
Norhidayah Abdull*, Siti Wahida Mat Hassan, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail, Abdul Mutalib Leman &
Azian Harir
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
30
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OCCUPATIONAL REHABILITATION (SESSION ROOM 2)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm
Room: 2
Chairperson: Ir, Nor Halim Bin Hassan
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 2A-1: Time: 3.00pm
Title: Do We Communicate Openly In Healthcare Delivery?
Nabilah Hussain*, Nurul Syarbani Eliana Musa, Mohd Idris Omar, Roslinah Ali, Nor'Aishah
Abu Bakar, Noriah Bidin, Mohamad Mu'Izuddin Senin, Siti Aisah Mokhtar & Nor Filzatun
Borhan
OP Room 2A-2: Time: 3.10pm
Title: Quality of Life and Mental Health Status of Arsenic-affected Patients in a
Bangladeshi Population
Emdadul Haque Syed*, Krishna C. Poudel & Habibul Ahsan
OP Room 2A-3: Time: 3.20pm
Title: Impact of Interprofessional Education on Patient and Workplace Safety towards
Allied Health Interns
Umasenan Thanikasalam*
OP Room 2A-4: Time: 3.30pm
Title: Health Impacts of Climate Change in Asia Charles Cc Lee* & Kavitha Palaniappan
OP Room 2A-5: Time: 3.40pm
Title: High Indoor Formaldehyde Concentration at a Teaching Hospital in Malaysia Mohd Hasni Jaafar*, Damica Kunsiong, Juliana Mat Sutris, Noor Raihan Khamal & Jamal
Hisham Hashim
PP Room 2A-6: Time: 3.50pm
Title: Health Policy: Human Resource Management
Noor Arma*, Wan Puteh Sharifa Ezat, Razali Hasyimah, Azmi Shahruz Idzwan & Nordin
Azmaniza
PP Room 2A-7: Time: 3.53pm
Title: Perception Of Safety And Health Problems Among Older Farmers In Malaysia: An
Insight
Anita Abd Rahman*, Nabilah Latif, Rosnah Mohd Yusoff, Haslinda Abdullah, Sharifah
Norazizan Syed Abd Rashid & Mohd Rizal Hussain
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
31
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
CLIMATE CHANGE & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (SESSION ROOM 2)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm
Room: 2
Chairperson: Dr. Ali Karami Varnamkhasti
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 2B-1: Time: 4.30pm
Title: Health Impacts of Rural Flood and Community Coping Strategy in Northeast
Thailand
Phatcharee Srikuta*, Uraiwan Inmuong & Yanyong Inmuong
OP Room 2B-2: Time: 4.40pm
Title: Pesticide Dermal Contamination and Micro-environment Interaction between
Farmer and Children in the Farming Community Vivien How, Zailina Hashim, Patimah Ismail, Dzolkhifli Omar, Salmiah Md Said & Shamsul
Bahri Mohd Tamrin
OP Room 2B-3: Time: 4.50pm
Title: The Effect of Sunlight (Ultraviolet) Exposure and Vitamin D Intake Deficiency
towards the Increase of Systolic Blood Pressure
Dessy Hermawan*, Wahyu Dani & Achmad Farich
OP Room 2B-4: Time: 5.00pm
Title: A Study of Some Environmental Factors and Their Effects on Bacterial Community
In Haj Ali's Drainage In Babylon Province –Iraq
Wameedh Adil*
OP Room 2B-5: Time: 5.10pm
Title: Quantitative Risk Assessment of Environmental Hazards to Receptor Populations
Subramaniam Karuppannan*, Prof.Mukerjee T.K. & Mohd.Rafee Baharudin
PP Room 2B-6: Time: 5.20pm
Title: Non Workplace Factors Affecting the Export Processing Zone Workers’ Health
S.M Arnold*, Sameera Senanayake, C.J. Denawaka & N.C. Pallewatta
PP Room 2B-7: Time: 5.23pm
Title: Cytotoxic Action of Some Systemic Pesticides on CHO-K1 and V79-4 Cell Lines
Ali Al-Sarar*, Alaa Bayoumi & Yasser Abobakr
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
32
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
CHILDREN’S HEALTH (SESSION ROOM 3)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm
Room: 3
Chairperson: Dr. Kulanthayan K.C. Mani
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 3A-1: Time: 3.00pm
Title: Prevalence of Asthma and Level of FeNOx among School Children in Terengganu,
Malaysia
Aminnuddin Ma'pol*, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Dan Norbäck, Gunilla Weislander, Zailina
Hashim & Zaleha Md Isa
OP Room 3A-2: Time: 3.10pm
Title: A Review of Respiratory Diseases Due To Outdoor Air Pollution among Children In
Malaysia
Mohammad Adam Adman & Jamal Hisham Hashim
OP Room 3A-3: Time: 3.20pm
Title: Assessment of Children's Health and Indoor Air Contaminants of Daycare Centre in
Industrial Area Tezara Cionita*, Juliana Jalaludin & Adam Nor Mariah
OP Room 3A-4: Time: 3.30pm
Title: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Exposure, Hair Nicotine Concentrations and
Cognitive Abilities among Adolescents In Malaysia Najihah Zainol Abidin*, Aziemah Zulkifli, Emilia Zainal Abidin, Zailina Hashim, Sean Semple,
Anita Abdul Rahman & Che Nin Man
OP Room 3A-5: Time: 3.40pm
Title: Health Risk from Pesticide Exposure among Infants of Breastfeeding Farmworkers
in an Agricultural Area of Chiang Mai Province, Thailand Warangkana Naksen*, Tippawan Prapamontol, Ampica Mangklabruks, Somporn Chantrara &
Prasak Thavornyutikarn.
PP Room 3A-6: Time: 3.50pm
Title: Exposure to Secondhand Smoke and Academic Performance among Primary School
Children in Serdang, Selangor
Khairunnisa Saliman, Emilia Zainalabidin* & Sarva Mangala Praveena
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
33
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
PP Room 3A-7: Time: 3.53pm
Title: Is There A Relationship Between Physical Activity And Smoking Among Saudi
University Health Science Students? Feisal Subhan* & Thamir Al-Khlaiwi
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
34
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
HYGIENE AND INDUSTRIAL SAFETY (SESSION ROOM 3)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm
Room: 3
Chairperson: Pn Norhazlina Mydin
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 3B-1: Time: 4.30pm
Title: Metal Workers: Exposure to Chemicals and Noise Caused By Using Inappropriate
Safety Measures Karin Reinhold* & Lea Pallon
OP Room 3B-2: Time: 4.40pm
Title: Health Status, Occupational Hygiene & Safety Practices Among Female Workers In
Bangladesh: A Cross Sectional Study On Selected Baking Industries
Obidul Huq Ak*, Ekramul Mahmud Hnm & Formuzul Haque Km
OP Room 3B-3: Time: 4.50pm
Title: Neurobehavioral Effects of Arsenic Exposure from Groundwater among Secondary
School Children in Kandal Province, Cambodia Sao Vibol* & Jamal Hisham Hashim
OP Room 3B-4: Time: 5.00pm
Title: Examining neurobehavioral effects of pesticide exposure in workers involved in
mosquito control in Malaysia
Muhammad Zubir Yusof, Sean Semple, John Cherrie & Niza Samsuddin
OP Room 3B-5: Time: 5.10pm
Title: Work Related Msd And The Association With Risk Factors Among Vehicle Service
Technicians In Klang Valley
Ahmad Faisal Ahmad Nasaruddin, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin & Karmegam Karuppiah
PP Room 3B-6: Time: 5.20pm
Title: Study of skin symptoms and workplace dermal exposures among hospital cleaners in
Kota Bharu, Kelantan
Nurul Aliyana Mohamad Sabar & Siti Marwanis Anua*
PP Room 3B-7: Time: 5.23pm
Title: -
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
35
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (SESSION ROOM 4)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm
Room: 4
Chairperson: Dr. Mazura Shahani
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 4A-1: Time: 3.00pm
Title: Understanding Environmental Sustainability: Are We?
Haliza Abdul Rahman*
OP Room 4A-2: Time: 3.10pm
Title: Biochemical Changes Of Liver That Infected With Entamoeba Histolytica In White
Rats
Ahmed Khudhair*
OP Room 4A-3: Time: 3.20pm
Title: Study the Effects of the Pesticide Es-Biothrin on Some Histological Aspects of White
Male Rats
Halla Abdul-Hadi Abdul-Ghani Chabuk, Haidar Kamil Zaidan Al-Saadi, and Fakhir
Alzubaidy*
OP Room 4A-4: Time: 3.30pm
Title: Decolorization of Dye Wastewater by Adsorption on Fly Ash Granules Coated With
Hexadecyltrimetylammonium Bromide
Chayada Pansuk* & Soydoa Vinitnanthara
OP Room 4A-5: Time: 3.40pm
Title: Environmental Risk Assessment for Veterinary Antibiotics and Hormone in
Malaysian Agricultural Soil Yu Bin Ho*, Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria, Puziah Abdul Latif & Nazamid Saari
PP Room 4A-6: Time: 3.50pm
Title: Staphylococcus Aureus Infection in a Population of Health Sciences Students at A
Public University
Amelia Ab Hamid*, Norhidayah Mat Azis, Hui Ping Pung, Farizatul Akmawati Yahya, Syafinaz
Amin Nordin, Neela Vasanthakumari & Mohd Nasir Mohd Desa
PP Room 4A-7: Time: 3.53pm
Title: Treatment and Preservation of Fuel against Microbial Contamination Can Reduce
the Risk of Environmental Pollution Suyi Wong*, Siew Hoon ReginaTeng, Kit Yin Wong, Lik Chern Melvin Tan & Kim Long Yeo
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
36
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (PART I) (SESSION ROOM 4)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm
Room: 4
Chairperson: Mr Ng Yee Guan
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 4B-1: Time: 4.30pm
Title: Event Tree Analysis for Analyzing Probable Fire Scenario in the Plastic
Manufacturing Extra Building Arroon Ketsakorn* & Warapof Meethom
OP Room 4B-2: Time: 4.40pm
Title: Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Associated Risk Factors among
Workers in a Malaysian Academic Institue:
Jabbar M. A.*, Masyita Binti Mamot, Chandrashekhar T S. and Nem Y. B.
OP Room 4B-3: Time: 4.50pm
Title: Safety Matters Concerning Timber Scaffold Board Application in National Oil and
Gas Industry
Mohd Jamil Abdul Wahab* & Mohamad Omar Mohamad Khaidzir
OP Room 4B-4: Time: 5.00pm
Title: Measuring Function of Vestibulo-Cochlear System: An Occupational Health
Perspective Abdullah Alabdulhadi*, Aseel Al-Meqbel & Maya Guest
OP Room 4B-5: Time: 5.10pm
Title: Assessment of Risk Factors to Occupational Pesticide Poisoning In Cocoa Farmers in
Ondo State, Nigeria
Dele Onunkun*
PP Room 4B-6: Time: 5.20pm
Title: Effects of Parental Occupation on Mental Status of Adolescent Children in Urban
Population of Malaysia
Latiffah Abd Latiff*, Esra Tajik, Sareh Dashti, Ali Jafarzadeh Esfehani & Azrinshah Abubakar
PP Room 4B-7: Time: 5.23pm
Title: Respiratory Health of Male Steel Workers In Terengganu, Malaysia
Nurul Ainun Hamzah*, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin & Noor Hassim Ismail
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
37
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY, HEALTH AND ENVIRONMENT (SESSION ROOM 5)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm
Room: 5
Chairperson: Ms. Vivien How
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 5A-1: Time: 3.00pm
Title: Diesel Particulate Matter: Escalation as an Occupational Health Risk
Thomas Mitchell*
OP Room 5A-2: Time: 3.10pm
Title: Prevalence of Asbestos Related Illness among Asbestos Workers in Sri Lanka Hemantha Wickramatillake* & Fernando Menaka
OP Room 5A-3: Time: 3.20pm
Title: Job Dissatisfaction and Its Related Factors among Laboratory Staff
Nehzat Fadaei*, Huda Binti Zainuddin & Dr. Seyd Tajuddin Seyd Hassan
OP Room 5A-4: Time: 3.30pm
Title: Asthma, Respiratory Symptoms and Rhinitis among Office Workers in Malaysia:
Associations with House Dust Mite (HDM) Allergy and HDM Levels in Office Dust Lim Fang Lee*, Zailina Hashim, Leslie Than Tian Long, Salmiah Md. Said, Dan Norback &
Jamal, H.H
OP Room 5A-5: Time: 3.40pm
Title: Prevalence of Work-Related Wrist and Hand Musculoskeletal Disorders among
Computer Users, Karnataka State, India
Maiya Arun G, Vinod Bhat, Nalini Sathiakumar & David Coggon
PP Room 5A-6: Time: 3.50pm
Title: Relationship between Carbon Black and PM2.5 Exposure with Respiratory System
among Workers at Printing Industry
Nurfatin Athirah Malik*, Emilia Zainal Abidin & Irniza Rasdi
PP Room 5A-7: Time: 3.53pm
Title: Perception towards Anti-Smoking Campaign Among Malay Smokers in Malaysia Suriani Ismail*, Muhamad Hanafiah Juni, Kulanthayan K.C. Mani, Suhainizam Muhamad
Saliluddin, Raja Aman Zakwan Raja Ramle and Tiong Ling Rong
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
38
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
PSYCHOSOCIAL AND BEHAVIORAL (SESSION ROOM 5)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm
Room: 5
Chairperson: Dr. Suriani Ismail
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 5B-1: Time: 4.30pm
Title: Exposure to Respirable Dust (PM10) and Respiratory Health among Traffic
Policemen in Selangor Nor Syafarizwa M*, Juliana Jalaludin & Sharmadevan S
OP Room 5B-2: Time: 4.40pm
Title: Noise from Road Traffic at Night - A Case Study in Dungun
Dian Darina Indah Daruis*, Norazmira Wati Awang, Baba Md Deros & Ahmad Rasdan Ismail
OP Room 5B-3: Time: 4.50pm
Title: Associations between lifestyle, chronic diseases and self-rated health among
Malaysian adults
Ying Ying Chan*, Chien Huey The, Kuang Kuay Lim, Kuang Hock Lim, Pei Sien Yeo, Azli
Baharudin, Zhuo Lin Chong, Yi Yi Khoo, Chee Cheong Kee, Noor Ani Ahmad & Mohd Azahadi
Omar
OP Room 5B-4: Time: 5.00pm
Title: Pen and paper based observational method to assess postural problems: A review
Ezrin Hani Sukadarin*, Baba Md Deros, Nur Syazwani Mohd Nawi, Shamsul Bahri Mohd
Tamrin, Shariman Abu Bakar & Azmin Sham Rambely
OP Room 5B-5: Time: 5.10pm
Title:
PP Room 5B-6: Time: 5.20pm
Title: The Prevalence of Occupational Stress among Staff at the Private University in
Selangor, Malaysia
Azizah Ahmad*
PP Room 5B-7: Time: 5.23pm
Titlei: Pesticide Exposure and Learning Ability of Primary School Children in Tanjung
Karang, Selangor
Nurul Husna Miswon, Zailina Hashim*, Raihanah Chokeli & Vivien How
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
39
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
HUMAN BEHAVIORAL & ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH (SESSION ROOM 6)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 3.00pm – 4.00pm
Room: 6
Chairperson: Dr. Irniza Rasdi
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 6A-1: Time: 3.00pm
Title: Environmental Health Risk Assessment To Determine Sanitation Risk Area In
Jember District In Supporting Millennium Development Goals
Khoiron Khoiron* & Sugeng Wibowo
OP Room 6A-2: Time: 3.10pm
Title: Prevalence and Factors Associated With Smoking Intentions among Non-Smoking
and Smoking Adolescents in Kota Tinggi District, Johor, Malaysia Kuang Hock Lim*, Chee Cheong Kee, Kuang Kuay Lim, Hui Li Lim, Lay Yen Yeo, Goh Swee
Chin Fiona, Chien Huey The, Ying Ying Chan, Normala Ibrahim & Mustafa Amal Nasir
OP Room 6A-3: Time: 3.20pm
Title: Detection and Identification of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa in Bottled Drinking Water
Achala Herath*, Charmalie Abayasekara, Rohana Chandrajith & Nimal Adikaram
OP Room 6A-4: Time: 3.30pm
Title: Analysis of Occupational Accident in Mining and Quarry Sector towards Safe and
Healthy Working Environment Nur Azlina Abd Rahman*, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail & Norhidayah Abdull
OP Room 6A-5: Time: 3.40pm
Title: Evaluating Temperature of Pavement Materials for Temperature Reduction in
Putrajaya Rezvan Sadat Benrazavi*, Kamariah Binti Dola, Mohd Fairuz Shahidan, Asraf Abdul Rahman
& Nour Sadat Benrazavi
OP Room 6A-8: Time: 3.50pm
Title: The Effects Muscles Activities at Constant Illuminance with Multiple Temperature
for Rubber Scrap Industries
Che Mohammad Nizam*, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail, Ong Pit Wah, Ahmad Fauzi Awang and
Rosnizawati Bharom
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
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ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
PP Room 6A-6: Time: 4.00pm
Title: Relationship between Safety Climate Perception, Job Satisfaction and Occupational
Safety Health Management System with Accident at Small Medium
Noradila Mohamed*, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin, Huda Zainuddin & Subramaniam
Karupannan
PP Room 6A-7: Time: 4.03pm
Title: Workplace Health and Safety Measures In An Export Processing Zone In Sri Lanka S.M Arnold*, Sameera Senanayake, C.J. Denawaka & N.C. Pallewatta
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
41
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
BIOMARKER (SESSION ROOM 6)
Date: 8th April 2014
Time: 4.30pm – 5.30pm
Room: 6
Chairperson: Dr Tezara Cionita
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 6B-1: Time: 4.30pm
Title: Correlation between Some Pro-Inflammatory Markers and Serum Trace Elements
during Menstrual Cycle of Women
Dr. Abdulnabi Abid*
OP Room 6B-2: Time: 4.40pm
Title: Cytotoxic Effect of Red Seaweeds Kappaphycus Alvarezii and Kappaphycus
Striatum on Hepatocarcinoma HEPG2 Cell Line Farah Diyana Ariffin*, Aminah Abdullah, Chan Kok Meng, Shahrul Hisham Zainal Ariffin &
Mazrura Sahani
OP Room 6B-3: Time: 4.50pm
Title: Climate Change Impacts on Food and Water-Borne Diseases in Malaysia
Noor Artika Hassan, Jamal Hisham Hashim, Anthony Capon & Mohd Syazwan Faisal Mohd
OP Room 6B-4: Time: 5.00pm
Title: Effect Of Seaweed And Salt Stress on Antioxidant Paramrter of Tamato
(Lycopersicon Esculentum Mill.) Basheer Alalwani*, Mohammed Jebor & Teeb Hussain
OP Room 6B-5: Time: 5.00pm
Title: Application Of Response Surface Methodology For The Preparation Of Calcium
Alginate In Aqueous Kamaruddin, M.A., *Yusoff, M.S., Aziz, H.A. and Alrozi, R.
PP Room 6B-6: Time: 5.20pm
Title: Characterization of Pleurotus Ostreatus Spent Mushroom Compost as Potential
Biosorbent for Heavy Metal Removal
Ain Nihla Kamarudzaman*, TayChia Chay, Amnorzahira Amir, Mohd Faizal Ab Jalil &
Suhaimi Abdul Talib
PP Room 6B-7: Time: 5.23pm
Title: A GC-ECD Method for Detecting 3- Phenoxybenzoic Acid in Human Urine Samples
Nisa P.*, Tippawan P., Surat H. & Tanyaporn K.
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
42
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (PART I) (SESSION ROOM 1)
Date: 9th April 2014
Time: 2.00pm – 3.30pm
Room: 1
Chairperson: Dr. Sarva Mangala Praveena
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 1A-1: Time: 2.00pm
Title: Assessing the Risks of Total Mercury Contamination from Artisanal Buladu Gold
Mine In Gorontalo Province, Indonesia
Anwar Mallongi*, Poranee Pataranawat & Sopa Chinwetkitvanich
OP Room 1A-2: Time: 2.10pm
Title: An Experimental Study of Short Term Hypoxia and Anoxia on Phosphate
Concentrations and Alkaline Phosphatase Activity in Estuarine Sediment Widad Fadhullah* & Alastair Grant
OP Room 1A-3: Time: 2.20pm
Title: Concentration of Heavy Metals (Arsenic, Cadmium, and Lead) in Anchovy Sauce
and Health Risk Assessment among Respondents in Tumpat, Kelantan
Saliza Mohd Elias*, Suzilla Yaacob, Nor Husna Hassan & Ahmad Zaharin Aris
OP Room 1A-4: Time: 2.30pm
Title: The Risk Factors Analysis of Green Tobacco Sickness (GTS) AND THE Handling
Methods for Tobacco Farmers
Dewi Khoiron*
OP Room 1A-5: Time: 2.40pm
Title: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure and prevalence of respiratory
symptoms among adolescents in states with SFL and Non-SFL in Malaysia Aziemah Zulkifli, Najihah Zainol Abidin, Emilia Zainal Abidin, Zailina Hashim, Anita Abd.
Rahman, Sean Semple & Che Nin Man
OP Room 1A-6: Time: 2.50pm
Title: A Study of the Toxic Effects of Some Environmental Pollutant and Cigarette
Smoking In the Development of Osteoarthritis
Sohayla Attalla*, Afaf Attia, Magdy Shaat & Mohamed Eldafrawy
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
43
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OP Room 1A-7: Time: 3.00pm
Title: Use of intestinal pseudomonas aeruginosa in fish to detect the environmental
pollutant benzo[a]pyrene *Ali Karami
OP Room 1A-8: Time: 3.10pm
Title: Study Pollution Of Selenium And Nickel Elements In The Water And Three Types
Of Fish Muscles Collected From The Euphrates River / Central Iraq
Dhurgham Al-Sultany*
PP Room 1A-9: Time: 3.20pm
Title: Formation of Hybrid WO3-TIO2 Nanotubes and Its Application to Conserve the
Environment
Chin Wei Lai, Tong Ling Tan & Syazwan Hanani Meriam Suhaimy
PP Room 1A-10: Time: 3.20pm
Title: The Role of Allergy Risk Factors and Environmental Factors Against Lymphocyte
Th-1 and Th-2 Activity in Relation to Wheezing in Infants Age Up to 1 Year
Mulya Safri, Bidasari Lubis, Zakiudin Munasir, Mulyadi & Nia Kurniati
PP Room 1A-11: Time: 3.20pm
Title: -
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
44
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
WATER AND FOOD SAFETY (SESSION ROOM 1)
Date: 9th April 2014
Time: 4.00pm – 5.30pm
Room: 1
Chairperson: Dr. Saliza Mohd Elias
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 1B-1: Time: 4.00pm
Title: Removal of Methylene Blue Dye From Aqueous Solution Using Natural Boron Ore
and Leach Waste Material: Adsorption Optimization Criteria
Muhammed Kamil Öden* & Celalettin Özdemİr
OP Room 1B-2: Time: 4.10pm
Title: Biomarker of heavy metal exposure via drinking water: A systematic review Ab Razak N.H.*, Praveena S.M., Aris A.Z., Juahir H. & Hashim Z.
OP Room 1B-3: Time: 4.20pm
Title: Concentration Effect and Kinetics of Hexavalent Chromium Removal Using Water
Treatment Sludge/Nano Zero Valent Iron Composite
Anakhaphon Phiansi*, Nutthaporn Pimpha & Peerakarn Banjerdkij
OP Room 1B-4: Time: 4.30pm
Title: Ammonical Nitrogen Contaminated Groundwater at Taman Beringin Ex-Landfill
Site: Implication to Health and the Environment Mustapha Atta*, Wan Zuhairi Wan Yaacob, Othman Jaafar & Zaini Sakawi
OP Room 1B-5: Time: 4.40pm
Title: Health Risk Assessment Using In Vitro Digestion Model in Assessing Bioavailability
of Heavy Metal from Varieties of Cooked Rice
Omar N.A., Praveena S.M., Aris A.Z. & Hashim Z.
OP Room 1B-6: Time: 4.50pm
Title: Potential of Silver Nanoparticles an Antibacterial Water Filter: A Review
Mazelan N.A.M. & Praveena S.M.
OP Room 1B-7: Time: 5.00pm
Title: A review: Association of nitrate in well water with excretory of nitrosamines in urine
and saliva
Aida Soraya Shamsuddin, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail & Shaharuddin Mohd Sham
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
45
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OP Room 1B-8: Time: 5.10pm
Title: Comparison of the Health Implications of Drinking Arsenic and Cadmium
Contaminated Water between an Urban and Rural Communities
Zailina, H*, Najibah, H, Nadia Aiezzati, A, Patimah, I
OP Room 1B-9: Time: 5.20pm
Title: Study of Some Macrophytes as Bioindicators to pollution by PAHs in Al-Hilla River,
Iraq Atheer Al-Azawey*, Jasim Salman & Fikrat Hassan
OP Room 1B-10: Time: 5.30pm
Title: Nitrate Levels in Well-water and Population Health Risk of Kota Bharu and Bachok,
Kelantan in Different Planting Phases Amirah Ahmad Roslan*, Shaharuddin Bin Mohd Sham and Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
46
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
AIR POLLUTION (SESSION ROOM 2)
Date: 9th April 2014
Time: 2.00pm – 3.30pm
Room: 2
Chairperson: Dr. AnitaAbd. Rahman
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 2A-1: Time: 2.00pm
Title: Characterization of Coarse & Fine Particles in Different Microenvironments-Its
Implications On Occupants
David Massey*, Mahima Habil & Ajay Taneja.
OP Room 2A-2: Time: 2.10pm
Title: Exposure to Children from Pm Concentration & Ionic Contamination in Schools of
India Mahima Habil*, David Massey & Ajay Taneja
OP Room 2A-3: Time: 2.20pm
Title: Indoor Air Quality Assessment in A Radiantly Cooled Tropical Building: A Case
Study
Qi Jie Kwong*, Nor Mariah Adam, Vijay R. Raghavan, Tezara Cionita & Mohd Fareq Abd
Malek
OP Room 2A-4: Time: 2.30pm
Title: Comparison of Respiratory Health and Allergies from Chemical Exposures among
Workers in a Machining Industry
Liaw Sh, Zailina H*, Lye Ms and Huda Z
OP Room 2A-5: Time: 2.40pm
Title: Health Risk Assessment of BTEX Emissions at a Diesel Station in Johannesburg,
South Africa Raeesa Moolla* & Christopher Curtis
OP Room 2A-6: Time: 2.50pm
Title: Indoor Air Pollution from Biomass Cooking Fuels and its Association with
Respiratory Health of Women and Children in Chukwani-Zanzibar
Aziza S. Abdulkadir*, Emilia Zainal Abidin, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail & Sean Semple
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
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ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OP Room 2A-7: Time: 3.00pm
Title: Effects of Ambient PM10 on Respiratory Health of School Children in Chiang Mai
City, Northern Thailand Waraphan Phornwisetsirikun*, Tippawan Prapamontol, Somrak Rangkakulnuwat, Somporn
Chantara & Prasak Tavornyutikarn
OP Room 2A-8: Time: 3.10pm
Title: Evaluation of PM2.5 and PM10 Emission Concentration from a Biomass Fired
Boiler: A Possible Human Exposure? M.M. Syahirah*, M. Rashid & J. Nor Ruwaida
PP Room 2A-9: Time: 3.20pm
Title: Levels of Levoglucosan and 2-Methoxyphenol on PM10 from Indoor Air in Ethnic
Highlander Houses Using Wood for Cooking Sawaeng Kawichai*, Tippawan Prapamontol, Somporn Chantara & Prasak Thavornyutikarn
PP Room 2A-10: Time: 3.23pm
Title: Indoor Air Quality And Respiratory Health Effects Among Malay Preschool
Children In Selangor
Nur Azwani Mohd Nor Rawi, Juliana Jalaludin* & Chua Poh Choo
PP Room 2A-11: Time: 3.26pm
Title:
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
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ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
ERGONOMICS (PART I) (SESSION ROOM 2)
Date: 9th April 2014
Time: 4.00pm – 5.30pm
Room: 2
Chairperson: Mr. Iskandar Md Yusoff
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 2B-1: Time: 4.00pm
Title: Prevalence of Selected Health Issues among Workers in Small Scale Industries in Sri
Lanka
Inoka Suraweera*, Supun Wijesinghe & Sameera Senanayake
OP Room 2B-2: Time: 4.10pm
Title: Effect of Wrist Deviation on Median Nerve Cross -Sectional Area at Proximal Carpal
Tunnel Level. Ping Yeap Loh* & Satoshi Muraki
OP Room 2B-3: Time: 4.20pm
Title: The Efficacy of Quantitative Cross Cultural Product Design Survey Instrument
Muhammad Syafiq Syed Mohamed*, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin & Rizal Rahman
OP Room 2B-4: Time: 4.30pm
Title: The Causes and the Impacts of Occupational Stress among Industrial Workers in
Pekan Nanas, Johor Mei Kay Loo*, Nor Sa’adah Abd Rahman & Salmiah Mohamad Amin
OP Room 2B-5: Time: 4.40pm
Title: Prevalence of Work Related Musculoskeletal Disorders Symptoms in a Construction
Company
Baba Md Deros*, Nor Kamaliana Khamis, Darliana Mohamad & Siti Fairus Mat Daud
OP Room 2B-6: Time:4.50pm
Title: Perception Study on Ergonomics Practices at Malaysian Quarry and Mining
Industry Norhidayah Mat Sout*, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail & Norhidayah Abdull
OP Room 2B-7: Time: 5.00pm
Title: Burden of Noise Induced Hearing Loss among Manufacturing Industrial Workers in
Malaysia Noraita Tahir*, Syed Mohamed Aljunid & Jamal Hisham Hashim
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
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ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OP Room 2B-8: Time: 5.10pm
Title: Computer Modelling of Oil Palm Plantation Fruit Bunch Collector Job Using
CATIA Ergonomic Feature
Muhammad Luthfi Norzan* & Shahriman Abu Bakar
PP Room 2B-9: Time: 5.20pm
Title: The Effect of Backpack Load and Placement on Postural Deviation in Healthy School
Children
Abdul Mujid Abdullah*, Siti Aida Rashidi, Rachael McDonald & Shapour Jaberzadeh
PP Room 2B-10: Time: 5.23pm
Title: -
PP Room 2B-11: Time: 5.26pm
Title:-
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
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ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
WASTE MANAGEMENT (SESSION ROOM 3)
Date: 9th April 2014
Time: 2.00pm – 3.30pm
Room: 3
Chairperson: Dr. Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 3A-1: Time: 2.00pm
Title: Hazardous Effect of Raw Sewage Disposal from Indigenous Housing Settlement on
Natural Water Bodies
Navid Nasrolah Mazandarani*, Rahinah Ibrahim, Azni Idris & Thamer Ahmed Mohammad
OP Room 3A-2: Time: 2.10pm
Title: Development of Smart System for Real Time Optimization of Solid Waste
Management in Malaysia
Mohd Armi Abu Samah*, Latifah Abd Manaf Abd Manaf, Mohamad Roslan Mohamad
Mohamad & Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail
OP Room 3A-3: Time: 2.20pm
Title: Using Natural Nano Montmorillonites for Adsorptive Removal of Heavy Metal Ion
from Aqueous Solutions
Celalettin Özdemi̇r*, Okan Duman & Muhammed Kamil Öden
OP Room 3A-4: Time: 2.30pm
Title: A Review of Health Implications on Children Living at the Vicinity Solid Waste
Landfill
Dora Esphylin J., Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I, Emilia Z.A, Praveena S.M, Zailina H. & Hafizan J.
OP Room 3A-5: Time: 2.40pm
Title: Nutrient and Heavy Metal Content in Food Waste Compost with Effective
Microorganism (EM): A review
Siti Aminah Ab Muttalib & Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail
OP Room 3A-6: Time: 2.50pm
Title: Occupational Factors Associated With Burnout Subtypes among Police Officers in
Kandy Police Division, Sri Lanka
Nuwan Wickramasinghe & Pushpa Wijesinghe
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
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ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OP Room 3A-7: Time: 3.00pm
Title: DNA Damage due to Inhalation of Complex Metal Particulates among Foundry
Workers
Zorawar Singh & Pooja Chadha
OP Room 3A-8: Time: 3.10pm
Title: How Error Classification Systems Can Impact On Incident Reporting and Analysis
Ibrahim Taib
OP Room 3A-9: Time: 3.20pm
Title: Green Chemical Applications: Highly Efficient Process on Selective Formation of
Industrial Materials
Alaa K. H. Al-Khalaf†*, Keith Smith & Gamal A. El-Hiti
PP Room 3A-9: Time: 3.30pm
Title: Study On Municipal Solid Waste Management in Malaysia: Case Study in Kuching,
Miri and Sibu Ling Song Kai*, Hamidi Abdul Aziz & Suffian Bin Yusoff
PP Room 3A-10: Time: 3.33pm
Title: -
PP Room 3A-11: Time: 3.36pm
Title: -
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
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ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH (PART II) (SESSION ROOM 3)
Date: 9th April 2014
Time: 4.00pm – 5.30pm
Room: 3
Chairperson: Dr. Matt Brearley
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 3B-1: Time: 4.00pm
Title: An Analysis of the Effects of Occupants’ Perceptions of Their Indoor Environment
on Their Assessments of Their Thermal Sensation and Comfort
Harimi Djamila*, Chi Chu Ming & Sivakumar Kumaresan
OP Room 3B-2: Time: 4.10pm
Title: Occupational Hazards in Some Selected Small Scale Industries in a District Of Sri
Lanka Inoka Suraweera*, Sameera Senanayake & Supun Wijesinghe
OP Room 3B-3: Time: 4.20pm
Title: Occupational Health Risk Management for Operational Facilities in Kuwait Oil
Company (KOC), Kuwait
Abdurrahman Faraj Alenezi*, Waseem Ahmad Siddiqil, Ayyappan Ramalingam & Mohsen Al-
Mutairi
OP Room 3B-4: Time: 4.30pm
Title: Respiratory Effects from Welding Fumes in Automotive Industries in Malaysia Azian Hariri*, Nuur Azreen Paiman, Abdul Mutalib Leman & Mohammad Zainal Md Yusof
OP Room 3B-5: Time: 4.40pm
Title: An Insight of Sustainable Development – A Study among Construction Professional
in Malaysia Nadzirah Zainordin* & Carmen Tan Yee Mei
OP Room 3B-6: Time: 4.50pm
Title: Effect Of Use Manual Tools to Oil Palm Collecter and Loader
Nur Syazwani Mohd Nawi*, Baba Md Deros, Ezrin Hani Sukadarin, Shamsul Bahri Mohd
Tamrin, Shahriman Abu Bakar & Azmin Sham Rambely
OP Room 3B-7: Time: 5.00pm
Title: Occupational Health Services for Small-Scale Industry Workers in a District Of Sri
Lanka Inoka Suraweera*, Sameera Senanayake & Supun Wijesinghe
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
53
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OP Room 3B-8: Time: 5.10pm
Title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice of Pesticide Use among Oil Palm Smallholders in
Sandakan, Sabah Kamsia Budin*, Shahida M.S, Celestina A, Suriani H, Norlita I & Khadizah G
PP Room 3B-9: Time: 5.20pm
Title: Handling Mercury Containing Medical Devices among Nurses in a Tertiary Care
Paediatric Hospital in Sri Lanka Sameera Senanayake* & Nalika Gunawardena
PP Room 3B-10: Time: 5.23pm
Title: The Outcome of Leptospirosis among Febrile Cases in Northeastern Hospitals
Malaysia
Aziah Daud*
PP Room 3B-11: Time: 5.26pm
Title: Association between outdoor air pollution and acute respiratory infection among
adults in Klang Valley ( 2006-2011)
Nurfazhilah A.R., Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I and Emilia Zainal Abidin
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
54
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
ERGONOMICS (PART II) (SESSION ROOM 4)
Date: 9th April 2014
Time: 2.00pm – 3.30pm
Room: 4
Chairperson: Dr Karmegam Karuppiah
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 4A-1: Time: 2.00pm
Title: Optimized Manual Lifting Condition amongst Employees Using an Ergonomics
Guidelines: A Case Study
Khamis, N.K.*, Deros, B.M., Abdul Aziz, F. and Md. Saad, M.H.
OP Room 4A-2: Time: 2.10pm
Title: Assessment of Whole Body Vibration Exposure among Motorcyclist in Malaysia: A
Preliminary Study Nor Kamaliana Khamis*, Mohd Zaki Nuawi, Baba Md Deros & Darliana Mohamad
OP Room 4A-3: Time: 2.20pm
Title: The Association between Extreme Heat Exposure and Acute Physiological Change
among Steel Mill Workers
Nurul Atikah Che Hasan*, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail &
Ahmad Makmom Abdullah
OP Room 4A-4: Time: 2.30pm
Title: Work Posture Analysis Using Rula in an Automotive Manufacturing Plant in
Selangor Noor Sazarina Mad Isa Yahya*, Baba Md Deros, Mazrura Sahani & Ahmad Rasdan Ismail
OP Room 4A-5: Time: 2.40pm
Title: Evaluation of Musculoskeletal Disorders among Oil Palm Fresh Fruit Bunches
Harvesters Using Rula Nurainaa Kabilmiharbi*, Baba Md Deros & Ezrin Hani Sukadarin
OP Room 4A-6: Time: 2.50pm
Title: Effect of Educational Program with Clinical Training on Reducing Of Work Related
Low Back Pain among Malaysian Nurses Working At Hospital University Sains Malaysia
Samer Alnawajha*, Che Rabiaah Mohamed, Wan Aasim Wan Adnan & Mohd Nazhari Mohd
Nawi
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
55
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OP Room 4A-7: Time: 3.00pm
Title: Comfortable Driver’s Car Seat Fit Parameter Based On Malaysian Anthropometrics
Data
Darliana Mohamad*, Baba Md Deros, Dian Darina Indah Daruis, Norhidayah Fathirah Ramli
& Ezrin Hani Sukadarin
OP Room 4A-8: Time: 3.10pm
Title: Noise from Road Traffic at Night - A Case Study in Dungun Dian Darina Indah Daruis*, Norazmira Wati Awang, Baba Md Deros & Ahmad Rasdan Ismail
PP Room 4A-9: Time: 3.20pm
Title: Effects of Air Temperature, Humidity and Lighting on Workers’ Comfort and
Health in Call Centre Department Nor Fariza Nor Ruslan*, Safial Eqbal Zakaria, Ruzaidi Kardi, Nurfatin Athirah Malik & Rozita
Osman
PP Room 4A-10: Time: 3.20pm
Title:
PP Room 4A-11: Time: 3.20pm
Title:
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
56
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
AIR QUALITY & ERGONOMICS (SESSION ROOM 4)
Date: 9th April 2014
Time: 4.00pm – 5.30pm
Room: 4
Chairperson: Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 4B-1: Time: 4.00pm
Title: Sick Building Syndrome among Health Campus Staff of a University in a
Northeastern State of Malaysia
Ahmad Filza Ismail* & Dennis Chii Yih Ling
OP Room 4B-2: Time: 4.10pm
Title: The Consequence of Physical-Environmental Factors on Encouraging Pedestrian and
Cycling Activities in UPM Campus Bijan Afsar*, Golriz Nikjoo & Mohd Yazid Mohd Yunus
OP Room 4B-3: Time: 4.20pm
Title: Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Aerosols in Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
Sara Yasina Yusuf*, Luqman Chuah Abdullah, Mohd Rashid Mohd Yusof & Wan Amiza
Amneera Wan Ahmad
OP Room 4B-4: Time: 4.30pm
Title: Oil Palm Workers, Malaysia: Design Ergonomic Harvesting Tool Using User
Centered Design Approach To Reducting the Awkward Body Posture by CATIA
Simulation Irwan Syah Md Yusoff*, Shamsul Bahri Md Tamrin, Aini Mad Said & Ng Yee Guan
OP Room 4B-5: Time: 4.40pm
Title: Study to Modeling of Heat Stress Index among Glass Manufacturing In Tropical
Climate Country Dayana Hazwani Mohd Suadi Nata* & Shamsul Bahri Md Tamrin
OP Room 4B-6: Time: 4.50pm
Title: Sound Proofing, Noise Annoyance and Performance Ambition: Issues Surrounding
Noise Exposure for Musicians
C.J. Chan*, M.L. Tey & M.M. Hood
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
57
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OP Room 4B-7: Time: 5.00pm
Title: Proportion of Trace Elements from Airborne PM10 in Chiang Mai City Using PIXE
Technique Suchart Kiatwattanacharoen*, Tippawan Prapamontol, Somsorn Singharat, Somporn
Chantrara & Prasak Thavornyutikarn
OP Room 4B-8: Time: 5.10pm
Title: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) Acceptance in Universiti Tenaga National Iman Asadi* & Ibrahim Hussein
OP Room 4B-9: Time: 5.20pm
Title: Indoor Air Particles (PM2.5 & PM10) Exposures and the Respiratory Health among
Preschool Children in Hulu Langat, Selangor Nur Aida Aziz*, Juliana Jalaludin & Suhaili Abu Bakar
PP Room 4B-10: Time: 5.30pm
Title: Influence Of Gender on Work Stress among Public University Lecturers: A
Comparison between Research and Teaching Components Noor Arma*, Ismail Noor Hassim, Azmi Shahruz Idzwan & Yusof Khairul Hazdi
PP Room 4B-11: Time: 5.33pm
Title: Assessment of Dust Exposure in an Integrated Iron and Steel Manufacturing Plant in
Eastern Coast of Peninsular Malaysia Nurul Ainun Hamzah*, Noor Hassim Ismail, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin & Azwan Aziz
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
58
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY (PART II) (SESSION ROOM 5)
Date: 9th April 2014
Time: 2.00pm – 3.30pm
Room: 5
Chairperson: Dr. Emilia Zainal Abidin
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 5A-1: Time: 2.00pm
Title: Phenotyping of Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Breast Cancer Infected With
High Oncogenic Risk Human Papilloma Virus
Shakir Mohammed*
OP Room 5A-2: Time: 2.10pm
Title: School’s Indoor Air Quality and Respiratory Health Implications among School
Children: A Review Chua Poh Choo* & Juliana Jalaludin
OP Room 5A-3: Time: 2.20pm
Title: Biomarker as a Research Tool in Linking Exposure to Air Particles and Respiratory
Health
Nur Faseeha Suhaimi* and Juliana Jalaludin
OP Room 5A-4: Time: 2.30pm
Title: Health Risk Assessment on Bioavailability of Heavy Metal in Klang District Surface
Soil
Yuswir N. S., Praveena S. M., Aris A. Z. & Hashim Z.
OP Room 5A-5: Time: 2.40pm
Title: Measuring radon concentration in the air of Indian households spend – Karbala
Mohammed Hadi Shinen
OP Room 5A-6: Time: 2.50pm
Title: Toxicity Test of Landfill Leachate with Orechromis mossambicus (Tilapia) and its
Impact to Human Health: A Review of Fish Bioassay
Umi Raihana Abdul Rahman & Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail
OP Room 5A-7: Time: 3.00pm
Title: Phytoremediation technology: the efficiency and the tolerance of water mimosa
versus water hyacinth in remediation of heavy metals from waste water Aini Syuhaida Abd Wahab, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail, Praveena Sarva Mangala &
Suriyani Awang
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
59
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OP Room 5A-8: Time: 3.10pm
Title: Carbonate Treated Ethyl Glycol for Adsorption of Congo Red from Aqueous
Solution Kai-Yin Chong, Chin-Hua Chia, Sarani Zakaria & Mohd Shaiful Sajab
PP Room 5A-9: Time: 3.20pm
Title: -
PP Room 5A-10: Time: 3.20pm
Title: -
PP Room 5A-11: Time: 3.20pm
Title: -
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
60
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
WASTE MANAGEMENT & INDUSTRIAL SAFETY (SESSION ROOM 5)
Date: 9th April 2014
Time: 4.00pm – 5.30pm
Room: 5
Chairperson: Dr. Ho Yu Bin
Technician / Time Keeper: UPM postgraduate students
OP Room 5B-1: Time: 4.00pm
Title: Production of Microalgal Biomass Using Raw Wastewater from Instant Noddle
Factory Worawit Whangchenchom*, Wilai Chiemchaisri, Paveena Tapaneeyaworawong & Sorawit
Powtongsook
OP Room 5B-2: Time: 4.10pm
Title: Municipal Solid Waste Management Practices And Challenges In Zanzibar: Health
Risks And Policy Implication
Biubwa Ally* & Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail
OP Room 5B-3: Time: 4.20pm
Title: Floatable Marine Litter Movement Predicted by Tidal Circulation Simulation at
Saphan Hin, Phuket, Andaman Sea
Rungtip Junlah, Pasinee Worachananant, Sornthep Vannarat & Chihiro Yoshimura
OP Room 5B-4: Time: 4.30pm
Title: Spatial analysis of pm10 and acute respiratory infection (ari) among children in
Klang Valley, 2007 – 2011
Siti Rahmah Abdul Rahman, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail, Muhammad Firuz Ramli,
Mohd Talib Latif & Mazrura Sahani
OP Room 5B-5: Time: 4.40pm
Title: An assessment of oxidative potential of indoor/outdoor airborne particulate matter at
roadside and urban background sites in London
Mohd Shukri Mohd Aris, Frank Kelly & Benjamin Barratt
OP Room 5B-6: Time: 4.50pm
Title: Evaluating Human Exposure to Emission from Incineration Plant Using Aermod
Dispersion Modeling Afsaneh Afzali*, M. Rashid, K. Noorhafizah & M. Ammar
OP: ORAL PRESENTATION;PP: POSTER PRESENTATION LAST UPDATE: 05/04/2014
61
ICEOH 2014 SCIENTIFIC PAPER & POSTER PRESENTATION
OP Room 5B-7: Time: 5.00pm
Title: Herbicide Exposure And Skin Symptoms Among Paddy Farmers In Tanjung
Karang, Selangor
Raihanah Chokeli, Zailina Hashim* & Vivien How
OP Room 5B-8: Time: 5.10pm
Title: A Survey on Safety Awareness among Quarry Workers at East Cost Malaysia Siti Hajar Abdul Aziz, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail & Mohd Rashid Ab Hamid
OP Room 5B-9: Time: 5.20pm
Title: Educational Tourism Development: A Path to Scale up Sustainable Development in
Malaysia
Maryam Ahmadian* & Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah
Air Pollution
OP Room 2A-1
CHARACTERIZATION OF COARSE & FINE PARTICLES IN DIFFERENT
MICROENVIRONMENTS-ITS IMPLICATIONS ON OCCUPANTS
*David D Massey1, Mahima Habil1 & Ajay Taneja2
1Department of Chemistry, St John’s College Agra-282002
2Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R.A. University, Agra-282002
Methods: A campaign study was conducted from September 2011 to November 2011 in different
indoor working environment of supermarkets, shops and offices in Agra city for PM10, PM5.0,
PM2.5, PM1.0, PM0.5 & PM0.25 mass and number concentration. Data obtained during the
campaign study was compared to WHO standards for PM10 and PM2.5 which exceeded 9 times
and for PM10 exceeded 6.5 times in all the sites and in comparison with NAAQS standards for
PM2.5 exceeded 3.7 times and for PM10 exceeded 5.4 times.
Results: The concentration trends were found highest in the offices followed by shops and
commercial centers. The data obtained were also linked to the indoor activities using occupant’s
diary entries. The data obtained from sampling, questionnaire diary entries and survey of different
microenvironment, suggested that indoor activities influenced the course and especially the fine
particulate concentrations of indoor environment. Health problems in occupants of the offices in
comparison to shops and supermarkets were higher and prominent.
Conclusions: The present work provides updated information on particulate mass and number
concentrations and their sources in different indoor working environments and their health effects.
Keywords: Coarse and Fine Particles, Mass and Number Characterization, Full Day Variation and
Health Effects
Air Pollution
OP Room 2A-2
EXPOSURE TO CHILDREN FROM PM CONCENTRATION & IONIC
CONTAMINATION IN SCHOOLS OF INDIA
Mahima Habil1*, David D Massey1 & Ajay Taneja2
1Department of Chemistry, St John’s College Agra-282002
2Department of Chemistry, Dr. B.R.A. University, Agra-282002
Background: The high levels of indoor particulate matter in developing countries and the apparent
scale of its impact on the global burden of disease underline the importance of particulate as an
environmental health risk and the consequent need for monitoring them particularly in indoor
school microenvironments.
Methods: The con-centration of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1.0, was measured along with ionic
concentrations K+, Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+, SO42-, NO3-, Cl- and F- collected from settled dust in the
indoor–outdoor environment of roadside and residentially located schools in Agra City, from
January 2008 to May 2009. PM indoor/outdoor ratios at the roadside and residentially located
schools were also determined along with the meteorological parameters like temperature,
humidity, and wind speed and air exchange rate. The enrichment factor was calculated using Ca
as a reference to the trace metal species to identify the sources.
Results: Three factors in inside and three outside the class-rooms of the roadside and residentially
located schools were identified. These factors reflected source like soil dust, road dust, vehicle
emissions, industrial emissions, metal processes, and incineration activities and their contributions
were estimated using principal component analysis. Symptoms like difficulty in con-centration,
dizziness, dry flaking skin, sneezing, eye irritation, shortness of breath, headache, cold and flu and
allergies were also observed.
Conclusions: Measurements of such exposure levels would be helpful in the prevention of
environmental risks to school children at a global level for better and healthy mind of children
studying at schools.
Keywords: Children Exposure, Enrichment, Source Apportionment And Naturally Ventilated
Classrooms
Air Pollution
OP Room 2A-3
INDOOR AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT IN A RADIANTLY COOLED TROPICAL
BUILDING: A CASE STUDY
*Kwong, Q.J1, Adam, N.M1, and Raghavan, V.R1
1Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia.
Background: Indoor air quality (IAQ) is a major concern for building engineers, researchers and
health professionals because it is closely related to comfort safety and work productivity of
occupants. However, there is a lack in the available literature about IAQ in tropical buildings that
use a decentralised approach in cooling and dehumidification of indoor air.
Objectives: This paper reports on the results obtained from an IAQ audit that was conducted in a
new radiantly cooled building in Malaysia, by focusing on the IAQ and thermal parameters.
Results: It was identified that the measured concentration levels for the indoor contaminants (CO,
CO2, TVOC and respirable particulates) were within the threshold limit values (TLV) specified in
the IAQ guidelines, except for Formaldehyde (HCHO). This is mostly due to the use of new
building materials, furniture and office equipment in the studied building. Besides, no significant
association was found between the building under study and prevalence of sick building syndrome.
Conclusions: It was suggested that increase in air flow rate and use of portable air filters in the
studied building can be made to improve thermal comfort and IAQ.
Keywords: Indoor Air Quality (IAQ), Radiantly Cooled Building, IAQ Audit, Indoor
Contaminants, Sick Building Syndrome
Air Pollution
OP Room 2A-4
COMPARISON OF RESPIRATORY HEALTH AND ALLERGIES FROM CHEMICAL
EXPOSURES AMONG WORKERS IN A MACHINING INDUSTRY
Liaw, S.H,1, *Zailina , H1, Lye, MS2 and Huda, Z2
1Dept. of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia 2Dept. of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra
Malaysia
Background: The objective of this study was to determine the association between airborne
concentration of chromium and aluminum with respiratory health and allergy symptoms among
machining industry workers.
Methods: The study design was a cross-sectional comparative study. The respiratory and allergy
symptoms were obtained through the questionnaire-interviewed survey. This study determined the
prevalence of respiratory health complaints, allergy symptom and lung functions among
metalworking fluids (WMF) of exposed and unexposed workers in a machining industry.
Results: This study showed that the MWF of unexposed group had significantly higher TWA8
airborne aluminum concentration (median = 0.24 μg/m3) than MWF exposed group (median =
0.13 μg/m3) (p=0.027). However, no significant difference was found for the airborne chromium
between both groups. It was observed significantly higher skin itchiness reported by the MWF
exposed group. This was further supported by the serum total IgE concentrations which was
significantly higher among MWF exposed group, compared with unexposed group (p=0.024). The
prevalence of high serum total IgE was significantly higher for exposed group (54.3%) compared
with unexposed group (36.9%).
Conclusions: The exposed group reported significantly higher prevalence of cough symptom,
morning cough with sputum and respiratory problems (asthma, coughing) than unexposed group.
Keywords: Machining industry, Respiratory symptoms, Allergy symptoms, Serum total IgE, Lung
function.
Air Pollution
OP Room 2A-5
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT OF BTEX EMISSIONS AT A DIESEL STATION IN
JOHANNESBURG, SOUTH AFRICA.
*Moolla, R. and Curtis, C.J.
University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag X3, Wits, 2050, South Africa
Background: Diesel is known to emit anthropogenic air pollutants that have a negative impact on
both environmental and human health. In developing countries, attendants are still employed to
pump fuel for customers. In South Africa, petrol pump attendants refuel vehicles with various
octane unleaded petrol, lead replacement petrol (LRP) and diesel on a daily basis. Attendants are
particularly at risk to adverse health effects associated with inhalation of hazardous air pollutants
(HAPs), such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) released from these fuels.The VOC’s
released include benzene, toluene, ethyl-benzene and xylenes (BTEX), which are important to
analyse due to the high level of toxicity associated with them. Furthermore, regular air quality
monitoring and hazard risk assessments are significant within a developing context as relevant
information is limited.
Methods: In this study, an in-depth environmental health risk assessment of BTEX was conducted
at a diesel station in Johannesburg. Using the Syntech Spectras Gas Chromatography 955
instruments, a continuous in-situ measurement sampling strategy was employed to monitor
concentrations on an hourly basis.
Results: Results indicate that BTEX concentrations are above South African, US EPA and WHO
recommended guideline standards throughout the day. Benzene concentrations, measured at the
pumping stations, increased by 2-3% with a 20C increase in temperature, while distinct peaks were
noted from midnight to sunrise with changes in pressure systems.
Conclusions: Concentrations suggest that employees are at a significant risk to adverse health
effects associated with inhalation exposure to these HAPs.
Keywords: Health Risk Assessment, BTEX concentrations, Diesel
Air Pollution
OP Room 2A-6
INDOOR AIR POLLUTION FROM BIOMASS COOKING FUELS AND IT’S
ASSOCIATION WITH RESPIRATORY HEALTH OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN
CHUKWANI-ZANZIBAR
*Aziza S. Abdulkadir1, Emilia Zainal Abidin1, Sean Semple2, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, University Putra Malaysia
2Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, Division of Applied Health Sciences, University of Aberdeen,
Child Health, Royal Aberdeen Children’s Hospital, West Burn Road, Aberdeen, AB25 2ZD
Scotland
Background: Nearly 90% of both rural and urban households in Zanzibar still use unprocessed
solid biomass fuel like wood, coconut residue and twigs for cooking. Although biomass smoke
contains a wide range of toxic chemicals, its impact on the health of the people is largely
unexplored.
Objectives: This study aimed at assessing the levels of exposure of indoor particulates (PM2.5)
and carbon monoxide emitted by biomass fuels combustion in different microenvironments, and
determines their association to respiratory health among women and children living in biomass
cooking homes.
Methods: We have investigated the health effects of biomass fuel use in 200 semi-urban
households; which consisted of 200 women who regularly cook with biomass fuel and 200 children
under five years of age. Respiratory health was evaluated from questionnaire survey and levels of
indoor air pollutants PM2.5 and Carbon monoxide (CO) were assessed in 20 selected households
using Dusttrak 8520 and CO data logger respectively. Moreover, exposure duration of women and
children to indoor pollutants were estimated using Time Micro Activity Diary.
Results: In summary, 24-hour time weighted average of PM2.5 and CO levels ranged from 80-
450μg/m3and 150-400ppm respectively in firewood cooking homes, which are 18-fold and 40-
fold higher than WHO Air Quality Guidelines; implying a wide range of health effects of biomass
smoke exposure. In contrast, the households using cleaner fuels observed levels range of 15-
17μg/m3 and 3-20ppm. The prevalence of respiratory symptoms seemed high among women and
children exposed to high levels of air pollutants. The result from this study showed the relationship
between respiratory health effects and biomass smoke exposure.
Conclusions: Thus, there is an urgent need for cleaner fuels and appropriate intervention strategies
to prote
Keywords: Biomass Fuels, Respiratory Health, Women, Children, Zanzibar
Air Pollution
OP Room 2A-7
EFFECTS OF AMBIENT PM10 ON RESPIRATORY HEALTH OF SCHOOL
CHILDREN IN CHIANG MAI CITY, NORTHERN THAILAND
Waraphan Phornwisetsirikun 1,2, *Tippawan Prapamontol 2 , Somrak Rangkakulnuwat 3,
Somporn Chantara 4, Prasak Tavornyutikarn 4
1Environmental Science PhD Program and Center of Excellence on Environmental Health,
Toxicology and Management of Chemicals, Faculty of Science 2Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences 3Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine 4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
Background: Study on the effect of ambient PM10 on airway oxidative stress and pulmonary
function among healthy children is rather scarce. Exhaled breath condensate (EBC) provides a
noninvasive method for obtaining samples from respiratory tract. Malondialdehyde (MDA) in
EBC has been proposed as a marker of airway oxidative stress.
Objectives: Objective of this study was to assess the respiratory health among school children
exposed to different levels of ambient PM10 by comparing exhaled MDA concentrations and
pulmonary function indices.
Methods: The study was conducted twice, one in rainy season (July 2011 which was the month
of low PM10 level), and the other one in dry season (February 2012 which was the month of high
PM10 level). This follow-up study was performed among 54 healthy school children at a primary
school in Chiang Mai city by measurement of pulmonary function and collection of EBC samples.
Results: The median of exhaled MDA concentrations in the month of high and low PM10 levels
were 0.22and 0.18 μM, respectively. Mean±SD of FEV1/FVC ratio in the month of high and low
PM10 levels were 91.32±4.7 and 94.60±4.4 % predicted, respectively. We found statistically
significant increase in exhaled MDA concentration and decrease in FEV1/FVC ratio in the month
of high PM10 level (p<0.05).
Conclusions: Exhaled MDA shows potential as a biochemical marker of effect from ambient
PM10 in healthy school children. The present study support that increasing exhaled MDA
concentration was the result from airway oxidative stress.
Keywords: Exhaled breath condensate (EBC), Malondialdehyde (MDA), Pulmonary function,
Ambient PM10, Chiang Mai
Air Pollution
OP Room 2A-8
EVALUATION OF PM2.5 AND PM10 EMISSION CONCENTRATION FROM A
BIOMASS FIRED BOILER: A POSSIBLE HUMAN EXPOSURE?
M.M Syahirah1, *M. Rashid1, and J. NorRuwaida1
1Air Resources Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology, UTM
Kuala Lumpur, 54100, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
Background: Fine particulate matter can cause long terms effects on human and the environment.
Thus, attempts to quantify and characterize the fine particulate emissions from selected stationary
sources are important steps towards understanding their role in this respect.
Objectives: In this regard, a study was performed to determine the mass concentration of
particulate with size of less than 2.5 microns or PM2.5 and particulate size of less than 10 microns
or PM10 emitted from a biomass fired boiler. The study was to evaluate the emissions of these
particulate size fractions and their probable exposure impact if any, to the human population at
large.
Keywords: Air pollution, Biomass Fired Boiler, PM2.5, PM10, Inhalable Particulate
Air Pollution
PP Room 2A-9
LEVELS OF LEVOGLUCOSAN AND 2-METHOXYPHENOL ON PM10 FROM
INDOOR AIR IN ETHNIC HIGHLANDER HOUSES USING WOOD FOR COOKING
Sawaeng Kawichai1,2, *Tippawan Prapamontol2, Somporn Chantara3,Prasak Thavornyutikarn3
1Environmental Science PhD Program, Faculty of Science
2Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences
3Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
Background: Indoor air quality (IAQ) is crucial for the health of all habitats especially children,
elderly and those infirm.
Objectives: We conducted a preliminary study by collecting particulate matter with aerodynamic
diameter less than 10 micrometers (PM10) using personal air sampler.
Methods: Fourteen houses using fire woods and one using LPG in Khun Chang Kian (KCK)
village, Muang district, Chiang Mai province were invited to participate. PM10 samples were
collected in October 2011 (wet season) and January 2012 (dry season).
Results: Ninety PM10 samples were analyzed for levoglucosan and 2-methoxyphenol using gas
chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID) and GC-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),
respectively. Mean concentrations of PM10, levoglucosan and 2-methoxyphenol from the studied
houses were significantly higher than the control in both wet and dry seasons. In wet season,
mean±SD concentrations of PM10, levoglucosan and 2-methoxyphenol from the studied houses
were 124.8±70.1 μg/m3, 6.2±7.4 μg/m3 and 20.7±7.1ng/m3, respectively. In dry season, mean±SD
concentrations of PM10, levoglucosan and 2-methoxyphenol from the studied houses were
162.5±56.6 μg/m3, 8.7±6.9 μg/m3 and 14.7±6.6 ng/m3, respectively. Meanwhile in the control
house in wet season, mean±SD concentrations of PM10 and 2-methoxyphenol were 43.0±18.2
μg/m3 and 10.9±7.4 ng/m3, respectively and levoglucosan was not detected, while in the dry
season they were 49.6±9.0 μg/m3, 0.2±0.2 μg/m3 and 7.9±4.1 ng/m3, respectively.
Conclusions: The present study shows that those households using wood fuel indoor had
significantly higher concentrations of PM10, levoglucosan and 2-methoxyphenol than those using
LPG which is a cleaner energy than wood fuel.
Keywords: levoglucosan, 2-methoxyphenol, PM10, indoor air, wood burning
Air Pollution
PP Room 2A-10
INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS AMONG MALAY
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN SELANGOR
*Juliana, J1, Nur Azwani M.N.R1, Chua P.C1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Background: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 61 pre-schoolers from
Balakong (studied group) and 50 preschoolers from Teras Jernang (comparative group), Selangor
with the aims of determining the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and its association with respiratory
health effects.
Methods: Inclusive criteria for selection of respondents includes preschooler aged between 5 to 6
years, healthy, Malays, and without respiratory diseases. Questionnaire adopted from The
American Thoracic Society, ‘Questionnaire ATS-DLD-C WHO was used to obtain the
background information, exposure history and respiratory symptoms and MM-SP004 Tabletop
Portable Spirometer was used to test the lung function among respondents. IAQ monitoring
instruments such as TSI 8520 DustTrak Airborne Particle Monitor was used to monitor PM2.5 and
PM10; PbbRAE Portable VOC Monitor (pbbRAE 3000) for volatile organic compounds (VOCs);
Q-Trak Plus Model 8554 Monitor for carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Temperature
and Relative humidity; and TSI Velocicalc Plus Model 8386 for air velocity.
Results: Results showed significant difference between IAQ in studied and comparative
preschools for all parameters measured (p<0.001) except CO2 and air velocity. PM2.5, PM10, and
CO concentration is higher in studied group. FVC (Liter), FEV1 (Liter), FVC% predicted and
FEV1% predicted values were significantly higher among comparative group (p<0.001). Exposure
to indoor PM2.5 and CO increased the risk of having lung function abnormality among study
respondents. Exposures to PM2.5, PM10, VOCs and CO were associated with wheezing symptoms
in study re-spondents with (OR=2.69, 95% CI=1.065-6.79), (OR=5.32, 95% CI=1.70-16.68),
(OR=0.23, 95% CI=0.09-0.61), and (OR=5.78, 95% CI=1.62-20.69). Logistic regression was
conducted to determine the main factor that influenced the abnormality of lung function and
respiratory symptoms.
Conclusions: This finding concluded that exposures to poor IAQ might increase the risk of having
abnormal lung function and respiratory problems among respondents.
Keywords: Indoor Air Quality, Preschool Children, Lung Function, Respiratory Symptom
Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)
OP Room 4B-1
SICK BUILDING SYNDROME AMONG HEALTH CAMPUS STAFF OF A
UNIVERSITY IN A NORTHEASTERN STATE OF MALAYSIA.
*Filza I.A1, Ling D.C.Y2, Teng P.H2, Fadily M.S2 and Chow M.Y2
1Department of Community Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
2Medical students, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia
Background: Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a group of non-specific symptoms of general
complaints such as headache, dizziness, mental fatigue; mucosal such as eye and upper respiratory
tract; and skin reported by the occupants of a building. The objective of this study was to determine
the prevalence of SBS and its associated factors among the staff of a public university health
campus in a north eastern state of Malaysia.
Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted from June to August 2013 among 387
respondents who fulfilled the inclusion and the exclusion criteria. They were given a set of
validated and translated questionnaires to determine the symptoms and other information related
to their working environment.
Results: With the 100% of response rate, the results showed prevalence of SBS was 30.5% (95%
CI: 26.1, 35.3). The significant associated factors of SBS in this study were sex (p=0.003), age
(p<0.001), job rank (p=0.001), ventilation status (p=0.022) and shift working (p<0.001).
Conclusion: As a conclusion, SBS found in this study is high and besides the infrastructure, SBS
was also associated with demographic and working environment. Therefore, it is important to
educate the staff on occupational and environmental health at workplace to minimise SBS in the
future.
Keywords: Sick Building Syndrome, Health Campus Staff, Prevalence, Associated Factors
Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)
OP Room 4B-2
THE CONSEQUENCE OF PHYSICAL-ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS ON
ENCOURAGING PEDESTRIAN AND CYCLING ACTIVITIES IN UPM CAMPUS
*Bijan A.1, Golriz N and Mohd Yazid Mohd Yunus
University Putra Malaysia
Background: New urbanism has put emphasis in developing environmental-friendly
transportation. Walking and cycling are promoted as a broadly accessible mode of sustainable
transportation. Recently, campus planners in University Putra Malaysia (UPM) have been
attempting to provide cycling and walking access and mobility without destroying campus
qualities. In order to create more pedestrian and bicycle friendly campus, efforts need to focus on
the user behaviour and preferences.
Methods: This paper presents the influential physical-environmental determinants on encouraging
walking and cycling based on the users’ perceptions. Users’ perceptions data was obtained through
a questionnaire survey completed by pedestrians and cyclists using the study site.
Results: The results indicated that respectively 6% and 32% of the user sample do cycling and
walking in the campus. Both groups stated that accessibility and connectivity of the cycling and
walking paths are the main problems; as well as inadequate traffic safety added by cyclists.
Meanwhile, about 40% of both groups were willing to begin physically active commuting because
of health, fitness and environmental benefits. Further, the complete detailed results are explained
and categorised in tables and charts in the article.
Conclusion: Identifying the physical-environmental factors that influence on walking and cycling
contributes to the transport planners in the design of the university campus as well as inclusion of
public health perspective.
Keywords: Physical-Environmental Factors, Users’ Perceptions, Walking and Cycling, UPM
Campus
Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)
OP Room 4B-3
SOURCE APPORTIONMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC AEROSOLS IN KUALA LUMPUR
MALAYSIA
*Sara Y.Y1., Chuah T.G.2, Rashid M.3, W. A. Amneera1
1School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, 02600 Jejawi, Perlis, Malaysia
2Dept. of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
3Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
81310 Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Methods: Source apportionment of two size fractions of air particulates matter PM2.5 and PM2.5-10
in the atmospheric environment of Kuala Lumpur were investigated using the principal component
analysis (PCA) based on multivariate study. A total of 112 collocated samples of PM2.5 and PM2.5-
10 were collected by the Gent stacked filter unit (SFU) and underwent series of different analysis
procedures.
Results: Five major factors were identified by the PCA with the Varimax rotation for coarse
fractions, which were identified as the contributors for soil and resuspended road dust (31.4%),
construction works and cement plant (17.4%), industrial (12.1%), vehicular exhaust (10.7%), and
copper smelter (9%). In fine particulates fraction, the major sources were identified as the biomass
burning and soil, the pigment-based industry, industrial coal burning, vehicular emission and the
non-ferrous smelter.
Keywords: Airborne particulate matter, PM2.5, PM10, Principle Component Analysis
Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)
OP Room 4B-4
OIL PALM WORKERS, MALAYSIA: DESIGNING ERGONOMIC HARVESTING
TOOL USING USER CENTRED DESIGN APPROACH IN REDUCING THE
AWKWARD BODY POSTURE BY CATIA SIMULATION
Irwan Syah M.Y¹, *Shamsul Bahri M.T2, Aini. M.S1 and Ng. Y.G.2
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor. Malaysia.
2Department of Resources and Consumer Studies, Faculty of Human Ecology, University Putra
Malaysia, Selangor. Malaysia
Background: Harvesting of palm oil fruits is physically demanding, arduous and require
extremely large amount of energy in performance the tasks. In particular, harvester workers are
highly exposed to ergonomic hazards. This will gradually lead to MSD among harvester especially
to those who used manual harvesting hand tool (chisel) as this task involves repetitive activities,
awkward postures and also inappropriate tool design with anthropometric parameter. The objective
of this study is to develop new ergonomic chisel for harvesting tool based on user centred design
approach and evaluate the effectiveness for reducing awkward posture based on simulation
analysis using CATIA software.
Methods: The purposive sampling method was used to select the respondents based on the
inclusive criteria. There were 273 male harvesters selected to participate in this study. The user
centred design concept and selective anthropometric parameter was used for design process. A set
of questionnaire of tools information was administered by interviewing the workers and analysed
data using descriptive analysis by SPSS. The Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) analysis
was used to analyse postural risk. CATIA software was used for stimulating body posture and new
design through RULA analysis in 3D modelling.
Results: Mismatch result showed the length of handle with stature only 5.2 % matches, and the
circumference of handle with internal grip diameter with 100% mismatch. The results tools show
majority of the harvesters were having problem at bending posture and most of workers were
having blister, redness and numbness when performing the task. RULA postural risk assessment
with existing tools showed the score action was 4 and needed to be changed immediately. Through
RULA simulation analysis, it showed the score action for new design was 2 compared to existing
tool in action score of 4.
Conclusion: The study showed that the new design harvesting tool potentially reduced the
awkward body posture during harvesting activities compared to existing tools. The MSD symptom
may be eliminated or placed at a minimum level, and simultaneously improving health level and
generally increasing the productivity.
Keywords: Harvesting tool, Awkward posture, User Centred Design, CATIA simulation
Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)
OP Room 4B-5
STUDY TO MODELING OF HEAT STRESS INDEX AMONG PALM OIL MILL IN
TROPICAL CLIMATE COUNTRY
*Dayana Hazwani, MSN1 and *Shamsul, BMT1
1Department of Environmental & Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Background: Heat stress is defined as the net heat load on the body with contribution from both
metabolic heat production and external environmental that imposed on the workers. Heat stress is
usually focused on workers that working in industrial that exposed with extreme temperature. Heat
stress can contribute to increase health risks, productivity falling and safety problem (Ahasan,
M.R., 2001).This study aims to carry out modeling heat stress among palm oil mill workers.
Methods: The works areas were identified to determine the heat exposure for each process that
involve in milling. Further investigation on physiological measurement and perception on comfort
rating also were collected.
Results: The result indicates most of the work unit in palm oil mill exceeded the TLV permitted.
The results were gathered to modeling association heat exposure in environment, physiological
and comfort perception among the workers. However, the physiological of the workers shows the
result within considerable values.
Conclusion: Although workers are exposed to extreme heat, the evidence indicate that the
physiological parameters is not affected drastically indicating adaptive and acclimatize at the level
of heat.
Keywords: Heat stress index, palm oil mill, comfort perception
Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)
OP Room 4B-6
SOUND PROOFING, NOISE ANNOYANCE AND PERFORMANCE AMBITION:
ISSUES SURROUNDING NOISE EXPOSURE FOR MUSICIANS
Chan, C.J1, * Tey, M.L1, and Hood, M.M1
1Music Department, Faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Background: Unlike manufacturing industries, assessing noise exposure in a performing art scene
is complicated by the fact that sound is the intended product in the work field. Despite existing
studies on noise exposure and risk of hearing impairment among musicians (Russo F.A. 2012,
Malgorzata P. 2011, Emmerich E. 2008, Lee J. 2005), there is yet an account that approaches
holistically the matter of noise and musicians. Notwithstanding the known facts of musicians being
endangered by the sound they produce, the mechanism of how sounds travel ‘geographically’ in a
rehearsal and performance venue, and from which directions and affecting who, is not well
explained. More intriguing is the fact that a sound produced musically, even at the intensity of 95
dB and above, is frequently favoured by musicians in their action on stage.
Methods: This paper fills the gap by detailing how the stage layout and motivation of musicians
can contribute towards health preventive solutions that are more practical and sensible with the
purpose of sound expression. It first explores the layout of sound maps in various music
performance and learning settings, including genres of classical, jazz, pop, and acoustic as well as
electric instrumentation. Issues of sound proofing, focusing on its effectiveness as hearing
protection will be discussed by referring to the result of noise measurements. In addition, the
psychological dimension of musicians in handling sound in their professional work environment
will be explored in the terms of ‘noise annoyance’ and ‘performance ambition’.
Keywords: Sound proofing, Music students, Performance, Noise exposure
Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)
OP Room 4B-7
PROPORTION OF TRACE ELEMENTS FROM AIRBORNE PM10 IN CHIANG MAI
CITY USING PIXE TECHNIQUE
Suchart Kiatwattanacharoen1,2, *Tippawan Prapamontol2, Somsorn Singharat3, Somporn
Chantrara4, Prasak Thavornyutikarn4
1Environmental Science PhD Program, Faculty of Science
2Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences
3Department of Physics, Faculty of Science
4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science; Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand.
Background: Elevated level of ambient particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than
10 micrometer (PM10) in Chiang Mai city often occur during dry season from February to April.
Methods: Trace elements of PM10 were identified using Particle- Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE).
Leaves and stalks of eight plants including bamboo, corn, grass, longan, lychee, rice, teak, and
yangna which were commonly found in Chiang Mai-Lamphun basin were burnt in a control
combustion chamber. PM10 sample was collected from the chamber on a micropore filter using
GENT air sampler according to International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) standard.
Results: Multiple elements were detected including Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe and Zn.
Ambient PM10 samples (n=27) were also collected from Chiang Mai University main campus as a
clean area and Sarapee district, a sub-urban of Chiang Mai city. There were predominantly K, Ca,
and S found which were similar to biomass burning in the chamber.
Conclusion: The cluster analysis showed that ambient PM10 levels from both sites were correlated
with teak, bamboo and lychee biomass burning.
Keywords: Trace Elements, Biomass Burning, PM10, PIXE Technique, Chiang Mai
Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)
OP Room 4B-8
INDOOR AIR QUALITY (IAQ) ACCEPTANCE IN UNIVERSITI TENAGA NATIONAL
*Iman Asadi1, Ibrahim Hussein1
1,2 Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Malaysia
Background: Most people spend 90 percent of their lives indoors; therefore a good indoor air
quality is important for occupants’ health and comfort. In this study, measurement and analysis of
indoor carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is used to understand the indoor air quality (IAQ)
acceptance of occupants of air conditioned buildings in Universiti Tenaga Nasional (UNITEN).
The purpose of this study was to measure the CO2 concentration in buildings and to evaluate the
occupants’ sensation through objective and subjective measurements.
Methods: Offices and student study areas were selected as two main sampling areas.
Results: The results of IAQ assessment from 154 occupants (44 female and 110 male) from 10
offices, 3 classrooms, one computer laboratory and one library area showed that most mutual
sensation votes for both staff and students were within the neutral CO2 concentration. The indoor
air quality was acceptable for 83.3% and 90.0% of occupants in offices and student study areas
respectively.
Keywords: indoor air quality, carbon dioxide, air conditioned building, occupant sensation
Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)
PP Room 4B-9
INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH EFFECTS AMONG MALAY
PRESCHOOL CHILDREN IN SELANGOR
Aziz, N.A1, *Jalaludin, J.1, Suhaili, A.B2
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, UPM
2Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, UPM
Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted among 61 preschoolers from
Balakong (studied group) and 50 preschoolers from Teras Jernang (comparative group), Selangor
with the aims of determining the Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and its association with respiratory
health effects. Inclusive criteria for selection of respondents include preschooler aged between 5
to 6 years, healthy, Malays, and without respiratory diseases. Questionnaire adopted from The
American Thoracic Society, ‘Questionnaire ATS-DLD-C WHO was used to obtain the
background information, exposure history and respiratory symptoms and MM-SP004 Tabletop
Portable Spirometer was used to test the lung function among respondents. IAQ monitoring
instruments such as TSI 8520 DustTrak Airborne Particle Monitor was used to monitor PM2.5 and
PM10; PbbRAE Portable VOC Monitor (pbbRAE 3000) for volatile organic compounds (VOCs);
Q-Trak Plus Model 8554 Monitor for carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), Temperature
and Relative humidity; and TSI Velocicalc Plus Model 8386 for air velocity.
Results: Results showed significant difference between IAQ in studied and comparative
preschools for all parameters measured (p<0.001) except CO2 and air velocity. PM2.5, PM10, and
CO concentration is higher in studied group. FVC (Liter), FEV1 (Liter), FVC% predicted and
FEV1% predicted values were significantly higher among comparative group (p<0.001). Exposure
to indoor PM2.5 and CO increased the risk of having lung function abnormality among study
respondents. Exposures to PM2.5, PM10, VOCs and CO were associated with wheezing symptoms
in study respondents with (OR=2.69, 95% CI=1.065-6.79), (OR=5.32, 95% CI=1.70-16.68),
(OR=0.23, 95% CI=0.09-0.61), and (OR=5.78, 95% CI=1.62-20.69). Logistic regression was
conducted to determine the main factor that influenced the abnormality of lung function and
respiratory symptoms.
Conclusion: This finding concluded that exposures to poor IAQ might increase the risk of having
abnormal lung function and respiratory problems among respondents.
Keywords: Indoor air quality, Preschool children, Lung function, Respiratory symptom
Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)
PP Room 4B-10
INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON WORK STRESS AMONG PUBLIC UNIVERSITY
LECTURERS: A COMPARISON BETWEEN RESEARCH AND TEACHING
COMPONENTS
*Noor Arma1, Ismail Noor Hassim2, Azmi Shahruz Idzwan2 and Yusof Khairul Hazdi2
1Universiti Putra Malaysia
2Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Background: Lecturer is a multitasking job that involves teaching, researching, also doing
publications, consultation and administrative work. Increase workload has caused an increase in
stress level among lecturers, irrespective of gender. Studies found that women experienced
psychological stress while men experienced severe physical stress at work place. The objective of
this study was to investigate the influence of gender on occupational stress among university
lecturers.
Methods: A cross-sectional study in a research university was done by using randomised stratified
sampling method. A total of 380 self-administered questionnaires were distributed from March
2012 to May 2012. Validated Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) and Stress
Sources Questionnaires (SSQ) were used in this study. The statistical analysis used was
independent–t test and Pearson Correlation.
Results: Mean level of stress score for male was higher than female lecturer. Teaching and
research had significant association with stress (p<0.05). There is a significant difference between
stress level experienced by male and female in research component, but not in teaching.
Occupational stress showed positive linear relationship to doing research and teaching.
Conclusion: Even though there was no significant difference of stress score by gender, the mean
level for male was higher than female. Both teaching and research were the source of work stress
for both genders in academic profession. This finding could be used to set up a proper and effective
stress management and intervention program at the university, particularly to the high risk group.
Keywords: University lecturer, Work stress, Research, Teaching, gender
Air Quality And Ergonomics (Session Room 4)
PP Room 4B-11
ASSESSMENT OF DUST EXPOSURE IN AN INTEGRATED IRON AND STEEL
MANUFACTURING PLANT IN EASTERN COAST OF PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Nurul AH1,2, Noor Hassim I2, Shamsul BMT3, and Azwan A. 4
1Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan
Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian,
Kelantan, Malaysia
3Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
4Faculty of Engineering Technology, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, Hang Tuah Jaya,
76100 Durian Tunggal, Melaka, Malaysia
Background: The objective of this study was to assess the level of particulate matter [(PM2.5,
PM10, and Total Particulate Matter (TPM)], and metal dust concentrations in different sections in
a steel plant to be compared with the occupational exposure values.
Methods: The work environmental parameters of the particulate matters were evaluated using
Indoor Air Quality, while metal dust concentrations were measured using portable personal air
sampler. A total of 184 personal samples were randomly collected from workers in three major
sections; steel making plant, direct reduced plant, and support group. Trace metal dust
concentrations were subjected to wet mineral acid mixture digestion and analysed by atomic
absorption spectrophotometer.
Results: The overall average PM2.5 concentration observed was varied according to the section:
steel making plant at 0.08 mg/m3, direct reduced iron plant at 0.05 mg/m3, and support group at
0.05 mg/m3. Average PM10 concentration in steel making plant, direct reduced iron, and support
group were 0.73 mg/m3, 0.84 mg/m3, and 0.58 mg/m3, respectively. The average TWA8 of trace
metal dusts (Cobalt and Chromium) in all the sections exceeded the ACGIH prescribed values,
OSHA PELs, NIOSH RELs as well as USECHH OSHA, whereas TWA8 concentration of Nickel
for each section did not exceed the occupational exposure values.
Conclusion: The average PM2.5, PM10, TPM, and trace metal dust concentrations TWA8 for
Nickel did not exceed the prescribed values, while average trace metal dusts concentration TWA8
for Cobalt and Chromium exceeded ACGIH prescribed values.
Keywords: particulate matter, trace metal dust, personal air sampling, steel plant
Biomarker (Session room 6)
OP Room 6B-1
CORRELATION BETWEEN SOME PRO-INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AND SERUM
TRACE ELEMENTS DURING MENSTRUAL CYCLE OF WOMEN.
*Abd-Alnabi J Abid1 , Dakhel G Omran1& Noor H Obead1
1Dept. of Biology, College of Science for women, University of Babylon
Objectives: The present study was design to investigate the changes occurring in the levels of
some cytokines and trace minerals (interlukine-6, C-reactive protein, Zinc, and copper) during
menstrual cycle of normal healthy women at different age periods of both follicular and
lutealphyse.
Results: At total number used was 40 women and their ages were ranged between 16-50 years
old, and subdivided into 7 age groups. The age group (46-50 years) pointed out at a high level
(P<0.05) of interleukin-6 (IL-6), whereas, age group (16-20 years) recorded a low level of IL-6.
Values of c-reactive protein (CRP) also showed a significant changes (P<0.05) at all age group,
since, the age group (46-50 years) showed a high levels of CRP. Concerning levels of trace mineral
levels of serum copper showed significant changes (P<0.05) among all age group, and the age
group (46-50) years pointed out a high levels of serum copper. As for, results out a high levels of
serum zinc and the differences among age group were significantly at (P<0.05).
Conclusions: Changes summarized above may be attributed to fluctuations of estrogen and
progesterone hormone levels during menstrual cycle at different age periods.
Keywords: IL6, menstrual cycle, Copper, zinc, C-reactive protein
Biomarker (Session room 6)
OP Room 6B-2
CYTOTOXIC EFFECT OF RED SEAWEEDS KAPPAPHYCUS ALVAREZII AND
KAPPAPHYCUS STRIATUM ON HEPATOCARCINOMA HEPG2 CELL LINE
Farah Diyana, A1,2, *Aminah, A2, Chan, K.M1, Shahrul Hisham Z.A2, and Mazrura, S1
1Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Background: Food antioxidants have been considered as effective agents to reduce oxidative
stress which can lead to cancer.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential cytotoxic effect of antioxidant
extracts of two commonly found seaweeds namely Kappaphycus alvarezii and Kappaphycus
striatum againts hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell. Methods: Cell viability was evaluated by the 3-
(4,5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Annexin V-FITC/PI
flowcytometry assay was used to determine the mode of cell death of each K. alvarezii and K.
striatum extracts.
Results: The IC50 concentration of K. alvarezii and K. striatum extracts that inhibit the
proliferation of hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cells was 1.8 mg/mL and 0.9 mg/mL respectively. This
finding showed that the antioxidant extracts of K. striatum exhibited better antiproliferative effect
against hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell than the antioxidant extracts of K. alvarezii. However, using
Annexin V-FITC/PI showed more than 80% of hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell were viable after
treatment with IC50 concentration of each K. alvarezii and K. striatum extract. This result
suggested that cytostatic effect of K. alvarezii and K. striatum extracts to hepatocarcinoma HepG2
cell was found at high concentrations.
Conclusion: The result of the study indicated that antioxidant extracts of K. alvarezii and K.
striatum did not show cytotoxic effect to hepatocarcinoma HepG2 cell.
Keywords: Antioxidant extracts, MTT assay, Cytotoxicity, Viability cell
Biomarker (Session room 6)
OP Room 6B-3
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS ON FOOD AND WATER-BORNE DISEASES IN
MALAYSIA
Noor Artika Hassan1, 2, Jamal Hisham Hashim1and Mohd Syazwan Faisal3
1United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan
Yaacob Latif , Bandar Tun Razak , 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2International Islamic University Malaysia, Department of Community Medicine, Kuliyyah of
Medicine, Jalan Sultan Ahmad Shah, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang Darul
Makmur, Malaysia. 3National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM), Ministry of Natural Resources
and Environment (NRE), Lot 5377, Jalan Putra Permai, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor Darul
Ehsan, Malaysia.
Background: Climate change has been recognized as the most pressing environmental problem
humans will face in the 21st century. IPCC estimates that the global mean surface temperature has
increased 0.74ºC between 1905 to 2005, and predicts an increase of 2 to 4.5ºC over the next 100
years. In Malaysia, observed surface temperature data for the last four decades estimates an
increase of between 2.7 to 4.0ºC per century. Climate change is suspected to have adverse human
health impacts.
Objectives: This study is an attempt to quantify climate-induced increases in morbidity rates
associated with food and water-borne diseases. Monthly cases of food and water related diseases
data (food poisoning, leptospirosis, cholera, hepatitis A, thypoid, and dysentery), between the year
2000 to 2012 will be obtained from the Ministry of Health Malaysia.
Methods: Climate data, including monthly average temperature and rainfall, will be obtained from
the Malaysian Meteorological Department and National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia.
Population projections in Malaysia, up to the year 2100 will be adopted from the World Population
Prospects. Climate projections will be forecasted by the Hadley Centre of UK Meteorological
Office’s RCM known as PRECIS to predict the increase in monthly temperature until 2070-2100
under the A1B scenario. The projection will be downscaled to a 5km by 5km grid resolution. A
Poisson generalized linear model will be developed to quantify the relationship between climatic
parameters and the number of reported food and water-borne disease cases.
Conclusions: Findings from this study will be beneficial for the policymakers for an adaptive
strategy to enhance health systems in Malaysia and to improve on water resources planning and
management.
Keywords: Food and waterborne diseases, Climate change, Temperature, Precipitation, Malaysia.
Biomarker (Session room 6)
OP Room 6B-4
EFFECT OF SEAWEED AND SALT STRESS ON ANTIOXIDANT PARAMRTER OF
TAMATO (LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM MILL.)
*Basheer Alalwani1, Mohammed Jebor1 and Teeb Hussain1
1University of Babylon, Iraq
Background: Salt stress is one of the most important environmental factors inducing biochemical
changes in plants.
Objective: The aims of study to improvement of tomato yield under saline conditions using
seaweed fertilizer (SW) treatments.
Results: Significant effect were observed in activities of Catalase (CAT), Superoxide dismutase
(SOD), Protease, Malondialdehyde (MDA) content, Proline and Protein amount in leaves of salt
stressed plants. Seaweed treatment in absence and presence of NaCl had various changes on most
of the assayed parameters. The results indicated that SW partially offset the negative impacts and
increased resistant of tomato to NaCl stress by enhancing the activities of antioxidant enzymes,
especially at 0.2%, markedly increased the activity of both CAT, SOD and amount of protein,
however content of both MDA concentration and proline level was significantly decreased.
Conclusions: Generally, it could be concluded that SW have (to more extent) a beneficial
regulatory role in plants grown under salt stress conditions by enhanced activities of SOD and
CAT by SW addition may protect the plant tissues from salt induced oxidative damage, thus
mitigating salt toxicity and improving the tomato growth. These results suggest that the scavenging
system forms the primary defense line in protecting oxidative damage under salt stress in crop
plants.
Keywords: Seaweed, salt stress, antioxidant, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
Biomarker (Session room 6)
OP Room 6B-5
APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR THE
PREPARATION OF CALCIUM ALGINATE IN AQUEOUS
Kamaruddin, M.A.1, *Yusoff, M.S.1, Aziz, H.A.1 and Alrozi, R.2
1 School of Civil Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
2 Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA Pulau Pinang, 13000 Penang,
Malaysia
Background: In this study, a statistical software package and design of experiment were applied
for the preparation of calcium alginate in aqueous. Alginate which is originates from
polysaccharide brown algae with different type of uranic and manuronic chains were used as an
intermediate, blended with calcium carbonate powder for macro size adsorbent preparation.
Though adsorption has been an ideal choice in waste water purification, the needs to find an
alternative source of adsorbent has received considerable interests recently.
Methods: In this study, a central composite design was used to develop a model to predict and
optimize the preparation condition of calcium alginate. Mathematical model equations were
obtained from simulation programming.
Results: Analysis of variance (ANOVA) for viscosity and pH (responses) indicated that the model
was adequate to fit the experimental data (p values, lack of fit, R2adj). From the statistical
parameters, it showed that the quadratic effects for both calcium carbonate and alginate powder
were the most significant. Meanwhile, the correlation coefficient, R2 for both independent
variables (calcium carbonate and alginate) of 0.9974 and 0.9008 implied that the developed models
wereadequate to navigate the design space. The optimum preparation condition was carried out by
compromising the independent factors and responses at different criteria. Finally, the optimum
preparation condition for calcium alginate was obtained with 2.00 g of calcium carbonate and 10
% (w/v) that result in 38 cP of viscosity and pH 10.
Keywords: Adsorbent, Alginate, pH, Statistical analysis, Viscosity
Biomarker (Session room 6)
PP Room 6B-6
CHARACTERIZATION OF PLEUROTUS OSTREATUS SPENT MUSHROOM
COMPOST AS POTENTIAL BIOSORBENT FOR HEAVY METAL REMOVAL
Kamarudzaman, A.N.1, 3, Tay C.C.2, Amir, A.3, Ab Jalil, M.F.1 and *Abdul-Talib, S.3
1School of Environmental Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Kompleks Pusat Pengajian
Jejawi 3, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia.
2Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA (Perlis), 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
3Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, 40450 Shah Alam, Selangor,
Malaysia
Background: Pleurotus Ostreatus spent mushroom compost has been identified as potential
biosorbent for heavy metals removal.
Objectives: Several analytical techniques have been conducted to investigate the changes in
physical and chemical properties of Pleurotus Ostreatus spent mushroom compost before and after
biosorption.
Methods: These include Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis, Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM)/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analy-sis and
Brunauer Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area.
Results: The changes in the FTIR spectra show that the carboxyl and hydroxyl functional groups
play an important role in the heavy metal biosorption. The SEM analysis showed that the
biosorbent have a rough and porous surface morphology that favors the increase of the total surface
area for the sorption of metals. And the EDS analysis showed a uniform distribution of heavy
metals on the Pleurotus Ostreatus spent mushroom compost surface after biosorption.
Keywords: Biosorption, Biosorbent, Surface morphology, Functional groups
Biomarker (Session room 6)
PP Room 6B-7
A GC-ECD METHOD FOR DETECTING 3- PHENOXYBENZOIC ACID IN HUMAN
URINE SAMPLES
Nisa, P1,2, * Tippawan, P2 ,Surat,H2 and Tanyaporn, K2
1Environmental Science Program, Faculty of Science and Technology, Valaya Alongkorn
Rajabhat University, Pathum Thani 13180, Thailand.
2Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Scienc-es (RIHES), Chiang
Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to develop a simple and sensitive method for detecting
3- phenoxybenzoic acid (3- PBA) in urine samples which can be used as a common exposure
marker of synthetic pyrethroid insecticides.
Methods: We proposed to use gas chromatograph- electron capture detector (GC-ECD) for the
detection of 3-PBA as this apparatus is common found in pesticide laboratory especially in
developing country. 3- PBA was extracted using dichloromethane and cleaned up by solid phase
extraction (C18). Then, 3- PBA was reacted with 1,1,1,3,3,3 hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and
N,N-diisopropylcarbodiimide (DIC). The concentration of 3- PBA was analyzed using GC-ECD.
The limit of detection (LOD) of 3- PBA was 0.8 μg/L and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 1
μg/L. Mean±SD recovery was 97.0±0.6% while coefficient variation (CV) was 1.22%. Precision
studies were performed in spiked pool human urine. Recoveries of intra-bath and inter-batch
studies were 92.3±2.98% and 89.3±3.75%, while CVs were 14.1 and 16.4 %, respectively. The
developed method was successfully applied to determine 3- PBA in human urine samples (n=138)
collected from urban area of Chiang Mai city, northern Thailand.
Results: 3- PBA was detected 44.9%. Concentration of 3-PBA ranged from <LOQ to 34.6 μg/L
in urine samples. The developed method provides simple sample preparation and inexpensive cost
com-paring with other advanced analytical tool.
Keywords: 3- phenoxybenzoic acid (3-PBA), Synthetic pyrethroid metabolite, Human urine, GC-
ECD
Children’s health (Session room 3)
OP Room 3A-1
PREVALENCE OF ASTHMA AND LEVEL OF FENOX AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN
IN TERENGGANU.
*Amin Mapol
Ministry of Health, Malaysia
Background: Classrooms remain one of the commonest places where air pollution exposure can
occurs. The use of FeNox measurements in clinical practice has been increasingly accepted based
on a number of theoretical and practical factors. It is not only a user friendly, portable and non-
invasive biomarker, but also able to detect inflammatory airway changes.
Objectives: The aim of the present study is to measure the level of FeNox across sex, allergen
exposure and asthma status among 14 years old children in Terengganu.
Methods: The study population was randomly selected from secondary school. A questionnaire
with standardized questions was used to obtained knowledge on their living conditions, school
environment, asthmatic symptoms and allergies. Physical examination, FeNox measurement and
skin prick test were conducted.
Results: From 481 students, only 361 students were given consent from their parents for medical
examinations. Majority (99%) was Malays, female (63%) and non smoker (96%). The major
asthmatic-related complaint was breathlessness during exercise (21%). The prevalence of doctor
diagnosed asthma was 7%, of which 38% were on medication. The commonest allergy was against
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (36%). The geometric mean level of Fenox was higher among
those asthmatic diagnosed by doctor (23.44 ppb vs 19.91 ppb) and mite sensitive student (20.61
ppb vs 14.25 ppb).
Conclusions: Effect of hot and humid climate on level of FeNox is a relatively new issue. The
result of this study answers the lack of general understanding regarding the level of FeNox on the
assessment of asthma among Malaysian children which dampen its importance in the policy
development.
Keywords: Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNox), Geometric mean, Terengganu, Skin Prick
test
Children’s health (Session room 3)
OP Room 3A-2
A REVIEW OF RESPIRATORY DISEASES DUE TO OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION
AMONG CHILDREN IN MALAYSIA
*Adman, M.A1,2, and Hashim, J.H1,3
1International Institute for Global Health, United Nations University (UNU-IIGH / UKM), Kuala
Lumpur
2Faculty of Biomedical & Health Sciences, University Selangor (UNISEL), Shah Alam
3Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia
Background: Respiratory diseases are often associated with inflammation of the air-ways; clinical
symptoms such as shortness of breathe, wheezing and cough. Many studies have shown a
correlation between respiratory diseases and the outdoor air pollution. The outdoor air pollution
includes the particulate matters, nitrogen dioxides, sulphur dioxides, carbon monoxides and ozone
are the common pollutants that mainly sourced from the industries that affects the human receptors
especially children. As being the most sensitive and vulnerable respiratory system, children are
most likely to be affected by these outdoor air pollutants. Altogether, the adverse effects from the
respiratory diseases place children at a higher risk after exposure to outdoor air pollution for the
duration of their lives. Several assessment tools have been applied to investigate the respiratory
effects due to the outdoor air pollution among the children such as a spirometer. However the most
recently, the measurement of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO) has been used in the
developed countries as a non-invasive, simple and marker for the airway inflammation.
Objectives: The aim of this paper is to assess published literature in the ISI database regarding the
association of outdoor air pollution on respiratory diseases among children in Malaysia for the last
10 years. This paper will also provide an over-view on the research trend related to this topic and
to explore the potential re-search that needs to be done in Malaysia.
Keywords: Respiratory diseases, Outdoor air pollution, Fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FENO),
Children, Malaysia.
Children’s health (Session room 3)
OP Room 3A-3
ASSESSMENT OF CHILDREN’S HEALTH AND INDOOR AIR CONTAMINANTS OF
DAYCARE CENTRE IN INDUSTRIAL AREA
*Tezara, C1, Juliana, J1, Adam, N.M2, and Siregar, J.P3
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400
Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26600 Pekan, Pahang Darul
Makmur, Malaysia
Background: Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the most commonly used indicators of indoor air
quality (IAQ) in areas. The higher concentration level of CO2 and particulate matter (PM10) in
day-care centre could affect children’s health.
Objectives: The objective of this study was undertaken to assess health’s symptom on children
and measure the CO2 and PM10 concentration level as IAQ parameters in different location of
day-care centre in industrial area with Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Hulu Langat as urban,
suburban and rural areas respectively.
Methods: The data of children’s health symptom was collected from the distributed questionnaire.
Results: The obtained result from the study revealed that the day-care centre in Kuala Lumpur has
the highest number of child’s illness frequency more than four times annually (11%) followed by
the highest number of children experienced asthma (5.3%), wheezing (3.3%) and coughing (10%).
The result of data collection of day-care centre in Kuala Lumpur, Selangor and Hulu Langat were
ranged between 629-830 ppm, 587-823 ppm and 600-830 ppm for CO2 level and 60.80-78.60
- and 59.90-
CO2 level between areas were significantly different (p<.05).
Conclusion: Day-care centers in Kuala Lumpur have the highest mean rate of CO2 and PM10 as
well as frequency of child illness which could identify with traffic congestion and less greenery in
densely populated city.
Keywords: Daycare, IAQ, CO2, PM10, Health symptoms.
Children’s health (Session room 3)
OP Room 3A-4
ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) EXPOSURE, HAIR NICOTINE
CONCENTRATIONS AND COGNITIVE ABILITIES AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN
MALAYSIA.
*Najihah Z.A.1, Aziemah Z.1, Emilia Z.A.1, Zailina H.1, Sean S.2, Anita A.R.3, and Che N.M.4
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
2Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, UK
3Department of Community Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia
4National Poison Center, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang
Background: This study aims to investigate the relationship between ETS exposure with cognitive
abilities of adolescents (13-14 years old) living in two states in Malaysia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from June to December 2013 in Melaka and
Kedah. Randomly selected students (n=700) from 30 schools participated in this research. Current
ETS exposure was assessed via a self-administered questionnaire (student) adopted from Global
Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) by World Health Organization. Information about prenatal
exposure was given by parents. Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability was used to measure the
adolescents’ cognitive abilities particularly in general intelligence and short working memory. The
scale have good correlation with other available cognitive assessment tools (r=0.75). Chronic hair
nicotine level measured using GC-MS was assessed to represent the recent 3 months of ETS
exposure. This study obtained ethical clearance from Universiti Putra Malaysia
Results: A significant relationship between ETS exposure and cognitive abilities, with poorer
cognitive abilities being seen among adolescents with higher prenatal ETS exposure and hair
cotinine levels. Factors affecting the higher hair nicotine levels for the past 3 months were
modelled.
Conclusion: Findings will help to highlight the importance of protecting adolescents from ETS
exposure from the womb and to identify the risk factors or likely places for ETS exposure. Home
smoking restrictions may likely be the logical step that needs to be taken to protect children and
adolescents from further harm arising from ETS.
Keywords: Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Chronic, Nicotine, Adolescents
Children’s health (Session room 3)
OP Room 3A-5
HEALTH RISK FROM PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AMONG INFANTS OF
BREASTFEEDING FARMWORKERS IN AN AGRICULTURAL AREA OF CHIANG
MAI PROVINCE, THAILAND
Naksen W.1,2, *Prapamontol T.2,Mangklabruks A.3, Chantrara S.4, and Thavornyutikarn P.4
1Environmental Science PhD Program, Faculty of Science
2Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences
3Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
4Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200,
Thailand
Background: Thailand is an agricultural country where the health of breastfeeding farmworkers
and their infants is a matter of concern.
Methods: We investigated pesticide exposure level among 33 breastfeeding farmworkers for
assessing health risk from pesticide exposure. The study site was in Fang district, 155 km north of
Chiang Mai city. Participants were recruited in September 2013. Ten milliliters of venous blood
and 20 mL of expressed breast milk samples were collected from each participants for analysis of
Organochlorine(OC) and Organophosphate (OP) pesticides.
Results: Out of 9 OC compounds, all the nine compounds were detected in plasma and milk
samples. p,p’ DDE, the major DDT metabolite, was detected in all (100%) breast milk samples
and 60 (97%) plasma samples with geometric means of 3.2 and 1.1 ng mL-1, respectively.
Significantly correlation of p,p’ DDE concentration between plasma and breast milk was found (r
= 0.86, p < 0.001). Out of 11 OP compounds, 7 compounds were detected in 29 (54%) plasma
samples and 5 compounds in 23 (77%) breast milk samples. Chlorpyrifos and malathion were the
most detected compound in both plasma and breast milk samples. Calculated daily intake of DDTs,
chlorpyrifos and malathion by the infants were 10, 3.8 and 1.4 % of the acceptable daily intake
(ADI) set by WHO (0.02, 0.01 and 0.02 mg/kg/day, respectively).
Conclusion: The presence of DDT, which is no longer used, indicated the contamination of these
persistent compounds in the environment while chlorpyrifos and malathion are commonly used in
present agriculture. Therefore, to prevent health risk from long-term exposure, breastfeeding
farmworkers should avoid exposure to these pesticides.
Keywords: Health risk, Pesticide exposure, Farmworker, Breastfeeding
Children’s health (Session room 3)
PP Room 3A-6
EXPOSURE TO SECONDHAND SMOKE AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE
AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN SERDANG, SELANGOR.
*Khairunnisa S.1, Emilia Z.A.1, and Praveena S.M.1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang
Background: Majority of children are involuntarily exposed to tobacco smoke mainly by adults,
in the places where children live, work and play. There has been evidence of a relationship between
poor cognitive performances and Secondhand smoke exposure. Cotinine has been commonly used
as a biomarker for study on children’s exposure to tobacco smoke. This cross-sectional study was
conducted at one of the primary schools in Serdang. The overall aim of this study was to determine
the association of exposure to secondhand smoke and academic as well as cognitive performance
among primary school children.
Methods: All of the students in year 5 of the primary school in Serdang were invited to take part
in this study by distributing the consent form. 68 of the students agreed to participate from a total
of 127. Methods used to measure the distribution data of exposure to secondhand smoke were by
parental permission with the consent form together with questionnaire and saliva sample
collection. Cotinine concentration from respondents’ saliva was used to determine the exposure to
secondhand smoke. Cotinine were measured using Salimetrics Cotinine ELISA (Enzyme
Immunoassay kit). Academic performance, which is, the student’s latest examination result was
obtained from the school, while cognitive ability was measured using Wechsler Nonverbal Scale
of Ability (WNV) test.
Results: This study found that 39.7% of respondents lived with a father that smoked and 27.7%
of them had a salivary cotinine level exceeding 0.1 ng/ml. There was a significant association
between children’s SHS daily exposure and salivary cotinine concentration (p<0.05). No
significant relationship was found between SHS exposure and academic performance and
cognitive ability (P>0.05), however, there were clear patterns of higher SHS exposure and poorer
academic performance and cognitive ability.
Conclusion: This study was preliminary study which contributed a baseline data on exposure to
secondhand smoke and academic performance as well as cognitive ability among schoolchildren
in Malaysia. There was no association between SHS exposure and academic performance and
cognitive ability. This study suggests a further research on exposure to SHS and academic
performance in other future study with a larger sample size population.
Keywords: Secondhand smoke, Salivary cotinine, Enzyme-immunoassay, Schoolchildren,
Parental report, Cognitive, Academic performance
Children’s health (Session room 3)
PP Room 3A-7
IS THERE A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PHYSICAL ACTIVITY AND SMOKING
AMONG SAUDI UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCE STUDENTS?
*Subhan, M.M.F.1, and Al-Khlaiwi, T.2
1Department of Physiology, College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Arabian Gulf University,
Manama, Kingdom of Bahrain
2Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia
Background: We wanted to investigate whether there is a relationship between physical activity
and smoking among Saudi university health science students.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 1118 students, using a self-administered
questionnaire. The variables studied included: age, sex, height, weight, physical activity (how
often, types and date of initiation) and tobacco use (quantity, types and date of initiation). 910
completed questionnaires were analyzed
Results: The prevalence of regular smoking was significantly higher (p<0.005) in males (10.7 %)
than females (1.0 %). The prevalence of regular physical activity in both sexes was 56.7 %; there
were no significant differences between males and females (p=0.063). Logistic regression showed
smoking was not significantly associated with regular physical activity (p=0.820).
Conclusion: This study showed that increased levels of physical activity in these university
students does not relate to decreased smoking levels. Therefore, in this population, physical
activity may not be as effective a means to decrease smoking, as observed in other countries.
Keywords: Physical activity, Saudi Arabia, Smoking, University students
Climate Change And Environmental Health
OP Room 2B-1
HEALTH IMPACTS OF RURAL FLOOD AND COMMUNITY COPING STRATEGY
IN NORTHEAST THAILAND
*Phatcharee Srikuta1, Uraiwan Inmuong1 & Yanyong Inmuong1
1Faculty of Public Health, Khon Kaen University
Background: Climate extremes, particularly monsoonal unusual floods, cause prolonged
inundated rice field, blockage of community connectivity and transportation, and also adversely
affect community well-being and population health.
Objective: The study aims to access population health impacts from rural floods as well as
exploring household coping strategy to minimize health risks.
Methods: Six rural villages with severely impacted communities from heavy floods which located
in Khon Kaen Province northeast Thailand were selected as study location. The data on population
health impacts from floods was collected using the structured questionnaire of 312 randomly
sampled households. More insightful information on household health impacts and response to the
floods was further explored by interviewing key informants and community consultation meetings.
Conclusion: The extreme floods had adversely affected the community health, particularly on the
emergence of water-washed and water-borne diseases. Household preparation to reduce the
environmental health risks, access to flood information with close communication with community
leaders and government agencies, and well organized working with public health officers and
health volunteers were the key coping strategies.
Keywords: Health impacts, Flood, Coping Strategy
Climate Change And Environmental Health
OP Room 2B-2
PESTICIDE DERMAL CONTAMINATION AND MICRO-ENVIRONMENT
INTERACTION BETWEEN FARMER AND CHILDREN IN THE FARMING
COMMUNITY
Vivien How1, Zailina Hashim1, Patimah Ismail2, Dzolkhifli Omar3, Salmiah Md Said4, Shamsul
Bahri Mohd Tamrin1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2 Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400, UPM
Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
3Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Da-rul
Ehsan, Malaysia
4Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, 43400, UPM
Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Objective: This study aimed to determine the potential pesticide dermal contamination among
children and adults by observing their micro-environmental interaction in the farming community.
Methods: The total amount of pesticide retained on the skin was first quantified by using modified
fluorescent tracer techniques. This is followed by estimating the dermal contamination through
soil and water medium in both children and adult where their age-related exposure and source were
considered. In this context, the contributing factors such as the skin surface area available for
contact, exposure frequency, exposure duration, body weight and absorbed dose per exposure
event.
Results: Due to the different biological vulnerability of exposure through dermal pathway between
adult and children, results showed relatively higher dermal contamination level (DAD soil and
DAD water) among children and teen than adults.
Conclusions: When the 24-hours timeline activity were integrated in the observed farming
community, findings outline the micro environmental interaction between children and adult
which resulted in a cross-contamination of the mixture of pesticide through environmental and
occupational exposure among the community members.
Keywords: Dermal exposure, Pesticide, Children and adult, Microenvironment interaction
Climate Change And Environmental Health
.OP Room 2B-3
THE EFFECT OF SUNLIGHT (ULTRAVIOLET) EXPOSURE AND VITAMIN D
INTAKE DEFICIENCY TOWARDS THE INCREASE OF SYSTOLIC BLOOD
PRESSURE
*Dessy Hermawan1, Wahyu Dani2, Achmad Farich3
1 Nursing Program, Faculty of Medicine, Malahayati University
2 Faculty of Medicine, Malahayati University
3 Faculty of Public Health, Malahayati University
Background: Hypertension is one of common diseases found on the worker, especially night shift
worker, such as doctors and nurses. It also possibly happens on under roof worker like in the office
or indoors. This fact was derived from the finding of Qureshi (et al., 2009) stating that 20% of
nurses in the US suffering hypertension. Recently, there are some investigations about the
correlation between the lack of vitamin D content in the blood and hypertension. This led to the
researchers’ interest in studying the correlation among sunlight exposure and vitamin D intake
deficiencies towards hypertension.
Method: content in the blood towards the increase of systolic pressure. This is an experiment study
in which the subjects were Rattus norvegicus. They were investigated to reveal the impact of
sunlight omission, vitamin D reduction and hypertension. The subjects were placed in a dark cage
and fed with free vitamin D food. On the following days, the subjects were moved into the bright
room and supplied with vitamin D of 0.25μg/kg body weight.
Result: The absence of sunlight by situating the subjects in the dark area and supplying the non-
vitamin D food affected the rise of systolic blood pressure significantly (p = 0.01). The decline of
vitamin D content in the blood happened after the gradual omission of vitamin D along seven days
(p = 0.035). The relocation of the cage to the rich sunlight room together with feeding the subjects
0.25μg/kg body weight vitamin D influenced the increase of vitamin D content in the blood since
the first day of reposition. However, the significant decline of systolic pressure and noteworthy
vitamin D increase (p = 0.001) happened after four day vitamin D supply.
Conclusion: The sunlight (ultraviolet) exposure and vitamin D intake is influencing towards the
increase of vitamin D content and decline of systolic blood pressure on Rattus norvegicus.
Keywords: ultraviolet, vitamin D and hypertension
.
Climate Change And Environmental Health
OP Room 2B-4
A STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON BACTERIAL
COMMUNITY IN HAJ ALI'S DRAINAGE IN BABYLON PROVINCE –IRAQ
*Wameedh Adil
University, Iraq
Background: This study deals with the study of some physical and chemical properties and its
impact on some of the bacterial community in the Haj Ali's drainage, which is one of the main
important drainages in Babylon province.
Methods: Two stations were selected for the study, the first station in the village of Tuhmaziya
west of Hilla city and the second station in Abu- Garq towards Saddat Al-Hindia. The samples
were collected by three replicates of month and for the period from October 2009 to September
2010. The results showed some changes in temperature and the highest value for air temperature
(44 ºC) in station B during August and the lowest (18 ºC) in station A during December while the
highest temperature of the water (37 ºC) in station B during August and the lowest (16 ºC) in
station A during December .The highest values of pH ( 7.6 ) in station A and B during December
and September, respectively, also recorded the highest values of electrical conductivity (3600
μs/cm) in station B during December and the lowest value (2100 μs/cm) in station A during
February. The results indicated to presence of a significant decrease(p>0.05) in the values of
dissolved oxygen in the two stations as the highest value (4.6 mg / l) in station A during May and
August .
Result: The results of the current study showed a disparity in the total count of bacteria reaching
the highest total count of bacteria (2.4x104 /cfu) in station A during December and the lowest total
count (1.2x104 cfu) in station B during February. Besides, it also diagnosed with certain species
of enterobacteria through the stations of the study, including E-coli, shigella, klebsiella and
pseudomonas and there was a disparity in their count during stations due to their vulnerability to
the surrounding physical and chemical factors.
Keywords: Dissolve Oxygen, Total count, Haj Ali's drainage
Climate Change And Environmental Health
PP Room 2B-6
NON WORKPLACE FACTORS AFFECTING THE EXPORT PROCESSING ZONE
WORKERS’ HEALTH
S.M Arnold, *Sameera Senanayake, C.J. Denawaka & N.C. Pallewatta
1Infectious Disease Hospital, Sri Lanka
2Ministry of Health
3Medical Officer of Health, Biyagama
4National Programme for Control of TB & Chest Disease, Sri Lanka
Background: Living conditions outside the workplace have an influence on the workers’ health.
A large number of workers in Export Processing Zones (EPZ) in Sri Lanka are internal migrant
workers who live outside the workplace.
Method: To assess the living conditions of EPZ workers. A descriptive cross sectional study, using
interviewer administered questionnaire and checklist, was conducted among the workers of the
Biyagama EPZ area. In this study, 200 residential units were selected using systematic sampling
method. One worker from each residential unit was randomly selected to administer the
questionnaire. Checklist was used to assess the living conditions of the residential unit.
Results: A total of 193 workers participated with a response rate of 96.5%, with the majority
(94.8%; n=183) were internal migrant workers. A single room was occupied by more than one
worker in 79.3% (n=153). A separate toilet to the residential unit was available only in 54.4 %
(n=105). In 67.4% (n=130) a single toilet was used by 5-10 workers. Room space was adequate in
24.5% (n=46). Ventilation was poor in 77.1% (n=145), and light was poor in 72.3% (n=136) units.
Housekeeping was poor in 75% (n=141).
Conclusions: Majority of the workers were internal migrant workers and their housing and
sanitary facilities were unsatisfactory. These conditions would have a negative effect on workers’
health. It is recommended that the policy makers and industrialists give due recognition to these
priority issues which affecting the workers’ health and take long term sustainable measures to
mitigate them.
Keywords: Export Processing Zone, Living conditions, Occupational Hazards
Climate Change And Environmental Health
PP Room 2B-7
CYTOTOXIC ACTION OF SOME SYSTEMIC PESTICIDES ON CHO-K1 AND V79-4
CELL LINES
*Ali Al-Sarar1, Alaa Bayoumi1 & Yasser Abobakr1
1King Saud University
Background: The systemic pesticides are extensively used to protect various agricultural crops
from attacking the different pests. The misuse and repeated application of these pesticides with
higher rates than the recommended leads to increase their residues inside the vegetables and fruit
tissues. Therefore, this could be a source of intoxication to the human and animal being. In vitro
toxicity tests by using animal cell cultures have become very useful tools in the initial screening
of environmental contaminants, safety assessment and risk evaluation.
Methods: As toxicity screening procedure, different cellular endpoints were conducted as
biological markers, of which the mitochondrial function through performing the methyl
tetrazolium (MTT) assay. This in vitro method was directed to determine the midpoint cytotoxicity
value (MTT50) which defined as the concentration of the tested compound needed to reduce the
viability by 50% as compared to control. Based on such parameter, it could be compare between
the toxicity of the tested pesticides and ranking them. The cytotoxic effect of 12 systemic pesticides
belonging to different chemical groups was evaluated against two mammalian cell lines, Chinese
Hamster Ovary (CHO-k1) and hamster lung cells (V79-4).
Conclusion: The most cytotoxic compounds were abamectin, chlorfenapyr and imidacloprid.
Keywords: Systemic pesticides, Cytotoxicty, Cho-K1, V79-4
Environmental sustainability (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-1
UNDERSTANDING ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY: ARE WE?
*Haliza Abdul Rahman1
1Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Background: Mankind is consuming environments and its components at an alarming rate.
Therefore, it is very critical in applying the concept of environmental sustain-ability in order to
ensure the environment does not collapse under the burden of our demands. Sustainability could
improve the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of supporting eco-
systems because the sustainability goal is to raise the global standard of living without increasing
the use of resources beyond globally sustainable levels.
Methods: This paper involved with secondary data which are collected from journal, proceedings,
books and internet sources.
Results: Sustainability is important in protecting human health and environment. However, it is
major hurdle to achieve sustainability. Even amongst the engaged, sustainability concerns are not
a priority in all aspects of human lives. The most important reason is, most of the people failed to
under-stand in deeply the meaning and the concept of ‘sustainability’. Thus, at the global scale,
scientific data indicates that humans are living beyond the carrying capacity of planet earth and
continuously degrading environmental quality. Hence, as communities grow so the environment
declines, therefore achieving the sustainability is vital. How do we sustain this vital environment
for generations to come? How it translates into people’s lives? Creating a sustainable society will
require changes in lifestyles, attitudes, expectations, behaviors and values. Therefore, to achieve a
sustainability concept successfully, firstly and foremost, integrating the principles of sustainable
development into country policies and programs which consider sustainability in all relevant
decision making, secondly, improving sustainable management of natural resources in order to
maintain the integrity of eco-systems, thirdly, enhancing the contribution of the community in
conserving and preserving the environmental quality, and, finally, promote education and aware-
ness raising on environment sustainability within all stakeholders especially government, private,
in schools and communities.
Conclusions: Nowadays, issues of environmental sustainability have gained more prominent
attention from the public and media as well. In fact, sustainability issue has moved from being a
mere buzzword towards something that everybody is now taking very seriously. Therefore, an
integrated approach is needed for the overall development that takes account of environmental
health and sustainability. Thus, planning practices need to be changed to reflect new awareness in
achieving environmental sustainability.
Keywords: Environmental sustainability, Critical, environment, Quality of human life
Environmental sustainability (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-2
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES OF LIVER THAT INFECTED WITH ENTAMOEBA
HISTOLYTICA IN WHITE RATS
Halla Abdul-Hadi Abdul-Ghani Chabuk1,Haidar Kamil Zaidan Al-Saadi 2, and *Ahmed
Khudhair Obayes Al-Hamairy 3
1Medicine College, Dept. of Physiology, Babylon University
2Science College, Dept. of Biology, Babylon University
3Science for Women College , Dept. of Biology, Babylon University
Background: This study was carried out in the animal house of the Science College, Babylon
University for the period from of October 2012 till February 2013.
Methods: This study included, 20 white Swiss Rattus rattus ages between 3-4 months, and weights
between 250-300 gm. Animals were divided into five groups (2, 4 , 8 ,12) weeks and the fifth
group consider as control group each group included (four males).
Results: Four groups were infected with suspension E. histolytica that bring from stools patients
attending to the Al-Hilla Hospital Laboratory, every rat gives about 103 cysts per milliliter of E.
histolytica through oral administration. And the fifth group treated orally with distilled water. The
rats liver were studied functionally by measuring the level of enzymes GOT, GPT, ALP. The tests
of liver enzymes, showed that the level of the enzyme GOT, GPT, ALP having significant
increased (P <0.05) in the male rats treated E. histolytica suspension compared to control group.
Conclusions: The infection with E. histolytica established histological changes in the organs
especially the liver as apoptosis death of cells as well as changes in biochemical parameters (ALP,
GOT, GPT).
Keywords: White rats, Entamoeba Histolytica, liver, Biochemical changes
Environmental sustainability (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-3
STUDY THE EFFECTS OF THE PESTICIDE ES-BIOTHRIN ON SOME
HISTOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF WHITE MALE RATS
*Fakhir Alzubaidy 1University of Iraq
Background: This study aimed to evaluate the probable histological changes accompanied with
the treatment by the pesticide Es-Biothrin.
Methods: 16 white male rats (three months age) were used. All the rats were exposed daily to the
fume of evaporated disks of pesticide Es-Biothrin 5 hours for 35 day, then the rats were killed and
the histological study were done for the evaluation of the effects of the pesticide.
Results: This study showed different histological changes represented by the presence of
pneumonia in the lung of these rats, the infiltration of inflammatory cells, while the trachea had a
normal histology in all the animals of the experiment.
Keywords: White male rats, Es-Biothrin, Histological changes, Pesticide
Environmental sustainability (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-4
DECOLORIZATION OF DYE WASTEWATER BY ADSORPTION ON FLY ASH
GRANULES COATED WITH HEXADECYLTRIMETYLAMMONIUM BROMIDE
*Chayada P1. & Soydoa V2.
1Faculty of Public Health,Thammasat University , Pathum Thani, 12121,Thailand
2School of Energy, Environment and Materials, King Mongkut’s University of Technology
Thonburi, Bangkok, 10140, Thailand
Background: Fly ash has been widely used as adsorbent in wastewater treatment field. However
the development of granulated form of fly ash with more appropriate for real application has not
been widespread and clarified adequately.
Methods: The present study deals with the use of fly ash granules coated with a cationic surfactant,
hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (HDTMA-Br), as adsorbent for removal anionic dye from
and then coated with HDTMA-Br at concentration of 0.94 mmol.
Results: The equilibrium data were found to be well represented by the Langmuir isotherm
equation. The sorption of anionic dye onto the unmodified granule was small while the granules
coated with HDTMA-Br showed significant remove of dye. The maximum adsorption capacities
of the treated granule on anionic dye were 63.69 mg g-1.
Conclusion: The pseudo-second order kinetic model is the best choice among all the kinetic
models to describe the adsorption of anionic dye onto the granule. The pseudo-second order kinetic
model is the best choice among all the kinetic models to describe the adsorption of anionic dye.
Thermodynamic parameters were evaluated, indicating that the most adsorption process was
endothermic and non-spontaneous.
Keywords: Fly ash, Adsorption, Dye, Surfactant
Environmental sustainability (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-5
ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT FOR VETERINARY ANTIBIOTICS AND
HORMONE IN MALAYSIAN AGRICULTURAL SOIL
Yu Bin Ho1*, Mohamad Pauzi Zakaria2, Puziah Abdul Latif2, Nazamid Saari3
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
2Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor
Malaysia.
3Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang,
Selangor, Malaysia.
Background: Repeated applications of animal manure as fertilizer are normal agricultural
practices in Malaysia that may release veterinary antibiotics to environment from treated animals.
The aim of this study is to conduct an environmental risk assessment (ERA) on 5 commonly used
antibiotics and hormone in Malaysia broiler farm.
Methods: The risk was calculated using the ratio of measured environmental concentration (MEC)
and predicted no effect concentration (PNEC) in the environment. PNEC was derived from the
available acute and chronic toxicity data in the open peer-reviewed literature. Risk quotients (RQ)
were then calculated for 5 antibiotics (erythromycin, norfloxacin, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim and
tylosin) and one hormone (progesterone) in this study.
Results: This study showed that RQ for tylosin has exceeded 1.0 which indicates that this
compound has high risk of acute toxicity in Malaysian agricultural soil while trimethoprim and
tylosin possessed medium risk in chronic toxicity. The rest of the compounds showed low risk or
no risk in acute or chronic ecological toxicity.
Conclusion: The findings of this study concluded that the release of these compounds from broiler
manure to agricultural soil may potentially harm the environment.
Keywords: Veterinary antibiotics, Environmental risk assessment, Risk quotient, Agricultural
soil, Malaysia
Environmental sustainability (Session room 4)
PP Room 4A-6
STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS INFECTION IN A POPULATION OF HEALTH
SCIENCES STUDENTS AT A PUBLIC UNIVERSITY
Ab Hamid, A1, Mat Azis, N.H1, Pung, H.P1, Yahya, F.A1, Nordin, S.A2, VasanthaKumari, N2,
and *Mohd Desa, M.N1,3
1Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
2Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
3Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor,
Malaysia
Background: Staphylococcus aureus is an opportunistic pathogen that can cause a variety of life-
threatening diseases in humans. Persistent nasal carriage is one of the major risk factors for S.
aureus infections. This study was undertaken to evaluate the S. aureus carriage and persistence in
192 health sciences students at the Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra
Malaysia.
Methods: Self-administered questionnaires on socio-demographic and relevant risk factors were
distributed followed by nasal swab collection; sampling was done twice in about one month
interval in October and November 2013. Identification of isolates followed the standard
phenotypic approaches. Antibiotic susceptibility of isolates against oxacillin and cefoxitin was
tested by disc diffusion method.
Results: S. aureus was isolated from 31.3% and 33.9% of the population during the first and
second sampling respectively. Among the S. aureus-positive participants, about 65% of them were
persistent carrier (S. aureus was detected during both sampling exercises). Seven Methicillin-
resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were tentatively detected (4 and 3 isolates in the two sampling events
respectively) as inferred by decreased susceptibility to oxacillin and cefoxitin; 2 of the strains were
from a single individual. Chi-square analysis showed no significant correlation between carriage
and the tested risk factors except for the habit of touching nose (P = 0.045). A higher incidence of
S.aureus was observed among those with such habit (35% vs. 17%).
Conclusions: As far as the limited sampling period is concerned, these findings indicate that a
proportion of the student population may be at infection risk. Avoiding frequent nose-touching
could be one of the preventive measures.
Keywords: Staphylococcus aureus, Infection risk, Nasal carriage, MRSA
Environmental sustainability (Session room 4)
PP Room 4A-7
TREATMENT AND PRESERVATION OF FUEL AGAINST MICROBIAL
CONTAMINATION CAN REDUCE THE RISK OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
S Wong1, SHR Teng1, KY Wong1, LCM Tan1, *KL Yeo1
1Dow Microbial Control, The Dow Chemical Company, 24 Tuas South Street 3, Singapore
638025.
Background: Isothiazolinones are chemistries commonly used in the preservation of products
such as fuel, coatings, metal working fluids, etc. KATHONTM FP 1.5, an isothiazolinone-based
biocide, is a leading broad-spectrum biocide for fuel preservation, including biofuels and aviation
fuels. Microorganism contamination of fuels can cause microbial-induced corrosion, possibly
leading to storage tank corrosion. This poses a risk of fuel leakage during storage.
Methods: In this study, two samples of contaminated diesel oil were collected from two separate
storage tanks.
Results: Sterility test results revealed heavy contamination with both aerobic and anaerobic
bacteria. Moderate fungal contamination was also detected. Agar well diffusion tests indicated that
KATHONTM FP 1.5 was efficacious against these microorganisms. A range of KATHONTM FP
1.5 dosage was then tested against the contaminated diesel oil samples using the
TAUNOVATESM high-throughput system, to determine the minimum biocide dosage required to
decontaminate them.
Conclusions: Results indicated that 250 – 300 ppm of KATHONTM FP 1.5 was sufficient to treat
the contaminated diesel oil samples, as well as to preserve them. Preservation of fuel is essential
to prevent spoilage by microorganisms. Prevention of microbial growth during storage
circumvents microbial-induced corrosion of storage tanks. This reduces the risk of fuel leakage
into the environment. Finally, clean and preserved fuel ensures optimal engine performance.
Keywords: Fuel preservation, Isothiazolinone, Microbial-induced corrosion, Environmental
pollution
Environmental toxicology Part 1
OP Room 1A-1
ASSESSING THE RISKS OF TOTAL MERCURY CONTAMINATION FROM
ARTISANAL BULADU GOLD MINE IN GORONTALO PROVINCE, INDONESIA
Anwar M1, Pataranawat P2, Chinwetkitvanich S2
1Postgraduate Education in Environmental Technology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol
University, Thailand and Faculty of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
2Department of Sanitary Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Thailand
Objectives: This study investigated total mercury (THg) concentration in dry deposit, surface soil,
foodstuffs, and shallow well water and assessed the potential risks both in summer and rainy
seasons.
Methods: Sampling field survey in communities was collected in the areas of mining and ore
processing works.
Results: Results revealed that the concentrations of THg in Deme, Buladu and Wubudu villages
for dry deposit were 136, 501 and 326 µgL-1, surface soil were 2184, 4465 and 4597 µgkg-1dw,
cocoa meat and seed (Theobroma cacao), were range 975, 1212 and 1335 µgkg-1dw and 1189,
2014 and 2973 µgkg-1dw, coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) meat and milk were in the range of 1125,
1348 and 1581µg kg-1dw and 235, 405 and 477 µg kg-1dw and corn were 170, 240 and 327 µgkg-
1dw in summer season, respectively. Likewise in rainy season, THg concentrations in surface soil
were 1189, 2014 and 2973 µgkg-1dw, in cocoa meat and seed were range of 454, 867 and 728
µgkg-1dw and 453, 528 and 459 µgkg-1dw, coconut meat and milk were in the range of 357, 477
and 405 kg-1dw and 201, 356 and 310 µgkg-1dw and in corn were 124, 310 and 226 µgkg-1dw in
rainy season, respectively. The highest value of HQ for dry deposit, surface soil and shallow well
water were 10, 46 and 1.7, respectively. These values have exceeded standard accepted by EPA
(>1), whereas the highest THQ value of edible meat of cocoa, coconut and corn for mercury
consumption were 0.15, 0.23, 0.09, respectively.
Keywords: Artisanal gold mining, THg accumulation, Dry deposit, Surface soil, Foodstuffs
Environmental toxicology Part 1
OP Room 1A-2
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF SHORT TERM HYPOXIA AND ANOXIA ON
PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATIONS AND ALKALINE PHOSPHATASE ACTIVITY IN
ESTUARINE SEDIMENT
*Widad Fadhullah1 & Alastair Grant2
1Universiti Sains Malaysia
2University of East Anglia,United Kingdom
Background: Hypoxia (low oxygen) and anoxia (no oxygen) conditions are rapidly expanding in
estuaries and coastal waters, which have a significant impact on water quality and result in
eutrophication.
Objectives: This study investigates the effect of overlying water oxygen on the exchange of
phosphate between surface sediment and overlying waters using laboratory microcosms for 7 days.
Short term effects of hypoxia and anoxia were also examined on alkaline phosphatase activity in
the sediment.
Methods: Oxygen were manipulated into five different treatments; oxic (96% saturation in the
overlying water), hypoxia (25% saturation), one day of anoxia (24 hours without oxygen followed
by re-aeration of up to 6 days), four days of anoxia (4 days without oxygen and subsequent re-
aeration for 3 days) and seven days of anoxia (0% saturation).
Results: With decreasing oxygen supply, the concentrations of phosphate rapidly increased and
alkaline phosphatase activities in the sediment were reduced. When phosphate concentration is
low, alkaline phosphatase is produced by bacteria and phytoplankton to derive their phosphorus
requirement from the dissolved organic phosphorus component. During anoxia, phosphorus is not
limited due to phosphate release from iron immobilisation. So, less alkaline phosphatase activity
is required in anoxia.
Conclusions: This study suggests importance of hypoxia and anoxia duration in regulating balance
between phosphate concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity in estuaries.
Keywords: Hypoxia, Anoxia, Phosphate concentrations, Alkaline phosphatase activity
Environmental toxicology Part 1
OP Room 1A-3
CONCENTRATION OF HEAVY METALS (ARSENIC, CADMIUM, AND LEAD) IN
ANCHOVY SAUCE AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT AMONG RESPONDENTS IN
TUMPAT, KELANTAN
*Saliza Mohd Elias1, Suzilla Yaacob1, Nor Husna Hassan1 and Ahmad Zaharin Aris2
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2Environmental Forensics Research Centre, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Background: Anchovy sauce is a Malaysian preserved sauce and one of the best known fermented
seafood products originated from Kelantan, Malaysia. This food may contaminated with heavy
metals due to human activities which contaminate the main sources of this food.
Objectives: This research was conducted to determine the arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and lead
(Pb) concentration in anchovy sauce and to assess the health risk of respondents in Tumpat,
Kelantan who frequently consumed the food.
Methods: A total of 160 respondents were randomly recruited based on inclusion criteria. Three
brands of anchovy sauce samples were purchased from local market based on response from food
frequency questionnaire. The concentrations of heavy metals in anchovy sauce samples were
determined by dry ashing methods and analyzed with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass
Spectrometer (ICP-MS).
Results: Results showed that As, Cd and Pb concentration in anchovy sauce samples were 2.81,
0.04, and 0.18 mg/kg respectively. As compared to the Food Regulation 1985, As concentration
were exceeding the permitted level of 1 mg/kg. The calculated health risk due to consumption of
anchovy sauce showed that HQ and LCR were not exceeding 1 which indicates acceptable level
among respondents.
Conclusion: Heavy metals were detected in anchovy sauce in this study which indicates certain
levels of contamination to our food sources. Public should be aware for consuming these foods
might cause the accumulation of heavy metals in the body and may cause chronic diseases related
to them with prolong consumption.
Keywords: Heavy metals, Anchovy Sauce, Food Contamination, Health Risk Assessment,
Malaysia
Environmental toxicology Part 1
OP Room 1A-4
THE RISK FACTORS ANALYSIS OF GREEN TOBACCO SICKNESS (GTS) AND THE
HANDLING METODS FOR TOBACCO FARMERS
*Dewi Rokhmah1
1Public Health Faculty, University of Jember.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to analyze the risk factors of GTS disease on tobacco farmers
include environment factor (humidity, rainfall, geographic condition, irrigation), individual
characteristic factor (age, gender, education, marriage status, long time of being the tobacco
farmer), and behavior factor (knowledge, attitude, measure of GTS).
Methods: This study uses analytic approach by survey and cross sectional method. Data was
collected by interview with questionnaire, observation and focus group discussion. The
quantitative data are analysed by Univariat, bivariat using chi square and multivariat using Logistic
Regression. This study implemented on September until December 2013 in 12 sub district in
Jember regency which in tobacco production central.
Results: The results of this study show that majority the respondents are male, didn’t get
education, marriage status, have being tobacco farmers more than 10 years, and also have income
each month under the Regional Minimum Salary. Most of the tobacco farmers have low knowledge
about GTS syndrome (96,6%), with the negative attitude of GTS prevention (98,9%), and the low
good action of GTS prevention (86,5%). There are 66,3% of tobacco farmers which get GTS
syndrome. The results of statistic trial show up that there is correlation between gender (p=0,022)
with the long time of be tobacco farmer (p=0,025). The statistic also show up the correlation
between attitude of GTS prevention (p=0,002) and the syndrome of GTS in tobacco farmer.
Conclusions: The GTS handling method use 3 approach (knowledge and attitude of tobacco
farmer about GTS, supply occupational safety and health administration, leader of farmer group
and official who provides elucidation).
Keywords: Risk analysis, GTS, Tobacco farmers, Handling methods
Environmental toxicology Part 1
OP Room 1A-5
ENVIRONMENTAL TOBACCO SMOKE (ETS) EXPOSURE, HAIR NICOTINE
CONCENTRATIONS AND COGNITIVE ABILITIES AMONG ADOLESCENTS IN
MALAYSIA.
*Najihah Z.A1., Aziemah Z.1, Emilia Z.A.1, Zailina H.1, Sean S.2, Anita A.R3., & Che N.M.4
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
2Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, University of Aberdeen, UK
3Department of Community Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia
4National Poison Center, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang
Objectives: This study aims to investigate the relationship between ETS exposure with cognitive
abilities of adolescents (13-14 years old) living in two states in Malaysia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study will be conducted from June to December 2013 in Melaka
and Kedah. Randomly selected students (n=700) from 30 schools will participate in this research.
Current ETS exposure will be assessed via a self-administered questionnaire (student) adopted
from Global Youth Tobacco Survey (GYTS) by World Health Organization. Information about
prenatal exposure will be given by parents. Wechsler Nonverbal Scale of Ability will be used to
measure the adolescents’ cognitive abilities particularly in general intelligence and short working
memory. The scale have good correlation with other available cognitive assessment tools (r=0.75).
Chronic hair nicotine level measured using GC-MS will be assessed to represent the recent 3
months of ETS exposure. This study has obtained ethical clearance from the Universiti Putra
Malaysia.
Expected Results: A significant relationship between ETS exposure and cognitive abilities is
expected with poorer cognitive abilities being seen among adolescents with higher prenatal ETS
exposure and hair cotinine levels. Factors affecting the higher hair nicotine levels for the past 3
months will be modeled.
Conclusion: Findings will help to highlight the importance of protecting adolescents from ETS
exposure from the womb and to identify the risk factors or likely places for ETS exposure. Home
smoking restrictions may likely be the logical step that needs to be taken to protect children and
adolescents from further harm arising from ETS.
Keywords: Environmental Tobacco Smoke, Chronic, Nicotine, Adolescents
Environmental toxicology Part 1
OP Room 1A-6
A STUDY OF THE TOXIC EFFECTS OF SOME ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT
AND CIGARETTE SMOKING IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF OSTEOARTHRITIS
Attia, A.M1, Attalla, S.M1*, Shaat, R.M2, and El-Dafrawy, M.M3
1Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology
2Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Faculty of Medicine
3AnalyticalChemistry, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Egypt
*International Medical School (IMS), Management and Science University (MSU), Malaysia
Objectives: The aim of the present study is evaluation of the toxic effects of cigarette smoking on
knee joint and if there is relation between smoking and the subsequent development of
osteoarthritis (OA).
Methods: The study included 120 male patients served as test group suffering from osteoarthritis
(OA) attending the rheumatology and rehabilitation outpatient clinic, Mansoura university hospital
and age matched 60 healthy male volunteers (control group). All patients of the test group were
subjected to clinical assessment including body mass index (BMI) and Western Ontario and
McMaster (WOMAC) index of osteoarthritis and radiologic assessment of OA using Lawrence
Kellgrenordinal scale. Blood lead and cadmium levels were determined using atomic absorption
spectrophotometer.
Results: The present study observed significant increase in both lead and cadmium levels in heavy
smokers OA patients with history of long smoking duration than in control. There was a positive
correlation between blood lead and cadmium levels and the severity of OA. In addition, the levels
of lead and cadmium were significantly increased among middle aged non obese OA patients
compared to elderly obese OA patients.
Conclusions: In light of previous findings we can conclude that exposure to the toxic effects of
cigarette smoking for long duration may contribute to pathogenesis of OA even in absence of some
other risk factors such as older age and obesity.
Keywords: Lead, Cadmium, Osteoarthritis, Cigarette Smoking
Environmental toxicology Part 1
OP Room 1A-7
USE OF INTESTINAL PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN FISH TO DETECT THE
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANT BENZO[A]PYRENE
*Karami, A.1
1Department of environmental and occupational health, Faculty of medicine and health sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM)
Background: This study examined the potential of Pseudomonas aeruginosa abundance in the
intestines of fish as an indicator of exposure to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP).
Methods: P. aeruginosa populations were enumerated in juvenile African catfish (Clarias
gariepinus) injected intramuscularly three days previous with 0, 10, 30, 40, 50 or 70 mg/kg of BaP.
Hepatic EROD and GST activities and biliary fluorescent aromatic compounds (FACs) 1-OH BaP,
3-OH BaP, 7,8-D BaP and BaP were quantified to investigate agreements between the new
indicator and established fish biomarkers.
Results: The shape of bacterial population (logarithm of colony forming unit) dose-response curve
generally matched those of biliary FACs concentrations. Conversely, the EROD and GST dose-
response curves were generally the mirror images of the bacterial population curve. Changes in
intestinal P. aeruginosa population appear to be an indirect effect of BaP exposure because
exposure to 0–100 µg/ml BaP had no effect on P. aeruginosa populations grown on agar plates
containing BaP.
Conclusion: Using intestinal P. aeruginosa population of fish as a universal indicator of BaP
pollution in aquatic environments is discussed.
Keywords: Pseudomonas aeruginosa; Population; Benzo[a]pyrene; Indicator; Fish biomarkers
Environmental toxicology Part 1
OP Room 1A-8
STUDY POLLUTION OF SELENIUM AND NICKEL ELEMENTS IN THE WATER
AND THREE TYPES OF FISH MUSCLES COLLECTED FROM THE EUPHRATES
RIVER / CENTRAL IRAQ
*Dhurgham Al-Sultany
University of Iraq
Objectives: Interested current search study pollution selenium and nickel in the waters of the
Euphrates both in dissolved and particulate phases addition to studying concentration of these
elements in the muscles of the three types of fish, namely, Liza abu (Heckel), common carp
Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) and Aspius vorax (Heckel) collected from the river and a section of
each type of these fish into three different categories in weight and height .
Methods: Collected water and fish samples from the Euphrates River from the area between the
between Hindia to Kifil / central Iraq for the period from October 2009 until September 2010. The
current study found that concentration of elements in the particulate phase was higher than the
concentration in dissolved phase, as the results of the study showed the presence of seasonal
variations in the concentration of the elements studied in water dissolved phase and particulate
phase as well as studied in fish muscle.
Results: Found that the concentration of the elements studied in the muscles of fish Aspius vorax
were higher compared others typies (Liza abu and Cyprinus carpio) . and appeared from the study
is a direct correlation between Category longitudinal and weighted studied fish and concentration
of elements, where he found that their concentrations in the third category of each type of studied
fish were higher compared to the first category and second category , with concentration increased
of studied elements increase height and weight , and show the results of the current study the type
of studied fish , nutrition pattern , life and weight a direct and essential role in the accumulation of
elements in the muscles.
Keywords: Trace Elements, Euphrates River, Dissolved phase, Particulate phase
Environmental toxicology Part 1
PP Room 1A-9
FORMATION OF HYBRID WO3-TiO2 NANOTUBES AND ITS APPLICATION TO
CONSERVE THE ENVIRONMENT
*Chin Wei Lai1, Tong Ling Tan1, Syazwan Hanani Meriam Suhaimy1
1Nanotechnology and Catalysis Research Centre (NANOCAT), Level 3, Block A, Institute of
Postgraduate Studies, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur.
Background: Hybrid WO3-TiO2 nanotube was successfully synthesized via electrochemical
anodization and wet impregnation techniques. Among the vast number of metal ox-ides, WO3 is
one of the most capable candidates to be coupled with TiO2 nanotubes for enhancing hydrogen
generation using water splitting process. To date, hydrogen has been established as a potential
future energy carrier and possibly the best substitute for fossil fuel to secure the future supply of a
clean and sustainable energy. The hybrid WO3-TiO2 nanotubes showed small band-gap energy,
strong absorption within solar spectrum, stable physic chemical properties and strong photo-
corrosion stability in aqueous solution. The most important aspect of this hybrid is that two
different redox energy levels for their conduction band and valence band will be possessed. As a
consequence, interfacial potential gradient with a corresponding energetic position in this hybrid
will effectively transfer the pho-to-induced electrons from TiO2 with more negative conduction
band level to the WO3, which in turn will minimize the recombination losses of charge carriers.
In this case, WO3 will act as an effective electron acceptor, which is beneficial for the effective
separation of electron/hole pairs in TiO2 photocatalyst and consequently resulted in better
photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performance.
Results: It was found that ~0.2 at% of W content within TiO2 nanotube photocatalyst exhibited
1.5 times higher performance than that of the pure TiO2 nanotube. In contrast, excessive content
of WO3 coupled with TiO2 nanotube will act as recombination centers, which in turn will affect
their photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical performance.
Conclusions: Thus, optimum content of WO3 coupled with TiO2 and possible formation of well-
distribution of WO3 with TiO2 are important issues to address in order to form an ideal
photoelectrode for photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical system to conserve our environment
from serious global warming and pollutions.
Keywords: Hybrid WO3-TiO2 nanotube, photocatalytic, photoelectrochemical
Environmental toxicology Part 1
PP Room 1A-10
THE ROLE OF ALLERGY RISK FACTORS AND ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
AGAINST LYMPHOCYTE TH-1 AND TH-2 ACTIVITY IN RELATION TO
WHEEZING IN INFANTS AGE UP TO 1 YEAR
*Mulya Safri1, Bidasari Lubis2, Zakiudin Munasir3, Mulyadi4 & Nia Kurniati3
1Department of Child Health Syiah Kuala University-Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital, Banda Aceh
Indonesia
2Department of Child Health University of North Sumatra-H. Adam Malik Hospital
3Department of Child Health University of Indonesia-Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital
4Department of Pulmonary Disease Syiah Kuala University -Dr. Zainoel Abidin Hospital
Backgrounds: Allergic disease is an important issue because it occurs at all levels of society and
increasing the number of accident in the last three decades. Risk factors and environmental factors
play an important role in the mechanism of allergy. Wheezing is an early symptom of respiratory
disorders that often occur as a result of allergic reactions in children.
Objective: This study aims to find the role of allergy risk factors and environmental factors on the
activity of Th-1 and Th-2 in association with wheezing in infants up to 1 year of age
Methods: This study is an exploratory of analytic observational with cohort design. Samples were
taken with consecutive sampling technique has been obtained as many as 71 infants who had
completed observed for 12-months-old.
Results: A total of 64.8% from 71 subjects suffering from wheezing. Allergy risk factors (p =
0.007), skin prick test > 3 mm (0.000), IFN-γ levels below 0.53 (p = 0.033), IL-5 levels above 0.6
(p = 0.000), and the father smoked ( p = 0.003) appear related to the occurrence of wheezing.
Conclusion: Allergy risk factors contribute to the onset of wheezing, through the increased
activity of Th-2 lymphocytes generate the levels of IL-5 to be higher in infants suffering from
atopic wheeze.
Keywords: Infant atopy, Allergy risk factors, Environmental factors, Activity of Th-1 and Th-2
Environmental toxicology part II (Session room 5)
OP Room 5A-1
PHENOTYPING OF TUMOR INFILTRATING LYMPHOCYTES IN BREAST
CANCER INFECTED WITH HIGH ONCOGENIC RISK HUMAN PAPILLOMA VIRUS
*Shakir Mohammed
University, Iraq
Background: Breast cancer is one of the main health problems in developed countries, occupying
first place in mortality in woman. Non the less, in 50 – 80% of cases known risk factors have not
been identified, this has generated the attempt to identify new factors related with this neoplasia
as viral infections.
Objectives: The aims of this work is to determine the prevalence and genotypes of HPV DNA in
archival tissue specimens with a range from apparently healthy tissue to invasive breast cancer by
using one of the recent version of In Situ hybridization and to study the phenotyping of tumor
infiltrating lymphocytes in breast cancer infected with high oncogenic – risk Human papilloma
virus.
Methods: Molecular detection and genotype of HPV DNA were performed 173 breast tissue
blocks by using In situ hybridization technique for detecting and localization of high risk HPV
(16, 18, 31 and 33) types. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) method was used to demonstrate the
prevalence of CD4, CD8, CD16 and CD19 in those breast cancers.
Results: Among breast cancer group, 60 archived tissue blocks were found to contain HPV DNA
related to the cocktailed HPV genotype. This result constituted 46.5% of the total BC screened for
HPV DNA .HPV-16 Positive BC blocks constituted(55.5%) ,whereas HPV genotypes -18 ,31 and
33 constituted (58.4%) , (65%) and(26.6%), respectively.Over expression of CD4 , CD16 and
CD19 immune cells surface were detected as brownish discoloration at cell surface localization ,
Non-significant association ( p > 0.05) were found between the results of IHC for CD4 , CD16 and
CD19 score of all study groups , while the difference between CD8 score of malignant and benign
as compare with healthy control were statistically significant ( p <0.05) .
Keywords: Breast cancer, Phenotyping, Papilloma
Environmental toxicology part II (Session room 5)
OP Room 5A-2
SCHOOL’S INDOOR AIR QUALITY AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH IMPLICATIONS
AMONG SCHOOL CHILDREN: A REVIEW
Chua, P.C1, *Juliana, J1.
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Background: Concern about recent increases in the incidence of respiratory illnesses among
school aged children worldwide have stimulated much research on potential indoor air pollutants
and its health impacts on school children. A critical review was conducted on the quantitative
literature linking indoor air pollution in school with respiratory illnesses among young children.
Methods: This review summarizes 11 studies in the epidemiologic literature on associations
between school’s indoor air quality and respiratory health or allergy in children. PubMed, Medline
and other electronics database were used, some literature from universities or colleges in less
developed countries where not all publications are yet internationally indexes were also included
in the reference of this review.
Results: As a result from this review, there were some strong associations reported between many
risk factors and respiratory or allergic effects among school children. Risk factors identified most
frequently included Particulate Matter, Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), Nitrogen Dioxide
(NO2), indoor mold, indoor microorganisms, indoor concentration of Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and
Carbon Monoxide (CO). The studies of Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) from schools are reasonably
consistent and show a strong significant increase in risk for exposed young children compared
with those who are not exposed. Not all studies were able to adjust for confounders, but most of
those that did so found that strong and significant risks remained. Reviewed studies were entirely
observational, limited in size and variable in quality. Specific risk factors identified may only be
indicators for correlated and truly casual exposures. How-ever, it is important to quantify and
confirm any risks in order to promote any preventive actions.
Conclusions: In the summary, the unique characteristics of indoor air pollution in schools are
synthesized, followed by strategies to minimize exposure of children to indoor air pollutants at
schools. Finally, the improvements in future re-search designs on IAQ in elementary schools are
recommended.
Keywords: Indoor Air Quality, School children, Respiratory health effects
Environmental toxicology part II (Session room 5)
OP Room 5A-3
BIOMARKER AS A RESEARCH TOOL IN LINKING EXPOSURE TO AIR
PARTICLES AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH
Nur Faseeha Suhaimi1, *Juliana Jalaludin1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Background: Some of the environmental toxicants from air pollution include coarse particulate
matter (PM10), fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ultrafine particles (UFP). When foreign
particles are attempting to invade human, inflammation as a part of the body’s immune response
will attempt to remove them. Inflammation is detected by an increased level of biomarkers in the
human body. Both short and long term exposure could result in varied degrees of respiratory
symptoms among exposed persons, which rely on the individuals’ health status.
Objective: The aim of this article is to explore the assumption that biomarkers are applicable in
linking detrimental air particles levels to increased respiratory health effects.
Methods: In this article, we highlight a review of the studies that have used biomarkers to
understand the association between air particles exposure and the development of respiratory
problems resulted from damages in the respiratory system. Data from previous epidemiological
studies relevant to the application of biomarkers in respiratory system damages reported from
exposure to air particles are also summarized.
Results: On the basis of these analyses, the findings agree with the hypothesis that biomarker is
relevant in linking harmful air particles levels to increased respiratory health effects. Numerous
epidemiological studies on health effects of air pollution exposure to various groups of respondents
have been improved with the introduction of biomarkers as their research tools. Biomarkers are
used in epidemiological studies to provide our understanding of the mechanisms that follow
airborne particles exposure in the airway. However, application of biomarkers in epidemiological
studies of health effects caused by air particles in both environmental and occupational health is
inchoate.
Conclusion: Biomarkers unravel the complexity of the connection between exposure to air
particles and respiratory health.
Keywords: Biomarker, Inflammation, PM10, PM2.5, UFP, Respiratory health
Environmental toxicology part II (Session room 5)
OP Room 5A-4
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT ON BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEAVY METAL IN
KLANG DISTRICT SURFACE SOIL
Yuswir, N. S.1, *Praveena, S. M.1, Aris, A. Z.2, and Hashim, Z.1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine And Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Background: Heavy metal in soil occurs in both natural and anthropogenic forms. Due to
anthropogenic addition, levels of heavy metal in soil increase. Increment of heavy metal in soil
has raised concern of heavy metal pollution and its effect to human health.
Objective: This study will determine bioavailability heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb
and Zn and health risk assessment in different types of Klang district soil using in vitro human
digestion model.
Methods: For bioavailability of heavy metal concentration, in vitro digestion model will be
developed and analyzed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. A total of 35 surface soils will be
sampled based on seven different types of land use, namely, industrial, residential, agriculture,
town area, port, school and mangrove.
Expected Results: Heavy metal concentrations are expected to be low in the surface soil sample
and its bioavailability are expected to be increased according land used activities. Results of
bioavailability heavy metal concentration from AAS will be used to establish Hazard Quotient in
order to determine non cancer risk. The results of Hazard Quotient are expected to be < 1 for all
surface soil samples.
Conclusions: This study is expected to provide evidence that bioavailability of heavy metal is
more appropriate in health risk assessment. In conclusion, this study is expected to found that all
the surface soil samples are safe from the non cancer risk to human.
Keywords: Heavy metal, Bioavailability, Health risk assessment, In vitro digestion model
Environmental toxicology part II (Session room 5)
OP Room 5A-5
MEASURING RADON CONCENTRATION IN THE AIR OF INDIAN HOUSEHOLDS
SPEND – KARBALA
*Mohammed Hadi Shinen
Department of General Science, College of Basic Education, University of Babylon, PO box 4 Iraq
Methods: We have been measuring the concentration of radon in the air of homes spend Indian -
Karbala and using reagents solid-state tracks nuclear (TASTRAK) and known commercially CR -
39) (where it was taking four different houses space, as well as different place, where he was taking
two houses on the outskirts of the city (rural), one in the place a rustic Unit and the other in place
of rustic with a group homes, and the houses of others have been taken into the city center, one in
residential neighborhoods and the other between a group of commercial premises, and took every
house five models of models radon negative ( first in the yard of the house and the second in the
kitchen and the third in the bedroom and the fourth in the reception room and the fifth within the
health workers where samples were taken after the time frame of seven months. After that, take
these models and treated chemically using sodium hydroxide solution and temperature 75 Co and
for one hour and then was washed models with distilled water and dried and then used optical
microscope high precision to calculate the effects formed per unit area and then calculate
concentration Radon in the above areas.
Results: And by the results found that the concentration of radon varies from 240.7 Bq/m3 in (lady
health house within the city and between the shops) to 82.3 Bq/m3 (lady health house on the
outskirts of the countryside Unit) The rest of the house and the rest of the places taken every home
is between the two results above, it is clear that health workers in the city and between the shops
be more focused for radon and that due to lack of ventilation in those areas.
Keywords: Polymer, Doping, Efficiency, Nano thin films.
Environmental toxicology part II (Session room 5)
OP Room 5A-6
LANDFILL LEACHATE TOXICITY WITH ORECHROMIS MOSSAMBICUS
(MOZAMBIQUE TILAPIA): A REVIEW
*Umi Raihana A. R. and Sharifah Norkhadijah S. I.
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Background: Landfill leachate contain more than 500 types of pollutant. The toxicity level of
leachate discharge to the aquatic environment is one of the environmental concerns. Toxicity
assessment using living organismor bioassaysuch as bacteria, invertebrates, fish and plant is the
common method used to measure the level of toxicity. There are many types of fish being used
in fish bioassay experiment such as Anabas testudineus, Leporinus obtusidens, Orechromis
mossambicus, Cyprinus carpio and Oryzias latipes. Fish are considered to be a reliable indicator
for health as of the watercourses state for secondary consumers possibly because fish is eaten by
human. The type of fish used as fish bioassay are varies depending on the local environment and
policies. It possible to be used in fish bioassay experiment as it is an omnivorous feeder in which
it is able to clean up edible garbage inrivers and indrainage or irrigation canals. In addition, it can
grow and spawn fast as well as survive in low oxygen water. There are limited studies on the
leachate toxicity experiment using Orechromis mossambicus. This paper provides an overview
of leachate toxicity fish bioassay experiment using Tilapia or Orechromis mossambicus.
Results: This paper highlights the characteristic of this fish in toxicity experiment as a merit
compared to other type of fish. This paper provides a baseline information of fish bioassay and
the toxicity level of landfill leachate on Orechromis mossambicus.
Keywords: Toxicity assessment, tilapia, landfill, leachate, fish bioassay
Environmental toxicology part II (Session room 5)
OP Room 5A-7
PHYTOREMEDIATION ABILITIES OF NEPTUNIA OLERACEA (WATER MIMOSA)
AND IT’S SAFETY FOR HUMAN CONSUMPTION
*Aini Syuhaida A. W.1, Sharifah Norkhadijah S. I.1, Praveena S.M.1, Suriyani A.2
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2National Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia, 43300 Seri Kembangan, Selangor, Malaysia
Background: The used of ‘water mimosa’ (an aquatic plant also known as kangkung air) in
phytoremediation of waste water is a green technology. In Thailand, this plant is widely employed
to treat waste water rather than chemical or physical treatments as it uses natural processes and is
unlikely to leave toxic substances. However, the effectiveness of this plant rarely being assessed.
The characteristic of ‘water mimosa’ that can be grown all year round become one of the benefit
in phytoremediation technology. This technique is found to be cost effective, easy to maintain and
high efficiency is obtained. In some studies, water mimosa was obtained to be efficient in
accumulating heavy metals compared to water hyacinth (keladi bunting). However, more works
need to be done to prove the validity of this statement. Water mimosa is not only meant to treat
waste water, but it can also can be eaten as raw or cooked.
Objectives: This research is aimed; (i) to determine the mechanism of heavy metals uptake in
water mimosa and water hyacinth, (ii) to determine the distribution of heavy metals in plant tissues
and (iii) to determine the toxicity level for human consumption.
Methodology: Both plants will be treated with various concentrations of heavy metals i.w. Pb,
Cd, and Cu, as these are the forefront of dangerous elements causing health hazard in the lab
under different concentration. The concentration of heavy metals in the plant tissues will be
extracted and analyzed.
Results: This study is expected to produce baseline information of phytoremediation ability of
water mimosa and water hyacinth. This information can be used as a reference and possibly to be
enhanced and commercialized as one of the beneficial green technology.
Keywords: Heavy metals, phytoremediation, water mimosa, water hyacinth, green technology.
Environmental toxicology part II (Session room 5)
OP Room 5A-8
CARBONATE TREATED ETHYL GLYCOL FOR ADSORPTION OF CONGO RED
FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION
*Kai-Yin Chong1, Chin-Hua Chia1, Sarani Zakaria1, Mohd Shaiful Sajab1
1Affiliation and School of Applied Physics, Faculty Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
Background: Vaterite calcium carbonate (CaCO3) microspheres were produced via wet chemical
metho during ethylene glycol. The presence of ethylene glycol during the synthesis process
resulted in the formation of vaterite microspheres instead of calcite and aragonite. The produced
vaterite CaCO3 microspheres were used to adsorption Congo red from aqueous solutions.
Results: The obtained results showed that the adsorption capacity of the CaCO3 microspheres is
higher as compared to calcite and aragonite due to the greater positive surface charge. The
adsorption performance of the vaterite CaCO3 microspheres was investigated at different tem-
peratures and pH of the dye solutions. The performance of the dye adsorption increased with
temperature. However, it is independent with initial pH of dye solution and decrease with increase
initial dye concentration.
Conclusions: Kinetics models (pseudo first and second order) were used to interpret adsorption
kinetics data. In addition, the Langmuir, Freundlich and Sips models were used to describe the
mechanism of the adsorption of the Congo red onto the CaCO3 microspheres.
Keywords: Adsorption, calcium carbonate, Congo red, dyes, ethylene glycol.
Ergonomics Part 1
OP Room 2B-1
PREVALENCE OF SELECTED HEALTH ISSUES AMONG WORKERS IN SMALL
SCALE INDUSTRIES IN SRI LANKA
Inoka Suraweera1, Supun Wijesinghe1 & *Sameera Senanayake2
1Environmental and Occupational Health Unit, Colombo, Sri Lanka
2Medical Officer of Health Office, Maharagama, Sri Lanka
Objective: To assess the prevalence of selected health issues among workers, in small scale
industries in a district in Sri Lanka
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among workers in four selected small scale
industry categories namely food and beverages, apparel, non metallic mineral products and
fabricated metal products in a district of Sri Lanka. A small scale industry was defined as a work
setting with less than 20 workers. The census of Industries Sri Lanka 2003/2004 was used as the
sampling frame. Cluster sampling using probability proportionate to size of the workers was done.
Data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire.
Results: Analysis was based on 727 workers. A majority (63.8%) was in the age group 20-39
years and 68.6% were males. The prevalence of shoulder pain, wrist/hand pain, knee pain, neck
pain and back pain in the past one month was 4.4%(n=32), 4.5%(n=33), 5.4% (n=39), 4.7% (n=34)
and 6.1% (n=44) respectively. Workers working in fabricated metal product industries had the
highest proportion of having shoulder pain (7.4%, n=07). In the same category wrist/ hand pain
was 10.5% (n=10) and knee pain was 9.5% (n=09). Thirty one (4.3%, n=31) were having asthma
prior to the study. The prevalence of wrist pain (p=0.025) and knee pain (p=0.006) were
significantly associated with the industry category. Sex of the worker was not significantly
associated any musculoskeletal disorders assessed.
Conclusion: Musculoskeletal diseases are prevalent among the study population. This needs to be
investigated in-depth to identify the correlates to plan interventions.
Keywords: Small scale industry, Musculoskeletal disorders, Ergonomics
Ergonomics Part 1
OP Room 2B-2
EFFECT OF WRIST DEVIATION ON MEDIAN NERVE CROSS -SECTIONAL AREA
AT PROXIMAL CARPAL TUNNEL LEVEL.
*Ping Y.L.1 & Satoshi M.2
1Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University. 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minamiku, Fukuoka, 815-8540,
Japan.
2Faculty of Design, Kyushu University. 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minamiku, Fukuoka, 815-8540, Japan.
Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of combination of wrist flexion-
extension with wrist deviation on median nerve cross-sectional area (MNCSA).
Methods: Sonographic ultrasound (US) was used to examine the MNCSA at proximal carpal
tunnel level in transverse plane. MNCSA were examined bilaterally in 8 right-handed healthy male
students (age 27.0 ± 3.5 years; BMI 22.3 ± 3.3 kg/m2). Participants were sat upright and forearm
rested on forearm support on table during US examination. Total of nine wrist positions were
examined which are wrist neutral (WN), wrist flexion (WF) 30°, wrist extension (WE) 30° together
with three wrist deviation conditions namely without radial deviation (RD) and ulnar deviation
(UD), with maximal RD and with maximal UD. Participants were instructed to actively maintain
the wrist positions and relax fingers during US examination. MNCSA was measured by ImageJ
and measurements at WN were used as reference point.
Results: Paired t-test showed significant difference of WN MNCSA between the dominant hand
(7.93 ± 0.63 mm2) and the non-dominant hand (6.98 ± 0.42 mm2) (p<0.001). Two-way repeated-
measures ANOVA (handedness as independent factor) showed WF30° and WE30° caused
significant differences of MNCSA when compare to WN (p<0.001). However, wrist RD/UD did
not have significant interaction with the changes of MNCSA in WN, WF and WE positions.
Conclusion: The results indicated WF and WE will caused MNCSA reduced significantly
compare to WN. Meanwhile, wrist RD and UD did not caused significant changes of MNCSA at
different wrist positions.
Keywords: Median Nerve, Ultrasound, Wrist active holding, Nerve deformation
Ergonomics Part 1
OP Room 2B-3
THE EFFICACY OF QUANTITATIVE CROSS CULTURAL PRODUCT DESIGN
SURVEY INSTRUMENT
*Muhammad Syafiq Syed Mohamed1, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin2 & Rizal Rahman2
1Universiti Teknikal Malaysia
2Universiti Putra Malaysia
Background: Designers and manufacturers often have difficulty in designing products that would
be able to meet the demands and needs for various users from different cultures or nations. In an
increasingly globalized world, meeting the needs and requirements for users from different cultural
backgrounds is crucial for profitability and survival. In this research a cross cultural product design
survey was tested for its suitability and reliability.
Methods: A short review of the past cross cultural models such as Hofstede (1980), Hall (1973),
Trompenaars (1997) and Lee (2001) was conducted, as well as the pilot testing of Lee’s
quantitative cross cultural product design survey instrument and a pilot study involving 36
Malaysian undergraduate students were conducted. Reliability and suitability of survey instrument
were tested with Cronbach’s Alpha and Kolmogrov Smirnov analysis.
Results: Cronbach’s Alpha value for the overall survey instrument reliability was 0.387. Referring
to the val-ues for each scale in the survey instrument the highest Cronbach Alpha value was 0.499,
and the lowest was -0.135. Kolmogorov Smirnov test showed that for al-most all of the survey
items responses had a non-normal data distribution.
Conclusion: A cross cultural product design survey needs to be reliable and valid. In this study,
the proposed survey instrument showed poor reliability. Quantitative assessment method has yet
to prove itself their suitability in cross cultural product design research.
Keywords: Cross cultural, Product design, Trompenaars, Hofstede
Ergonomics Part 1
OP Room 2B-4
THE CAUSES AND THE IMPACTS OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN PEKAN NANAS, JOHOR
*M.K.Loo1, Nor Sa’adah Abd Rahman2, Salmiah Mohamad Amin3
1Master Student Faculty of Management, Univesiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai
2Assoc. Prof. Faculty of Management, Univesiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai
3Prof. Faculty of Management, Univesiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai
Objectives: (1) to measure sources of occupational stress among industrial workers in Pekan
Nanas, Johor, (2) to identify the impacts of occupational stress on industrial workers in Pekan
Nanas, Johor and (3) to determine the relation to individual differences (gender, age, marital status,
working experience, and working hours). Occupational stress affects the performance of workers
by reducing efficiency and productivity industrial.
Methods: The research will raw data collected from the questionnaire were analyzed accordingly
to research objectives.
Keywords: Occupational Stress, Sources of Occupational Stress, Impacts of Occupational Stress,
Health
Ergonomics Part 1
OP Room 2B-5
PREVALENCE OF WORK RELATED MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS
SYMPTOMS IN A CONSTRUCTION COMPANY
*Baba Md Deros1, Nor Kamaliana Khamis1, Darliana Mohamad1 and *Siti Fairus Mat Daud1
1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Background: Nature of work in the construction industry is closely associated with many human
factor hazards. In this industry, normally construction workers are exposed to hand-arm vibration,
repetitive movements, holding of heavy loads and tools, frequent manual materials handling
hazards in their everyday tasks. Work related musculoskeletal disorders involves the nerves,
tendons, muscles and other sup-porting structures of the body are major problems faced by
construction workers.
Objectives: The two main objectives of this paper are to determine the risk factors, their
prevalence and association with muscular symptoms among construction workers. The two
research methodologies used were survey questionnaire and standardized Nordic questionnaire.
Methods: Sixty male construction workers aged between 17 to 50 years old took part in the study.
Their main tasks are bricklaying, skim coating, housekeeping and plastering.
Results: The study results shows 66.7% of the workers that took part in the study had shown high
prevalence of musculoskeletal problems symptoms at the elbow, writs/hand and ankle/feet.
Conclusion: Thus, it can be concluded that construction workers are highly exposed to the risk of
getting work related musculoskeletal disorders.
Keywords: Construction, Musculoskeletal disorders, Workers, Risk factors
Ergonomics Part 1
OP Room 2B-6
PERCEPTION STUDY ON ERGONOMICS PRACTICES AT MALAYSIAN QUARRY
AND MINING INDUSTRY
Norhidayah Mat Sout1, *Ahmad Rasdan Ismail1 and Norhidayah Abdull1
1Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Background: Ergonomics can be viewed as an approach to decrease injury and illness rates and
to improve the overall working conditions for employees by addressing risk factor exposure that
may occur during manual task.
Objectives: The goals of this research are to analyze ergonomics risk factor by associating
physical environmental parameters in quarry and mining industry. An Ergonomics Risk
Assessment was used to determine the comparison analysis among quarry and mining industry in
Malaysia.
Result: The findings of this research prove that the exposure of ergonomics risk factors among
the workers is commonly in high risk.
Conclusion: As a conclusion, assessment of ergonomics in quarry and mining industries will be a
platform to provide a safe and healthy working environment.
Keywords: Ergonomic, Risk factor, Physical environmental parameter, Safety and health, Quarry
and mining
Ergonomics Part 1
OP Room 2B-7
BURDEN OF NOISE INDUCED HEARING LOSS AMONG MANUFACTURING
INDUSTRIAL WORKERS IN MALAYSIA
*Noraita Tahir1, Syed Mohamed Aljunid1 and Jamal Hisham Hashim1
1United Nation University International Institute for Global Health, Malaysia
Background: Noise induced hearing loss (NIHL) is the highest reported occupational disease
among industrial workers but there is scarcity of data on disease burden in Malaysia. This study
estimates the risks and burden of NIHL in manufacturing industries in Malaysia.
Methods: A cross-sectional industrial survey conducted by interviewing OSH practitioners at 26
industries categorized as food, tobacco, textile, wearing apparel, wood products except furniture,
paper, refined petroleum, chemicals, non-metallic mineral, basic metal, fabricated metal, motor
vehicle parts. The catchment population is imputed based on stratified sampling design involving
60% of workers diagnosed with NIHL
Results: A total of 18 industries exposed to noise level of 86-90dBA and 8 industries at more than
91dBA were identified. All industries provide regular awareness training and hearing protection
device to their workers but none of them implement attenuation, majority of them (81%) conduct
onsite audiometric test annually. In overall, the risk of NIHL and incidence per 100,000
manufacturing workers projected is 8% (139 new cases), the highest risk and incidence is 32%
(26) in motor vehicle parts industry; followed by 23% (1140 new cases) in tobacco industry and
23% (269 new cases) in fabricated metal industry. Male workers (89%) were exposed to a greater
risk compared to female (11%). It was estimated that 103,000 workers were potentially affected
by NIHL in Malaysia.
Conclusion: NIHL is a major burden among industrial workers in Malaysia. Implementation of
effective hearing conservation program and self-enforcement of noise regulations by the employer
could potentially reduce the burden.
Keywords: Noise, Hearing loss, Manufacturing, Malaysia
Ergonomics Part 1
OP Room 2B-8
COMPUTER MODELLING OF OIL PALM PLANTATION FRUIT BUNCH
COLLECTOR JOB USING CATIA ERGONOMIC FEATURE
*Muhammad Luthfi Norzan1, Shahriman Abu Bakar1, Shamsul. B.M.T.2, B.M. Deros.3,
A.S.Rambely4, Khairunizam Wan1, Ng Y.G.2, Mohd Afendi1, E.M. Cheng1, Shafriza N.B1,
S.K.Zaaba.1
1 School of Mechatronic Engineering,
Universiti Malaysia Perlis (UniMAP), Pauh Putra Campus, 02600 Arau, Perlis, Malaysia
2 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang
3 Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering,
Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi Selangor
4 Department of Mathematical Sciences,
Faculty of Science and Technology,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 UKM, Bangi Selangor
Backgrounds: This article discuss about determining the postural and biomechanical risks of oil
palm collector job using CATIA software’s ergonomic feature.
Methods: Postures of the related activity are simulated based on activity sequence; lifting
wheelbarrow, starting to push, maintain movement of wheelbarrow, stop and lowering the
wheelbarrow. The analyses that are done are Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) and
biomechanics single action analysis.
Results: The results for RULA shows that for certain tasks, the posture itself may be acceptable
but as the load increases, so does the risk to musculoskeletal system. As for the biomechanics
single action analysis, increase of load shows increase of L4-L5 moment and compression force.
Keywords: Ergonomic, CATIA, RULA, Oil Palm, Computer Modelling
Ergonomics Part 1
PP Room 2B-9
THE EFFECT OF BACKPACK LOAD AND PLACEMENT ON POSTURAL
DEVIATION IN HEALTHY SCHOOL CHILDREN.
Abdul M.A.1,Rachael M.D.2,& Shapour J.3
1UiTM Puncak Alam, Malaysia
2Department of Occupational Therapy, School of Primary Health Care, Monash University,
Australia.
3Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary Health Care, Monash University, Australia.
Introduction: Carrying heavy backpacks by children and the position of the backpack on the spine
have become an issue of interest to policy makers and researchers over the last decade. The
objective of this study was to investigate the effect of backpack load and placement on postural
deviation while standing upright.
Method: A repeated measures study was conducted on 8 school children in Australia using
convenience sampling. Inclusion criteria were school children aged between 6 and 12 years old,
free from any musculoskeletal disease or disorder, able to stand upright and happy to wear bike
shorts and tight t-shirts. Outcome measures used were angles at trunk, neck, gaze, head on neck,
lower limb, tragus, acromion and pelvic. There were nine experimental conditions which
comprises the combinations of three backpack loads (5%, 10% or 15% BW) and three placements
on back (T7, T12 or L3). Photographs of sagittal and frontal plane were taken during unloaded and
experimental conditions. Postural angles were measured using the UTHSCSA Image Tool
software. Differences in postural angles between conditions were determined using repeated
measures ANOVA.
Results: There were significant differences at all angles while carrying 10% and 15% BW load
compared to unloaded condition. The centre of gravity of backpack positioned at T7 produced the
largest postural deviation at all angles compared to T12 and L3.
Conclusion: Primary school students should avoid placing 10% BW load and above at T7 in order
to reduce postural deviation that may contribute to backpack related musculoskeletal problem.
Keywords: Backpack, School children, Load limit, Load placement
Ergonomics Part II (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-1
OPTIMIZED MANUAL LIFTING CONDITION AMONGST EMPLOYEES USING AN
ERGONOMICS GUIDELINES: A CASE STUDY
Khamis, N.K.1, Deros, B.M.2, Abdul Aziz, F.3 and Md. Saad, M.H.4
1, 2, 4 Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built
Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Malaysia.
3 Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia,43400
Serdang, Malaysia.
Background: Assessment on working posture during manual lifting is very important to ensure
the task is safe. Lifting task is acceptable if it can satisfy certain ergonomic requirements.
Objectives: This paper presents an evaluation of three major manual lifting tasks performed by
workers in the printing factory.
Methods: A semi structured interview was conducted with six workers performing three major
lifting tasks to gather information regarding their body regions discomfort. Then, a sample of each
type of lifting task was recorded and analyzed using Vision Assisted Anthropometric Measurement
Systems (VAAMS) and manual calculation by using Manual Lifting Task Analysis Chart.
Results: The results from VAAMS and Manual Lifting Task Analysis Chart showed the manual
workers experiencing discomforts at many parts of their body regions. Based on the case study
findings, the authors had proposed many improvements to control the stressors related to manual
lifting. They included modifications of the weight of the object lifted, improvement of hand to
object coupling, manipulation of horizontal and vertical distance, reduction in the lifting frequency
rate, reduction in the angle of symmetry, work duration and physical changes in the layout of the
job as well as safety factor.
Conclusion: In conclusion, NIOSH Lifting Equation parameters, and Task, Individual, Load and
Environment (TILE) concept and ergonomics guidelines are the main foundation to improve the
working posture during performing manual lifting.
Keywords: Working posture, Printing company, Manual lifting, NIOSH Lifting Equation
Ergonomics Part II (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-2
ASSESSMENT OF WHOLE BODY VIBRATION EXPOSURE AMONG
MOTORCYCLIST IN MALAYSIA: A PRELIMINARY STUDY.
*Nor Kamaliana K1., Mohd Z.N.1, Baba M. D.1 & Darliana M.1
1Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built
Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Background: Motorcyclists are road users that highly exposed to whole body vibration (WBV)
that may contribute to body discomfort and fatigue that eventually will lead to road accidents and
injuries.
Objectives: The two main objectives of this study are to identify the body parts that experience
discomfort among motorcyclist and to understand the vibration exposure effect on different road
types.
Methods: The experiment was conducted on two different types of roads: tarmac road and pave
road within a speed limit of 20-40 m/s2.
Results: Results of the study showed that the motorcyclist usually experienced body discomfort
at lower back, upper back, wrist, buttock and neck area. In addition, there is a vibration felt by the
motorcyclist but not on the degree of causing pain but a prolonged exposure to this vibration may
induce discomfort and injuries.
Keywords: Whole body vibration, Motorcyclist, Vibration dose, r.m.s frequency-weighted
acceleration.
Ergonomics Part II (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-3
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN EXTREME HEAT EXPOSURE AND ACUTE
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGE AMONG STEEL MILL WORKERS
*Nurul Atikah Che Hasan1, **Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin1, Sharifah Norkhadijah Syed Ismail1
and Ahmad Makmom Abdullah1
1Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Background: Occupational heat stress is a well-known physical hazard that affected the workers
in industry. Steel plant is one of the industries that produce high exposure of thermal heat.
Objectives: The objective of this study was to determine the association between extreme heat
exposure and acute physiological changes among workers in steel mill.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 steel mill workers through purposive
sampling method. The wet bulb globe temperature (WBGT) index was used to measure the
environmental temperature. The adapted questionnaires pertaining to demographic data, working
history, medical history and acute health symptoms experienced. The physiological change
including blood pressure, body core temperature and heart rate were recorded before and after of
work shift. Data analysis was done using SPSS Version 20.The record WBGT ranged from 23.9°C
to 36.8°C with an average value of 27.82°C.
Results: A paired t test showed a significant decrease in body core temperature and also heart rate
between the time after end of the work and before start the work shift (p value>0.001). The systolic
blood pressure showed a significant increases after end of work when compared to before start the
work shift (p=0.001). A high prevalence of acute health symptoms were heat fatigue (91.7%), heat
exhaustion (70.0%), and dizziness (56.7%).
Conclusion: Changes in environmental temperature significantly affect the worker’s
physiological response and health as well.
Keywords: Heat stress, Physiological change, Steel mill
Ergonomics Part II (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-4
WORK POSTURE ANALYSIS USING RULA IN AN AUTOMOTIVE
MANUFACTURING PLANT IN SELANGOR
*Noor Sazarina, M.I.Y1,2, Baba, M.D2, Mazrura, S1, Ahmad Rasdan, I3
1Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Programme, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia.
2Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built
Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
3Faculty of Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang.
Background: In an industrial setting, workers always involved with manual material handling
activities such as pushing, pulling, carrying and lifting. These activities combined with extreme
and strenuous working posture and movement can lead to the occurrence of work-related
musculoskeletal disorders among workers.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the strenuous working posture of workers
performing manual material handling at an automotive industry.
Method: Video of work task performed was recorded and picture captured from the video was
analyzed using Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) sheet.
Results: For the stamping process, the RULA analysis showed that 20.8% of work task performed
by workers had final score of 7 which will require immediate control measures. Most of the
stamping work task scored 3&4 with 40.3% which will require further investigation. While 16.7%
had a total score of 5&6 which will require control measures soonest possible, and 22.2% are in
an acceptable work posture with total score of 1&2. In the assembly process, none of the work task
was found to be in an acceptable range, 61.9% had final score of 3&4. While 33.3% scored 5&6
and only 4.8% score 7. Our findings indicate that most of the work task posture in the assembly
and stamping process are at low risk.
Conclusion: However, further investigation and control measures are required to reduce workers
from the exposure of strenuous work posture.
Keywords: Musculoskeletal Disorders, work task, Manual Material Handling (MMH), Rapid
Upper Limb Assessment (RULA), automotive industry
Ergonomics Part II (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-5
EVALUATION OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AMONG OIL PALM FRESH
FRUIT BUNCHES HARVESTERS USING RULA
*Nurainaa K.1, Baba M.D.1 & Ezrin H.S.1
1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
Background: Agricultural workers are frequently exposed on discomfort and pain during work
which leads to common health problems such as Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder
(WMSD).
Objective: This article investigates the prevalence of (WMSD) among oil palm fresh fruit bunches
(FFB) harvesters. A face-to-face structured interview was conducted with the FFB harvesters in
order to collect data on prevalence of WMSD among them. In addition, video recording on five
FFB harvesters were taken while they are performing their work. The harvester’s postures are
being analyzed using the Rapid Upper Arm Assessment (RULA) method in order to investigate
on the upper limb extremities.
Results: Result obtained by RULA analysis showed that 80% of the FFB harvesters have scored
7 while performing their work which indicates that postural change must be made immediately.
Meanwhile, another 20% of FFB harvesters have scored 5, which indicates that a postural change
must be made quickly. Another major factor that contributes to high prevalence of WMSD among
FFB harvesters is repetitive action while doing their work.
Keywords: WMSD, FFB, RULA, Harvesters
Ergonomics Part II (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-6
EFFECT OF EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM WITH CLINICAL TRAINING ON
REDUCING OF WORK RELATED LOW BACK PAIN AMONG MALAYSIAN
NURSES WORKING AT HOSPITAL UNIVERSITY SAINS MALAYSIA.
Samer Khader Alnawajha1, Wan Aasim Wan Adnan2, Mohd Nazhari Mohd Nawi3,*Che Rabiaah
Mohamed1
1Degree Programme in Nursing
2BRAINetwork Centre for Neurocognitive Science
3Environmental and Occupational Health Programme School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains
Malaysia
Background: Nursing is an occupation associated with high risk of developing low back pain
(LBP) due to its nature of work practices.
Objective: The main aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of a program designed to reduce LBP
among Malaysian nurses working at Hospital University Sains Malaysia (HUSM).
Methods: 70 nurses from HUSM had suffered episodes of LBP for at least six months were
enlisted in the study. Participants were randomly divided into a control group (n=35) and an
intervention group (n=35). The intervention program was administered once a week for four weeks
and involved a set of educational component with clinical training stressing on ergonomic aspect
and body mechanics. All participants answered structured questionnaire, prevalence, intensity and
duration of pain were assessed before and after the program.
Results: There was statistically significant decrease in the frequency of LBP in the intervention
group (p<0.001). There was also a reduction in pain severity score (p>0.001), days experienced of
LBP (p>0.01) and duration of LBP (p=0.025). The results suggest that an educational program
emphasizing on clinical training can reduce work related LBP significantly among nurses.
Keywords: Low back pain, Educational Program, Nurses
Ergonomics Part II (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-7
COMFORTABLE DRIVER’S CAR SEAT FIT PARAMETER BASED ON MALAYSIAN
ANTHROPOMETRICS DATA
*Darliana Mohamad1, Baba Md Deros1, Dian Darina Indah Daruis2, Norhidayah Fathirah Ramli1
and Ezrin Hani Sukadarin1
1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
2Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia
Background: Previous study found that driving posture discomfort can contribute to physical
harms such as musculoskeletal disorder (MSDs), lumbar pain and visual fatigue.
Objectives: The two main objectives of this study are to identify the awareness level of their body
parts from driving and then to propose suitable car seat fit dimensions design for Malaysian
population.
Methods: The research methodologies used were the collection of 62 parameters of
anthropometric data involving 1312 respondents and subjective evaluation using survey
questionnaire involving 136 respondents. The anthropometric data were measured and recorded in
data sheet before being transferred into computerised anthropometric database. The data was
analysed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel software in order to achieve answer to both objectives.
For the objective evaluation, the respondents were first briefed on the survey questions content
which comprise of personal information, driving activities and their perception on comfort and
discomfort during driving based on 5-point Likert scale.
Results: It was found the suitable and comfortable dimensions of driver’s seat for Malaysian
population for the backrest width is 480 mm, 646 mm for backrest height, 503 mm for cushion
width and 381 mm for cushion length. Analysis of the subjective evaluation revealed that the
drivers were aware on the importance of correct and safe driving posture, but they lack of
knowledge and exposure to practice the correct posture. Therefore, a guideline was proposed to
obtain correct and safe driving posture for Malaysian drivers.
Conclusion: The results obtained and discussed in this study can be used as a baseline reference
for Malaysian car drivers and automotive manufacturers in providing more comfortable and safe
driver’s car seat.
Keywords: Ergonomics, Car seat, Driving posture, Anthropometry, Fit parameter, Comfort
Ergonomics Part II (Session room 4)
OP Room 4A-8
NOISE FROM ROAD TRAFFIC AT NIGHT - A CASE STUDY IN DUNGUN
*Daruis, D.D.I1, Awang, N.W.2, Deros, B.M.3 and Ismail, A.R.4
1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional
Malaysia, Kem Sg. Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur
2 Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu
3 Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi
4 Universiti Malaysia Pahang
Background: Sound produced by the passing traffic resulted as noise pollution which affects the
residents of both city and suburban area. The noise produced not only disturbed the community
live nearby the main road in the afternoon, even worse it disturbed them at night. The purpose of
the study is to investigate the perception of the residents nearby, measure the noise level produced
at night in the residence area, and to investigate the whole body vibration caused by the traffic
along Jalan Paka, Dungun, Terengganu.
Methods: A subjective assessment was conducted to the residents nearby to find out on their
perception and impacts of the noise faced by them. Questionnaires were developed to carried out
the study. The data of noise level and vibration produced at night in the residence area were taken
in three different locations. A comparison of noise level and vibration value was made based on
the distance and standard as prescribed by WHO and JAS.
Results: This study shows that from 114 respondents who were selected randomly, 61 % feels that
their residence is noisy at night. The noise level inside and outside of the residence exceeds the
noise level permitted by JAS and WHO. The noise level in the residence was 66.4 dBA exceeding
by 16.4 dBA of noise level standards proposed by DOE . While the highest value measured LAeq
in residence is 57.5 dBA which is exceeded by 22.5 dBA of noise levels recommended by the
WHO for the domestic at night . The maximum noise level inside the residence area can reach up
to 85.3 dBA at night during weekend. The furthest residence from the main road, the least of noise
would be produced in the residence and it is reduce noise in the home by 19%. However, whole
body vibration levels measured do not cause disturbance to the residents of the site of less than
0.15m/s.
Conclusion: The noise produced by traffic of Jalan Paka Dungun at night are considerably high
and affects the resident’s quality of life.
Keywords: Traffic noise, night noise, subjective assesment,
Ergonomics Part II (Session room 4)
PP Room 4A-9
EFFECTS OF AIR TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY AND LIGHTING ON WORKERS’
COMFORT AND HEALTH IN CALL CENTRE DEPARTMENT
Nor Ruslan, N.F1, *Zakaria, S.E2, Malik, N.F3, Kardi, R4, and Osman, R5
1Metek Kitamura (M) Sdn. Bhd, PT 1461, Senawang Industrial Estate, Seremban, Negeri Sembilan
2, 3,4,5 Consist College, Ground Floor, MZH Centre, Lot 330, Batu 8, Jalan Ulu Kelang, Ampang,
Selangor
Introduction: A call centre is a centralized office used for the purpose of receiving and
transmitting a large volume of requests by telephone. The major contributors to job stress are poor
environments due to temperature, humidity and lighting.
Objective: This research is to determine the effects of air temperature, humidity and lighting
between genders and ages among workers. These data were combined to estimate the exposure
level by using statistical analysis.
Methods: 30 measurements were taken at 10 different locations during 9.00 a.m, 12.00 p.m and
5.00 p.m. 40 respondents participated in the survey conducted to identify the exposure and
symptoms or other health related problems among the workers.
Results: The study indicated that the mean value recorded for temperature at 9.00 a.m was 25.4oC,
for temperature at 12.00 p.m was 23.8oC and mean for temperature at 5.00 p.m was 23.4oC. While
for humidity, the mean value for humidity at 9.00 a.m is 58.98 (RH %), at 12.00 p.m is 57.84 (RH
%) and the last reading which is for humidity at 5 pm is 60.20 (RH %). The mean value for the
lighting is 278.9 lux during 9.00 a.m and 282.7 lux for the mean at 12.00 p.m and mean results
during 5.00 p.m shows 280.4 lux.
Conclusion: The findings indicated that there is no significant difference between gender and ages
towards the effect of the temperature, humidity and lighting on the workers’ health.
Keywords: Air Temperature, Humidity, Lighting, Workers Comfort
Human behavioral and environmental health
OP Room 6A-1
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT TO DETERMINE SANITATION
RISK AREA IN JEMBER DISTRICT IN SUPPORTING MILLENNIUM
DEVELOPMENT GOALS
*Khoiron1, Sugeng Catur Wibowo2
1Faculty of Public Health, University of Jember, Indonesia
2Health Office of Jember Regency
Backgrounds: Sanitation generally refers to the provision of facilities and services for the safe
disposal of urine and feces. Inadequate sanitation is the major cause of disease throughout the
world and sanitation is known to have a positive impact on health both within the household and
in society in general. The word 'sanitation' also refers to the ability to maintain hygienic conditions,
through garbage collection and disposal of wastewater services. One purpose of Millennium
Development Goals (MDGs) is Inaccessibility of sanitation services. Environmental Health Risk
Assessment (EHRA) is a district-level participative survey aimed to determine the condition of
sanitation infrastructure, health / hygiene, as well as the behavior of the community that can be
utilized for the development of sanitation and advocacy programs at the district level to the village.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the sanitation risk area in Jember.
Methods: Number of samples in the study of EHRA is 2000 respondents spread in 50 villages in
7 sub-districts, divided into 3 clusters. Sampling is done by cluster random sampling system.
Results: The results showed that risk areas affected by these factors: 1) Household Waste
Management, 2) Domestic Wastewater Disposal, 3) Environmental Drainage Around The House
and Flooding, 4) Water Resources, 5) Hygiene Behavior, 6) Diarrhea Cases.
Conclusions: There are 7 villages at very high risk, 14 villages at high risk, 27 villages at moderate
risk, and 2 villages are not at risk.
Keywords: EHRA, Sanitation, Risk area, MDG
Human behavioral and environmental health
OP Room 6A-2
PREVALENCE AND FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH SMOKING INTENTIONS
AMONG NON-SMOKING AND SMOKING ADOLESCENTS IN KOTA TINGGI
DISTRICT, JOHOR, MALAYSIA.
*Lim KH1, Sumarni MG2, Kee CC2, Lim KK1, Lim HL2, Yeo LY1, Fiona Goh SC3, Teh CH1,
Chan YY1, Normala I4, Amal NM2.
1Institute of Public Health, Jalan Bangsar, 50590, Kuala Lumpur. 2Institute for Medical Research, Jalan Pahang, 50599. Kuala Lumpur. 3Faculty of Health life Sciences, Management and Science University, Persiaran
Olahraga,40100,Shah Alam., Selangor. 4Psychiatric Department, University Putra Malaysia, 43300, Serdang, Selangor
Background: Intention to smoke is a valid and reliable factor for predicting future smoking habits
among adolescents. However, it receives inadequate attention in Malaysia.
Objective: Therefore, this paper aims to elaborate the prevalence and factors associated with intent
to initiate and cease smoking among non-smoker and smoker adolescents in Kota Tinggi District,
Johor, Malaysia.
Methods: A total of 2300 secondary school students aged 13-16 years were selected through two-
stage stratified sampling method. A set of standardized questionnaire was used to assess the
smoking behavior among adolescents and the interpersonal and intrapersonal factor/s associated
with smoking intention (intention to initiate smoking and cease smoking). Multivariable logistic
regression was used to identify factor(s) that relate to smoking intention.
Results: The prevalence of intention to smoke in the future among non-smoking adolescents and
to cease smoking among current smokers were 10.7% and 61.7% respectively. Having friends who
smoke, high instrumental value toward smoking habit, poor knowledge about the health effects
due to smoking showed significant relationship with intention to smoke in the future among non-
smokers. Higher perceived peer prevalence of smoking, lower instrumental value and higher
knowledge of health effects due to smoking were factors associated with the intention to cease
smoking in the future among the current smokers. The study found that prevalence of intention to
initiate smoking is low among non-smokers while majority of current smokers’ intent to cease
smoking in the future.
Conclusion: The authors recommend to integrate results from this study into the existing anti-
smoking programmes and activities with the hope to reduce prevalence of smoking among
adolescents in the future.
Keywords: Intention to smoke, Adolescents, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal
Human behavioral and environmental health
OP Room 6A-3
DETECTION AND IDENTIFICATION OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA IN
BOTTLED DRINKING WATER
*A.T. Herath1, C.L. Abayasekara1, R. Chandrajith2, N.K.B. Adikaram1
1Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
2Department of Geology, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a food and water borne opportunistic pathogen
constitutes a health risk to the general public and should be free from water used for consumption.
Objective: The objective of the current study was the detection and identification of P. aeruginosa
in bottled drinking water samples sold in Sri Lanka.
Methods: Thirty six bottled water brands were collected randomly from local markets. P.
aeruginosa was detected by the membrane filtration technique, using cetrimide agar supplemented
with 15 mg/L of nalidixic acid. 186 presumptive P. aeruginosa isolates were subjected to
confirmatory tests using ISO 16266:2006 method. In addition, the isolates were grown at 4 °C and
42 °C. Forty seven selected isolates were subjected to the API 20NE identification system while
molecular identification was carried out for 3 selected isolates.
Results: The results indicated that 18 (50 %) brands tested were contaminated with P. aeruginosa.
ISO procedures confirmed 108 isolates as P. aeruginosa. Out of 186 isolates, 135 grew at 42 °C
while none of the isolates grew at 4 °C. Thirty nine isolates were confirmed as P. aeruginosa by
the API 20NE identification system, and DNA sequencing further confirmed the isolates to be P.
aeruginosa. The presence of P. aeruginosa, in bottled water raises health concerns since P.
aeruginosa is an indicator of vulnerability of water.
Conclusion: Therefore, strict regulations and regular monitoring of bottling plants are
recommended in order to supply safe and acceptable bottled drinking water to the Sri Lankan
market.
Keywords: Bottled water, Cetrimide agar, Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Human behavioral and environmental health
OP Room 6A-4
ANALYSIS OF THE PERCEPTION OF OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENT IN MINING
AND QUARRY SECTOR TOWARDS SAFE AND HEALTHY WORKING
ENVIRONMENT
*Nur Azlina Abd Rahman1 and Ahmad Rasdan Ismail1
1 Faculty of Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
Background: The occurrence of occupational accidents and incidents are increased in parallel of
growth of the industries such as mining and quarry.
Objective: The main objective of this study is to analyze data on the perception of occupational
accident in the mining and quarry sector in Malaysia.
Methods: The data were collected and were examined from the questionnaires on the level
perception of accident investigation in mining and quarry sector. Statistics reported by the
Department of Occupational Safety and Health (DOSH) were also be reviewed.
Results: The findings of this study prove that, the level of perception of workers towards
occupational accident issues in mining and quarry sector is still in moderate level which is the
mean was 3.28. Besides that, most of them shows that they are agree on any accident occurrence
in their workplace which is about 51.7% and 25.9% of them are totally agree. Only 1.7% of them
did not aware on any accident occurrence in their workplace.
Conclusion: Employers and employees must have the responsibilities to prevent accident by adapt
to the health and safety practices in the workplace.
Keywords: Occupational accident; Accident prevention; Safety; Mining; Quarry.
Human behavioral and environmental health
OP Room 6A-5
EVALUATING TEMPERATURE OF PAVEMENT MATERIALS FOR
TEMPERATURE REDUCTION IN PUTRAJAYA
*Rezvan Sadat Benrazavi1, Kamariah Binti Dola1, Mohd Fairuz Shahidan1,
Asraf Abdul Rahman1, Nour Sadat Benrazavi1
1Department of Landscape Architecture, Faculty of Design and architecture, University Putra
Malaysia
Background: The rapid urbanization is known as the global phenomenon as a result of human
progress that change current and prototype of living with modern style results in heated urban areas
compare to their rural surrounds. This effect is called Urban Heat Island (UHI) that reshapes
natural temperature of certain built areas as compared to surrounding areas. As cities are paved by
materials, this last touchable and visible part of each building, street, sidewalks and so on has a
crucial part in determining the temperature of living area. As a matter of fact, by using ‘cool
materials’ with higher albedo and less absorption of sun radiates, the surfaces maintain cooler and
radiate less heat to ambient which result in better air quality and temperature reduction.
Objective: This study attempts to evaluate the sustainability and impact of materials used in
outdoor urban spaces in order to contribute improvement for surface temperature in Putrajaya. The
aim of this paper is to find possibility to identify and assess the cool materials for controlling
thermal condition of urban pavements.
Methods: In such case, the current materials of Persiaran Perdana are chosen to study and
document thermal behavior of these materials during both day and night to recommend better
functional pavement materials for future development. Such cool materials can influence the
thermal effect of rapid urbanization, and decrease side effects of Urban Heat Island in Putrajaya.
Keywords: Pavement materials, Putrajaya, Urban Heat Island
Human behavioral and environmental health
OP Room 6A-6
THE EFFECTS MUSCLE ACTIVITES AT CONSTANT ILLUMINANCE WITH
MULTIPLE TEMPERATURES FOR RUBBER SCRAP INDUSTRIES
*Che Mohammad Nizam1, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail1, Ong Pit Wah1, Ahmad Fauzi Awang2,
Rosnizawati Bharom2
1Faculty of Technology Management, University Malaysia Pahang, Lebuhraya Tun Razak, 26300
Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
2Department of Occupational Safety and Health Jalan Gambut, Wisma Persekutuan, 25000
Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia.
Background: In the industrial sector, most workers perform repetitive loading and unloading
loads tasks which major contribute to muscle fatigue to workers thus affect the their performance.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of muscle activity associated
with ergonomic parameters which are illuminance and temperature through the task of loading and
unloading the load in the rubber industry in Malaysia.
Methods: This study was conducted in the actual workplace and laboratory simulations involving
the use of measuring temperature and illuminance. Meanwhile, a total of six respondents were
selected and fitted with Electromyography (EMG) for muscle fatigue measurement on the right
and left body side of employees. The data collected is analyzed to find out the correlation
relationship within right body and left body.
Results: From the study, the dominant temperature 24°C is most suitable temperature level for the
workers to perform their task while illuminance setting 200 lux has slightly effects on muscle
fatigue.
Keywords: Illuminance, Temperature, Muscle Activities, Muscle Fatigue, Electromyography
Human behavioral and environmental health
PP Room 6A-7
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SAFETY CLIMATE PERCEPTION, JOB
SATISFACTION AND OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY HEALTH MANAGEMENT
SYSTEM WITH ACCIDENT AT SMALL MEDIUM INDUSTRIES IN SELANGOR
*Mohamed, N.1, Tamrin, S.B.M2, Zainuddin, H.3 and Karupannan, S.4
1Environment and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University
Putra Malaysia 2Environment and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti
Putra Malaysia 3Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 4Environmental Health and Safety, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA
Background: Safety climate perception among workers is believed effective ways to predict
occupational accident at workplace. In addition, job satisfaction study also has been acknowledged
as important factor that affect occupational accident. Despite all, the recent trend of occupational
accident prevention is by implementing occupational safety health management system at the
organization.
Objective: To facilitate the expansion of current theoretical perspectives in this research area, this
research attempts to improve our understanding of safety climate perception, job satisfaction and
occupational safety health management system practices with regard to improve safety
performance of the organization.
Methods: A quantitative approach using a cross sectional design was employed for data collection
purpose. Safety audit checklist and self-administered questionnaire were used for data collection.
The results were based on 7 small medium manufacturing industries in Shah Alam and Kuala
Langat, Selangor. The response rate was 86 percent (N=237).
Results: The findings of this study revealed that there was a significant relationship between safety
climate perception, job satisfaction and occupational safety health management system with
occupational accident at the organization (p<0.05). The findings also revealed that after controlling
for socio-demographic data and working, only safety climate perception and occupational safety
health management system have significant predictor for occupational accident with assisted of
young workers and older workers.
Conclusion: Overall, the finding has improved to understanding of safety cli-mate perception, job
satisfaction and occupational safety health management impacts and its influence to occupational
accident at the organization.
Keywords: Safety climate perception, Job satisfaction, Occupational safety health management
system, Occupational accident
Human behavioral and environmental health
PP Room 6A-8
WORKPLACE HEALTH AND SAFETY MEASURES IN AN EXPORT PROCESSING
ZONE IN SRI LANKA
S.M Arnold1, *Sameera Senanayake2, C.J. Denawaka3 and N.C. Pallewatta4
1Infectious Disease Hospital, Sri Lanka
2Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka
3Medical Officer of Health, Biyagama
4National Programme for Control of TB & Chest Disease, Sri Lanka
Background: Export Processing Zones (EPZ) are industrial zones where a large number of
workers are employed in factories where manufacturing takes place for export. Being a developing
country majority of workplaces in Sri Lanka consists of many hazards.
Objective: To identify the occupational health services provided to Export Processing Zone
workers
Methods: A descriptive cross sectional study, using an interviewer administered questionnaire and
a factory inspecting checklist was conducted in the Biyagama EPZ. A total of 69 work units in 25
factories were inspected using the checklist. The interviewer administered questionnaire was
administered to 100 randomly selected workers.
Results: Of the 25 factories 92.0% were medium scale factories. Employees were trained in safety
procedures in 88.0% of the factories while 40.0% of the factories had a qualified nurse at the
factory premises. Routine pre-employment medical examination had been done only in 40.0% of
the factories while periodical medical examinations were done in 72.0% of the factories. Of the 69
work units inspected, 74.0% had safe individual work stations. However, 85.5% of the units had
protruding objects in the premises which were prone for accidents. Personal Protective Equipment
(PPE) was available in adequate quantities only in 26.0% of the units. Of the 100 workers
interviewed, 35.0% stressed the need to further minimize occupational hazards in the factories.
Conclusion: Occupational health services provided to workers need much improvement to protect
the health of the large number of workers employed in EPZ.
Keywords: Export Processing Zone, Occupational Health Services, Occupational Hazards
Hygiene And Industrial Safety (Session Room 3)
OP Room 3B-1
METAL WORKERS: EXPOSURE TO CHEMICALS AND NOISE CAUSED BY USING
INAPPROPRIATE SAFETY MEASURES
*Karin R.1 and Lea P.1
1Tallinn University of Technology, Estonia
Backgrounds: Working with metals is a common part of industry various manufacturing
processes and maintenance of production equipment involve metal work (welding, polishing,
cutting, die cutting).
Objectives: The objectives of the study were to per-form quality assessment for welding and
cutting workplaces; to find out the avail-ability of safety measures against noise and hazardous
chemicals in workplace air and to determine the usage of those safety measures. Portable FTIR
spectrometer was used for sampling of welding fumes, TES 1358 sound analyzer with 1/3 octave
band was used to measure the equivalent sound pressure and the noise frequency spectra. Semi-
structured interviews and anonymous questionnaires were used to find out employees’ and
employers’ habits.
Methods: The measurements showed that the main chemicals that reach welders’ breathing zone
are nitrous oxide, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, ozone and metals (manganese, iron). In some
workplaces where the local ventilation was not installed or inefficient, the concentration of
chemicals exceeded the occupational exposure levels. The noise level were often above the
European occupational exposure levels (87 dB(A)).
Results: The results of questionnaires showed that 57% of employees provided and only 41% of
welders used respiratory protectors against hazardous welding fumes. Ear plugs or muffs were
distributed to 88% of workers, but only 53% of metal workers actually wore them. Many of the
metal workers have experienced ill-health what they think may be connected with the poor
working conditions at the workplaces - 24% of respondents claimed that they have experienced
upper respiratory diseases or irritation, 77% of welders admitted that they have suffered eye
irritation and 6% complained about noise-induced hearing impairment.
Conclusion: Several recommendations were given to enterprises in order to tackle occupational
hazards effectively.
Keywords: Occupational Health, Working Conditions, Chemical Hazards, Noise, Metal
Workers
Hygiene And Industrial Safety (Session Room 3)
OP Room 3B-2
HEALTH STATUS, OCCUPATIONAL HYGIENE & SAFETY PRACTICES AMONG
FEMALE WORKERS IN BANGLADESH: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON
SELECTED BAKING INDUSTRIES
A.K. Obidul Huq1*, H.N.M. Ekramul Mahmud2 and K.M. Formuzul Haque3
1Department of Chemistry, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 2Department of Food Technology and Nutritional Science, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Santosh,
Tangail-1902, Bangladesh. 3Department of Nutrition and Food Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh.
Introduction: A cross sectional survey was carried out among the randomly selected 384 female
workers from different baking industries located in Dhaka and Tangail regions in Bangladesh to
determine their working conditions, occupational hygiene and safety practices, and, dietary
behavior and nutritional status. Methods: A well designed semi structured questionnaire was
developed and pretested for the data collection regarding industrial and personal hygiene, safety
precautions measured during working period, food frequency questionnaire and anthropometric
measurements. Results: Apparently, housing infrastructure, surrounding wall and floor,
circumstances of the machine, packaging, sealing and storage room of selected factories were in
good condition, but occupational hygiene and safety practices were not at highly satisfactory level.
About 33% of all respondents complained about the machine room conjested, 27% narrow
packaging and sealing room while 37% unhealthy storage areas. Toilet facilities of the workers
were also not of satisfactory level as every 20 female workers needed one toilet according to FDA
regulations. Only two industries (33.3%) were found abided by this regulation. Again, workers of
two industries complained about not having proper fire and accident prevention facilities.
Although all the industries have been monitoring the system about personnel hygiene practices but
when observed on these personal hygiene such as taking bath with soap and water daily, brushing
teeth daily, wearing clean and adequate clothing and washing hands frequently and properly, then
it was found that about 40% of the workers were not strictly following all these parameters.
Moreover, all the workers and supervisory staff were not using aprons, caps, gloves, masks at their
mandetory sections. Survey shows that only 37% strictly maintained, 47% occationally and 16%
rarely maintained. Socio-demographic result showed that the mean age of the respondents was
between 21.7 to 24.1 years, monthly family income and expenditure of foods were between 3,704
to 6,560 Taka and 3,436 to 5222 Taka, respectively [1US$= 78 Taka. at December 2013] with
family size of 3-6 persons. The nutritional status of the respondents were very poor as 59% of all
workers were suffering from various degrees of Chronic Energy Deficiencies (CED) i.e.
prevalence of CED3, CED2 and CED1 were 8.3%, 14.8% and 35.9% respectively. About three
quarters of the workers were suffering from different diseases for the last 30 days morbidity
pattern. Food frequency questionnaire analysis found that their diet were highly monotonous, i.e.
almost all of the workers used to take rice three times daily with little amount of meat, fish, egg or
pulses. It was also observed that nutritional status of the workers significantly related to their
expenditure of the foods and working loads (p<0.05, χ2- test). Conclusion: The currently available
food safety tools and system was adapted by the industries and concurrently ensure the sufficient
wages for workers since healthy workforce is needed for sustainable industrial development in any
national or global level.
Keywords: Industrial female workers, Occupational hygiene, Safety practices, Dietary behavior,
CED
Hygiene And Industrial Safety (Session Room 3)
OP Room 3B-3
NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF ARSENIC EXPOSURE FROM
GROUNDWATER AMONG SECONDARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN KANDAL
PROVINCE, CAMBODIA
*Sao V.1, 2 and **Jamal H.H. 1
1United Nations University – International Institute for Global Health, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2Faculty of Agricultural Technology and Management, Royal University of Agriculture,
Phnom Penh, Cambodia
Introduction: This study is a cross-sectional epidemiological study performed to assess the effects
of arsenic exposures on the neurobehavioral performance of school children, as a result of
consuming arsenic contaminated groundwater in Kandal province, Cambodia.
Methods: The research was carried out in three sites with different arsenic levels in Kandal
province, Cambodia. Kampong Kong Commune in Koh Thom District was selected as a heavily
arsenic contaminated site (300-500 ppb), Svay Romeit Commune in Khsach Kandal District was
selected as a moderately arsenic contaminated site (50-300ppb) and Anlong Romeit Commune in
Kandal Stueng District was selected as a control site. Neurobehavioral tests on the three exposure
groups were conducted using the WHO neurobehavioral core test battery. Seven neurobehavioral
tests including Digit Symbol, Digit Span, Santa Ana Manual Dexterity, Benton Visual Retention,
Pursuit Aiming, Trail Making and Simple Reaction Time were applied.
Results: The results of neurobehavioral testing on the three exposure groups show that there were
significant differences (p < 0.05) in the results for Digit Symbol, Digit Span, Benton Visual
Retention, Pursuit Aiming, Trail Making and Simple Reaction Time, but not for Santa Ana Manual
Dexterity test (p = 0.61). The mean academic scores of the secondary school children among the
different exposure groups were also significantly different (p < 0.05), respectively.
Conclusion: In conclusion, neurobehavioral testing is a useful assessment tool in detecting arsenic
neurotoxicity from the consumption of arsenic contaminated groundwater, and that arsenic
exposure in Cambodia is affecting children’s neurobehavioral performance.
Keywords: Arsenic, Groundwater, Secondary school children, Neurobehavioral testing,
Cambodia.
Hygiene And Industrial Safety (Session Room 3)
OP Room 3B-4
EXAMINING NEUROBEHAVIORAL EFFECTS OF PESTICIDE EXPOSURE IN
WORKERS INVOLVED IN MOSQUITO CONTROL IN MALAYSIA
*Yusof, M.Z1, Semple, S1, Cherrie, J2 and Samsuddin, N3
1University of Aberdeen: Scottish Centre for Indoor Air, Division of Applied Health Sciences,
University of Aberdeen, Royal Aberdeen Children's Hospital, Westburn Road, Aberdeen AB25
2ZD, UK
2Institute of Occupational Medicine: Research Avenue North, Riccarton, Edin-burgh, EH14 4AP,
UK
3International Islamic University Malaysia: Department of Community Medicine, Kulliyyah of
Medicine, IIUM, Bandar Indera Mahkota, 25200 Kuantan, Pahang, Malaysia
Introduction: Pesticides are widely used in the agricultural sector and other settings. In Malaysia
organophosphate and pyrethroid pesticides are commonly used to control mosquito-borne disease.
Objectives: This project aims to do three things: assess the exposure to pesticides of a group of
workers who mix and spray pesticides to control the mosquito population in Malaysia; estimate
workers’ lifetime exposure to pesticides using current measurements and retrospective exposure
reconstruction methods; determine if pesticide exposed workers have poorer neurobehavioral
health when compared to non-exposed controls.
Methods: Dermal and inhalation exposure assessment will be performed to evaluate current
exposure. Workers’ exposure over their working life will be estimated using modeling techniques.
Neurobehavioral tests will be carried out using paper-based questionnaires and CANTAB®
computerized tests. An estimated 127 pesticide workers and a similar number of controls will be
approached to take part in this study.
Conclusions: The findings of the study will help inform the evidence base relating to long-term
health effects of pesticide exposure, and increase understanding of the pesticide exposure of these
workers and the effectiveness of current control measures.
Keywords: Neurobehavioral, Pesticide, Dermal, Inhalation
Hygiene And Industrial Safety (Session Room 3)
OP Room 3B-5
WORK RELATED MSD AND THE ASSOCIATION WITH RISK FACTORS AMONG
VEHICLE SERVICE TECHNICIANS IN KLANG VALLEY
*Ahmad Faisal Ahmad Nasaruddin1, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin1 & Karmegam Karuppiah1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Background: To determine the association between risk factors and the prevalence of MSD
among vehicle technicians in Klang Valley.
Methods: A number of 191 technicians from eight vehicle service centers were selected randomly
as participants of this study. Rapid Upper Limb Assessment (RULA) test had been done to these
191 technicians in work posture observation. In addition to that, hand-arm vibration testing,
individual questionnaire regarding with job content questions (Karasek), psychosocial general
health questionnaire 12 (GHQ 12) and forceful exertion BORG CR-10 were conducted.
Results: 87 % of vehicle service technicians suffered from musculoskeletal disorders especially
on body parts, which are shoulder 68.4%, legs 66.8%, lower back 66.3% and neck 65.8%. Study
revealed that some work-related ergonomic factors such as forceful exertion and awkward posture
were highly associated with symptoms on shoulder, legs, lower back and neck, with odds ratios
2.85 and 3.10. Work environment factors also shows that job demand was associated with MSDs,
with odds ratio 3.38. Service technicians among vehicle service centers in Klang Valley are likely
to be exposed to a variety of ergonomic hazards and risk factors.
Conclusion: Therefore, comprehensive ergonomics program interventions need to be
implemented. This is to educate service technicians in practicing healthy work procedure together
with the right mechanical tools and approaches can reduce health problems among them.
Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorder (MSD), Vehicle Service Technicians, Rapid Upper Limb
Assessment (RULA), Forceful Exertion Borg CR10 Scale, Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ
Karasek), Hand Arm Vibration.
Hygiene And Industrial Safety (Session Room 3)
PP Room 3B-6
STUDY OF SKIN SYMPTOMS AND WORKPLACE DERMAL EXPOSURES AMONG
HOSPITAL CLEANERS IN KOTA BHARU, KELANTAN
Nurul Aliyana Mohamad Sabar1 & Siti Marwanis Anua1*
1School of Health Sciences, Health Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian,
Kelantan.
Background: Health care workers have been implicated with sensitisation and occupational
asthma due to workplace exposure such associated with medical instrument cleaning, use of latex
gloves and administration of aerosolised medication (Delclos et al. 2006); with a few reported
studies on occupational hand dermatitis among hospital cleaning workers (Nilsson, 1985;
Gawkrodger, 1986; Stingeni, 1995; Nettis et al., 2002). Therefore in this study, it is important to
determine the prevalence of skin symptoms and identify the workplace exposure and relevant
factors in causing such adverse effects in order to prevent skin diseases among cleaners and
eventually to suggest several prevention measures of dermal exposure among cleaners. Aim and
objective: This study aimed to explore the relationship between the cleaners’ workplace exposure
in hospital with reported skin symptoms and severity. The objective of this study is to determine
the prevalence of reported skin symptoms and severity among hospital cleaners and to identify
their demographic and work factors that might affect it. This study will also look at such factors
in comparing between two different hospitals in Kota Bharu.
Methods: This study involved a cross sectional study design. To achieve the aim and objectives,
a total of 230 cleaners were recruited from two different hospitals (one general hospital and one
teaching hospital) and were interviewed using guided questionnaire modified from Nordic
Occupational Skin Questionnaire (NOSQ) (Flyvholm et al., 2002) for assessing skin diseases
(symptoms such as redness, dry skin, itching etc.) on hands and forearms in relation to workplace
exposure and other relevant factors. An 8-hours observation on work tasks or workplace exposures
to cleaning detergents and assessment of dermal exposure were also conducted at each cleaning
section for both hospitals.
Results: Generally the observation results showed that there was difference in prevention
measures and practices between the two hospitals. Higher percentages of skin symptoms were
reported from the general hospital cleaners compared to the teaching hospital cleaners. It is
expected that, the intensity of workplace exposure may contribute to the findings although the
general hospital has better prevention measures and good practices. Completed results of the study
will be included in the poster.
Conclusion: This study will suggest training and education on cleaning hazards, to avoid direct
handling of substances or contaminated work surfaces and proper usage of PPE during cleaning.
Occupational Safety, Health And Environment (Session Room 5)
OP Room 5A-1:
DIESEL PARTICULATE MATTER: ESCALATION AS AN OCCUPATIONAL
HEALTH RISK
*Thomas M.1
1AECOM, Australia
Background: Australia, as is the case for the greater Asia Pacific Region, relies heavily on diesel
fuel powered equipment support in industry. Diesel exhaust contains a variety of toxic air
particulates presenting negative occupational health and environmental health impacts. In 2012
the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classified diesel engine exhaust as a
carcinogen for humans [Group 1] based on sufficient evidence that exposure is associated with an
increased risk for lung cancer.
Results: Diesel exhaust contributes significantly to pollution in the air, and a high share of sickness
attributed to automotive pollution. IARC have also added that it is notable that many parts of the
developing world lack regulatory standards, and data on the occurrence and impact of diesel
exhaust are limited. In the occupational health context, certain industries by nature of their business
carry greater risk for workers being exposed to diesel exhaust hazards referred to as Diesel
Particulate Matter (DPM).
Conclusions: This paper presents an update of DPM health risk information, identifies high risk
industry sectors and presents international case studies for regulatory reform on DPM exposure
risk management for workers.
Keywords: Diesel Exhaust, Diesel Particulate Matter DPM, Occupational Health, Regulatory
Reform
Occupational Safety, Health And Environment (Session Room 5)
OP Room 5A-2:
PREVALENCE OF ASBESTOS RELATED ILLNESS AMONG ASBESTOS WORKERS
IN SRI LANKA
*Hemantha W.1 & Fernando M.2
1Perdana University, Malaysia
2University of Moratuwa, Sri Lanka
Background: Asbestos is proved beyond doubt as a carcinogen and a toxin causing effects in
humans. However, lack of proper statistics, still make some countries to, still manufacture and use
asbestos. This study looks at the situation in Sri Lanka. The main objective of this study was to
learn the prevalence of asbestos related illness including Mesothelioma among workers in the
asbestos-related occupations in Sri Lanka.
Methodology: 450 Participants were recruited from different occupations using asbestos in their
work and 392 volunteered to participate. Consent was obtained and Xrays were done of the chest.
Participants accepted the screening procedure well and there was no apparent health anxiety during
the screening. Study included persons who had worked for more than 7.5 years.
Results: Chest X-rays showed 27 (n=27) 6.9% lung fibrosis cases. Other non related lesions (e.g.
enlarged cardiac shadows) were also observed.
Discussion: Screening for lung disease among asbestos-exposed workers is important to detect
fibrosis and other lung disease. However, better evidence and prevalence is seen among those who
are exposed to longer periods. This study too may have generated different prevalence rates if
exposures of most participants were longer than 10 years.
Conclusions: The study, for the first time, generated a prevalence rate on fibrosis among asbestos
workers in Sri Lanka. The findings could contribute towards policy changes in the use of asbestos
in Sri Lanka.
Keywords: Asbestos, Exposure, Illness, Sri Lanka
Occupational Safety, Health And Environment (Session Room 5)
OP Room 5A-3:
JOB DISSATISFACTION AND ITS RELATED FACTORS AMONG LABORATORY
STAFF
Nehzat Fadaei1, *Dr. Huda Binti Zainuddin1 and Prof. Dr. Seyd Tajuddin Seyd Hassan1
1Universiti Putra Malaysia
Objectives: To determine prevalence of job dissatisfaction, and to ascertain the association
between job dissatisfaction and job strain and socio-demographic and occupational factors among
laboratory staff of UPM.
Methodology: This is a cross -sectional study among research laboratory staff in 10 faculties and
8 institutes of University Putra Malaysia (UPM). Probability appropriate to size sampling and
simple random sampling method was used and data were collected via Job content Questionnaire
(JCQ) from September 2012 to February 2013. A total of 285 laboratory staff with at least one
year job tenure participated in this study. Laboratory staffs were randomly selected and they
answered to a self-administered, bilingual (English and Malay) version of Job Content
Questionnaire (JCQ).
Results: 47% of the laboratory staff reported job dissatisfaction. four factors were significantly
associated with job dissatisfaction; age (χ2 =10.140, df= 1, p= 0.001), social support (χ2 =5.494,
df= 1, p= 0.019), hazardous conditions (χ2 =11.451, df= 1, p= 0.001), toxic exposures (χ2 =14.617,
df= 1, p= 0.000).
Keywords: Job dissatisfaction, Laboratory staff, Job Content Questionnaire (JCQ)
Occupational Safety, Health And Environment (Session Room 5)
OP Room 5A-4:
ASTHMA, RESPIRATORY SYMPTOMS AND RHINITIS AMONG OFFICE
WORKERS IN MALAYSIA: ASSOCIATIONS WITH HOUSE DUST MITE (HDM)
ALLERGY AND HDM LEVELS IN OFFICE DUST
*Lim, F.L1, **Zailina, H1, Norbӓck, D2, Leslie, T.T.L3, Salmiah, M. S4, Jamal, H.H5
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400 Selangor, Malaysia 2Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University
and University Hospital, Uppsala, Sweden. 3Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400 Selangor, Malaysia 4Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400 Selangor, Malaysia 5United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health (UNU-IIGH), UKM Medical
Centre, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Background: A cross sectional study was conducted among 303 office workers in an academic
institution to determine the association between asthma, respiratory symptoms and rhinitis with
house dust mites (HDM) allergy and HDM levels in office dust.
Methods: Medical data was collected using questionnaire. HDM allergy was measured by skin
prick test for Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (D. pteronyssinus) and Dermatophagoides farinae
(D. farinae). Indoor temperature and relative humidity (RH) data were measured during the dust
sampling and vacuumed dust samples were analyzed for HDM allergens (Der p1 and Der f1) by
using ELISA kit.
Results: Subjects with HDM allergy on D. pteronyssinus and D. farinae reported more whistling
in the chest (OR=3.081; p=0.001),(OR=2.421; p=0.009); breathlessnesss when wheezing was
present (OR=3.502; p=0.004),(OR=2.869; p=0.015); asthma (OR=4.203; p<0.001),(OR=4.203;
p<0.001); nasal allergies (OR=4.041; p<0.001),(OR=20.857; p<0.001); and rhinoconjuctivitis
(OR=14.333; p<0.001),(OR=12.541; p=0.001). HDM allergens were found in all offices. The
median levels of Der p1 and Der f1 were 568.25ng/g and 516.39ng/g respectively. Der p1 level in
the dust was positively associated with rhinoconjuctivitis (OR=1.697; 95% CI= 1.047-2.749;
p=0.031). The temperature and relative humidity in the offices were significantly correlated with
HDM concentration of Der f1(r=0.526; p<0.001),(r=-0.369; p=0.004). In conclusion, HDM allergy
was associated with asthma, respiratory symptoms and rhinitis in office workers in this institution
and we found some evidence of an association between rhinoconjuctivitis with HDM levels in the
office environment.
Keyword: House Dust Mites, Respiratory Symptoms, Allergy, Asthma, Office Workers
Occupational Safety, Health And Environment (Session Room 5)
OP Room 5A-5:
PREVALENCE OF WORK-RELATED WRIST AND HAND MUSCULOSKELETAL
DISORDERS AMONG COMPUTER USERS, KARNATAKA STATE, INDIA
Maiya Arun G1, Vinod Bhat2, Nalini Sathiakumar3 and David Coggon4
1Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal University, Manipal, India.
2Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal University, Manipal,
India.
3Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA.
4Professor of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, MRC Life course Epidemiology Unit
University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital
Background: Work-related musculoskeletal (WMSD) disorders of the wrist and hand have been
reported to occur among computer users. However, data on the prevalence of wrist and hand pain
among computer users in India are limited. The objective of the study is to assess the prevalence
of pain in the wrist and hand among computer users in South India.
Method: As part of the international CUPID study, a self-administered questionnaire about
musculoskeletal symptoms and risk factors was distributed to 783 computer users, employed at
two workplaces in Karnataka, India.
Result: The prevalence twelve month of pain in the wrist and hand was 58%. Women reported the
symptom more frequently than men (69% vs. 53%). Computer users aged 21 to 30 years were
more likely to report pain in the wrist and hand than those aged 40 to 55 years (76% vs. 9 %).
Conclusion: The prevalence of wrist and hand pain was high, but varied substantially by age.
Keywords: WMSD, Computer Users, Prevalence, Wrist and Hand Symptoms
Occupational Safety, Health And Environment (Session Room 5)
PP Room 5A-6:
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARBON BLACK AND PM2.5 EXPOSURE WITH
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM AMONG WORKERS AT PRINTING INDUSTRY
*Malik, N. A1, Zainal, A. E2, and Rasdi, I3
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
2Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
3Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Backgrounds: Carbon black is widely used in the industrial sectors such production of car tyres,
resins, plastic materials, inks, varnishes, paper and colouring agents.
Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between the exposures level of
carbon black and PM2.5 with the respiratory health of workers at the printing industry in Selangor.
Methodology: This is cross sectional study design among 105 workers in a printing factory in
Selangor. There were 60 workers involved in this study as exposed group while 45 of the
respondents are unexposed group of workers. The data collection done by self-administered
questionnaire, performed spirometer, using TSI SIDEPAK AM510 Aerosol Monitor and use air
sampling pump which is Gillian model and using 37-mm, 5- Results:
The level of carbon black was 0.49 mg/m3 which did not exceed the standard of Occupational
exposure standards and guidelines for carbon black which is 3.5 mg/m3. For the level of PM2.5,
it’s divided into 2 work areas which are work area from exposed group and unexposed group. The
respectively. The lev
Conclusion: As a conclusion, the results of this study showed that the lung function and
respiratory symptoms of the exposed group who were lower compared to the control group.
Keywords: Carbon Black, PM2.5, Respiratory System, Spirometer Test
Occupational Safety, Health And Environment (Session Room 5)
PP Room 5A-7:
PERCEPTION TOWARDS ANTI-SMOKING CAMPAIGN AMONG MALAY
SMOKERS IN MALAYSIA
Suriani I.1, Muhamad H.J.1, Kulanthayan K.C. M.1, Suhainizam M.S.1, Raja Aman Zakwan R.
R.1, Tiong L.R1
1Dept. of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
Serdang, Malaysia.
Backgrounds: Global Adult Tobacco Survey (GATS), Malaysia 2011 reported that the overall
prevalence of smoker as 23.1(CI:21.2,25.2). Prevalence according to race was highest among
Malays i.e. 24.6(CI:22.1,27.3).
Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the perception towards various anti-smoking
efforts among this high risk group, as well as its association with age group and education level.
Methods: The study was conducted in a pre-dominantly Malay settlement in Malaysia. A total of
163 Malay male smokers participated in this study.
Results: In general, the percentage of positive perceptions towards all anti-smoking efforts was
above 50% except for the perception toward quit smoking clinic. The highest percentage for
positive perception was for ‘increment of cigarette price’ (59.6%) followed by ‘labelling on
cigarette pack’ (58.8%), ‘smoke free zone policy’(56.6%) and ‘anti-smoking campaign’(54.4%).
Analysis also showed that, for most smokers, the anti-smoking efforts did not influence smoking
cessation behaviour. There were no significant differences between perception towards anti-
smoking efforts against educational level or age group.
Conclusions: To conclude, the percentage of positive perceptions towards all anti-smoking efforts
was low. However, the ‘increment of cigarette price’ initiative could positively influence those
from the lower income group. Such unfavourable perception toward ‘quit smoking clinic’ indicates
that there is a need for newer interventions. Perception is an important predictor to behaviour
change, thus these findings could be useful in planning future anti-smoking efforts.
Keywords: Perception, Anti-Smoking Efforts, Smokers, High Risk Group
Occupational Management And Practice (Session Room 1)
OP Room 1B-1
RISK FACTORS FOR NEAR MISS INCIDENT AMONG LONG DISTANCE BUS
DRIVERS IN MALAYSIA
Nik Nor Ronaidi Nik Mahdi1, Norsa’adah Bachok2, Norlen Mohamed3 and *Mohd Nazri
Shafei2
1State Health Department, Wisma Persekutuan, Jalan Sultan Ismail, 20920 Kuala Terengganu,
Malaysia
2School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kota Bharu,
Kelantan, Malaysia
3Malaysian Institute of Road Safety Research, Taman Kajang Sentral, 43000 Kajang, Selangor
Darul Ehsan, Malaysia.
Background: Road traffic accident, a worldwide public health issue which has its highest impact
on low and middle income countries including Malaysia can be seen as part of an iceberg above
the sea surface. Beneath the surface there are countless of near misses which are largely
unreported. Many previous studies concerned on the causality of the actual accidents and little
attention were given to near miss incidents. Hence, the current study was designed to determine
the prevalence and associated factors for the near miss among long distance bus drivers in east
coast of Malaysia.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among 517 long distance bus drivers. Data were
collected using interview-guided questionnaire consisting of sociodemographic and occupational
characteristics, sleep pattern, driving behaviors and psychoactive drug consumption. Multiple
logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the significant factors for a near miss.
Results: The prevalence of near miss among long distance bus drivers were 37.5% (95% CI: 33.5,
41.8). Meanwhile, significant associated factors for near miss were age (OR adj : 1.99; 95% CI :
1.32, 3.01), distance travelled per day (OR adj : 2.34; 95% CI : 1.52, 3.60), sleep disturbances (OR
adj : 1.74; 95% CI : 1.19, 2.54) and errors in driving behaviour (OR adj : 1.31; 95% CI : 1.23,
1.39).
Conclusion: Self-reported near miss incidents were relatively high among long distance bus
drivers in East Coast Malaysia. This issue should be taken seriously and preventive action should
consider the significant human (age, errors in driving behaviors, sleep disturbances and visual
acuity) and occupation (working experience and distance travelled per day) factors.
Keywords: Road Traffic Accident, Near Miss, Bus Drivers, Malaysia
Occupational Management And Practice (Session Room 1)
OP Room 1B-2
IT TAKES TWO TO TANGO: EMOTIONAL JOB DEMANDS AND PERSONALITY
INTERACTION IN PREDICTING EMPLOYEE HEALTH
*Rosnah I.1, Azmi M.T., Mohd A.I.2 and Noor H. I.1
1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia.
2Universiti Malaya
Background: Although the job demands-resources (JD-JR) model has gained support in
predicting employee health, it has rarely been examined in the context of the work-personality
interaction. This study aims to determine the interaction between emotional job demands and
anger-forgiveness personality traits in predicting psychological job stress, overeating and risk of
the cardiovascular event among male workers in private sectors in Malaysia.
Methods: A cross sectional study of 492 male workers from multiple work sites had completed
self-administered questionnaires in addition to non-laboratory cardiovascular risk assessment. The
questionnaires were Spielberger Trait Anger Scale, Forgiveness Personality Inventory, Demand-
Induced Strain Compensation, Oldenburg Burnout Inventory-Exhaustion and Three Factor Eating
Questionnaire-Uncontrolled Eating. Generalized Linear Modelling technique was used to examine
the effect of emotional job demands on employee health differs according to anger-forgiveness
personality traits typology.
Results: High anger-low forgiveness personality traits might have negative effect on
psychological job stress, overeating behaviour and waist circumference on exposure to high
emotional job demands. The joint effect of high anger trait and high overeating behaviour had
demonstrated demonstrated an increase probability of a cardiovascular event on exposure to high
psychological job stress.
Conclusion: In this occupational cohort of Malaysian male, the effect of emotional job demands
on psychological job stress, overeating and risk of cardiovascular event differs according to anger
and forgiveness personality traits typology. Mismatching personality traits to specific job demands
should be taken into account in primary prevention to safeguard the employee health.
Keywords: Emotional Job Demands, Anger-Forgiveness Personality Traits, Interaction,
Cardiovascular Risk, Occupational Cohort
Occupational Management And Practice (Session Room 1)
OP Room 1B-3
RADIATION DOSE MANAGEMENT IN FLUOROSCOPY PROCEDURES: AN AUDIT
AND SURVEILLANCE
Siti Farizwana Mohd Ridzwan1, Elavarasi Selvarajah1 and Hamzaini Abdul Hamid1
1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre
Background: The aims of this study are to determine the scattered radiation dose levels in routine
fluoroscopy procedures and compare them with the equivalent chest x-rays and also to monitor
common techniques and radiation safety measures taken by the medical officers.
Methods: The study covered a sample of 105 fluoroscopic procedures performed by 18 medical
officers. They wore a personal pocket dosimeter inside the lead gown during each single procedure.
A direct reading dosimeter was placed near the detector of the fluoroscopy unit while a survey
meter was positioned at the control panel area to record the dose levels.
Results: There were 14 types of examination included in this study. The total number of images
captured was found to be the highest in barium swallow examination (115.00 ± 67.00), almost five
times higher compared to the common practices. The longest screening time was observed in
barium enema examination (9.15 seconds ± 0.05). The median of the scattered dose level was the
highest in barium meal examination (165.50 µSv ± 275.00) which is equivalent to 8.28 times of
average dose impart by chest x-ray examinations.
Conclusion: The number of images and the length of screening time lean on the competency levels
of the medical officers. They tried not to miss any abnormality by capturing as many images as
possible therefore it will always be better if the radiologist is consulted during each case. They
should also consistently practicing essential protection by minimizing exposure time, maximizing
distance from the source tube and utilizing the radiation shielding.
Keywords: Scattered Dose, Fluoroscopy, Pocket Dosimeter, Screening Time
Occupational Management And Practice (Session Room 1)
OP Room 1B-4
A PRELIMINARY RESULT OF OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM COMPLIANCE AMONG GAS CONTRACTOR
(PETROLEUM PIPELINE) IN PENINSULAR MALAYSIA
Hamdan Bin Haji Ramat1, *Shamsul Bahri Bin Hj. Mohd Tamrin1, Mohd Rafee Bin Baharuddin2
and Mansor Bin Ahmad3
1Department of Environmental Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia
2Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra,
UPM Serdang Selangor 43400 Malaysia
3Faculty of Chemistry, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Background: Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS) is a framework
that provides direction for compliance with the OSH requirements pursuant to national law &
regulation. In Malaysia, gas contractors that intended to register Department of Occupational
Safety and Health have to provide their safety manual upon registration of their company.
Objective: The aim of the study is to evaluate the current status of compliance and it Critical
Success Factor as compare with Malaysia Standard MS, 1722:2011 Occupational Safety and
Health Management System among registered gas contractors in Peninsular Malaysia.
Methods: A cross sectional study of nine (9) gas contractor companies using questionnaire has
been done. All data consolidated in order to get a pattern line for Occupational Safety and Health
Management System current status and it Critical Success Factor among gas contractors in
Peninsular Malaysia that has registered with the Department of Occupational Safety and Health.
Results: According to the study, most of the registered company does have safety manual,
procedures, arrangement, form and record in the organization but the developed documents do not
fully comply with main and sub elements of Malaysia Standard, MS 1722:2011 thus they are not
ready for Occupational Safety and Health Management System certification.
Conclusions: Percentage of compliance with OSHMS MS 1722:2011 elements by gas contractor
can be further improved by focusing on auditing and initial review element in determining current
status of OSH compliance and it Critical Success Factor in the organization.
Keywords: Occupational Safety and Health Management System (OSHMS), Critical Success
Factor (CSF) and Monitoring Tools (MTS)
Occupational Management And Practice (Session Room 1)
OP Room 1B-5
THE ASSOCIATION BETWEEN VIBROTACTILE PERCEPTION AND CHEMICAL
EXPOSURE AMONG VEHICLE SERVICE TECHNICIANS IN KLANG VALLEY
*Nurul Ain Zali1, Shamsul Bahri Mohd Tamrin1 and Karmegam Karuppiah1
1Department of Environmental Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Background: Solvent are widely used in manufacturing industries especially in paints, printing,
rubber tires, automotive industries and electronic factories. Most chemicals which are believed to
be hazardous to health are solvents that being widely used in vehicle servicing industry. Workers
who are exposed to organic solvents in their workplace can experience detrimental effects on their
physiological system with the main route of exposure including inhalation, dermal and ingestion.
The organs that exhibit toxicity are skin, liver, lungs and kidney, as well as the central nervous
system. Thus, details assessment and effect is an important tool in assessing the neurobehavioral
effects of occupational exposures at a subclinical stage. Neurobehavioral test such as NCTB test
is widely used to determine neurobehavioral effect of solvent but rapid testing such as vibrotactile
perception threshold (VPT) test had been limited for determining the effect of exposure to
chemical. Therefore, this study determine the association between VPT and chemical exposure
among vehicle service technicians in Klang Valley.
Methods: Chemical Health Risk Assessment was conducted among the technician using the
method by DOSH. Parameters such as hazard rating, frequency or duration of the exposure to the
chemicals, degree of chemical release, degree of contact/inhale, magnitude rating, exposure rating
and risk rating were obtained. EMSON-MAT P8 Pallesthesiometer was used to determine the VPT
at the fingertip for the assessment of mechanoreceptors of fingertips’ peripheral nerve impairment.
A set of questionnaire includes Personal Particular’s, Social History, Occupational History and
Medical History. Independent sample T-Test was used to compare the VPT between exposed and
to non-exposed workers. Spearman correlation was used to correlate chemical exposure with VPT.
Multiple Linear Regression was used to determine the contributing factors of VPT.
Results: The results showed the VPT at 31.5 hz & 125 hz for workers exposed to chemicals are
significantly higher compared to the non-exposed workers (31.5: t =4.776 (p<0.001), 125:
t=4.775(p<0.001)). The exposure to diesel shows correlation with VPT at 31.5hz (r=0.247,p<0.05)
and VPT at 125hz (r=0.215,p<0.05); combination of gasoline and benzene with VPT at 31.5hz
(r=0.227,p<0.05) and VPT at 125hz (r=0.163,p<0.05); gasoline only with VPT at 31.5hz
(r=0.222,p<0.05) and VPT at 125hz (r=0.167,p<0.05). Overall VPT shows that the use of PPE
(r=0.321,p<0.05), duration of working overtime (r=0.193,p<0.05),exposure to diesel
(r=0.239,p<0.05), exposure to combination of gasoline and benzene (r=0.207,p<0.05) and
exposure to gasoline only (r=0.202,p<0.05). The study shows that the overall VPT model= -
1.379+0.07 (use of PPE) + 0.522 (duration of working overtime) + 0.165 (exposure to combination
of gasoline and benzene) - 0.002 (Age).
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that exposure to combination of gasoline and benzene, the
use of PPE and duration of working overtime contributed to VPT of vehicle service technician in
Klang Valley.
Keywords: Chemical Exposure; ibrotactile Perception Threshold; vehicle service technicians in
Klang Valley
Occupational Management And Practice (Session Room 1)
OP Room 1B-6
HEAVY METALS EMITTING FROM WELDING FUMES IN AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRY
Norhidayah Abdull1, Siti Wahida Mat Hassan1, Ahmad Rasdan Ismail1, Abdul Mutalib Leman2
& Azian Harir2
1 Universiti Malaysia Pahang
2 Universiti Tun Hussein Onn
Background: Heavy metal emitting from welding fumes in the automotive industry provide the
significant health impacts to workers. Objectives of this study are to investigate the occupational
environment setting in automotive industry, to study the concentration of heavy metals in the
welding fumes and to propose the appropriate control measure of welding fumes emission toward
safe work environment in an automotive industry.
Methods: A personal monitoring and area monitoring are conducted to determine the workers
exposures to welding fumes. The concentration of welding fumes was analyzed by using
Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) by referring to American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM).
Results: All the heavy metals except arsenic are permitted the Occupational Safety and Health
Agency Permissible Exposure Limits (OSHA PEL).
Conclusion: The appropriate control measures are proposed such as substitution and local exhaust
ventilation which towards safe and healthy environment.
Keywords: Heavy Metal, Welding Fume, Permissible Exposure Limit
Occupational Safety And Health Part 1 (Session room 4)
OP Room 4B-1
EVENT TREE ANALYSIS FOR ANALYZING PROBABLE FIRE SCENARIO IN THE
PLASTIC MANUFACTURING EXTRA BUILDING.
*Arroon K.1 and Warapof M1
1Faculty of Public Health, Thammasat University, Thailand.
Background: Industrial plant no.53 is a type of industrial plant that has many times of fire occurs,
the number of injuries, deaths and property damage valued at more than the average for all types
of industry. Many large industrial plants are in the attribution of having fire risk to deaths, injuries
and loss of property on fire. Be-cause, such buildings have not installed fire prevention and fire
suppression systems due to the building was not required to comply with Ministerial Regulation
no.33 (B.E.2535) but, shall be followed the Ministerial Regulation no.47(B.E.2540) by requiring
to install the fire alarm system, automatic fire detection, manual fire detection including with
portable fire extinguisher. The main purpose of the current study is to apply to Event Tree Analysis.
Method: ETA technique for analyzing probable fire scenario in the plastic manufacturing extra
building of Thailand built before the Ministerial Regulation no.33 (B.E.2535), will be en-forced.
Stochastic analysis on probability of every fire scenarios by using ETA, there are seven fire
scenarios.
Result: It was found that the fire scenario 2, 3 and 7, there is a possibility that the fire could not
be controlled due to the failure of equipment, 35.2%, 17.6% and 7.2% respectively.
Conclusion: Occupant must be evacuated from industrial plant, risk of danger to life due to the
fire dynamics, building environment and occupant characteristics/pre-movement and movement
behaviours. Limitations and future work of this study are also discussed.
Keywords: Event tree analysis, Fire, Plastic Manufacturing
Occupational Safety And Health Part 1 (Session room 4)
OP Room 4B-2
PREVALENCE OF MUSCULOSKELETAL DISORDERS AND THE ASSOCIATED
RISK FACTORS AMONG WORKERS IN A MALAYSIAN ACADEMIC INSTITUE:
*Jabbar M. A.1, Masyita M.2, Chandrashekhar T Sreeramared-dy1, Boo N. Y.1
1Department of population medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku
Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long, Selangor, Malaysia
2Department of pre-clinical sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University Tunku
Abdul Rahman, Sungai Long, Selangor, Malaysia
Background: Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) are painful disorders of muscles, tendons, and
nerves. They are multifactorial in origin, and can be due to work re-lated physical or psychosocial
stressors. We aimed to determine the prevalence of MSDs and their association with work related
factors, job satisfaction, and leisure time activities among staff in University Tunku Abdul Rahman
(UTAR).
Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out during May, 2012 when 252 staffs were in-
terviewed face-to-face using Nordic questionnaire to assess the MSDs.
Results: The most prevalent MSDs among academic staff was neck pain (50%), shoulder pain
among administrators staff (42.9%), and knee joint pain among maintenance staff and cleaners
(26.2%). Job title and BMI were significantly associated with MSDs (p value .01, and .044
respectively). Job satisfaction score was significantly lower in those with neck pain and upper back
pain (p value .025, and .006 respectively) and significantly higher in those with ankle joint pain
and knee pain (p value .002, .024 respectively). The prevalence of neck pain was high among staff
that were practicing bowling and badminton 3 or more times per week (p value .037 and .038).
Conclusions: In conclusion MSDs were associated with multiple factors such as job title, job
satisfaction, BMI, and leisure activities. To reduce the impact of these factors on MSDs and
improve job satisfaction further studies on office ergonomics are needed.
Keywords: Musculoskeletal disorders, multifactorial, Job title, Job satisfaction, office ergonomic
Occupational Safety And Health Part 1 (Session room 4)
OP Room 4B-3
SAFETY MATTERS CONCERNING TIMBER SCAFFOLD BOARD APPLICATION IN
NATIONAL OIL AND GAS INDUSTRY
*Mohd Jamil Abdul Wahab1 and Mohamad Omar Mohamad Khaidzir1.
1Forest Research Institute Malaysia, 52109 Kepong, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Background: Recently, Timber Engineering Laboratory of Forest Research Institute Malaysia had
received several requests from timber businesses to evaluate the mechanical properties of timber
scaffold boards for offshore construction. Timber board is more preferable compare to metal due
to the resistivity of wood material to marine environment. Being one of the most lucrative
businesses in the country, oil and gas engineering occupied the most stringent safety measures
throughout their operations. Surprisingly however, the national standard documents regarding the
quality specification of timber, acceptable grades, mechanical properties test method and any other
references concerning the safety measures for timber scaffold board is seriously lacking. Forest
Method: Research Institute Malaysia has initiated a research project venturing into the technology
and issues on the subject of timber scaffold board application.
Result: As a result, a number of safety issues and deficiencies were observed.
Conclusion: This article is a bona fide discussion concerning the safety matters of timber scaffold
board application in Malaysian oil and gas industry.
Keywords: Construction work, Scaffold plank, Timber quality.
Occupational Safety And Health Part 1 (Session room 4)
OP Room 4B-4
MEASURING FUNCTION OF VESTIBULO-COCHLEAR SYSTEM: AN
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVE
*Abdullah A., Aseel A.M.1and Maya G1
1Public Authority for Applied Education and Training, Kuwait.
Background: Hearing and balance impairment can be a resulted of endogenous and/or exogenous
factors. The cause of this variability is less investigated, and it seems to be multifactorial. Hearing
loss as well as balance dysfunction may show a relationship.
Method: Firstly, hearing gives information about the environment, enabling workers to notice and
avoid hazards in their occupational environments. Secondly, the anatomy and physiology of the
inner ear indicates that they may share aetiological features. Anatomically, cochlea and vestibular
organs are located closely, share blood circulation with, bony compartments are filled with same
fluid, and the eighth cranial nerve serves both organs. In addition, they have similar sensory
receptor hair cells, which perceive sound, find orientation in space, and detect head movements.
Noise as well as ototoxicants, and several other factors, can induce loss of these receptor
cells. Audiological evaluation for hearing and balance focuses on both central and peripheral
vestibulo-cochlear systems.
Result: Cochlear function testing includes: behav-ioural audiometry, speech audiometry,
immittance audiometry, acoustic reflex testing, otoacoustic emissions (OAEs),and auditory
brainstem response (ABR) testing. Whereas vestibular function tests are:
electronystagmography/electro-oculography (ENG/EOG), videonystagmography/video-
oculography (VNG/VOG), caloric testing, earth-vertical axis rotational testing (EVAR), head-only
rotational testing (HORT), head-impulse test (HIT), unilateral centrifugation, and vestibular-
evoked myogenic potential (VEMP) test.
Conclusion: This poster’s abstract is intended primarily to overview and highlight both the new
and current techniques in assessing the vestibulo-cochlear system in order to aid the early
identification of hearing and balance impairment
Keywords: vestibulocochlear system, VEMP, audiometry
Occupational Safety And Health Part 1 (Session room 4)
OP Room 4B-5
ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS TO OCCUPATIONAL PESTICIDE POISONING
IN COCOA FARMERS IN ONDO STATE, NIGERIA
*Onunkun, O1
1Adeyemi College of Education, Agricultural Science Department, Ondo, Nigeria.
Background: The problems of ill health and environmental contamination associated with
pesticide spraying have made the study of misuse of these chemicals important in contemporary
agriculture. This study sought out to assess the utilization as well as protective measures practiced
by cocoa farmers in the study area. It also examined the personal characteristics of the farmers as
risk factors for occupational pesticide poisoning.
Methods: A cross-sectional data of the surveyed population was obtained through the use of
structured questionnaire. The validated questionnaire was divided into three sections in order to
collect data on the personal characteristics, knowledge and quantification of pesticides and
protective measures practiced by the farmers.
Results: The results indicated that educational status as well as age of the respondents was likely
risk factors in occupational pesticide poisoning. Cocoa farmers with lower educational background
were three times more likely to suffer occupational pesticide poisoning than those with higher
educational status (OR: 2.89; 95% CI: 1.00, 5.28). The older the farmer the more the likelihood of
pesticide poisoning. More than three-quarters (78%) of the farmers did not read labels on the
pesticides before usage, so also was about 62% of the farmers used cheap and leaking sprayers.
Conclusion: Occupational pesticide poisoning is closely associated with some personal
characteristics of cocoa farmers and their protective measures practice. Adequate training should
be provided to the farmers’ to help them mitigate occupational pesticide poisoning.
Keywords: Occupational, Poisoning, Pesticide, Likelihood
Occupational Safety And Health Part 1 (Session room 4)
PP Room 4B-6
EFFECTS OF PARENTAL OCCUPATION ON MENTAL STATUS OF ADOLESCENT
CHILDREN IN URBAN POPULATION OF MALAYSIA
*Latiffah Abd Latiff, Esra Tajik1, Sareh Dashti1, Ali Jafarzadeh Esfehani1 and Azrinshah
Abubakar1
1Universiti Putra Malaysia, Malaysia
Background: The prevalence of mental disorders including depression, anxiety and stress are high
in adolescents in developing countries. Different factors may contribute to mental disorders in
adolescents upon which parental occupation has not been deeply studied yet. The aim of this study
was to identify the effect of occupation of parents on the mental status of their adolescent children.
Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in the Pasir Gudang District, Johor Baru,
Malaysia. Adolescent students who lived in the urban area were randomly selected to participate
in this study. Subjects with major psychological disorders were excluded from the study. Data
from depression, anxiety and stress (DASS) questionnaire as well as a demographic characteristics
including age, gender and type of parental occupation were collected from each student during an
interview.
Results: A total of 1192 students including 566 (47.5%) males and 626 (52.5%) females gave
written consent to participate in the study. Mean (SD) for age of the subjects was 13.0±0.2 years.
Paternal occupation in private sector was found to be significantly related to reduced odds of
anxiety in adolescent children (OR=0.50, 95% CI 0.27 and 0.95). There was no significant
relationship between maternal occupation type and depression, anxiety and stress in children
(p>0.05).
Conclusion: The findings of this study revealed that father and mother occupation has a different
effect on mental status of adolescents. Moreover, this study revealed that type of paternal
occupation can have a direct effect on the anxiety symptoms of the adolescent child.
Keywords: Adolescent, Parental Occupation, Depression, Anxiety, Stress
Occupational Safety And Health Part 1 (Session room 4)
PP Room 4B-7
RESPIRATORY HEALTH OF MALE STEEL WORKERS IN TERENGGANU,
MALAYSIA
*Nurul AH1, 2, Noor Hassim I2, And Shamsul BMT3
1Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan
Yaacob Latiff, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2School of Health Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, 16150 Kubang Kerian,
Kelantan, Malaysia
3Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Backgroud: The objective of cross sectional study was to determine the prevalence of respiratory
symptoms and the association between lung function tests and respiratory symptoms in male steel
workers. The study was conducted on an integrated steel company in Terengganu on January to
May 2013. After excluding workers from administrative department, we performed physical
examinations on 410 male workers in the steel production plant.
Methods: Subjects were interviewed regarding respiratory symptoms using a Malay version of
British Medical Research Council (BMRC) Questionnaire on respiratory symptoms and were
examined with respect to their lung function using spirometry. Data analysis was done using
univariate and multivariate analysis.
Results: Prevalence of chest tightness, chronic phlegm, shortness of breath, and chronic cough
were 28.0%, 26.8%, 24.1%, and 20.2% respectively. Age, duration employment, and smoking
status were among the factors associated with respiratory symptoms. Lung function tests revealed
some degree of impairment. Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) and Forced Expiratory in 1 second
(FEV1) of these workers were significantly reduced as compared to the healthy population. In the
current smokers, an effect of cigarette on FEV1 was shown. Subjective dustiness significantly
reduced the FVC and FEV1/FVC in smoking workers.
Conclusion: There was an impairment of lung function for steel workers, thus requires further
extensive epidemiological and pathological studies for the health and safety of the steel mill
workers.
Keywords: Cross sectional study, respiratory symptoms, lung function, BMRC questionnaire
Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)
OP Room 3B-1
AN ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF OCCUPANTS’ PERCEPTIONS OF THEIR
INDOOR ENVIRONMENT ON THEIR ASSESSMENTS OF THEIR THERMAL
SENSATION AND COMFORT
*Harimi D.1, Chi C.M.1, &Sivakumar K.1
1Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia.
Backgrounds: The data used in this investigation were taken from an extensive field study carried
out in non-air-conditioned residential buildings of Kota Kinabalu region located in East Malaysia
for thermal comfort prediction and evaluation. Occupants’ perceptions of their Indoor environment
on their assessments of their thermal sensation and comfort were analyzed and discussed.
Objectives: This paper was more focused on the perceived air movement, perceived air relative
humidity, perceived indoor air quality and perceived heat gain via curtains.
Discussions: It was found that occupants’ desires for coolness were expressed by stillness of air
movement. This was despite the slight increase of air movement associated with the elevation of
air temperature. Relative humidity was not perceived accurately by the majority of occupants. On
average, Indoor air quality was perceived by the majority of occupants as slightly fresh.
Conclusions: Perceived air quality and perceived relative humidity may not have a drastic effect
on occupants’ thermal comfort as opposed to air movement.
Keywords: Thermal Comfort, Indoor Environment, Thermal Perception
Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)
OP Room 3B-2
OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS IN SOME SELECTED SMALL SCALE INDUSTRIES IN
A DISTRICT OF SRI LANKA
Inoka S.1, *Sameera S.1 & Supun W.1
1Environmental and Occupational Health Unit, Colombo, Ministry of Health.
Objective: To identify occupational hazards in the work environment in small scale industiries in
a district of Sri Lanka
Method: A descriptive cross sectional study was carried out in selected categories of small scale
industries namely food and beverages, apparel, non metallic mineral products and fabricated metal
products in a district of Sri Lanka. A small scale industry was defined as a work setting with less
than 20 workers. A sample of 102 factories was randomly selected using Census of Industries Sri
Lanka in 2003/2004. Interviewer administered checklist was used for data collection.
Results: Out of 102, 78.4 %( n=80) of the factories didn’t have safety signs displayed while
machines were properly guarded only in 25 (24.5%) of the factories. The working environment
was found to be accident prone in 38.2% (n=39) of the industries. Lighting was adequate in 93
(91.2%) and noise was found to be excessive in 35 (34.3%) factories.
Workers trained in occupational safety and first aid, were present only in 18.6% (n=19) and 23.5%
(n=24) of the factories respectively. Only 24 (23.5%) industries had a protocol developed to act in
an emergency situation Accidents were recorded only in 16(15.7%) factories. Separate meal room
and a changing room were available in 62.7% (n=64) of the factories.
Conclusion: The working environment of small scale industries was found to be unsatisfactory.
Measures should be planned to improve the working environment and health of small scale
industry workers since they represent a significant percent of the labour force in Sri Lanka.
Keywords: Small scale industry, Occupational hazards, Sri Lanka
Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)
OP Room 3B-3
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH RISK MANAGEMENT FOR OPERATIONAL
FACILITIES IN KUWAIT OIL COMPANY (KOC), KUWAIT.
Abdurrahman F.A.1,*Waseem A.S.2, **Ayyappan R.3, & Mohsen A.M.4
1Team Leader, Health and Environment Team, Kuwait Oil Company
2Chief Industrial Hygienists (CIH), Health and Environment Team, Kuwait Oil Company
3Industrial Hygiene Specialist, Health and Environment Team, Kuwait Oil Company
4Senior. Industrial Hygiene Officer, Health and Environment Team, Kuwait Oil Company
Backgrounds: Kuwait Oil Company is one of the major oil and gas exploration industry in
Kuwait. It consists of major facilities like Gathering Centers (22), Booster Stations (4) and Oil
Wells (nearly 1215) in West, South-East and North Kuwait fields. In the regular operations of the
industry, various Occupational Health (OH) hazards and stresses are present. Concerning the
current and future OH challenges, numerous steps were taken in order to achieve the illness free
working environment.
Methods: Developing the occupational health risk management for operational facilities is
considered as major one and the health risk register also was developed using qualitative risk
assessment. Qualitative risk assessment is an effective tool for predicting and mitigating the
occupational health risks in the workplaces. As part of health risk management, health risk register
is created based on the parameter severity, likelihood of occurrence and exposure for complying
with the local regulations and international best practices. Risk rating was developed by targeting
various chemical, physical, biological hazards, ergonomic and psychological stresses and the
occupational health risks were rated into low, medium and high. The top priority risks converted
into action plans for conducting the workplace exposure assessment for assessing the exposure
level of occupational stressors for shifting the high risks into low. Each of the company’s Assets /
Directorates is currently in implementation stage. OH risk management is certainly helping in
raising the HSE status of the company and will enable the company to take a leading role in
managing occupational health risks within the region.
Keywords: Health Risk Register, Qualitative Risk Assessment, Occupational Health Risk
Management.
Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)
OP Room 3B-4
RESPIRATORY EFFECTS FROM WELDING FUMES IN AUTOMOTIVE
INDUSTRIES IN MALAYSIA.
*Azian H.1, Nuur A.P.1, Abdul M.L.1, and Mohammad Zainal M.Y1.
1Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia
Backgrounds: Lung function and persistent symptoms among 53 welders in Plant 1 and 44
welders in Plant 2 of automotive industries in Selangor, Malaysia were investigated.
Methods: Lung functions of 52 non-welders subjects working in the similar industries were also
investigated. Interviews were conducted to gathered data on persistent symptoms, smoking habits
and demographic data of the welders. Lung function test by using handheld spirometer were
conducted for welders and nonwelders. Metal fumes samples collected from the breathing zone of
the welders were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS).
Results: None of the metal elements concentration was exceeding the permissible exposure limit
(PEL) for both plants. However, the odds of the more than 5 years working welders to experience
‘sore or dry throat’ are 3.38 times higher than less than 5 years working welder in Plant 1. In
addition, statistical analysis showed significant mean difference of lung functions between welders
and non-welders. The results of this study strongly suggest proves of significant respiratory health
risk despite the measurement of the welding fumes exposure was still within the allowable
guidelines range.
Keywords: Welding fumes, Lung function, Respiratory effects, Malaysia
Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)
OP Room 3B-5
AN INSIGHT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT – A STUDY AMONG
CONSTRUCTION PROFESSIONAL IN MALAYSIA.
*Nadzirah Z.1, and Carmen T.Y.M.2
1School of Built Environment, Heriot-Watt University
2School of Built Environment, IMPERIA Institute of Technology
Backgrounds: Nowadays, as the world population growth increase significantly, the needs of
more haven, buildings, and other infrastructure become major agenda for Malaysian as developing
country. As continues developing country, Malaysia is the one adopting sustainable development
and green building as one of the national agenda. One of the most important aspects that play a
crucial role in achieving sustainable development of the country is implementing sustainable
construction and design practices into Malaysian construction industry.
Objectives: This study concerns the essential elements of sustainable development adopting in
Malaysia and after that, the constraint factor in the incorporation and implementation in Malaysian
construction industry has been discussed. The element identification process was collected through
intensive literature study. This study involved all the expertise who has strong background in
sustainable development. The research conducted via questionnaire, which is to obtain their
response through these issues.
Conclusions: From the data collection and analysis, as conclusion, a number of strategies need to
developed and tight in the current situation in order to achieve the sustainable development and
construction. Respective parties have to get a first move to make it awareness among construction
player and community as well. From this research as well, other relevant issue such as economic
and social issue also has been discuss together to make sure our construction industry can adopt
new technology implementation without compromising with quality and standard of building
itself.
Keywords: Sustainable Development, Sustainable Construction, Constraint Factor, Green
Building
Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)
OP Room 3B-6
EFFECT OF USE MANUAL TOOLS TO OIL PALM COLLECTER AND LOADER.
Nur Syazwani M.N.1,*Baba M.D.1, Ezrin Hani S.1,Shamsul B.M.T.2,Shahriman A.B.3, Azmin
S.R.4
1Department of Mechanical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering & Built
Environment, UKM
2Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences UPM
3School of Mechatronic Engineering, UniMAP
4Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, UKM
Backgrounds: Oil palm workers exposed to ergonomics problems in their routine works.
Although many technological advances have been developed, but large numbers of workers are
still using manual handling tools in their daily work.
Objectives: A study was done to evaluate and overcome the problems or issues of material
handling effect in the daily activity of oil palm collector and loader.
Methods: A cross sectional study was done in the Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Thirty one workers
were selected randomly to participate in this study. Musculoskeletal symptoms were recorded
using Modified Nordic Body Map Questionnaires and Rapid Entire Body Assessment (REBA)
was used to assess the awkward posture of the workers.
Results: Result showed that 12.5% of workers expose to high risk level and 87.5% with very high
risk level of working posture problems.
Conclusions: In conclusion, majority of oil palm collector and loader need urgent corrective
working posture. The manual handling activities need improvement of correct procedure for health
and safety concerns.
Keywords: postural analysis, oil palm plantation, oil palm loader, REBA, manual handling
Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)
OP Room 3B-7
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES FOR SMALL-SCALE INDUSTRY WORKERS
IN A DISTRICT OF SRI LANKA
*Inoka S.1, Sameera S1 & Supun W1
1Environmental and Occupational Health Unit, Colombo,Ministry of Health
Objective: To describe the provision of occupational health services to workers in small scale
industries in a district of Sri Lanka
Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among workers in selected small scale industries
in Gampaha district in Sri Lanka. A small scale industry was defined as a work setting with less
than 20 workers. The study population consisted of workers in four selected small scale industry
categories namely food and beverages, apparel, non metallic mineral products and fabricated metal
products. Full time, permanent, workers between the ages of 18-65 years with at least 6 months
were selected. The Census of Industry 2003/2004 was used as the sampling frame. The required
sample size was 640 and sampling was done using cluster sampling using probability proportionate
to size. Data was collected using an interviewer administered questionnaire.
Results: Out of the total 743 workers, majority were males (71%). Higher proportion of workers
(59%) belonged to 20 - 39 year age group. 24% and 28% of the study population smoked cigarettes
and drank alcohol regularly respectively. Only 6% of workers had a pre employment medical
examination and periodic medical examinations. Of the workers only 38% were using personal
protective equipment. 47% of workers reported that compensation claims were paid for accidents
at the factory. 62% of the workers knew how to use a first aid box.
Conclusion: The provision of occupational health services to workers in small scale industries is
not satisfactory and needs improvement.
Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)
OP Room 3B-8
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE OF PESTICIDE USE AMONG OIL
PALM SMALLHOLDERS IN SANDAKAN, SABAH
*Kamsia, B.1, *Shahida , M.S2, Celestina, A.1, Suriani, H.3, Norlita, I3 and Khadizah,G.3
1Environmental Science Programme, School of Science and Technology, Universiti Malaysia
Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400 Sabah.
2School of Sustainable Agriculture, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Mile 10, Jalan Sungai Batang,
Cawangan Sandakan, Sabah
3Mathemathic with Economy Programme, School of Science and Technolo-gy,Universiti
Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, 88400 Sabah.
Backgrounds: A study on knowledge, altitude, and practices of pesticide usage among small
holder oil palm farmers were conducted in Sandakan, Sabah.
Methods: 50 respondents were chosen to be part of the study and were questioned on their
demographic background, knowledge and practices of the pesticide usage. The survey
questionnaire also covers on symptoms of pesticides poisoning experienced by the re-spondents.
Majority of the respondents were men age between 31 years old to 40 years old with their education
level was only at the primary school with 6 to 10 years of experience in pesticide handling.
Results: Score method was used to determine the farmer’s knowledge, attitude and practices and
it shows that 72% of the respondent has a high level of pesticides handling knowledge along with
good attitudes and practices. Correlation analysis suggesting that the more experience they have,
the higher knowledge on pesticide usage they gain and makes them a better user. However based
on the interviewed this was more on transfer knowledge of routine daily works from their senior
or worker before them. Some of them also experience symptoms of positioning such as itchiness,
nausea and headache direct after spraying signifying that sometimes the daily practice was just not
in line with their knowledge and the good pesticide handling practice which implemented by the
lo-cal authorities.
Keywords: Oil palm farmer, knowledge, practice, attitude, pesticide handling.
Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)
PP Room 3B-9
HANDLING MERCURY CONTAINING MEDICAL DEVICES AMONG NURSES IN A
TERTIARY CARE PAEDIATRIC HOSPITAL IN SRI LANKA
*Sameera S.1 & Nalika G.2
1Ministry of Health
2Faculty of Medicine, Colombo
Background: Mercury is a highly toxic heavy metal. It is used in many medical devices used in
the healthcare sector, making nurses one of the most vulnerable occupational groups. The aim of
the study was to describe the use of mercury containing medical devices and accidental exposure,
management of spillage and disposal of mercury among nurses at Lady Ridgeway hospital, Sri
Lanka.
Methodology: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses (n=538) working
in Lady Ridgeway Hospital. Information on use of mercury containing medical devices, and
accidental exposure, management of spillage and disposal of mercury was gathered using a self-
administered questionnaire
Results: Nearly half (47.0%,n=222) of the study population had used only mercury thermometers.
Of the 347 who used mercury thermometers, 1.4%(n=05) had experienced more than 50
thermometer breakages in their units during the 3 months period prior to the study. With regards
to mercury sphygmomanometers, 85.8%(n=405) had used them and 20.0%(n=81) had been
involved in mercury sphygmomanometer breakages in their units. 271(57.4%) had either cleaned
a mercury spillage or had supervised a mercury spillage being cleaned. During the last such
mercury spillage that they managed, 112 (41.3%) had incorrectly collected mercury and glass
pieces together. 199 (42.2%) had received some training on managing a mercury spillage. Wearing
gloves before cleaning a mercury spillage (p=0.196) were not statistically associated with
previously having a training on managing a mercury spillage.
Conclusion: Gaps in practices on managing a mercury spillage were evident. Thus effective
training activities are recommended.
Keywords: Mercury,Nurses, Toxicity
Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)
PP Room 3B-10
THE OUTCOME OF LEPTOSPIROSIS AMONG FEBRILE CASES IN
NORTHEASTERN HOSPITALS MALAYSIA
*Aziah D.
USM, Malaysia
Introduction: For many years, leptospirosis has been recognized as a worldwide zoonotic
infection and human infection is acquired through directly or indirectly contact with animal urine.
Early clinical manifestation of leptospirosis can non-specific, it can present as mild disease or can
be an acute life-threatening condition which causes severe multisystem complications. This study
was carried out to determine the outcome of leptospirosis cases in northeastern hospitals in
Malaysia.
Methods: A hospital-based cross sectional study was conducted among 999 of febrile patients
admitted in 10 hospitals in northeastern Malaysia. An interviewer-guided Patient Proforma Sheet
which consisted of sociodemographic, clinical manifestation, occupational and recreational history
was used. Seroprevalence for leptospirosis was determined by IgM Enzyme-linked
Immunosorbent Assay test (IgM ELISA) and Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT).
Results: The seroprevalence of leptospirosis was 8.4% by MAT. Most of the leptospirosis cases
in hospitals were discharged without complication (92.9%). No death was reported during the
study period. Only 6 of the leptospirosis cases suffered from complication. The most frequent
complication was pneumonia (3 respondents), followed by acute renal failure (2 respondents) and
hemorrhage (1 respondent).
Conclusion: Even in this study the outcome for leptospirosis was good, diagnostic laboratory test
for leptospirosis should be considered, to initiate prompt treatment, for the benefit of the patient.
Training and guideline might be needed for health care personnel to identify severe or high-risk
cases, which need early admission to prevent complications and avoid death.
Keywords: leptospirosis, febrile cases, northeastern hospitals, Malaysia
Occupational Safety And Health Part II (Session room 3)
PP Room 3B-11
ASSOCIATION BETWEEN OUTDOOR AIR POLLUTION AND ACUTE
RESPIRATORY INFECTION AMONG ADULTS IN KLANG VALLEY (2006-2011)
*NurFazhilah A.R.1, **Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I.1, and Emilia Zainal Abidin1
1 Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang.
Background: Respiratory illnesses such as pneumonia and chronic lower respiratory disease were
among the 10 principal causes of death in Malaysia and were the leading cause of utilisation of
government out-patient facilities, accounting for 20-30 per cent of the cases seen. Respiratory
illnesses range from mild and self-limiting, such as acute respiratory infections (ARI) to life-
threatening entities like bacterial pneumonia, pulmonary embolism and lung cancer. Study aimed
to determine the association between the trend of outdoor air pollution and the incidence of ARI
among adults living in Klang Valley.
Methods: A time-series epidemiological study was conducted using the secondary data of outdoor
air pollutant and meteorological parameters from the Department of Environment (DOE). The
incidence of ARI was obtained from the Institute Medical Research from 2006-2011. Study
populations are among adults who have ARI case reported by IMR (2006-2011) in Klang Valley.
Results: This study is expected to model the emergence of ARI with regards to air pollution and
other factors with an integrated approach of GIS and statistical techniques. It also will assists the
policy makers in their planning and preventive health programs.
Keywords: outdoor air pollution, acute respiratory infection, adult, Klang Valley
Occupational Rehabilitation (Session Room 2)
OP Room 2A-1
DO WE COMMUNICATE OPENLY IN HEALTHCARE DELIVERY?
*Nabilah H.1, **Nurul S.E.M.1, Mohd I.O.1, Roslinah A.2, Nor'Aishah A.B.3, Noriah B.1,
Mohamad M.S.4, Siti A. M.5, & Nor F.B.1
1Institute for Health Management
2Institute for Health System Research
3Medical Development Division
4UiTM
5Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Backgrounds: Culture of patient safety is a very important area of research because it reflects the
quality of care provided by health institutions. The practice of patient safety begins at the first
point of contact between patients and front liners such as doctors, nurses and assistant medical
officers (AMOs). The aim of this study was to determine the level of patient safety culture, reported
by assistant medical officers in the Ministry of Health hospitals.
Methods: Modified Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC) questionnaires were
distributed to assistant medical officers who had worked for more than 6 months in all MOH
hospitals. This study took place from November 2012 to February 2013, and the total number of
respondents was 2,480. Data was analysed by IBM SPSS software 20.0.
Results: Overall perception of safety practices among the AMOs was 72.3%. The dimensions with
the highest positive response rate were ‘Organizational Learning- Continuous Improvement’
(93.5%), ‘Teamwork Within Unit’ (91.0%) and ‘Supervisor/Management Expectation And
Actions Promoting Patient Safety’ (82.2%). The lowest positive response rates were ‘Non Punitive
Response to Error’ (26.7%), ‘Communication Openness’ (44.2%) and ‘Frequency of Events
Reported’ (44.3%).
Conclusion: Better communication through training at all levels and effective intervention tools
should be developed to allow for heightened awareness on the importance of safe patient care. In
addition, hospitals should adopt the no-blame culture to encourage reporting of incidents. With
better reporting and subsequent investigation, the recurrence of events that may lead to more severe
consequences can be prevented.
Keywords: Patient Safety Culture, Communication, Error, Assistant Medical Officers (AMOS)
Occupational Rehabilitation (Session Room 2)
OP Room 2A-2
QUALITY OF LIFE AND MENTAL HEALTH STATUS OF ARSENIC-AFFECTED
PATIENTS IN A BANGLADESHI POPULATION
*Emdadul Haque Syed1, Krishna C. Poudel2 and Habibul Ahsan3
1United Nations University-IIGH, Malaysia
2 The University of Tokyo, Japan
3 The University of Chicago
Background: Contamination of groundwater by inorganic arsenic is one of the major public-
health problems in Bangladesh.
Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted (a) to evaluate the quality of life (QOL) and
mental health status of arsenic-affected patients and (b) to identify the factors associated with the
QOL. Of 1,456 individuals, 521 (35.78%) were selected as case and control participants, using a
systematic random-sampling method. The selection criteria for cases (n=259) included presence
of at least one of the following: melanosis, leucomelanosis on at least 10% of the body, or keratosis
on the hands or feet. Control (nonpatient) participants (n=262) were selected from the same
villages by matching age (±5 years) and gender. The Bangladeshi version of the WHOQOL-BREF
was used for assessing the QOL, and the self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ) were used for
assessing the general mental health status. Data were analyzed using Student’s t-test and analysis
of covariance (ANCOVA), and the WHOQOL-BREF and SRQ scores between the patients and
the non-patients were compared.
Results: The mean scores of QOL were significantly lower in the patients than those in the non-
patients of both the sexes. Moreover, the mental health status of the arsenic-affected patients (mean
score for males=8.4 and females=10.3) showed greater disturbances than those of the non-patients
(mean score for males=5.2 and females=6.1) of both the sexes. The results of multiple regression
analysis revealed that the factors potentially contributing to the lower QOL scores included: being
an arsenic-affected patient, having lower age, and having lower annual income.
Conclusions: Based on the findings, it is concluded that the QOL and mental health status of the
arsenic-affected patients were significantly lower than those of the non-patients in Bangladesh.
Appropriate interventions are necessary to improve the well-being of the patients.
Keywords: Arsenic, Arsenic contamination, Cross-sectional study, mental health, Quality of life
Occupational Rehabilitation (Session Room 2)
OP Room 2A-3
IMPACT OF INTERPROFESSIONAL EDUCATION ON PATIENT AND
WORKPLACE SAFETY TOWARDS ALLIED HEALTH INTERNS
*Umasenan T.1
1School of Healthcare, Faculty of Biomedicine & Health, Asia Metropolitan University College
Backgrounds: The passing of The Occupational Safety Health Act and the subsequent release of
the Institute of Medicine (IOM) report had resulted a stronger sense of awareness towards
workplace and patient safety in the Healthcare Industry. WHO recommended Interprofessional
education as one of the preparative component towards safety issues in the Healthcare Industry.
Methods: An Interprofessional safety health module was developed and delivered to 290 of allied
health final year students ranging from the fields of Nursing, Medical Imaging, Healthcare
Management, Pharmacy, Occupational Therapy, Physiotherapy, Paramedics and Environment &
Safety Students. Upon returning from their internship, a two part questionnaire was administered
to these students. The first part of the questionnaire consisted of the demographic particular while
the second part consisted areas of safety components such as knowledge, perception, attitude,
interrelationship, education, understanding & teamwork.
Results: The overall results indicated that 63.4% Agreed, 18.3% Neutral, 17.9% Strongly Agreed
and 0.3% Disagreed to the concept of Interprofessional Education towards in preparing them on
patient and workplace safety.
Keywords: Allied Health Interns, Interprofessional Education. Workplace & Patient Safety
Occupational Rehabilitation (Session Room 2)
OP Room 2A-4
HEALTH IMPACTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE IN ASIA
*Charles CC Lee1 and Kavitha Palaniappan1
1University of Newcastle (Australia) Singapore Pte Ltd, 355 Jln Bukit Ho Swee, Singapore
Backgrounds: The fourth assessment report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
(IPCC) predicts substantial health risks due to climate change. In Asia, we are experiencing an
unprecedented impact of climate change on human health including death, respiratory and
diarrheal diseases, malnutrition, malaria, cholera, and dengue. Regional weather changes are
significantly impacted by climate change, which can be categorized as: (a) heat waves; (b)
temperature; (c) extreme weather. These weather changes operating as a single entity or in
combination creates significant health impacts.
Methods: This paper, focusing on India and China, will summarize five (5) health impacts areas
affected by these weather changes including: heat wave, air pollution, water and food-borne,
vector-borne, extreme weather related, and food and water shortages.
Results: Each of these health impacts triggers serious diseases such as respiratory and
cardiovascular, malaria, dengue and cholera. If the major stakeholders (government, scientist,
public, and non-profit organizations) are not serious about mitigating the GHG emissions, the toll
on our fragile human health will be catastrophic.
Conclusions: As rapidly developing Asian economies, like China and India, strive to expand their
GDPs, it is crucial that they focus on a path of sustainable development, which is less dependent
on fossil fuels but on renewable energy sources.
Keywords: Climate change, Health Impacts, Respiratory, Malnutrition.
Occupational Rehabilitation (Session Room 2)
OP Room 2A-5
HIGH INDOOR FORMALDEHYDE CONCENTRATION AT A TEACHING
HOSPITAL IN MALAYSIA
*Mohd Hasni J.1, Damica K.2, Juliana M.S.2, Noor Raihan K.2 and Jamal Hisham H.3.
1Department of Community Health, UKM Medical Center.
2Ministry of Health, Malaysia.
3United Nation University IIGH
Background: Formaldehyde is widely used as a preservative in furniture, glue, textile and paint
industries. Classified as a carcinogen, exposure to it associated with lungs and nasopharyngeal
cancers. Acute symptoms of exposure include eye, nose and throat irritation as well as lower
airway health problems. The purpose of this study is to determine the indoor formaldehyde
concentration using a gas detector (MultiRAE) at selected confined rooms in UKM Medical
Centre.
Methods: A walk-through survey has been carried out that include seven confined spaces in the
Medical Centre. Among those locations, two are lecture rooms; one laboratory and four clinics
were included in this study. All rooms were purposively selected in this initial indoor assessment
for function rooms in this facility. Each measurement took 20 minutes duration of time for each
confined room, which gave values of time-weighted average (TWA), and short-term exposure
limit (STEL).
Result: The study revealed that confined rooms with fresh paint, present of new information
technology (IT) and furniture had higher indoor formaldehyde concentration compared to other
rooms. And yet the values are exceeded allowable limits such as TWA, and STEL; 0.02ppm and
0.1ppm respectively. These rooms include lecture rooms (from 0.04 to 0.08 ppm for TWA; from
0.21 to 0 31ppm. for STEL) and consultation room at out-patient clinics (from 0.04 to 0.05 ppm
for TWA; from 0.25 to 0.32ppm for STEL) have contained formaldehyde concentration of more
than the minimal risk limit (0.04ppm) for acute exposure. Laboratories without using
formaldehyde showed lower values and below those limits.
Conclusion: The confined spaces like lecture and consultation rooms are two important function
areas in student education and patient medication. Good ventilation as been installed in
laboratories help in reducing indoor formaldehyde concentration thus reduced the exposure to the
affected group of people. Further assessment to other confined space areas in the medical facility,
including others should be carried out and treat as serious as knowing the characteristic of
formaldehyde as one of the negligent carcinogens.
Keywords: Formaldehyde, Indoor Air Quality, Confined Space
Occupational Rehabilitation (Session Room 2)
PP Room 2A-6
HEALTH POLICY: HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
*Noor A.1, Wan Puteh S.E.1, Razali H.1, Azmi S.I.1 and Nordin A.1
1UPM, Malaysia
Backgrounds: Recently the issues regarding human resources management for health were dis-
cussed further in a global perspective. The importance of effective human re-sources policies for
improving the performance of health systems has been increasingly highlighted in recent years. It
is important to identify the issues in improving delivery of health care services.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to discuss issues and policy related to human resource
management (HRH) in developed and developing countries.
Methods: Data have been collected through published literature, from databases include: Google
scholar, BMC, Science Direct, PubMed, SpringerLink and BMJ Journals. The search took place
in October 2012.
Results: Many countries were facing problems with migration, short-age and surplus of
workforce. Besides, inadequate training, workforce perfor-mance and salary also as a factor that
clearly affects health care practices and human resources management in developed and
developing countries.
Conclusion: There are lots of strategies and policies in developed and developing countries in
order to solve the issues regarding human resources in health. However, the issues are still
outstanding for certain countries. Effective human resources management strategies in global
perspective are needed for handling the health workforce issues.
Keywords: Health workers, Human resources, Policy, Strategy
Occupational Rehabilitation (Session Room 2)
PP Room 2A-7
PERCEPTION OF SAFETY AND HEALTH PROBLEMS AMONG OLDER FARMERS
IN MALAYSIA: AN INSIGHT
*Anita A.R.1, Nabilah L.2, Rosnah M.Y.3, Haslinda A.4, Sharifah Norazizan S.A.R.4 & Mohd
Rizal H.2
1Institute of Gerontology/Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 2Institute of Gerontology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia,
43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia 3Department of Mechanical & Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti
Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. 4Department of Social & Development Sciences, faculty of Human Ecology, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Backgrounds: Ageing population poses its own unique challenges in public health area and this
has found to become of greater importance especially in the working sectors.
Objectives: This cross sectional study was designed to determine the workplace safety and health
problems and also ascertain the association between perception on workplace safety and the risk
factors among older farmers.
Methods: As the states of Perak and Johor had the highest number of district farmers association,
a total of 164 older farmers age 45 years old and above were chosen. A set of questionnaire which
comprised of respondent’s sociodemographic information, questionnaire to identify the safety and
health problem and a validated questionnaire of 50-item Work Safety Scale (WSS) which had a
good Cronbach alpha of 0.887 to 0.929 to measure perception on safety was used for data
collection. Data was then analyzed using SPSS version 20.
Results: Findings showed that vision and musculoskeletal problems were the major health
problems contributing approximately 63% and 60% respectively while for safety problems, fall
contributed the highest percentage (39.6%). Five factors were found to be significantly associated
with safety problems; age, education level, total years of working, monthly income and the
perception on job safety while for health problems, four factors were significantly associated such
as age, job categories, perception on job safety and coworkers safety (p<0.001). Further logistic
regression test for the significant variables showed the entire above factor were significant towards
safety problem where age (p<0.01) and total years of working (p=0.014) was more likely to
contribute to safety problems (age; OR=8.497, 95% CI: 3.532–20.446, total years of working;
OR=4.016, 95% CI: 1.318–12.235) while education level (p=0.022), monthly income (p=0.003)
and perceptions on job safety (p=0.008) were the protective factors (OR=0.466, 95%CI=0.242-
0.898; OR=0441, 95%CI=0.256-0.760; OR=0.348, 95%CI=0.16-0.760 respectively). However for
health problem, job category (OR=0.346, 95% CI= 0.118-0.932), perception on job safety
(OR=0.200, 95% CI= 0.040-0.990) and perception on coworkers safety (OR=0.409, 95% CI=
0.192-0.868) were found to be the protective factors.
Conclusions: In conclusion, this study showed that while age was an important risk factor, other
significant factors was also found to play important roles towards safety and health among older
farmers.
Keywords: Perception, Safety, Health, Older Worker, Malaysia
Psychosocial And Behavioral (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-1
EXPOSURE TO RESPIRABLE DUST (PM10) AND RESPIRATORY HEALTH AMONG
TRAFFIC POLICEMEN IN SELANGOR
Nor Syafarizwa M.1, *Juliana, J.1, Sharmadevan S.1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Introduction: Exposure to traffic air pollutants has shown a significant health effect on respiratory
systems and decreased in lung function among traffic policemen. Objective: The main objective
of this study is to determine the relationships between personal exposure levels to PM10 and
respiratory health among traffic policemen working at Traffic Police Station at Petaling Jaya,
Selangor and general duty policemen attached to Police Headquarters at Putrajaya.
Methods: A cross sectional comparative study was conducted among 60 traffic policemen
working at Traffic Police Station at Petaling Jaya, Selangor and 57 general duty policemen from
Police Headquarters at Putrajaya as the comparative group. A random sampling method was used
to select on the respondents based on inclusive criteria such as age between 23 to 55 years and not
less than 3 years working as traffic policemen. Questionnaire based on ATS (1978) was used to
collect information on socio-demographic and respiratory symptoms. Spirometer (Spirolab II
Model) was used to perform lung function tests. Personal Air Sampling Pump (Gillian Air Pump)
was used to measure personal exposure level to PM10.
Result: The median personal exposure level of PM10 among the traffic policemen was 208.33 ±
49.02μg/m3 compared to only 49.02 ± 49.01μg/m3among the comparative group. Result from
Mann Whitney U test showed that there was a significant difference (p<0.001) between the two
study groups. There was a significant difference in FVC (liter) with z = -5.218, p < 0.05, FEV1
(liter) with z = -4.987, p < 0.05, FVC% predicted with z = -3.716, p < 0.05, and FEV1% predicted
with z = -2.593, p < 0.05 between exposed group and comparative group. Discussion: Findings
from this study indicated that exposure to elevated concentration level to respirable dust (PM10)
is the risk factor in the development of respiratory diseases as shown by the higher prevalence of
reported respiratory symptoms and the reduction in lung function among traffic policemen.
Conclusion: The result from this research showed that the traffic policemen are at risk of
respiratory disease, as reflected by an increase in the reported respiratory symptoms and the
reduction in lung function.
Keywords: Traffic Air Pollutants, Respirable Particles (PM10), Respiratory Symptoms, Lung
Function
Psychosocial And Behavioral (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-2
ROAD TRAFFIC AT NIGHT - A CASE STUDY IN DUNGUN TERENGGANU
*Dian D.I.D.1, Norazmira W.A.1, Baba M.D.1 and Ahmad R.I.1
1UPNM, Malaysia
Backgrounds: Sound produced by the passing traffic resulted as noise pollution which affects the
residents of both city and suburban area. The noise produced not only disturbed the community
live nearby the main road in the afternoon, even worse it disturbed them at night.
Objectives: The purpose of the study is to investigate the perception of the residents nearby,
measure the noise level produced at night in the residence area, and to investigate the whole body
vibration caused by the traffic along Jalan Paka, Dungun, Terengganu.
Methods: A subjective assessment was conducted to the residents nearby to find out on their
perception and impacts of the noise faced by them. Questionnaires were developed to carry out the
study. The data of noise level and vibration produced at night in the residence area were taken in
three different locations. A comparison of noise level and vibration value was made based on the
distance and standard as prescribed by WHO and JAS.
Results: This study shows that from 114 respondents who were selected randomly, 61 % feels that
their residence is noisy at night. The noise level inside and outside of the residence exceeds the
noise level permitted by JAS and WHO. The noise level in the residence was 66.4 dBA exceeding
by 16.4 dBA of noise level standards proposed by DOE . While the highest value measured LAeq
in residence is 57.5 dBA which is exceeded by 22.5 dBA of noise levels recommended by the
WHO for the domestic at night . The maximum noise level inside the residence area can reach up
to 85.3 dBA at night during weekend. The furthest residence from the main road, the least of noise
would be produced in the residence and it is reduce noise in the home by 19%. However, whole
body vibration levels measured do not cause disturbance to the residents of the site of less than
0.15m/s.
Keywords: sound level, noise, perception, traffic noise
Psychosocial And Behavioral (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-3
ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN LIFESTYLE, CHRONIC DISEASES AND SELF-RATED
HEALTH AMONG MALAYSIAN ADULTS
*Chan, Y.Y1, Teh, C.H1, Lim, K.K1, Lim, K.H1, Yeo, P.S1, Azli, B.1, Chong, Z.L1,
Khoo, Y.Y1, Kee, C.C2, Noor Ani, A.1 and Azahadi, O.1
1Institute for Public Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
2Institute for Medical Research, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Jalan Pahang, Kuala Lumpur,
Malaysia
Background: Studies on associations between lifestyle, chronic diseases and self-rated health
(SRH) have been reported in different populations. However, such studies are limited in
developing countries, particularly in Malaysia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of
poor SRH in Malaysia and its association with lifestyle and chronic diseases among Malaysian
adults.
Methods: This study was based on 18,231 adults aged 18 years and above who participated in the
2011 Malaysian National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS 2011), a cross-sectional study
with two-stage stratified sampling design. Information on SRH, socio-demographic, lifestyle and
chronic diseases was obtained by trained enumerators via face-to-face interviews. SRH was
dichotomized into “Good” (very good and good) and“Poor” (moderate, not good and very
bad).The associations of lifestyle and chronic diseases with poor SRH were evaluated using
multivariable logistic regression.
Results: Approximately one-fifth of the Malaysian adult population (20.1%) rated their health as
poor, 18.4% in men and 21.7% in women (p<0.001). Multivariable regression analysis revealed
that adults who were underweight (OR=1.29; 95% CI: 1.05-1.57), physically inactive (OR=1.25;
95% CI: 1.11-1.39), former smokers (OR=1.38; 95% CI: 1.12-1.70), former drinkers (OR=1.27;
95% CI: 1.01-1.62) and current drinkers (OR=1.35; 95% CI: 1.08-1.68) were more likely to report
poor SRH. Presence of chronic diseases such as asthma (OR=1.66; 95% CI: 1.36-2.03), arthritis
(OR=1.87; 95% CI: 1.52-2.29), hypertension (OR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.18-1.64),
hypercholesterolemia (OR=1.43; 95% CI: 1.18-1.74) and heart disease (OR=1.85; 95% CI: 1.43-
2.39) were significantly associated with poor SRH.
Conclusion: Our findings could contribute to effective healthy lifestyle promotion and disease
prevention interventions to improve the overall health status of Malaysian population.
Keywords: Self-rated health, lifestyle, chronic diseases, Malaysian adults
Psychosocial And Behavioral (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-4
PEN AND PAPER BASED OBSERVATIONAL METHOD TO ASSESS POSTURAL
PROBLEMS: A REVIEW
Sukadarin1, E.H., Deros, B.M1, Nawi, N.S.M.1, Tamrin, S.B.M.2, Bakar, S.A.3 and
Rambely, A.S.4
1Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built
Environment , Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
2Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra
Malaysia
3School of Mechatronic Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Perlis
4Department of Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia
Background: Posture is one of the most important factor that need to be considered in any postural
analysis. Awkward, extreme, and repetitive postures can increase the risk of musculoskeletal
disorders. As observational methods are more widespread than instrumentation-based methods to
assess postural problems, this study reviews and assesses the scientific literature of observational
methods and focused on pen and paper based specifically.
Methods: In order to identify the published methods, a list of English or Malay articles dating as
far back as 1990 was compiled from PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The keywords
were ergo*, posture*, method*, observational*, postural problems*, pen and paper*, posture
analysis*, indirect* and macro-ergo*. In addition, a secondary search was also performed using
bibliography of retrieved articles so that additional papers for conducting review and evaluations
ease to be collected.
Results: A total of 121 articles that assessed postural problems in working activities were found.
However after intensive screening process only 6 articles were selected to be further discussed.
Posture of upper arms/shoulder, lower arms/ elbow, wrist , neck, back/trunk and leg were
highlighted in this study. The limitations and the strengths of the published pen and paper based
observational method focusing on those postures were also discussed.
Conclusions: The finding of this review will benefit researchers in the process of understanding
unsafe posture in workplace. Researchers also could have ideas how to improve the current pen
and paper based observational method to assess postural problems.
Keywords: Posture, Observational Method, Pen And Paper Based
Psychosocial And Behavioral (Session room 5)
PP Room 5B-6
THE PREVALENCE OF OCCUPATIONAL STRESS AMONG STAFF AT THE
PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA
*Azizah, A.1, Rozainee, K. 2
1 Department of Community Health, Universiti Putra Malaysia.
2 Pusat Kembangan Pendidikan, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
Background: Occupational stress can be defined as the harmful physical and emotional responses
that occur when the requirements of the job do not match the capabilities’, resources, or need of
workers. The objective of this study was to find the prevalence of occupational stress among staff
at the one of the private university in Malaysia.
Methods: This cross-sectional study is conducted by using Job Content Questionnaires to identify
the occupational stress level between them. This form consists of 4 parts namely decision latitude,
psychological job demand, social support and job security.
Results: This study found that the prevalence of occupational stress among employees was 24.8%.
These findings reveal the stress level among staff at the private university shows similar percentage
with the stress level among staff at public university in previous study.
Keywords: Occupational stress, University staff, JCQ.
Psychosocial And Behavioral (Session room 5)
PP Room 5B-7
PESTICIDE EXPOSURE AND LEARNING ABILITY OF PRIMARY SCHOOL
CHILDREN IN TANJUNG KARANG, SELANGOR
Nurul Husna Miswon1, Zailina Hashim1, Raihanah Chokeli1, Vivien How1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Background: The widespread use of organophosphate (OP) pesticide in paddy field has led to
human exposure. These pesticides can be absorbed rapidly via respiratory, gastrointestinal, ocular
and dermal system. The effects are particularly profound in children since their organ and cognitive
systems are developing. The aim of the study is to determine the relationship between blood
cholinesterase as indicator of pesticide exposure with the children’s learning ability.
Methods: About 77 primary school children from paddy farm areas were selected as exposed
group and another 62 primary school children from non-agriculture village served as the
unexposed group. A set of self-constructed questionnaire were completed by their parents. The
children’s capillaries blood were collected through finger prick technique and then the
cholinesterase test kit (LOVIBOND AF287) was used to determine the blood cholinesterase level.
The McCarthy Scales of Children’s Abilities (MSCA) was used to determine the learning ability.
Results: There were significant differences in blood cholinesterase and all scores in MSCA
between the exposed and the unexposed group (p<0.05). There were significant associations
between blood cholinesterase levels with all scores in MSCA (p<0.05). Other variable that
significantly influenced the blood cholinesterase was gender (p=0.008). Blood cholinesterase
significantly influenced the learning ability especially the motor scale (p=0.002).
Conclusion: The exposed children have significantly lower blood cholinesterase level and
learning ability than the exposed children. The blood cholinesterase had significant relationship
with the motor performance.
Keywords: Pesticide, learning ability, blood cholinesterase and paddy farmer
Urban Health And Risk Management (SESSION ROOM 1)
OP Room 1A-1
ORIGIN AND GEOCHEMISTRY OF THE MISHRIF, YAMAMA AND NAHR UMR
RESERVOIRS, IN NASIRIYA OILFIELD, SOUTHERN IRAQ
*Amer Al-K.1
1Babylon University, Iraq
Background / Methods: Forty rock samples taken from cores, cuttings, and five oil samples taken
from Mishrif, Nahr Umr and Yamama formations in the Nasiriya oilfield wells.
Results: Three major oil reservoirs in the Nasiriya oilfield:(1) Mishrif Formation with reserved oil
approximately 1009 million ton, show measured porosities up to 40% and the oils are aromatic,
medium gravity, high sulfur content, and interpreted as being sourced from:-Type II/III carbonate
rocks interbedded and deposited in a reducing marine environment with high salinity based on
biomarkers and isotopic analysis. (2) The reservoirs of the Albian Nahr Umr of approximately 68
million ton reserved oil, show measured porosities up to 23%. (3) Late Berriasian- Early
Valanginian Yamama formations of 275 million tons reserved oil, measured porosities up to
28.8%. The Nahr Umr and Yamama reservoirs oils are saturated, light to medium API gravity, low
to medium sulfur content which are usually derived from marine shale and carbonate source rocks
(containing type II-kerogen), Upper Jurassic to Middle Cretaceous age.
Conclusion: Source rock geochemical analysis suggests for all Cretaceous source rocks samples,
immature to mature and show that the Sulaiy and Yamama formations to be a good quality source
rock with high total organic carbon (up to 8-wt% TOC). The Lower Cretaceous source rocks were
deposited in a suboxic-anoxic basin and show good hydrogen indices, and are likely to have
charged the reservoirs with low amounts of hydrocarbons, during the Miocene. The most likely
source rock for the Mishrif, Yamama and Nahr Umr reservoired oils are the Middle -Upper Jurassic
source rock.
Keywords: Mishrif. Yamama. Nahr Umr. Nasiriya oilfield. Oil geochemistry, Mesopotamian
Basin.
Urban Health And Risk Management (SESSION ROOM 1)
OP Room 1A-2
SUSTAINABILITY CONCERN IN VALUE MANAGEMENT:
A STUDY ON GOVERNMENT’S BUILDING PROJECT
*Nuur Fadzilah Md. Noor1, Kamruzzaman, S.N.2, and Norafida Ab. Ghaffar2
1Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur 2Department of Building Surveying, Faculty of Built Environment, Universiti Malaya, 50603
Kuala Lumpur
Background: Active promotions of sustainable development by government and non-
governmental organisations have proved that Malaysia is committed to reduce the nation’s carbon
emission intensity by 40% per GDP by 2020. The building industry was identified as one of the
biggest resource user; therefore sustainable building is seen to be the effective way to reduce it.
To date, only 6 government buildings were certified as ‘Green Building’ which did not reflect to
the initiatives and policies made by the government in sustainable practice although it has al-ready
begun since 1979. Value Management (VM) has been recognized by Malaysian Government as a
strategic planning tool and it has been practice ever since.
Methods: In order to propose the idea of integrating sustainability in VM practice, a field study
was conducted to VM practitioners, which involve in government-building projects. The survey
was to investigate sustainable consideration in the existing practice of VM. The aim of this paper
is to investigate sustainable consideration in the existing practice of VM.
Results: This study found that the sustainable knowledge between VM practitioners and the
attention given to the project sustainability were only at moderate level.
Conclusions: This study provides evidence to suggest that sustainable concern is not one of
project’s priorities, which could prove the need to integrate sustainable concern and VM practice
in buildings project to enable better involvement of sustainability into present governments’
practice.
Keywords: Sustainability, Value Management, Malaysian Government, Building
Urban Health And Risk Management (SESSION ROOM 1)
OP Room 1A-3
HOW SAFE ARE WE FROM ENVIRONMENTAL DISASTER IN MALAYSIA?
*Haliza Abdul Rahman1
1Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
Background: Environmental disasters come in many shapes and sizes. Cameron Highland mud
floods 2013, Hulu Langat landslide 2011, tsunami 2004 and High-land Tower 1993 are some
examples of environmental disaster in Malaysia. An environmental disaster is a disaster to the
natural environment due to human activity because of the negative impact of the over-exploitation
of natural resources and unsustainable development. Human also have capacity in increasing the
impact of natural environmental disaster such as flood to be worsen.
Results: Some of these disasters carry heavy price tags as property and lives are damaged beyond
full compensation and repair. Environmental disasters can have an effect on agriculture,
biodiversity, the economy and human health as well. Nowadays, society becomes ever more
rapidly vulnerable to environmental disasters due to the frequency and se-verity of disaster and
concentration of populations as well. The resulting loss depends on the capacity of the population
to support or resist the disaster.
Conclusion: The question is how safe are we from this type of disaster? Humankind is capable of
saving their self and Earth as well if they recover the principles of solidarity, complementarity and
harmony with nature in contraposition to the reign of competition, prof-its and rampant
consumption of natural resources. They also must strongly support a sustainable development and
a sustainable land use concept in order to sustain the environment from degrades. In addition,
community-based disaster prepared-ness is essential in preventing and responding to the full array
of environmental disasters in keeping human losses as low as possible.
Keywords: Environmental Disaster, Human Activity, Effect, Saving and Preventing the Public
Urban Health And Risk Management (SESSION ROOM 1)
OP Room 1A-4
DETERMINATION OF DITHIOCARBAMATE FUNGICIDE RESIDUE IN
CUCUMBER, GINGER, AND PEPPER AND HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT
*Buran Phansawan1, **Tippawan Prapamontol2, Ampica Mangklabruks3, Choochad Santasup4,
Somporn Chantrara5, Prasak Thavornyutikarn5
1Environmental Science PhD Program, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University
2Environment and Health Research Unit, Research Institute for Health Sciences, Chiang Mai
University
3Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University
4Department of Plant Science and Natural Resources, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai
University
5Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University
Background: Dithiocarbamates (DTCs) are groups of organ sulfur fungicides that have been
extensively used in agriculture. DTCs such as mancozeb, propineb and zineb can be hardly
determined directly because they are strong complexes with metal ions and insoluble in general
polar solvents or water. Meanwhile, they can decompose easily to carbon disulfide (CS2).
Methods: The present study aimed to determine dithiocarbamates (DTCs) in cucumber, ginger,
and pepper using gas chromatograph- flame photometric detector (GC-FPD). Among the DTCs,
mancozeb was employed as a representative for analytical detection standard. Manocozeb in
spiked vegetable matrix and real samples (5 g) was transformed to carbon disulfide (CS2) under
acidic condition and CS2 was then extracted by isooctane. Limit of detection (LOD) of the
developed method is 0.03 mg/kg and limit of quantification (LOQ) is 0.10 mg/kg. The samples
collected from five fresh markets in Chiang Mai city.
Results: About 18.5% of 54 samples were determined the DTC range of 0.12-30.64 mg/kg. The
consumption data was collected from 244 consumers living in Suthep subdistrict of Chiang Mai
city.
Conclusion: It was found that calculated daily intake (CDI) of mancozeb from cucumber, ginger,
and pepper consumption were 293.3, 0.0, and 93.3% of acceptable daily intake (ADI) set by
FAO/WHO at 0.03 mg/kg bw/day, respectively.
Keywords: Dithiocarbamates, Carbon Disulfide (CS2), GC-FPD, Consumption, Health Risk
Assessment
Urban Health And Risk Management (SESSION ROOM 1)
OP Room 1A-5
THE STUDY OF FLOCULATION CHARECTERISTICS FOR LAND-FILL LEACHATE
TREATMENT USING STARCH NATURAL BASED FLOCULANT FROM DURIO
ZIBETHINUS SEED
Zamri, M.F.M.A1, *Yusoff, M.S1 & Aziz, H.A1
1School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Seri Ampangan,
14300, Nibong Tebal, S.P.S , Pulau Pinang
Background: Flocculation has been extensively used as a semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment,
prior to other treatment methods. Although inorganic and synthetic polymers are prominent in
landfill leachate treatment, its application may introduce potentially toxic residual. As alternative
to potential risk, starch-based coagulants had been produced from durian seed waste. Plus, no
attempt has been made to avail abundant waste of Durian Seed Starch (DSS) as a natural floculant
for wastewater and leachate treatment.
Methods: In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the performance of DSS in the
flocculation process.
Results: Jar test results had as certained that optimum pH and dosages values for DSS bulk
coagulation were pH 6 and 4000mg/L with removal of true colour and turbidity were 34% and
36.9% respectively. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images show the presence of
contaminated particle layer on top of the DSS after the treatment process. The Fourier transform
infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis showed DSS was the major constituent of the floc. FTIR
results verified that the agglomeration consist of leachate contaminants.
Conclusion: Therefore, DSS could be a feasible selective floculant in replacing inorganic floculant
for semi-aerobic landfill leachate treatment.
Keywords: Landfill Treatment, Floculation, Natural Polymer, Starch, Durio Zibethinus Seed.
Urban Health And Risk Management (SESSION ROOM 1)
PP Room 1A-6
THE HEALTH CO-BENEFITS OF CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION THROUGH
MASS PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION IN AN URBAN ENVIRONMENT
*Kwan Soo Chen1 & Jamal Hisham Hashim1
1United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health,
Background: Transportation is one of the major contributors to greenhouse gases (GHG)
emissions from fuel combustions. In particularly, developing countries in many Asian regions are
going through the urbanization phase. The demand for private motorized transport on the roads is
escalating following the rapid economic growth. Mass public transportation is mentioned in the
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) mitigation review as a transport demand
management (TDM) strategy. However, to implement the mass public transport policy will require
huge capital investment, commitment and support from the local government to build extensive
public transport infrastructures and railway transits.
Methods: Therefore, this article explores the many immediate co-benefits that can be gained from
the mass public transportation policy from the local health perspective as part of the win-win
strategy for the climate change mitigation.
Results: Various studies have been conducted on the potential health co-benefits from climate
change mitigation through transportation. Some of them are reduced air pollution, decreased risks
of road traffic injuries and increased physical activities. Besides, effective land use can be
enhanced with more compact public transits and increased green space. Socio-economic and health
equity among the poor and vulnerable groups can also be achieved from increased accessibility
through public transportation.
Conclusion: The mass public transport in the urban environment can act as an important co-factor
in reducing morbidity, disease burden of non-communicable diseases and subsequently
government medical expenditure. As one of the climate change mitigation, it can contribute to
improving the quality of life, health and life expectancy of the urban dwellers.
Keywords: Health, Co-Benefits, Climate Change Mitigation, Transportation, Urban
Urban Health And Risk Management (SESSION ROOM 1)
PP Room 1A-7
*DENGUE FEVER SPATIAL OCCURRENCE AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH LAND
USE IN SELANGOR, MALAYSIA
*Haidar Rizal Toha1, Jamal Hisham Hashim2, Mazrura Sahani3 & Mohd Shahir Shamsir4
1Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Ya'acob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, 56000 Kuala
Lumpur
2United Nations University-International Institute for Global Health, Pusat Perubatan Universiti
Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak,, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
3Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abdul Aziz 50300 Kuala Lumpur
4Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, 81310 Johor
Background: Dengue fever has a huge impact globally. It has a strong potential to spread to new
territories as an effect of human activities that modify the environment. Environmental factors
influence the disease epidemic through the influence on vector’s habitat and propagation. The
economic costs involved were mostly in epidemic identification and vector surveillance. The
relationship between dengue fever and environmental factors namely land use and degree of
urbanization were investigated in the state of Selangor, Malaysia.
Methods: Spatial analysis of serologically confirmed dengue cases using Global Moran I and
Average Nearest Neighbour methods in four districts, namely Hulu Selangor, Klang, Petaling and
Sepang was done to show clustering of cases.
Results: The clusterings of cases were statistically significant at differing range of distances. Maps
of case location, epidemic location, high risk areas and areas that are affected by nearby land uses
were formed. The land use maps were for agriculture, stagnant water bodies, housing, industry,
open land and drainage in all the four districts and the affected areas are shown as hotspots of
dengue cases.
Conclusion: The result of this study is useful for application as a tool to guide health authorities
in dengue fever prevention and control activities.
Keyword: Dengue Fever, Spatial Occurrence, Land Use, Malaysia
Waste Management And Industrial Safety (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-1
PRODUCTION OF MICROALGAL BIOMASS USING RAW WASTEWATER FROM
INSTANT NODDLE FACTORY.
*Worawit W.1, Wiali C.2 & Sorawit P.3
1Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced and Sustainable Environmental Engineering
(International Program), Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
2Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Scence, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
3Center of Excellence for Marine Biotechnology, Department of Marine Scence, Chulalongkorn
University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
Backgrounds: Wastewater treatment using microalgae can be applied for nutrients (N and P)
removal together with carbon dioxide fixation through photosynthesis. Moreover, algal biomass
produced after wastewater treatment can be further uti-lized as fertilizer or biodiesel extraction.
Objectives: The objective of this research is to en-hance microalgae biomass production for
recovering nutrients in wastewater from instant noodle factory.
Methods: The experiment was performed using 2000 ml Duran bot-tle as culture vessel under
laboratory condition. Raw wastewater as mixed liquor suspended solids (MLSS) and effluent after
sedimentation were chosen as the nutrient source for the microalga Scenedesmus sp. cultivation.
Results: It was found that MLSS wastewater and effluent can be used as a sole nutrients source
for Scenedesmus sp. Addition of phosphate significantly promoted growth of the Scenedesmus sp.
Maximum productivity in MLSS with phosphate addition and effluent with phosphate addition
was 234.30 ± 124.39 mg dw-1 L-1 day-1 and 61.31 ± 50.66 mg dw-1 L-1 day-1, respectively,
which were significantly higher than wastewater without phosphate addition. After treatment,
COD was reduced by 85% and 23% for MLSS and effluent, respectively. However, external
carbon di-oxide supplement was not significantly enhanced microalgal growth.
Keywords: Phosphate addition, External carbon dioxide, Microalgae cultivation
Waste Management And Industrial Safety (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-2
MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES AND CHALLENGES IN
ZANZIBAR: HEALTH RISKS AND POLICY IMPLICATION
*Biubwa A.1 and SharifahNorkhadijah S.I.1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health,Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences,University Putra Malaysia.43400,UPM Serdang,Malaysia.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to assess the current status of municipal solid waste
management (MSWM) system in Zanzibar municipality. The study focuses on different aspects of
MSWM such as collection and disposal, identifying the main problems and limitations that hinder
improvement in the current municipal solid waste management practices and suggestion on the
measures to be taken to alleviate these problems.
Methods: For primary data collection, the respondents in the study are Zanzibar Municipal
Council personnel with varying responsibilities within the waste management system; relevant
Stakeholders in this field such as heads of the Department of Environment and Water authority,
administrators and planners from government agencies. Information was collected from municipal
officials and stakeholders regarding MSWM services and practices using a semi–structured
administered questionnaire.For the public, survey was also conducted on the household level in
the selected residential areas. The survey measuredexisting practices of MSW such as frequency
of collection, disposal methods, individual knowledge,and problems regarding MSWM in their
localities. To add the value to the information collected via survey questionnaires, field visit and
direct observation was more emphasized on collection points, transportation equipment, disposal
sites and potential public health and environmental risks. The photographs were taken on each
functional element involved in MSWM. Secondary data relevant to MSWM was derived from vital
statistics, reports, strategic documents, and previous studies. Also, in this study, Geographic
Information System (GIS) was used to indicate the location of the respondents whom potential to
have health problem associated to the contaminated air, water and soil in the vicinity of dumping
sites.
Conclusions: The expected outcome of this study is a comprehensive report that will present as
the baseline information and vital findings on Municipal Solid Waste Management from policy
aspects to operational issues on municipal solid waste management in Zanzibar.
Keywords: municipal solid waste management, health risks, policy, practices, Zanzibar
Waste Management And Industrial Safety (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-3
FLOATABLE MARINE LITTER MOVEMENT PREDICTED BY TIDAL
CIRCULATION SIMULATION AT SAPHAN HIN, PHUKET, ANDAMAN SEA
Rungtip Junlah1, *Pasinee Worachananant2, Sornthep Vannarat3, & Yoshimura Chihiro4
1Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced and Sustainable Environmental Engineering
(International Program), Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
2Faculty of Environment, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
3National Electronic and Computer Technology Center, NSTDA, Pathumthani, Thailand
4Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Japan
Backgrounds: Saphan Hin is located in the east side of Phuket Island. It serves as recreational site
and ecological services such seagrass for dugong. Many marine animal are currently killed by
ingestion of small piece of plastic bag. Therefore, prediction of light floatable marine litter will
greatly help to understand behavior of marine litter transportation at Saphan Hin. Particle tracking
has been used to predict movement of marine litter under the assumption of solely tidal current.
FVCOM has simulated tide in Andaman Sea, and tidal constituent analysis at Tapao Noi is
verified. It shows that simulation has a good agreement with tidal amplitude and a bit lagged for
tidal phase of approximately 40 minutes. The flood tide moves northeasterly and easterly
according to current ellipse, whereas ebb tide moves controversially. The surface tidal current is
approximately 7-30 cm/s. Actual floatable Styrofoam observation suggested that particle travels
with velocity approximately 30-40 cm/s. This shows that simulation is underestimated. This is
probably because of external factor such wind. However, actual particle movement direction has
agreed well with simulation. Prediction of particle tracking for seven days has shown that tide has
somewhat influence to move particles away from the source even if it is periodically. The
accumulated displacement of tide during flood and ebb tide leads particle to move in land and
seawards. Particle movement caused by tide can move to other side of cape.
Keywords: Marine litter, Tidal circulation, Andaman Sea, Particle tracking
Waste Management And Industrial Safety (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-4
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF PM10 AND ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION (ARI)
AMONG CHILDREN IN KLANG VALLEY, 2007 - 2011
*Siti Rahmah A.R.1, Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I.1, Muhammad Firuz R.2, Mohd Talib L.3, Mazrura
S.4
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, UPM
2Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Environment Studies, UPM
3School of Environmental and Natural Resource Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology,
UKM
4Environmental Health and Industrial Safety Program, Faculty of Health Sciences, UKM
Background: PM10 is suspended particles in atmosphere with aerodynamic diameter of 10
micrometres or less. It can penetrate to the lungs and risks the respiratory system. Acute respiratory
infection (ARI) is one of the respiratory system disease related to PM10 concentration. The
primary sources of PM10 are from traffic road, agriculture area, construction sites and industrial
area. Klang valley is a premier city which holds industrial development, infrastructure housing and
business center.
Objective: This paper highlights the spatial correlation of PM10 and ARI incidence among
children in eight major cities of Klang Valley from 2007 to 2011.
Methodology: Secondary data of PM10 were obtained from eight water quality monitoring
stations, Department of Environment and ARI incidence data were obtained from Malaysian
Ministry of Health. An interpolation method in Geographical Information Systems (GIS) software
was used to generate the pattern of PM10 concentration. The map was overlaid to the incidence of
ARI map and was analysed for the correlation.
Results: The highest monthly concentration of PM10, 95.42 ± 17.27μg/m3 was recorded in Klang
in July 2009. The overlaid map has determined a correlation between the ARI incidences with the
PM10 concentration especially in high density population area. An increase number of ARI cases
were determined in Klang Valley area as the PM10 concentration increased.
Keywords: Particulate matter (PM10), acute respiratory infection (ARI), children, GIS, Klang
valley
Waste Management And Industrial Safety (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-5
AN ASSESSMENT OF OXIDATIVE POTENTIAL OF INDOOR/OUTDOOR
AIRBORNE PARTICULATE MATTER AT ROADSIDE AND URBAN BACKGROUND
SITES IN LONDON.
*Mohd Shukri M.A.1, Frank K.2 & Benjamin B.2
1International Islamic University Malaysia (IIUM), Malaysia 2King's College London, United Kingdom
Background: People spend most of their time indoors, in buildings such as schools and offices,
as well as their homes. Recent interest in Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) suggests that the contribution
of outdoor pollutants and indoor airborne particulate may be responsible for the aggregation of a
number of respiratory illnesses. Because of these health implications, it is important to understand
the characteristics of airborne particulate matter inside/outside (I/O) the building and the variables
affecting the degree of exposure to them.
Objectives: This study aims to establish spatial and temporal descriptive analysis of the indoor-
outdoor PM OP long term dataset. The relationship between ascorbate (OPAA), glutathione
(OPGSH) and building occupancy are used to create a basic characterisation of the metrics.
Methods: Indoor and outdoor PM total suspended particle (PMTSP) samples were collected from
two contrasting sites in London using OSIRIS monitor. PM oxidative activity was examined by
quantifying its capacity to deplete antioxidants from the synthetic respiratory tract lining fluid
(RTLF) model.
Results: The novel time series of PM OP dataset established in this study highlighted a clear
difference between the two sites. Indoor OP metrics in the roadside building recorded higher
depletion rates compared to the urban background site. At urban background site, when indoor OP
dataset were categorised and group as building occupancy and seasonal dependent, the indoor PM
OP antioxidants metrics was found to have a higher depletion rate during occupied period and was
observed during winter time, which particularly in particulate mass metric. At roadside site,
interestingly, a significant decrease in PM-induced antioxidant depletion indoors, observed after
the door upgrade.
Conclusion: This study demonstrated that oxidative activity in the context of particulate metrics,
from both internal and external sources, is a useful tool to illustrate any source changes in the
transfer of pollutants into buildings. The two sites showed a clear difference in PM TSP OP
antioxidants metrics, particularly the indoor OP metrics in the roadside building. This may explain
the high reactive PM composition attributed from outdoor vehicle combustion.
Keywords: indoor/outdoor (I/O), particulate matter (PM), oxidative potential, building
occupancy
Waste Management And Industrial Safety (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-6
EVALUATING HUMAN EXPOSURE TO EMISSION FROM INCINERATION PLANT
USING AERMOD DISPERSION MODELING
*Afsaneh A.1, **M. Rashid2, K. Noorhafizah3 & M. Ammar3
1Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi
Malaysia, 81310 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
2Air Resources Research Laboratory, Malaysia-Japan International Institute of Technology,
54100 UTM Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
3AMR Environmental Sdn Bhd Taman Sri Pulai Perdana 81110 Johor Bahru, Malaysia
Backgrounds: Air dispersion models are widely used to evaluate and predict the pollutants
emissions from air pollution sources such as incinerators. This study attempts to predict the heavy
metal pollutants dispersion emitted by a schedule waste incineration plant impacting its
surrounding area. Several scenarios of emission rates couple with the meteorological conditions
were investigated using the AERMOD dispersion model.
Results: The results showed that the maximum ground level concentration (GLC) of pollutants
fall within the distance of 1 km from the stack and within the limited of the ambient air quality
guidelines. The pollutant concentration decreases with distances from the schedule waste
incinerator, which does not seem to contribute a significant human exposure problem.
Keywords: Pollution dispersion, AERMOD, Incinerator, heavy metals
Waste Management And Industrial Safety (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-7
HERBICIDE EXPOSURE AND SKIN SYMPTOMS AMONG PADDY FARMERS IN
TANJUNG KARANG, SELANGOR
C. Raihanah1, V. How1 & *H. Zailina1
1Department of Environmental Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences,
University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Introduction: Skin symptoms due to pesticide exposure among paddy farmers were not
commonly studied in Malaysia. This study has been carried out among 75 paddy farmers in
Tanjung Karang, Selangor where it is the third largest paddy producer after Kedah and Perak. The
common type of pesticides use in Tanjung Karang were 2, 4-D, Paraquat and Glyphosate for
herbicide while Avisect and chlorpyrifos for insecticide.
Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the relationship between dermal exposure and
skin symptom among paddy farmers in Tanjung Karang.
Methods: Fluorescent Tracer was used to trace the pesticide contaminant on the respondents’
bodies. There are 2 types of scores that have been used to quantify the dermal exposures, namely
the Exposure Evaluation Matrix (EEM) and Determinants of Dermal Exposure Ranking Method
(DERM). A self-constructed questionnaire also used to record the socio-demographic background
and the Modified Contact Dermatitis Questionnaire has been used to record the prevalence of skin
symptoms among the respondents.
Result: The result showed that the prevalence of body part exposed are mostly observed on right
finger (36.6%) and back of thorax (35.2%).There was a significant association between skin
symptoms and dermal exposures among the exposed group (p<0.05). However, there were no
association between skin symptoms with dermal exposures as measured by EEM as (p>0.05) and
DERM (p>0.05). From the 7 skin symptoms reported among the exposed group, only itchiness
(20%) showed the highest prevalence among the respondents followed by skin redness (10.5%)
Conclusion: Multiple Linear Regressions showed that the itchiness, skin redness and rashes were
significantly influenced by the how many hours and days of farmers using the pesticide. The tools
that had been used to measure the dermal exposure such as EEM and DERM may not be reliable
and sensitive for measuring pesticide exposure.
Keywords: Paddy Farmers; Herbicide; Dermal Exposure; Skin Symptoms
Waste Management And Industrial Safety (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-8
A SURVEY ON SAFETY AWARENESS AMONG QUARRY WORKERS AT EAST
COST MALAYSIA
Siti Hajar A.A.1, *Ahmad Rasdan I.1*,Mohd Rashid A.H.1**
1Faculty of Technology, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, Malaysia
Backgrounds: Lack of safety awareness among quarry workers caused a number of accidents in
quarry industries.
Objectives: The objective of this study is to reveal the awareness of quarry workers towards safety.
Methods: A survey was distributed randomly among quarry workers at Pahang, Terengganu and
Kelantan. The survey consist 6 questions regarding safety at workplace.
Results: Results revealed that there is 56.9% respondent agree and totally agree that the health
and safety suggestion made was given consideration and used. As many as 79.3% respondent
admitted that they obey all the safety rule stated at the workplace and 86.3% respondent said they
always focus and give full attention during completing their task. 88% respondents agreed that all
accident will be reported to responsible person while 77.6% respondents agree that all personal
protective equipment will be used suitable with the task given and 86.2% respondents said they
doing their task following the safe operation procedure that provided by the company.
Keywords: safety awareness, quarry and mining workers.
Waste Management And Industrial Safety (Session room 5)
OP Room 5B-9
EDUCATIONAL TOURISM DEVELOPMENT: A PATH TO SCALE UP
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN MALAYSIA
*Maryam Ahmadian 1and Asnarulkhadi Abu Samah1
1Universiti Putra Malaysia
Background: The development of tourism is seen as an engine for economic growth and the
community infrastructure improvement which captivates other industries. Educational tourism is
one of the leading sections of tourism in Malaysia. The aim of this study was to investigate factors
influencing educational tourism development in the Klang Valley, Malaysia.
Methods: This research was carried out among 700 adults in the Klang Valley. A cross-sectional
survey was performed in six districts in Selangor and in Nilai in the district of Negeri Sembilan
which most of public and private universities and colleges are located. Descriptive and inferential
statistics were used in data analyzing.
Results: The findings of multiple regression analysis indicated that local community attitude
towards international students along with perceived impacts of educational tourism had a
significant relationship with community practice in educational tourism development. Local
residents admitted the positive socio-cultural and economic impacts of educational tourism on the
host community.
Conclusions: The study findings propose that the number of international students in Malaysian
public and private education institutions relies not only on the quality of those institutions, but also
to the impacts of educational tourism on the host community and their quality of life. This study
presents practical information for both Ministry of Tourism and Ministry of Education on
educational tourism to prepare policies in consultation with all the stakeholders and to scale up
sustainable development programs in Malaysia.
Keywords: Malaysia, Educational tourism, Sustainable development
Waste Management
OP Room 3A-1
HAZARDOUS EFFECT OF RAW SEWAGE DISPOSAL FROM INDIGENOUS
HOUSING SETTLEMENT ON NATURAL WATER BODIES.
*Navid N.M.1, Rahinah I.1, Azni I.1, & Thamer A.M.1
1Universiti Putra Malaysia
Backgrounds: One of the problems that are causing a threat to public health are sanitation system
of indigenous houses built on water .The traditional way of life of indigenous society living in
housing settlements over rivers or the sea is becoming a source of environmental pollution. These
houses do not actually have a proper sanitation system for disposing wastes from toilets. The
sanitation systems for these houses unfortunately dispose wastes directly into natural water bodies.
The centralization of the waste disposal may page problem to the public due to technical and
financial different faced by the authorities.
Methods: This paper surveys the literature on problems that arise from raw sewerage Disposed
into natural water bodies before any sanitation to the problem water proposal. Also the potential
solutions to the problem were discussed too. A sustainable potential solution by using a new
sanitation system for indigenous settlement housing is described.
Results: The results would lead towards the development of affordable waste management
systems thereby benefitting improvement to water quality surrounding the housing settlements
while maintaining the social-culture of indigenous people living in them.
Keywords: housing settlements, wastewater, raw sewerage
Waste Management
OP Room 3A-2
DEVELOPMENT OF SMART SYSTEM FOR REAL TIME OPTIMIZATION OF SOLID
WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA.
*Mohd Armi A.S.1, Latifah A.M.1, Mohamad Roslan M.1, & Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I.1
1Universiti Putra Malaysia
Backgrounds: Urbanization is one of the most evident global changes worldwide. The rapid and
constant growth of urban population has led to a dramatic increase in urban solid waste production,
with a crucial socio-economic and environmental impact. Based on the World Bank Report 2012,
3 billion residents of this earth generate 1.3 billion tones of solid waste per year. Malaysia, with a
population of 28 million, produced 33,000 tonnes of solid waste per day in 2012.
Methods: Thus, study developed a new product smart system to ensure decision making on
reduction and well manage solid waste generation are based on knowledge of its task and logical
rules or procedures. Development of smart system or expert system will help all users to make real
time optimization of solid waste composition generation based on forecasting.
Results: The smart system has provided preliminary modules for the design of recycling process
to optimize and manage waste composition other than send directly to the landfill. It has integrated
a Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) that involved with the collection and evaluation of quantitative
and qualitative data on the inputs and outputs of material, energy and waste flows associated with
a product over its entire life cycle. Waste compositions data from Balakong Selangor were used
for validation and verification of the smart system.
Keyword: Smart System, Municipal Solid Waste and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
Waste Management
OP Room 3A-3
USING NATURAL NANO MONTMORILLONITES FOR ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL
OF HEAVY METAL ION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS.
*Celalettin Ö.1, Okan D.1,& Muhammed K.Ö.1
1Selcuk University
Background: Increasing amounts of residues and waste materials coming from industrial
activities in different processes have become an increasingly urgent problem for the future. The
release of large quantities of heavy metals into the environment has resulted in a number of
environmental problems. Clay has been widely used as an adsorbent to remove heavy metal ions
from aqueous solutions. However, the lower heavy metal adsorption capacity of some clay species
limits its practical application. Montmorillonite is a group of clay species.
Methods: Our study, nano montmorillonite which is an economic and naturally abundant material
was investigated in terms of its adsorption capability to remove lead and zinc ions from aqueous
solutions. The effects of contact time, stirring speed, pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and
temperature on lead and zinc ions adsorption by nano montmorillonite were investigated.
Results: According to the results, the highest removal efficiency for lead ions was achieved with
0.25 g nano montmorillonite, 200 rpm stirring speed, pH 5, 200 mg/L initial concentration, 120
minutes and 84% removal efficiency was obtained. For zinc ions, 81% removal efficiency was
obtained with 0.3 g nano montmorillonite, 200 rpm stirring speed, pH 5, 200 mg/L initial
concentration and 180 minutes. We investigated kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic at the same
time in this study. In accordance with the results of this study, it can be concluded that adsorption
capability of nano montmorillonite for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions is quite
high.
Keywords: Adsorption, nano-montmorillonite, Heavy metal ions, Zinc, lead
Waste Management
OP Room 3A-4
A REVIEW OF HEALTH IMPLICATIONS ON CHILDREN LIVING AT THE
VICINITY SOLID WASTE LANDFILL
*Dora E.J.1, Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I.1, Emilia Z.A.1, Praveena S.M.1, Zailina H.1, Hafizan J.1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
Introduction: Children living at the vicinity of Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) landfill exposed
to various contaminants from landfill that might produce negative effect to their health. Due to
urbanization process and increasing of land price, residential areas are now built near to the landfill
or on closed landfill. The study on health implication on children is very limited and not widely
explore. This paper provides an overview of health implication on children living near to MSW
landfills. This paper review the current regulations and guideline practiced in the country for the
purpose of landfill siting.
Results: It provides a reference of the current scenario in Malaysia. This input can be used by the
relevant authority to prevent a short term and long term effect to the children.
Keywords: MSW landfill, Children, Health Implication, Regulation and guideline, Landfill sitting
Waste Management
OP Room 3A-5
NUTRIENT AND HEAVY METAL CONTENT IN FOOD WASTE COMPOST WITH
EFFECTIVE MICROORGANISM (EM): A REVIEW
*Siti Aminah A.M.1, & Sharifah Norkhadijah S.I.1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia
Backgrounds: Food waste is commonly being dumped in landfills without undergo any treatment.
Food waste is one of the major wastes that contribute to landfills problems as it contains high
organic materials that will be broken down by microorganisms to form a liquid ‘leachate’ which
contains bacteria, rotting matter and maybe chemical contaminants from the landfill. This leachate
can present a serious hazard if it reaches a ground water or surface water. Digesting organic matter
in landfills also generates methane, which is a harmful greenhouse gas, in large quantity. One way
to turn the food waste to be useful and to reduce the volume of food waste in the landfills is through,
composting. However, composting process is generally takes a long time to produce compost and
the composting process also create bad odors. The application of Effective Microorganism (EM)
in composting has been observed to accelerate the process of decomposition.
Results: This paper provides an overview of the effective microorganism (EM) application in food
waste compost. It highlights the properties of EM, the process of EM in food waste composting
and the quality of compost with EM in terms of the nutrient and heavy metals concentration. (High
concentration of heavy metal in compost will be a toxic to soil, plant and will be consumed by
human as food and effect human health. In conclusion, EM has a great potential to be implemented
for food waste treatment as it can easily be produced, accelerate the composting process, and can
reduce the bad odors during decomposition of organic matter.
Keywords: Effective microorganisms, Food Waste, nutrient, heavy metals, composting
Waste Management
OP Room 3A-6
OCCUPATIONAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH BURNOUT SUBTYPES AMONG
POLICE OFFICERS IN KANDY POLICE DIVISION, SRI LANKA
*Wickramasinghe, W.A.N.D1, Wijesinghe, P.R2
1Lecturer, Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Allied Sciences,
Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Saliyapura, Anuradhapura, Sri Lanka
2Consultant Community Physician, Epidemiology Unit, Ministry of Health, No.231, De Saram
Place, Colombo 10,Sri Lanka
Abstract: Even though, policing has been identified as an essential human service profession
involving very high levels of occupational stress and burnout, no studies have been conducted to
identify burnout subtypes among police officers globally. The aim of the study was to determine
the occupational factors associated with burnout subtypes among police officers in the Kandy
police division.
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted among a randomly selected sample of 495 police
officers in the Kandy police division. A self-administered questionnaire including “Burnout
Clinical Subtype Questionnaire”(BCSQ-36)was used to assess the burnout subtypes. The degree
of association between variables was assessed using adjusted odds ratio obtained from multivariate
logistic regression models.
Results: The response rate was 100%. Gazetted police officers were predisposed(Adjusted Odds
Ratio{AOR}=1.8;95%CI=1.1-3.0;p=0.025)to frenetic subtype as opposed to non-gazetted officers
while, those working in ASP Kandy I district were less likely(AOR=0.6; 95%CI=0.4-
1.0;p=0.034)to have frenetic subtype than those in other police districts. Service experience of less
than 20 years was a significant factor predisposing for underchallenged
subtype(AOR=1.8;95%CI=1.1-2.9;p=0.024).Satisfactory infrastructure
facilities(AOR=0.4;95%CI=0.2-0.6;p<0.001)and overall job satisfaction(AOR=0.4;95%CI=0.2-
0.8;p=0.005) emerged as statistically significant factors that showed negative associations with
underchallenged subtype. Perceived satisfaction on staff adequacy(AOR=0.5;95%CI=0.3-
0.9;p=0.027),more frequent superior guidance(AOR=0.5;95%CI=0.3-0.9;p=0.013) and overall
job satisfaction(AOR=0.5;95%CI=0.3-0.8;p=0.006) were statistically significant factors which
showed lower likelihood for worn-out subtype.
Conclusion: A considerable amount of modifiable occupational factors emerged as significant
predictors for different burnout subtypes. Hence, it is recommended to design a package of
interventions and implement adaptive measures to rectify the problems related to burnout subtypes
among police officers.
Keywords: Burnout subtypes, Policing, Occupational factors, Sri Lanka
Waste Management
OP Room 3A-7
DNA DAMAGE DUE TO INHALATION OF COMPLEX METAL PARTICULATES
AMONG FOUNDRY WORKERS
Zorawar Singh1 and Pooja Chadha1
1Department of Zoology, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, Punjab, India
Backgrounds: Workers engaged in iron and copper foundries are exposed to a variety of complex
compounds, gases, fumes, metal particulates including lead, formed as a result of foundry
operation which are known to have mutagenic effects.
Methods: In the present study, twenty one foundry operators and five managers were assessed for
genotoxicity using comet assay. An equal number of subjects, matched with the exposed subjects
with respect to age, sex, alcohol and smoking status, were chosen as controls.
Results: Significantly higher mean values of damaged cell frequency
(DCF: 84.62 ± 1.87 Vs 63.42 ± 2.15; p<0.05) and comet tail length (CTL: 33.40 ±
1.89 Vs 2.37 ± 0.27; p<0.01) were found in foundry operators as compared to the controls.
Significantly higher CTL values were also found in managers than controls
(p<0.01). Blood lead levels (BLL) also showed a positive correlation with
CTL.
Conclusion: The present study reflects an increased genotoxic risk among the workers employed
in foundry industry.
Keywords: Foundry industry, Genotoxicity, Comet assay, DNA damage,
Blood lead levels.
Waste Management
OP Room 3A-8
HOW ERROR CLASSIFICATION SYSTEMS CAN IMPACT ON INCIDENT
REPORTING AND ANALYSIS
*Taib, I.A1 and Caponecchia, C.2
1 Kulliyyah of Allied Health Sciences, International Islamic University Malaysia, Kuantan,
Malaysia
2 School of Aviation, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
Backgrounds: Incident reporting systems often play a critical role in how high-risk organizations
such as aviation, healthcare, and nuclear power generation understand and therefore manage
incidents. Integral to the effectiveness of incident reporting systems are reliable and useful error
classification systems.
Results: In this paper, we dis-cuss how error classification systems can influence the information
that is extracted from medical error reports, particularly information pertaining systemic factors of
patient safety incidents. We also explain the importance of terminology in designing a reliable and
easy to use error classification system.
Keywords: Error
Waste Management
PP Room 3A-9
STUDY ON MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN MALAYSIA: CASE
STUDY IN KUCHING, MIRI AND SIBU
*Ling, S.K, 1, Hamidi, A.A2, Suffian, B.Y2
1 Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia
2School of Civil Engineering, Engineering Campus, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 14300 Nibong
Tebal, Penang, Malaysia
Backgrounds: Malaysia allocates a lot of money, time and space for the waste management
services. However, the recycling programmes has remained unsuccessfull in achieving the set
targets. This study was carried out in Kuching, Sibu and Miri municipalities to evaluate the
communities attitude, suitability of collection services and identifying the problems and
effectiveness of waste management practices and recycling programmes implemented to date. The
waste management practices in three towns were determined. Surveys via questionnaires were
used to determine the public awareness and public perception on recycling. Landfill capping
effects on greenhouses gases emissions were also studied from three landfills in the areas under
study. Standard soil classification was done, in accordance to the American Society of Testing
and Materials (ASTM).The results deduced from the data on waste recycling and composition,
indicated that the composition of solid waste was dominated by food waste. This was followed by
old newspapers, mixed papers, plastics, bottles/ glass and aluminium cans. The moisture content
and energy value of waste was also determined as it influences the disposal option. Average solid
waste generation rate per individual in Sarawak was 0.85 kg/person/day.
Results: The collection time motion study showed that the average weight of solid waste collected
for the three towns was 323 kg/worker/collection hour with an efficiency of 65% of the total
collection time. With this finding, it can be concluded that the efficiency of the collection system
in Sarawak was quite satisfactory. The soil in Sibu had the highest plastic index (PI). The baseline
emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) was determined using the Clean Development Mechanism
Project Design Document Form (CDM-PDD) version 03.1. The GHG in Kuching was 14,114
tonnes in first year while for Sibu and Miri it was 5,383 and 5,379 tonnes, respectively.
Conclusion: Source separation and recycling behaviour was analysed with several parameter
related to public attitudes. This implies that changing public attitude is an important factor towards
improving municipal solid waste management services.
Keywords: Wastes, Household, Recycling, Greenhouse gases
Water And Food Safety
OP Room 1B-1
REMOVAL OF METHYLENE BLUE DYE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION USING
NATURAL BORON ORE AND LEACH WASTE MATERIAL: ADSORPTION
OPTIMIZATION CRITERIA
*Muhammed Kamil Ö.1, & Celalettin Ö.1
1Selcuk University, Konya/Turkey
Backgrounds: Colored wastewater damages the esthetic nature of water and reduces light
penetration, and also the photosynthetic activity of aquatic organisms. Many industries, such as
plastics, textile, paper and printing use dyes in order to color their products. Most of dye wastes
are toxic and even carcinogenic and this poses a serious hazard to aquatic living organisms.
Methods: There are many types of dyestuff such as direct, azoic, reactive, basic, acid, mordant,
vat, sulfur, disperse, natural, plastic etc. dyes. We used Methylene Blue (MB, Basic Blue 9, C.I.
52015 ) in our study. The studies showed that some natural mine materials have the highest
adsorption capacity for decolorization type of basic dyes compared with other adsorbents. The
effects of contact time, stirring speed, pH, initial concentration, adsorbent dose, and temperature
on the adsorption of methylene blue onto boron was investigated in this study. Natural boron ore
was tested as an adsorbent for the removal of Methylene Blue (MB) dye from aqueous solutions
at different operating conditions; initial dye concentration (100 mg/L). The influences of
temperature, stirring speed and solution pH were examined at 25, 35 and 45 ºC,100 to 400 rpm
and in the pH range from 2 to 12. Experiments were carried out by using 200 mL methylene blue
solution.
Conclusions: In accordance with the results of this study, it can be concluded that adsorption
capability of natural boron ore and leach waste for the removal color from aqueous solutions is
quite high.
Keywords: Adsorption, boron leach waste, methylene blue, natural boron ore, color removal
Water And Food Safety
OP Room 1B-2
BIOMARKER OF HEAVY METAL EXPOSURE VIA DRINKING WATER: A
SYSTEMATIC REVIEW
Ab Razak N.H.1, *Praveena S.M.1, Aris A.Z.1 ,Juahir H.1, & Hashim Z.1
1Universiti Putra Malaysia
Background: Toenail is metabolic end product of skin which provides information of heavy metal
accumulation in human cells. Slow growth rates of toenail can represent exposure of heavy metal
from 2 to 12 months before the clipping. Toenail is a non-invasive biomarker which is easy to
collect, storage and stable over time. In this systematic review, suitability of toenail as long term
biomarker, analysis and validation of toenail and confounders to heavy metal in toenail have been
reviewed.
Methods: This systematic review has included 30 articles chosen from a total of 132 articles which
were searched in online electronic databases such as Pubmed, Proquest, Science Direct and
SCOPUS. Keywords used in the search were toenail, biomarker, heavy metal and drinking water.
Results: Heavy metal in toenail can be accurately analysed using ICP-MS techniques. However,
validation of toenail heavy metal concentration data is very crucial although Certified Reference
Material (CRM) for toenail is still unavailable. Usually, CRM for hair is used in toenail studies.
Confounders that play major effect in heavy metal accumulation in toenail are dietary intake of
food and supplement, smoking habit and health condition.
Conclusion: This review has identified advantages and limitations of toenail as a biomarker for
long-term exposure which is useful for future researchers to design study on heavy metal exposure
using toenail.
Keywords: Toenail, heavy metal, confounders, drinking water
Water And Food Safety
OP Room 1B-3
CONCENTRATION EFFECT AND KINETICS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM
REMOVAL USING WATER TREATMENT SLUDGE/NANO ZERO VALENT IRON
COMPOSITE
Anakhaphon P.1, Nutthaporn P.2, *Peerakarn B.3
1Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Advanced and Sustainable Environmental Engineering
(International Program), Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University,
Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
2National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development
Agency, Pathumthani 12120 , Thailand.
3Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kasetsart University,
Bangkok 10900, Thailand.
Backgrounds: Water treatment sludge (WTS) was modified by nano zero valent iron (NZVI) in
order to increase the efficiency to remove hexavalent chromium (Cr6+) from synthesis wastewater.
In characterization part, the morphology of the composite is studied by Scanning Electron
Microscope (SEM).
Methods: The zeta potential (charges around the composite) were analyzed by zeta sizer. In
composites ratio variation part, the composites were synthesized into 4 ratios; WTS:NZVI 1:0
(bare water treatment sludge), 1:1, 3:1, and 6:1 and compared the efficacy to remove Cr6+. The
results indicated that the composite ratio 1:1 is the best ratio in Cr6+
adsorption which can remove 10 mg L-1 Cr6+ up to 99% and ratio 3:1, 6:1, and 1:0, respectively.
The Cr6+ concentration variation was considered to find the removal percentage of Cr6+ by using
WTS/NZVI composite 1:1 ratio and bare sludge following colorimetric method and use UV-VIS
spectrometer to analyze.
Results: The result represented that Cr6+ 10 mg L-1 can be removed up to 99% within an hour
and Cr6+ 20 mg L-1 up to 99% within 2 hours, and 40 mg L-1 up to 90% within 10 hours, but bare
sludge does not available to remove Cr6+ significantly.About kinetic, Langmuir-Henshelwood-
Hougen-Watson kinetic was used to describe the mechanism of the reaction. The results show that
the reaction kinetic was 0.5097 and the adsorption kinetic was 0.0282.
Conclusions: This meant that the mechanism of the reaction depended on reduction reaction of
NZVI more than adsorption.
Keywords: Nano zero valent iron, Water treatment sludge, Adsorption, Hexavalent Chromium
Water And Food Safety
OP Room 1B-4
AMMONIACAL NITROGEN CONTAMINATED GROUNDWATER AT TAMAN
BERINGIN EX-LANDFILL SITE: IMPLICATION TO HEALTH AND THE
ENVIRONMENT.
*Mustapha A.1, Wan Zuhairi W.Y.2, Othman J.3, Zaini S.4
1Environmental Management Programme, Faculty of Social Science and Humanities (FSSK),
UKM, Bangi Selangor Malaysia, 2Geology Programme School of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resources, FST, UKM,
Bangi Selangor Malaysia 3Department of Civil and Structural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment,
UKM Bangi Selangor Malaysia 4Earth Observation Centre, FSSK, University Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi Selangor
Malaysia, 43600 Bangi Selangor Darul Ehsan
Backgrounds: Ammoniacal Nitrogen make up the frequent contaminant of surface and
groundwater around landfills in Malaysia, exceeding appropriates standards. Leachate and
groundwater samples were collected from an ex-landfill site at Taman Beringin in Malaysia to
investigate the characteristics of the groundwater and possible impacts on the environment.
Methods: Various physico-chemical parameters including: temperature, pH, Color, TDS, TSS,
BOD, COD, phenol, Oil/grease, S2-, F- , Cl-, NH3- N, SO42-, and NO3- and heavy metals were
investigated in six (6) raw surface leachate samples and groundwater samples from four (4)
monitoring wells and are reported.
Results: The results showed considerable impact of leachates on groundwater with high
concentration of most chemical parameters in groundwater samples: COD (101.75±99.42), BOD
(28±30.99), NH3-N (31.10±19.12), F-(0.72±0.32) and heavy metal; Pb (0.042±0.045), Ni
(0.016±0.006), Fe (0.41±0.68) were above the Malaysian National Drinking Water Quality
Standard (NDWQS) and National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) CLASS IIA. In particular,the
levels of NH3-N recorded in all the groundwater wells around BH3, BH5, BH6 and BH7 were far
above the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) CLASS IIA of 0.3mg/L.
Conclusions: Ammoniacal nitrogen and contaminants in high concentration is a potential threat
to public health and the environment.Remedial measures are suggested to prevent further
spreading of leachates into river, drinking water wells and other groundwater resources via
groundwater flow in the surrounding environment at Taman Beringin. In addition a combined
process of routine chemical treatment prior to biological treatment is necessary to improve the
existing leachate quality to minimize the effects on the environment.
Keywords: Ammonia, open landfill, Groundwater contamination, Taman Beringin, Malaysia
Water And Food Safety
OP Room 1B-5
HEALTH RISK ASSESSMENT USING IN VITRO DIGESTION MODEL IN ASSESSING
BIOAVAILABILITY OF HEAVY METAL FROM VARIETIES OF COOKED RICE
Omar, N. A.1, *Praveena, S. M.1, Aris, A. Z.2, and Hashim, Z.1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty Of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
2Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Studies, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Background: Rice consumption has found to be a major pathway of heavy metal bioaccumulation
in human. Rice is the main staple food for Malaysian.
Methods: This study has employed an in vitro digestion model to determine non-carcinogenic
health risk assessment (HRA) from bioavailability of heavy metal concentration in varieties of
cooked rice. A total of 22 varieties of cooked rice samples were subjected to assess bioavailability
of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe and Zn) using in vitro digestion model. Heavy metal concentration
in cooked rice sample were analysed by using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission
Spectrometry (ICP-OES).
Results: Bioavailability of heavy metal concentration in cooked rice samples were decreased in
the general order of Zn > Fe > Cu > Cr > Cd. Zn was found as the most abundant bioavailable
heavy metal concentration in the cooked rice samples and Thai fragrant rice has the highest Zn
content. Hazard Quotient (HQ) values were in the order of Cu>Cd>Zn>Fe >Cr for the adults.
Hazard Quotient (HQ) values for bioavailability of heavy metal studied was less than 1 for all
cooked rice samples indicating that there was no any non-carcinogenic health risk.
Conclusion: All cooked rice samples in this study are safe for consumption with no non-
carcinogenic health risks derived from the bioavailability of heavy metal concentration in varieties
of cooked rice.
Key words: Bioavailability, heavy metal, in vitro digestion, health risk assessment
Water And Food Safety
OP Room 1B-6
POTENTIAL OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AN ANTIBACTERIAL WATER
FILTER: A REVIEW
Mazelan, N. A. M.1 and *Praveena, S. M.1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malysia.
Background: Drinking water and basic sanitation is fundamental needs for the health for all
people. But safe drinking water supply does not reach to everyone. Meanwhile, pollution
worsens the water shortage problem. Various contaminants enter the water resources. Water
treatment is the key to overcome the conflict between people’s high demand for water and the
world-wide water shortage. The fast growth in nanotechnology has increase significant interest
in the environmental applications of nanoparticles. In particular, it’s potential to modify the
conventional water treatment processes have been articulated recently.
Methods: This paper aims to explain the mechanism of silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial,
expand the overview of previous studies on application of silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial
water filter. Also highlight the advantages of silver nanoparticles impregnated in absorbent
blotting paper as an antibacterial water filter.
Results: Mechanism of silver nanoparticles that penetrate into bacteria cells and modifies the
function of bacteria organelles causing it to be bactericide. Tabulated overview of previous
studies on applications of silver nanoparticles as an antibacterial water filter impregnated in
various materials (ceramic, membrane filters, polyurethane foam and absorbent blotting paper).
The advantages of silver nanoparticles impregnated in absorbent blotting paper as an
antibacterial water filter that are light, cheap and easily deployed overcomes other materials
limitation.
Conclusion: The most promising innovation in purification of contaminated with pathogenic
bacteria drinking water, is the absorbent blotting paper impregnated with silver nanoparticles.
Keywords: silver nanoparticles, blotting paper, antibacterial, water filter
Water And Food Safety
OP Room 1B-7
A REVIEW: ASSOCIATION OF NITRATE IN WELL WATER WITH EXCRETORY
OF NITROSAMINES IN URINE AND SALIVA
*Aida Soraya, S.1, Sharifah Norkhadijah, S.I.1, Shaharuddin, M.S.1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Faculty of Medicine and Health Science
Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM 43400 Serdang, Selangor.
Backgrounds: Nitrate contamination in well water is one of the environmental concerns. The
major contribution of nitrate contamination is from the agricultural activities (e.g.; fertilizers and
pesticide), wastewater treatment plant discharge, human or animal discharged in septic systems,
animal yard and manure storage lagoon. Nitrate is harmful to humans as it can form endogenous
nitrosamines which can cause cancer. Biomarkers such as urine and saliva can be used to determine
the occurrence and formation of nitrosamines in human body from nitrate ingestion. However,
limited research found that illustrate the relationship between nitrate and nitrosamine in human
biomarkers.
Results: This paper provides an overview of the nitrate occurrence in well water and the
assessment of nitrosamines excretory in human body using urine and saliva as biomarkers. The
information regarding mechanism of metabolism nitrosamines in human body and suitability of
urine and saliva as biomarker also discussed in this review. This review provides baseline
information of nitrate contaminated drinking water which can affect human health by formation
of carcinogenic compounds, nitrosamines.
Conclusion: This paper may be useful for future studies, especially in those exploring the relation
between exposure of nitrate and adverse health outcomes.
Keywords: Nitrate, Well Water, Nitrosamines, Urine, Saliva
Water And Food Safety
OP Room 1B-8
COMPARISON OF THE HEALTH IMPLICATIONS OF DRINKING ARSENIC AND
CADMIUM CONTAMINATED WATER BETWEEN AN URBAN AND RURAL
COMMUNITIES
*Zailina, H1, Najibah, H1, Nadia Aiezzati, A1, Patimah, I1
1Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health
Sciences, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
Background: A cross sectional study was carried out to determine the arsenic and cadmium
concentrations in drinking water and the health implications on 100 res-idents in an urban and a
rural community. The urban households obtained piped water supply from the Langat River treated
by water treatment plant while the ru-ral community obtained their piped water supply by gravity
feed system (GFS) from the Sempeneh River.
Methods: The blood, urine and water samples were collected and analyzed for cadmium and
arsenic using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. Lymphocyte DNA damage (μm)
was analyzed using the Comet as-say, while urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) was
determined by using Human NAG ELISA Kit.
Results: Results showed that the blood arsenic, urinary cadmium, DNA damage, water arsenic
and cadmium were significantly (p<0.001) higher in the rural community. Findings also showed
significant (p<0.005) correlations be-tween blood arsenic concentration and DNA damage with
household income, years of residence and total glasses of daily water consumption among the rural
residents. The urinary NAG concentrations, years of residence, milk powder in-take (glass/week)
and seafood intake (per week) were significantly correlated (p<0.005).with urinary cadmium
concentrations among respondents. In addition, urinary cadmium level is significantly influenced
the urinary NAG concentrations (p<0.001).
Conclusion: In conclusion, the rural respondents experienced significantly higher lymphocyte
DNA damage and blood arsenic concentration which were influenced by their years of residence
and water consumption. The cadmium exposure through drinking water also resulted in the rural
respondents having significantly higher urinary NAG which had a significant relationship with
urinary cadmium.
Keywords: Blood arsenic, Urinary cadmium, DNA damage, Urinary NAG
Water And Food Safety
OP Room 1B-9
STUDY OF SOME MACROPHYTES AS BIOINDICATORS TO POLLUTION BY PAHS
IN AL-HILLA RIVER, IRAQ
Atheer Al-Azawey*, Jasim Salman & Fikrat Hassan
1 Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq 1 Babylon University, Iraq
Background: The present study was conducted on Al-Hilla River about 102 km; before Al-
Hindiya dam to Al-Hashymiya city; for 6 selected sites along the river for the period from March
2010 to February 2011.
Methods: Sixteen Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAHs) that listed by USEPA as priority
pollutants included, Naphthalene, Acenaphthylene, Acenaphthene, Fluorene, Phenanthrene,
Anthracene, Fluoranthene, Pyrene, Benzo(a)Anthracene, Chrysene, Benzo(b) Fluoranthene,
Benzo(k) Fluoranthene, Benzo(a) Pyrene, Dibenzo(a,h) Anthracene, Benzo(ghi) Perylene and
Indeno (1,2,3-cd) Pyrene were detected.
Results: The results of present study referred that the PAHs concentration in macrophytes is varied
among their species. In Phragmites australis(0.425-299.424)µg/gDW for B(ghi)P and B(b)F
respectively, in Potamogeton perfoliatus(0.354-235.84)µg/gDW for B(b)F and B(ghi)P
respectively in Ceratophyllum demersum (0.996-162.942) µg/gDW for Ant and B(ghi)P and in
Potamogeton pectinatus(0.383-99.87)µg/gDW for Ant and Nap respectively.
Conclusion: According to the selected molecular ratios values, the origin of PAHs in macrophytes
may have the Pyrogenic origin.The accumulation potential of PAHs in macrophytes were also
investigated by calculating Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) and BioSediment Accumulation Factor
(BSAF). The range of the BCF values were (0.05-5334.5),(0.08-1602.5)(0.01-536.6),(0.16-1882)
in P.australis, P.perfoliatus, P.pectinatus and C.demersum, respectively, while the range of BSAF
values were(3.14-1041.6) and (1.5-2920.8) in P.australis and P.perfoliatus respectively.
Keywords: PAHs, Bioindicator, Al Hilla River, Macrophyta, Hydrocarbons