i. descendants of augustus and livia - university of

I. DESCENDANTS OF AUGUSTUS AND LIVIAOctavian (AUGUSTUS) . (1) Scrtbonia

Ilulia a (1) Agrippa

Qaius Caesar Lucius Caesar Agrippa Postumus lulla = L. Aemillus Paullus Elder Agrlpplna = Germonlcus(d.A.o.4) | d . u 2 ) (dA.aH) I (cos. *D1) I

Aemilia Lepida = M. lunius SilanusI (cos. 19)

M. Silanus D. Silanus L. Silanus lunia Lepida = C. Cassius Sevenjs lunia CaMna o L Vitellius(cos. 46) (d. 64) (d. 48) (cos. 31) (cos. 48)

Nero Caesar Drusus Caesar Gaius Vbunger Agrippina = Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus Drusilla = (1) L. Cassius Longinus (cos. 30) lulia LMila ° M. Vlnidus (d. 46)(d. 31) (d. 33) CALIGULA . (cos. 32) = (2) M. Aemillus Lepidus (d. 41)

= C) LMa

Livla Ocellina

(adopts)

Ser. Sulpiclus GALBA

s distantly related to

TIBERIUS = (1) Vlpsania = (2) lulla Nero Claudius Drusus =. Younger Antonia(cos. 9 ac.) I

Qermanicus CLAUDIUS Uvilia

lulia = Rubellius Blandus Tiberius GemellusI (cos. 16) (d. 37)

Rubellius Ptautus(d.62)

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II. DESCENDANTS OF AUGUSTUS' SISTER OCTAVIA AND MARK ANTONY

Octavia • M. Antonius

Elder Anlonia * L Domitius AhenobarbusC39B.C.I I (cos. 16B.C)

Domitia • Sallustlus Cn. Domitius Ahenobarbus - Younger Agrippina Domitia Lepida > HI M. Valerius Messalla BarbatusPassienus (cos. 32)Crispus(cos. 27,44|

NEROr (2) Faustus Sulla (cos. 31)

• (31C. Appius Iunius Silanus(cos. 28)

Younger Antonia = Nero Claudius Drusus(•36B.C.I ICOS.9B.CI

Faustus Sulla Felix(cos. 52)

Messallina - CLAUDIUS

Germanicus - Elder Agrippina

Nero Drusus. CAUGULA Younger Agrippina Drusilla lulia Livilla

Tiberius CLAUDIUS Nero = (1|Urgulanil= (2)AeliaPeetina= (31 Messalliir1

lilla 1ietinain . |

(two children)

Octavia- II) L Silanus (d. 48)-12) NERO

Livilla - Drusus

Antonia = 111 Cn. Pompeius Magnus TiberiusGemellus= (2) Faustus Sulla Felix Id. 371

lulia • Rubollius Btandus

' - betrothed to

RubelliusPlautusld.62)



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III. THE FAMILY OF M. LICINIUS CRASSUS FRUGI

L Scribonius Libo

M. Crassus(cos. 70 and 55 B.c)

IM. Crassus = Caecilia Metella

IM. Crassus (cos. 30 B.c.) adopts:

IM. Crassus Frugi {born a Piso Frugi)

(cos. 14 a t ) I I

M. Licinius Crassus Frugi = Scribonia(cos.A.D 27,ox.47) I (ex.47)

Octavian = (11 Scribonia

ustusll

Elder lulia

L Scribonius Libo(COS.34B.CI

Pompey the Great

(cos. 70,55 and 52 B.c)

Scribonia = Sextus Pompeius

L Scribonius Libo = Pompeia(cos. 15B.C.) I

L Scribonius Libo(COS.A.D.16)

M. Scribonius Libo Drusus(ex.161

Cn. Pompeius * Antonia M. Licinius Crassus Frugi L. Calpumius Piso Licinius CrassusMagnus (Claudius' (cos. 64, ex. 67) Frugi Licinianus Scribonianus(ex.47) daughter) (adopted by Galba)

Some of these relationships are hypothetical

ex.-date of execution

Others who miy hive been reltted to Scribonia include:Scribonius Proculus (ex. A.D 401 and his sons P. Sulpicius ScriboniusProculus and Scribonius Rufus (both ex. A.D. 67)L Arruntius Camillus Scribonianus (ex. A.D. 42)

Licinia Magna• L Calpumius Piso

lcos.57,ex.70lC. Calpumius Piso =(ex.65)

(DUviaOrestille(2) Atria Galla

(daughter) Calpumius Piso Galerianus(ex.70)



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IV. EASTERN CLIENTS OF ANTONIA, CALIGULA AND CLAUDIUS

Philoof

Alexandria

Tiberius luliusAlexander

AlexandertheAlabarch

HEROD THE GREAT

IBerenice

lulius (Herod) Agrippa 1(10B.C-A.0.44)

lulia Berenice = (1) Marcus lulius Alexander Id. before A.O. 44)= I2I Herod of Chalcis= |3I Polemon of Cilicia (c. M>. 66)

Antiochus IV of CommageneIdeposed M>. 73)

Drusilla = (11 "Epiphanes= l2)AzizosofEmesa= (31M. Amonius Felix

Ti. lulius Alexander lulisnus(cos.suff.A.o.117)

Agrippa II(b. A.D.27/28

d. c.90)

lotape = Alexander (Cilician king)

Agrippa(d. A.D. 79)

lulius Philopappus(cos. A.O. 109)



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994

V. PRINCIPAL MEMBERS OF THE HERODIAN FAMILY

Antipater(d.43e.c.)(Cyprus)

I I I I IPhasael HEROD Joseph Pheroras Salome (d. C.A.D. 10) =(11 Joseph (d. 35/34 B.c.)

|d.40B.c.l (d.4B.c.) (d. 38 B.C.) (d.6B.c.) = (2) Costobar (d. 26 B.C.1= (3)Alexas

(Doris)

AntipaterId. 4 B.C.)

(Mariamme) (Malthace)

Alexander Aristobulus Herod Herod(d.7B.c.) (d. 7ec) Archelaus Antipas

= (Berenice)

(Cleopatra)

Philip(d.A.o.34)

Herod of Chains Agrippal(d.A.D.441

Herodias

Agrippa I I(d. before A.D. 93 (or A.0. 100))

Berenice Drusilla

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CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE

Rome and Italy The Provinces

44 Assassination of Iulius Caesar ( i ; March).

43 Battle of Mutina, deaths of consuls Hirtiusand Pansa. Octavian becomes consul (19August). Lex Titia establishes the triumvir-ate (»7 November).Deification of Iulius Caesar.

40

J9

Surrender of Perusia to Octavian by L.Antonius (early spring). Octavian marriesScribonia (summer). Pact of Brundisium(September). Herod granted the throne ofJudaea (autumn).Pact of Misenum (spring)

43 Death of D. Brutus in Gaul.

42 Sex. Pompeius controls Sicily. Naval battlewith Salvidienus Rufus. Illyrian triumph ofP. Vatinius (JI July). Battles of Philippi(first early in October, second on 23October), followed by suicides of Brutusand Cassius.

41 Antony in Asia. Herod and his brotherPhasael appointed tetrarchs of Judaea.Antony meets Cleopatra at Tarsus in winterand proceeds to Alexandria.

40 Parthian invasion of Syria led by Pacorusand Q. Labienus. Death of King Deiotarusof Galatia. Death of Calenus in Gaul (sum-mer).

39 Ventidius defeats the Parthians. Agrippacampaigns in Gaul. Antony and Octavia atAthens (winter).

Literature, Art and Architecture

44 Cicero's De Officiis. Cicero's Philippic 1 (zSeptember), Philippic ill (20 December).

43 Murder of Cicero. Birth of Ovid.

42 Restoration of the temple of Saturn.

41 Virgil, Eclogue iv written for Pollio's con-sulship of 40.



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Rome and Italy The Provinces Literature, Art and Architecture

3 8 Renewal of triumviral powers for five yearsfrom i January. Marriage of Octavian andLivia (17 January). Triumph of Ventidius(27 November).

57 Pact of Tarentum (summer).

36 Removal of Lepidus from triumvirate.Octavian granted sacrosanctitas of a tribune.

34 Sosius'triumphoverjudaea(3 September).

33 Octavian's second consulship. Powers ofthe triumvirate lapse at the end of the year.

3 2 Divorce of Octavia by Antony. Publicationof Antony's will by Octavian. Personal oathof loyalty sworn to Octavian inthetownsofItaly and the West.

31 Octavian's third consulship.30 Octavian offered tribunician ins auxilii.

29 Closing of the doors of the temple of Janus( u January). Octavian's triple triumph(13-1 j August).

38 Second victory of Ventidius over Parthiansand death of Pacorus. Antony capturesSamosata. Sex. Pompeius' success againstOctavian off Cumae and in Straits of Mes-sina.

3 7 Capture of Jerusalem by Sosius and formalinauguration of the reign of Herod (July).Appointment of client kings: Archelaus inCappadocia, Amyntas in Galatia, Polemo inPontus. Marriage of Antony and Cleopatraat Antioch.

36 After initial reverse (August), Octaviandefeats Sex. Pompeius at Battle of Naulo-chus (3 September). Antony's Parthianoffensive, failure at siege of Phraata andretreat through Armenia.

3 5 Death of Sex. Pompeius in Asia.35-33 Octavian's campaigns in the Balkans.

34 Antony's invasion of Armenia and captureof Artavasdes. Triumph at Alexandria,followed by the 'Donations'.

3 3 Death of Bocchus of Mauretania. Antonyremains in Armenia.

31 Battle of Actium (2 September).30 Capture of Alexandria by Octavian and

suicide of Antony (1 August). Suicide ofCleopatra (10 August).

29—28 M. Licinius Crassus pacifies Thrace anddefeats Bastarnae.

38 Publication of Virgil, Eclogues.

37-36 Varro, De Re Kustica. Composition of Hor-ace, Satires (37-30).

36 Reconstruction of the Regia.

35 Death of Sallust.

34-33 Agrippa restores aqueducts and adds a fifth(Aqua Iulia).

33 Agrippa as aedile revives lusus Troiae.

32 Restoration of Pompey's Theatre.

30 Publication of Horace, Epodes.

29 Dedication of the temple of Divus Iuliusand the Curia Iulia (18 August) and the altarof Victory (28 August). Arch in the Forum



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t8 Octavian and Agrippa share the consularfascis and begin Uetio senatus with a grant ofctnsoria potistas (or 29?). Return of control ofatrarium to the praetors. Octavian becomesprinaps stnatus.

27 Octavian appears before the Senate (13 and16 January). He is given the name ofAugustus, the oak wreath, the grant of aproi/intia for a period of ten years, with theright to govern it through legati. Triumphof M. Licinius Crassus (4 July).

2 j Marriage of lulia and Marcellus. Closing ofthe doors of the temple of Janus. Augustusfalls ill.

23 Illness of Augustus. He resigns the consul-ship and on 1 July receives imperium mainsproconsular! and tribmicia potestas for life, thelatter renewed annually on 9 December.Death of Marcellus. Agrippa given a grantof imperium proconsulate.

22 Trial of Marcus Primus and conspiracy ofCaepio and Murena. Augustus refuses dic-tatorship and consulship for life but acceptscura amtonae.

21 Marriage of Agrippa and lulia.

28 Inscription of Cornelius Gallus comme-morates defeat of revolt in the EgyptianThebaid and penetration of Roman armsbeyond the First Cataract.

27-24 Augustus in Gaul and Spain.

26 Dismissal and suicide of Cornelius Gallus(or in 27).

26—2) Campaign of Aelius Gallus to Arabia Felix.2) Juba II made king of Mauretania.

Campaigns of M. Terentius Varro in theVal d'Aosta. Death of Amyntas and annex-ation of Galatia.

2J-22 Campaigns of P. Petronius in Ethiopia (or24-22).

23-21 Agrippa sent out to the East with imperium.

22-19 Augustus in Greece and Asia.

to commemorate the victory at Actium.Restoration of temples of Apollo and Her-cules Musarum. Completion of Virgil,Georgics and Propertius, Elegies 1.

28 First celebration of the Actian Games (Sep-tember). Dedication of the temple ofApollo on the Palatine (9 October). Mauso-leum of Augustus begun. Composition ofVitruvius' De Arcbitectura (28-23).

27 Death of Varro. Agrippa's construction ofthe Pantheon.

26 Propertius, Elegies II-IV (26-16).

2; Ovid begins writing the Amoves.24-23 Publication of Horace, Odes I-III.

23 Maecenas falls out of favour in the imperialcourt.

22 Temple of Jupiter Tonans on Capitol (1September).



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19 Augustus given a lifetime grant of the rightto carry the consular fasces and to sitbetween the consuls.

18 Renewal of the grant of the provimia toAugustus. Agrippa's imperium is renewedfor five years and he is granted tribmiciapotestas. Another lectio senatus.

18/17 ?Augustan moral legislation.17 Augustus adopts his grandsons, Gaius and

Lucius, the children of Agrippa and Iulia.Celebration of the ludi saeeulares.

13 Tiberius consul. Death of Lepidus thetriumvir. Agrippa's tribtmicia potestas andimperium proconsulate renewed, the lattermade maius.

12 Augustus becomes pontifex maximus (6March). Death of Agrippa (March).

B.C.

zo Agrippa deals with trouble in Gaul. Reco-very of Roman standards from Parthia.Tiberius crowns Tigranes as king of Arme-nia.

19 Agrippa completes the pacification ofSpain. Campaign of L. Cornelius Balbusagainst the Garamantes in Africa.

17-16 Campaigns of P. Silius Nerva in north Italyand the Alps. Defeat of M. Lollius in Gaul.

16-13 Augustus in Gaul, Agrippa in the East.15 Tiberius and Drusus invade Bavaria and

reach the Danube. Agrippa visits Jerusa-lem.

14 Agrippa appoints Polemo king of Bospor-us.

13 Agrippa campaigns in Pannonia.

12-9 Tiberius campaigns in the Balkans, Drususin Germany. Rising in Thrace put down byL. Calpurnius Piso (c. 11-9).

12 Dedication of the Altar of the Tres Galliaeat Lugdunum (? or 10 B.C., see p.98). Inau-guration of Caesarea by Herod.

Literature, A n and Architecture

20 Dedication of temple of Mars Ultor on theCapitol (12 May). (? Or 19) Publication ofHorace, Epistles 1.

19 Deaths of Virgil (21 September) and Tibul-lus. Construction of the Aqua Virgo. Archof Augustus in the Forum to commemoratethe recovery of the Parthian standards.Dedication of Altar of Fortuna Redux (1;December).

17 Composition of Horace, Carmen Saeculare.

13 Dedication of the Theatre of Marcellus (or,less probably, 11 B.C.). Inauguration of theAra Pacis Augustae (4 July).

12 Publication of Horace, Epistles 11.1. Dedi-cation of temple of Vesta on the Palatine (28April). Bequest of the Baths of Agrippa tothe Roman people.



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11 Tiberius made to divorce Vipsania andmarry Iulia.

9 Death of Drusus the Elder (14 September).

8 Census held.

7 Tiberius' triumph over the Sugambri. Es-tablishment of the fourteen regiones ofRome.

6 Tiberius granted tribunicia potestas for fiveyears. He retires to Rhodes.

; Augustus holds the consulship. C. Caesarassumes the toga virilis and is given the titlepriiueps iuventutis. Beginning of regularappointment of suffect consuls.

2 Augustus holds the consulship again and isgiven the title of pater patriot (5 February).L. Caesar assumes the toga virilis and is giventhe title of primeps iuventutis. Iulia exiled.Appointment of first praetorian prefects.Lex Fufia Caninia.

A.D.

2 Return of Tiberius from Rhodes.

9 Drusus reaches the Elbe but dies after anaccident. Altar to Rome and Augustus es-tablished at Ara Ubiorum (probably in 9).

8 Tiberius campaigns against the Sugambri.Death of Polemo of Pontus.

7 Recall of Tiberius.

6 ? Death of Tigranes II of Armenia.

5/3 ?War of Sulpicius Quirinius against theHomonadenses.

Death of Herod. His kingdom dividedbetween his sons Philip, Herod Antipas andArchelaus.Death of Parthian king Phraates IV, suc-ceeded by Phraates V (or Phraataces).

1 C. Caesar sent to the East with impcrium.

2 Agreement between C. Caesar and Phraa-taces. Ariobarzanes installed as king ofArmenia. L. Caesar dies at Massilia. End ofMarmaric War in Cyrene (?).

Publication of first edition of Ovid, ArsAmatoria. End of Livy's history. Dedi-cation of the Ara Pacis Augustae (30 Janu-ary).Deaths of Maecenas and Horace.

Dedication of the Forum Augustum and thetemple of Mars Ultor (11 May). Secondedition of Ovid, Ars Amatoria,

1-4 Composition of Ovid, Fasti.



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B.C.

Another lectio stnatus. Augustus adoptsAgrippa Postumus and Tiberius (26 June),who in turn adopts Germanicus. Tiberiusgiven a further grant of tribmiciapotestas forten years. Lex Aelia Sentia.Establishment of the aerarium militare andof the vigiles.

Agrippa Postumus banished to Planasia.Iulia the Younger banished.

1 2 Tiberius' Illyrian triumph (23 October).

1) Tiberius given a further grant of tribmiciapotestas for ten years and imperium proconsu-lar! maim equal to that of Augustus. Germa-nicus given a grant of imperium proconsulare.

14 Lustrum held (11 May). Death of Augustusat Nola (19 August). Tiberius becomesprinceps. Augustus is granted a publicfuneral (early September) and voted divinehonours (17 September). Death of AgrippaPostumus.

IJ Tiberius becomes pontijex maximus (10March).

16 Conviction for treason (maiestas) of LiboDrusus, great-grandson of Pompey andgreat-nephew of Augustus' first wife, Scri-bonia (3 September).

B.C. B.C.

4 Death of C. Caesar. Tiberius invades Ger-many as far as the river Weser.

5 Tiberius reaches the Elbe.

6 Outbreak of revolt in Pannonia and Illyri-cum. Banishment of Archelaus, son ofHerod; Judaea turned into a province (cen-sus of Quirinius). Revolt in Isauria.

Literature, Art and Architecture

9 End of the Pannonian revolt. Defeat of P.Quinctilius Varus and loss of three legionsin the Teutoburg Forest.

12 Germanicus takes command in Gaul andGermany.

14 Army revolts in Pannonia and on theRhine, dealt with by Drusus and Germani-cus respectively (autumn).

1 j-16 Germanicus' campaigns in Germany, fromwhich he is recalled by Tiberius.

6 Rebuilding of the temple of Castor andPollux by Tiberius.

8 Banishment of Ovid.

1 o Restoration and dedication of the temple ofConcordia by Tiberius.



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• 7 Death of Archelaus of Cappadocia.Triumph of Germanicus (26 May).

18 Consulship of Tiberius and Germanicus.19/20 Twin sons born to the younger Drusus, of

whom only Tiberius Gemellus survives.20 Trial and suicide of Cn. Calpurnius Piso.

Triumph of Drusus (28 May).21 Consulship of Tiberius and Drusus. Tiber-

ius retires temporarily to Campania.22 Grant of tribuniciapotcstas for Drusus.23 Death of Drusus (14 September).

25 Sejanus' request to marry Livilla (LiviaIulia), widow of Drusus, is refused.

26 Tiberius leaves Rome for Capreae.

28 Death of Iulia the Elder. Marriage ofAgrippina the Younger to Cn. DomitiusAhenobarbus.

29 Death of Livia. Banishment of Agrippinaand of Nero, son of Germanicus and Agrip-pina.

30 Suicide of Nero.31 Consulship of Tiberius and Sejanus.

Denunciation and death of Sejanus (18October). Appointment of Sutorius Macroas praetorian prefect. Gaius Caligulaassumes toga virilis.

3 3 Death of Agrippina (18 October). Death ofDrusus. Suicide of Asinius Gallus. Quaes-torship of Gaius.

17 Outbreak of war against Tacfarinas inNumidia. Germanicus sent to the East withimptrium. Cappadocia becomes a province.Commagene also annexed.

18-19 Germanicus visits Egypt.19 Death of Germanicus at Antioch (10

October). Death of Arminius.

21 Revolt of Florus and Sacrovir in Gaul.

24 Defeat and death of Tacfarinas.

26 (?) Pontius Pilate becomes praejectus ofJudaea.

28 Revolt of the Frisii.

17 Death of Livy. Death of Ovid (?). Dedi-cation of temple of Janus (18 October) andFors Fortuna.

21—2 Building of castra praetoria.

30 Publication of Velleius Paterculus' history.

33 (?) Death of Philip, son of Herod; histetrarchy is taken under direct rule.

34 Death of Artaxias of Armenia.



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37 Death of Tiberius at Misenum (16 March).Gaius Caligula acclaimed princeps (18March), confirmed by the Senate (28March). Death of Antonia the Younger (1May). Claudius consul with Gaius (1 July -31 August). Suicide of Tiberius Gemellus.Illness of Gaius (autumn). Birth of Nero (15December).

38 Death and deification of Drusilla (10 June,23 September). Gaius marries Lollia Pau-lina.

39 Gaius divorces Lollia Paulina and marriesMilonia Caesonia. Leaves Rome (Sep-tember). Gaudius marries Messallina.

40 Gaius returns to Rome (31 August).

41 Murder of Gaius (24 January). Proclama-tion of Claudius (2; January). Birth ofBritannicus.

42 Claudius proclaimed pater patriae (12 Janu-ary).

44 Aerarium transferred from praetors toquaestors. Claudius' triumph for conquestof Britain.

36 Pontius Pilate removed from his post formaladministration by L. Vitellius, gover-nor of Syria.

37 Herod Agrippa I given Philip's kingdom.

38 Trouble between the Jewish and Greekcommunities in Alexandria.

39 Herod Antipas deposed. Gaius visits theRhineland (October). Conspiracy andexecution of Gaetulicus.

40 Herod Antipas' ethnarchy given to HerodAgrippa I. Gaius in Gaul (winter). Prep-arations for an invasion of Britain. Out-break of rebellion in Mauretania. Gaiusorders his statue to be placed in the Templeat Jerusalem.

40-4 Conquest of Mauretania and organizationof provinces of Tingitana and Caesariensis.

41 Claudius' letter to the Alexandrians.

42 Conspiracy and death of Scribonianus.

43 Invasion of Britain. Lycia-Pamphylia madea province.

44 Death of Herod Agrippa I.

37 Dedication of the temple of Divus Augus-tus.

41 Beginning of the construction of a newharbour at Ostia and of the draining of theFucine Lake. Seneca sent into exile.



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47 Ovation of Aulus Plautius for conquest ofBritain.

47—8 Censorship of Claudius and L. Vitellius.Celebration of ludi saecularts.

48 'Marriage' and execution of Messallina andC. Silius.

49 Marriage of Claudius and Agrippina theYounger (1 January). Extension of thepomerium of Rome. Seneca returns fromexile and becomes praetor and tutor ofNero.

jo Claudius adopts Nero (2; February).Agrippina becomes Augusta.

51 Burrus becomes praetorian prefect. Nerogiven the title ofprinceps iieientutis.

5 j Nero marries Octavia.

54 Death of Claudius (1 j October), accessionof Nero.

; ; Death of Britannicus.

56 Nero given the title of pater patriot. Aerar-ium transferred from quaestors to praefecti.

j 8 Rejection of proposal that Nero should beconsulperpetual.

59 Murder of Agrippina. Institution of Iuvena-lia.

60 Institution of the Neronia.

46 Annexation of Thrace.47 Corbulo in the Rhineland.

49 Agrippa II given the kingdom of Chalcis.

51 Ostorius Scapula defeats Caratacus. Deathof Gotarzes of Parthia, succeeded byVonones and then Vologaeses.

j 3 Parthians take control of Armenia and Tiri-dates is appointed to the throne.

; j Corbulo appointed to an eastern commandagainst Parthia and Armenia.

58 Corbulo attacks Tiridates and capturesArtaxata.

5 9 Capture of Tigranocerta by Corbulo.

60 Completion of the subjugation of Armeniaand appointment to the throne of Tigranes,great-grandson of Herod and of Archelausof Cappadocia. Corbulo appointed gover-nor of Syria. Revolt of Boudica and theIceni.

51-2 Dedication of the Triumphal Arch of Clau-dius, forming part of the Aqua Virgo.

54 Publication of Seneca, Apocolocyntosh.

5 5 Publication of Seneca, De dementia.

56-7 Dedication of the Macellum Magnum.



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61 Nero divorces Octavia and marries Pop-paea Sabina. Execution of Octavia (9 June).Death of Burrus, retirement of Seneca.Introduction of maitslas charges.

63 Birth and death of daughter of Nero andPoppaea, deified as Gaudia Augusta.

64 Outbreak of fire in Rome (18/19 July).Victimization of the Christians. Reform ofthe currency.

6j Neronia held again. Conspiracy of Piso(April). Death of Seneca. Death of PoppaeaSabina.

66 Deaths of Thrasea Paetus and Barea Sora-nus. Conspiracy of Vinicianus. Nero mar-ries Statilia Messallina. Tiridates crownedking of Armenia in Rome.

68 Nero returns to Italy and while in Naplesreceives news of the revolt of Vindex.Death of Nero (9 or possibly 11 June).Proclamation of Galba us prinaps. Galbaarrives at Rome (autumn).

69 Otho proclaimed prinaps by the praetorianguard (15 January). Murder of Galba. Othodefeated by Vitellius' troops at Bedriacum(14 April) and commits suicide (16 April).Vitellius granted imperial powers by theSenate (19 April) and enters Rome (June).

B.C. B.C.61 Tigranes invades Adiabene. Vologaeses

threatens Syria.62 Caesennius Paetus sent to Cappadocia. Sur- 62 Construction of the Thermae Neronianae

renders to Vologaeses at Rhandeia. (or possibly 64).

64-j Incorporation of kingdom of Pontus into 64 Destruction of the Domus Transitoria.Galatia. 64-8 Building of the Domus Aurea, rebuilding of

the Circus Maximus and reconstruction ofRome.

6j Deaths of Seneca and Lucan.

66 Nero proclaims the freedom of Greece (? or67, see p.664). Conspiracy and deaths of theScribonii brothers. Corbulo instructed tocommit suicide. Outbreak of revolt inJudaea.

67 Vespasian appointed as legate in commandof the war in Judaea (February).

68 Vespasian reduces Samaria and Idumaeaand prepares to attack Jerusalem. Revolt ofVindex in Gaul. Galba acclaimed by histroops in Spain (2 or 3 April). Battle ofVesontio and suicide of Vindex (latespring). Revolt of Clodius Macer in Africa.

69 German legions in revolt against Galba.Vitellius proclaimed emperor by the Ger-man legions. Revolt of Civilis and theBatavians. Vespasian proclaimed emperorat Alexandria (1 July) and then by the armyin Syria and Judaea.

66 Death of Petronius.



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Second battle of Cremona (24/2; October).Antonius Primus enters Rome, murder ofVitellius (20 or 21 December)

70 Mucianus arrives in Rome (January). Ves-pasian confirmed by the Senate as princeps.Publication of the lex de imperio Vespasiani.Oomitian made urban praetor with theimperium of a consul. Arrival of Vespasianin Rome (summer).

70 Imperium Galliarum of lulius Classicus andlulius Tutor. Petilius Cerialis defeats theBatavian revolt. Titus attacks and capturesJerusalem and destroys the Temple(August).



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i. descendants of augustus and livia - university of

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