Common Synonyms

Synonyms are words that are similar or have a related meaning to another word. They can be lifesavers, especially when you want toavoid repeating the same words over and over. Also, sometimes theword you have in mind might not be the most appropriate word, which is why finding the right synonym can come in handy.

Choosing a SynonymThere is a certain skill involved in choosing the most appropriate synonym, as not all are created equal. It is important to consider the connotation of the word because some synonyms can inject a different meaning than the one intended.For example, one synonym of sad is "gloomy" however, this word carries quite a negative connotation. Depending on the circumstance you can use it, but if you just want to say that someone is "down," then another synonym such as "blue" or "unhappy" would be more applicable.

Common Words Synonyms List

aboutalsoamazingawesomeawfulbadbeautiful

approximately, nearly, close to, almost, approachingmoreover, besides, as well as, in addition to, tooastonishing, startling, stunning, dazzling, remarkableimpressive, fabulous, astonishing, outstandingdreadful, alarming, frightful, terrible, horrid, shockingoffensive, repulsive, corrupt, wicked, defectiveattractive, appealing, alluring, gorgeous, handsome

beginbigboringbutchangechoosecooldefinitelyeasyexcellentexcitingfastfinishfunfunnygetgivegoodgotgreatguyhappyhardhelphurtimportantinteresting

commence, initiate, introduce, launch, originatehuge, immense, massive, enormoustedious, tiresome, commonplace, monotonousyet, still, nevertheless, though, however, moreoveralter, transform, vary, diversifyselect, elect, nominate, identify, preferrad, killer, wonderful, marvelous, fantastic, awesomeunquestionably, precisely, positively, clearlyeffortless, natural, comfortable, relaxedsuperior, unsurpassed, superb, magnificentthrilling, stirring, rousing, chillingswift, quick, fleet, hasty, instantcomplete, conclude, achieve, deplete, consumepleasant, pleasurable, amusing, entertaining, jollycomical, amusing, entertaining, bizarre, laughableobtain, receive, acquire, achievedonate, supply, deliver, distributesatisfactory, fine, competentreceived, obtained, attained, succeded intremendous, remarkable, superior, expert, wonderfulman, dude, person, fellow, boypleased, joyous, elated, jubilant, cheerful, delightedcomplex, complicated, difficult, rigorous, harshassist, aid, support, serve, sustaininjure, impair, harm, damage, woundsignificant, substantial, meaningful, critical, vitalabsorbing, fascinating, thought-provoking, appealing, entertaining

jobkeepkidkindknowlike (adj)like (verb)lotsmadmakenewnextnice

oldpartperfectpleasantprove

task, work, undertaking, vocation, duty, assignmentretain, control, possesschild, boy, girl, youngster, youth, tyke, tottype, variety, sort, formcomprehend, understand, realize, perceive, discernsimilar, equivalent, such as, similar to, similarlyenjoy, relish, appreciatenumerous, heaps, many, scores, innumerableangry, frustrated, furious, incensed, enragedbuild, construct, produce, assemble, manufacturerecent, modern, current, novelsubsequently, thereafter, successivelypleasant, satisfying, gracious, charming, fascinating, delightful, pleasurable, pleasing, friendlymature, experienced, used, worn, former, previoussection, portion, segment, detail, element, componentflawless, faultless, ideal, whole, entire, intactagreeable, gratifying, refreshing, welcomedemonstrate, confirm, validate, verify, corroborate

quickreallyregularscaredseesmallsosometimestaketerrificthen

thinktryusevery

want

brisk, prompt, responsive, rapid, hastytruly, genuinely, extremely, undeniably, inarguablystandard, routine, customary, habitualafraid, fearful, terrified, frightenedregard, behold, witness, gaze, realize, noticediminutive, minor, insignificant, slight, trivialthus, accordingly, thereforeoccasionally, intermittently, sporadically, periodicallygrasp, capture, choose, select, tolerate, endureextraordinary, magnificent, marvelousfirst, second, next, later, finally, afterward, meanwhile, soonconceive, imagine, ponder, reflect, contemplateattempt, endeavor, venture, testemploy, operate, utilizedeeply, extremely, exceedingly, unusually, incrediblyintensely, truly, fully, especially, shockingly, bitterlyimmeasurably, infinitely, severely, surely, chieflydesire, crave, yearn, long, wish

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Common SynonymsFeb 21st Homonyms: Concept and ControversyFeb 19th Common one word substitution IICommon one word substitution IIFeb 19th Common one word substitution ICommon one word substitution IFeb 19th Precis: Sample Paragraphs for PracticeFeb 19th Antonyms: Concept and List of Commonly Used AntonymsFeb 18th Precis Writing: FundamentalsFeb 14th Quick and Easy Tips for Everyday EtiquetteFeb 14th What is Etiquette and why is it Important?Feb 14th Brian Tracy - A LegendFeb 6th 1 Simplifying Success: Definition and Recipe to Achieve ItFeb 5th 50 Rules of Work- Compiled from the Works of Robin SharmaJan 17th My Reflections on the best selling book: THE COMPOUND EFFECTJan 17th ONE NEW FEATURE: REFLECTIONS FROM MY READINDSJan 4th 1 Types of Nonverbal Communication Jan 3rd

Nonverbal Communication: Its Concept Jan 3rd Principles of Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Jan 3rd Invitation to Learners Jan 3rd MODELS OF COMMUNICATION Jan 3rd Components of Communication Jan 3rd 1 COMMUNICATION - ETYMOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE Jan 3rd VARIOUS DEFINITIONS OF COMMUNICATION FOR REFERENCE Jan 3rd COMMUNICATION SYNERGYJan 3rd Welcome to the World of Learning with FunWelcome to the World of Learning with FunAug 11th 1

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Homonyms: Concept and Controversy

You may be surprised to hear that there are differing opinions when it comes to the definition of the word homonym. Some even call this a homonym controversy. Some dictionary makers say homonyms  are words that sound alike, but have different meanings. They generally include two categories of word types: homophones and homographs.

Homographs are words that are spelled the same but have different meanings.

Homophones are words that sound the same when you pronounce them, but have different meanings.

Others say that homonyms are strictly words that are spelled and sound the same but have different meanings. 

This list contains homonyms, homophones and homographs.ade – drink type, as in lemonadeaid – to help or assistaide - assistant

affect - changeeffect – result or consequence

air – atmosphere (the stuff we breathe)err – to make a mistake

aisle - walkwayI’ll – I willisle - island

allowed - permittedaloud – out loud

ant – picnic pestaunt – relative, as in your mom’s sister

arc - curveark – Noah’s boat

ate – chewed up and swallowedeight – number after seven

bare - uncoveredbear – grizzly animal

berry – fruit from a bushbury – to put underground

base – bottom partbass – deep or low

be – to existbee – buzzing insect

beach – sandy shorebeech – type of tree

beat - to poundbeet – type of edible plant

berth – tie upbirth – to be born

bite - nibblebyte – 8 bits (computer data)

blew – past of blowblue – color of ocean

boar - pigbore – not interesting bore - to drill

borough – area or districtburrow – dig throughburro – small donkey

bough - branchbow – bend or curtsy

buoy - floaterboy – young man

brake – stop pedalbreak – smash

bread – bakery foodbred – form of breed

broach - mentionbrooch - pin

brows - eyebrowsbrowse – look around

buy - purchaseby - besideby - originating from,BR. bye – short for goodbye

cell – compartmentsell - vend

cent – penny coinsent – did send

cereal – breakfast foodserial - sequential

Chile – country in South Americachili – bean stewchilly – frosty

chord – musical tonecord - rope

cite - quotesite - locationsight - view

close – opposite of openclothes - clothing

complement – enhance; go togethercompliment - praise

council - committeecounsel - guidance

creak - squeakcreek – stream of water

crews - gangscruise – ride on a boat

dear - darlingdeer – woodland animal

dew – morning mistdo - operatedue - payable

die – cease to existdye - color

doe – female deardough – uncooked bread

dual - doubleduel - battle

ewe – female sheepyou - second-person personal pronoun

eye – sight organI - me

fair - equalfare - price

fairy – elflike creature with wingsferry - boat

faze - impactphase - stage

feat – achievementfeet – plural of foot

fir – type of treefur – animal hair

flea – small biting insectflee - run

flew – did flyflu – illness

flour – powdery, ground up grainflower – blooming plant

for – on behalf offore - frontfour – one more than three

forth - onwardfourth – number four

knew – did knownew – not old

gorilla – big apeguerrilla - warrior

grease - fatGreece – country in Europe

groan - moangrown – form of grow

hair – head coveringhare – rabbit-like animal

hall - passagewayhaul - tow

halve – cut in two partshave - possess

hay – animal foodhey – interjection to get attention

heal - mendheel – back of foot

hi - hellohigh – up far

hoarse - croakyhorse – riding animal

hole - openingwhole - entire

holey – full of holesholy - divinewholly - entirely

hour – sixty minutesour – belonging to us

knead - massageneed - desire

knight – feudal horsemannight - evening

knot – tied ropenot - negative

know – have knowledgeno – opposite of yes

lead – metalled - was the leader

lessen – make smallerlesson - class

loan - lendlone - solitary

made – did makemaid - servant

mail - postagemale – opposite of female

marry – to wed

merry – very happy

meat – animal proteinmeet - encounter

none – not anynun – woman who takes special vows

oar – boat paddleor - otherwiseore - mineral

oh – expression of surprise or aweowe – be obligated

one - singlewon – did win

overdo – do too muchoverdue – past due date

pail - bucketpale – not bright

pain - hurtpane – window glass

peace - calmpiece - segment

peak – highest pointpeek - glance

plain - ordinaryplane – flight machine plane - flat surface

pole - postpoll - survey

poor – not richpour – make flow

pray – implore Godprey - quarry

principal – most importantprinciple - belief

rain – water from skyrein - bridle

rap - tapwrap – drape around

real - factualreel - roll

right – correct; not leftwrite - scribble

ring - encirclewring - squeeze

role - functionroll - rotate

rose - flowerrows - lines

sail – move by wind powersale – bargain price

scene - landscapeseen - viewed

sea – ocean segmentsee – observe with eyes

seam – joining edgeseem - appear

sew – connect with threadso – as a resultsow - plant

soar - ascendsore – hurt place

sole - singlesoul - essence

some – a fewsum - amount

steal - swipesteel - alloy

tail – animal’s appendagetale - story

their – belonging to themthere – at that placethey’re – they are

to - towardtoo - also

toe – foot appendagetow – pull along

vary - differvery - much

wail - howlwhale – huge swimming mammal

waist – area below ribs

waste - squander

wait – kill timeweight – measurable load

war - battlewore – did wear

warn - cautionworn - used

way - pathweigh – measure mass

we - uswee - tiny

weak – not strongweek – period of seven days

weather - climatewhether - if

which - thatwitch – sorcerer

your – belonging to youyou’re – you are

Antonyms: Concept and List of Commonly Used Antonyms

A word having a meaning opposite to that of another word. (See "Three Types of Antonyms," below.) Antonym is the antonym of synonym. Adjective: antonymous.Antonymy is the sense relation that exists between words which are opposite in meaning. Antonymy is found most commonly (though not exclusively) among adjectives.Examples and Observations:

"You forget what you want to remember and you remember what you want to forget."(Cormac McCarthy, The Road. Knopf, 2006)

"You always pass failure on the way to success."(attributed to Mickey Rooney)

"Some have been thought to be bravebecause they were afraid to run away."(attributed to Thomas Fuller)

"This above all: to thine own self be true,And it must follow, as the night the day,Thou canst not then be false to any man.Farewell: my blessing season this in thee!"(Polonius in Act One, scene 3 of Hamlet by William Shakespeare)

"Winning may not be everything, but losing has little to recommend it.”

(Dianne Feinstein in Nine and Counting: The Women of the Senate, by Barbara Boxer et al. William Morrow, 2000)

"Every day I remind myself that my inner and outerlife are based on the labors of other men, living anddead, and that I must exert myself in order to give in the same measure as I have received and am still receiving."(Albert Einstein, The World As I See It, 1931)

"If speaking is silver, then listening is gold."(Turkish proverb)

Three Types of Antonyms"Linguists identify three types of antonymy:

(1) Gradable antonyms, which operate on a continuum: (very) big, (very) small. Such pairs often occur in binomial phrases with and: (blow) hot and cold, (search) high and low.

(2) Complementary antonyms, which express an either/or relationship: dead or alive, male or female.

(3) Converse or relational antonyms, expressing reciprocity: borrow or lend, buy or sell, wife or husband."(Tom McArthur, "Antonym." The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford Univ. Press, 1992)

(1) Gradable Antonyms"Gradable antonyms include pairs like the following:

beautiful - uglyexpensive - cheapfast - slowhot - coldincrease - decreaselong - shortlove - haterich - poorsweet - sourwide- narrowThese pairs are called gradable antonyms because they do not represent an either-or relation but rather a more-less relation. The words can be viewed as terms at the end-points of a continuumor gradient. The more/less relation is evident in a number of ways: the terms allow comparison, e.g. 'My arm is longer/shorter

than yours,' 'I love a good book more than a good meal'; the adjectives can be modified by 'intensifying' adverbs, e.g. very long, extremely hot, extraordinarily beautiful."(Howard Jackson and Etienne Zé Amvela, Words, Meaning and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology. Continuum, 2000)

(2) Complementary Antonyms"Complementary antonyms are another subtype of antonymy: if you are one, you cannot be the other; these are 'absolute' opposites.That is, if you are dead, you cannot also be alive; if you are asleep, you are not awake, and so on. Similar pairs of this sort includelegal/illegal and beginning/end."(Kristin Denham and Anne Lobeck, Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction, 2nd ed. Wadsworth, 2013)

(3) Converse or Relational Antonyms"The pairs above:below, before:after, precede:follow, buy:sell, and lend:borrow exemplify this category. Converses are sometimes called relational opposites. They all express relationships between two (or more) people or things. . . . Take,for instance, buy and sell:Brian sold the car to Michael and Michael bought the car from Brian both indicate that a particular transaction has takenplace. But the first sentence highlights Brian's role in the proceedings, while the second focuses on Michael."(N. E. Collinge, An Encyclopaedia of Language. Routledge, 1990)

"The opposite of love is not hate, it's indifference. The opposite of art is not ugliness, it's indifference. The opposite of faith is not heresy, it's indifference. And the opposite of life is not death, it's indifference.”(Elie Wiesel, quoted in US News and World Report, October 27, 1986)

List of COMMON Antonyms

absence presence

accept refuse

accurate inaccurate

advantage disadvantage

alive dead

always never

ancient modern

answer question, query

approval disapproval

approached receded, departed

abundant scarce

admit deny

advance retreat, retire

artificial natural

arrival departure

ascend descend

attack defence

attractive repulsive

attention inattention

asleep awake

ally enemy

agree disagree

bad good

backward forward, onward

bend straighten

beautiful ugly

beginning ending

below above

bent straight

big small, little

blunt sharp

better worse

best worst

blame praise

bless curse

bitter sweet

borrow lend

bravery cowardice

build destroy, demolish

bold timid, meek

bright dull

broad narrow

clear vague, cloudy

careful rush, careless

calm troubled

capable incapable

captivity freedom, liberty

cellar attic

cheap dear, expensive

close distant

clever stupid

cold hot

combine separate

clockwise anti-clockwise

correct incorrect

conceal reveal

come go

common rare

comfort discomfort

courage cowardice

cruel kind

courteous discourteous, rude

cunning simple

dainty clumsy

danger safety

dark light

deep shallow

decrease increase

definite indefinite

demand supply

despair hope

disappear appear

disease health

discourage encourage

dismal cheerful

doctor patient

dry wet

dull clear, bright

dusk dawn

early late

easy difficult

ebb flow

East West

economise waste

encourage discourage

entrance exit

employer employee

empty full

excited calm

end beginning

expand contract

expensive inexpensive, cheap

export import

exterior interior

external internal

fail succeed

false true

feeble sturdy, strong, powerful

foolish wise

fast slow

few many

famous unknown

forelegs hind legs

fat thin

find lose

first last

freedom captivity

fold unfold

frequent seldom

forget remember

found lost

fresh stale

friend enemy

fortunate unfortunate

frank secretive

full empty

generous mean

gentle rough

gather distribute

glad sorry

gloomy cheerful

giant dwarf, pygmy

granted refused

great minute, small, little

guardian ward

guest host

guilty innocent

happy sad, miserable

hard soft

harmful harmless

hasten dawdle

hate love

healthy unhealthy, ill, diseased

here there

heavy light

height depth

hero coward

hill valley

horizontal vertical

hinder aid, help

honest dishonest

humble proud

hunger thirst

imitation genuine

immense tiny, minute

imprison free

include exclude

increase decrease

inhabited uninhabited

inferior superior

inside outside

intelligent unintelligent, stupid

inhale exhale

interior exterior, outside

interesting uninteresting, dull

internal external

intentional accidental

join separate

junior senior

justice injustice

king subject

knowledge ignorance

laugh cry

lawful unlawful

lazy industrious, energetic

land sea

landlord tenant

large little, small

last first

lawyer client

lecturer student

lender borrower

lengthen shorten

left right

less more

light dark, heavy

like dislike, unlike

likely unlikely

leader follower

little large, much, big

lofty lowly

long short

loud soft

loss find, win

low high

loyal disloyal

mad sane

magnetize demagnetize

master servant

mature immature

maximum minimum

me you

merry mirthless, sad

minority majority

miser spendthrift

misunderstand understand

narrow wide

near far, distant

neat untidy

new old

night day

noisy quiet

North South

obedient disobedient

odd even

offer refuse

open shut

optimist pessimist

out in

parent child

past present

patient impatient

peace war

permanent temporary

please displease

plentiful scarce

poetry prose

possible impossible

poverty wealth

powerful feeble, weak

polite impolite, rude

private public

prudent imprudent

pretty unsightly, ugly

pure impure

qualified unqualified

rapid slow

regularly irregularly

rich poor

right wrong, left

rigid pliable, soft

rough smooth

satisfactory unsatisfactory

security insecurity

scatter collect

serious trivial

second-hand new

sense nonsense

shopkeeper customer

singular plural

simple complicated

slim thick, stout

solid liquid

sober drunk

speaker listener

sour sweet

sorrow joy

sow reap

stand lie

straight crooked

strong weak

success failure

sunny cloudy

take give

tall short

tame wild

teacher pupil

thick thin

tight slack, loose

top bottom

transparent opaque

truth untruth, lie

up down

vacant occupied

valuable valueless

victory defeat

virtue vice

visible invisible

voluntary compulsory

vowel consonant

wax wane

wisdom folly

within without

Common one word substitution I One Word Substitution

1. One who is out to subvert a government Anarchist

2. One who is recovering from illness Convalescent3. One who is all powerful Omnipotent4. One who is present everywhere Omnipresent5. One who knows everything Omniscient6. One who is easily deceived Gullible7. One who does not make mistakes Infallible8. One who can do anything for money Mercenary9. One who has no money Pauper10. One who changes sides Turncoat11. One who works for free Volunteer12. One who loves books Bibliophile13. One who can speak two languages Bilingual

14. One who loves mankind Philanthropist

15. One who hates mankind Misanthrope

16. One who looks on the bright side of things Optimist

17. One who looks on the dark side of things Pessimist

18. One who doubts the existence of god Agnostic

19. One who pretends to be what he is not Hypocrite

20. One incapable of being tired Indefatigable

21. One who helps others Good Samaritan22. One who copies from other writers Plagiarist23. One who hates women Misogynist24. One who knows many languages Polyglot

25. One who is fond of sensuous pleasures Epicure

26. One who thinks only of himself Egoist

27. One who thinks only of welfare of women Feminist.

28. One who is indifferent to pleasure or pain Stoic

29. One who is quite like a woman Effeminate30. One who has strange habits Eccentric31. One who speaks less Reticent32. One who goes on foot Pedestrian33. One who believes in fate Fatalist34. One who dies without a Will Intestate

35. One who always thinks himself to be ill

Valetudinarian

36. A Government by the people Democracy37. A Government by a king or queen Monarchy38. A Government by the officials Bureaucracy39. A Government by the rich Plutocracy40. A Government by the few Oligarchy41. A Government by the Nobles Aristocracy42. A Government by one Autocracy43. Rule by the mob Mobocracy44. That through which light can pass Transparent45. That through which light cannot pass Opaque

46. That through which light can partly pass Translucent

47. A sentence whose meaning is unclear Ambiguous48. A place where orphans live Orphanage

49. That which cannot be described Indescribable

50. That which cannot be imitated Inimitable51. That which cannot be avoided Inevitable

52. A position for which no salary is paid Honorary

53. That which cannot be defended Indefensible54. Practice of having several wives Polygamy55. Practice of having several husbands Polyandry

56. Practice of having one wife or husband Monogamy

57. Practice of having two wives or husbands Bigamy

58. That which is not likely to happen Improbable

59. People living at the same time Contemporaries

60. A book published after the death of its author Posthumas

61. A book written by an unknown author Anonymous

62. A life history written by oneself Autobiography

63. A life history written by somebody else Biography

64. People who work together Colleagues65. One who eats too much Glutton66. That which cannot be satisfied Insatiable67. One who questions everything Cynic68. A flesh eating animal Carnivorous69. A grass eating animal Herbivorous70. One who lives in a foreign country Immigrant

71. To transfer one's authority to another Delegate

72. One who is a newcomer Neophyte73. That which is lawful Legal74. That which is against law Illegal75. One who is unmarried Celibate76. A game in which no one wins Draw77. A study of man Anthropology78. A study of races Ethnology79. A study of the body Physiology80. A study of animals Zoology81. A study of birds Ornithology82. A study of ancient things Archaeology83. A study of derivation of words Etymology84. Murder of a human being Homicide85. Murder of a father Patricide86. Murder of a mother Matricide87. Murder of an brother Fratricide88. Murder of an infant Infanticide

89. Murder of self Suicide90. Murder of the king Regicide91. To free somebody from all blame Exonerate92. To write under a different name Pseudonym93. A thing no longer in use Obsolete94. A handwriting that cannot be read Illegible

95. Words written on the tomb of a person Epitaph

96. One who is greedy for money Avaricious97. Something that cannot be imitated Inimitable

98. One who doesn't know how to read andwrite Illiterate

99. A person's peculiar habit Idiosyncrasy100. An animal who preys on other animals Predator

101. Violating the sanctity of a church Sacrilege

102. One who can throw his voice Ventriloquis

t

Common one word substitution II ABATTOIR : A place where animals are slaughtered.ACCOMPLICE : A partner in crime.AESTHETE : A person with a highly developed sense of beauty.AFFLUENT : Wealthy; having abundance of money.AGORAPHOBIA : Unreasonable fear of open spaces.ALLEVIATE : To lessen, make less severe.ALTRUIST : One who does good work for others without thought of personal gain.AMBIDEXTROUS : Able to use the left hand as well as the right.AMBIGUOUS : A word or statement which can be interpreted intwo ways.ANACHRONISM : That which appears to be in the wrong period.ANGLOPHILE : An admirer of the English people, language, manners or way of life.ANGLOPHOBE : One who dislikes the English and England.ARMISTICE : An agreement to stop fighting in a war.ARISTOCRACY : A government run by the rich and the elite people; a class of well-born people.ARTISTE : Professional singer, dancer etc.ATHEIST : A person who does not believe in the existence of God.AUTOCRACY : A government where the power is concentrated in the hands of one person.AUTOPSY : Medical examination of a dead body.BANKRUPT : A person who cannot pay his debts.BARBARIAN : An uncivilized person.BARRICADE : Hastily erected barrier across a street.BELLIGERENT : One who is engaged in fighting a battle or war.BIBLIOGRAPHY : A list of writings on a subject.BIBLIOPHILE : One who loves books.BIOGRAPHY : The story of a person’s life.BLASPHEMOUS : One who is irreverent towards God.

BREVITY : Briefness; shortness of time.BREWERY : A place where beer is made.BUREAUCRACY : A government run by civil servants.CALLIGRAPHY : The art of beautiful hand writing.CARDIOLOGIST : A doctor specializing in matters relating to the heart.CATHOLICITY : Broad outlook, free from prejudice.

CELIBACY : The state of being unmarried.CHARLATAN : One who deceives others by claiming to be an expert.CIRCUMLOCUTION : A roundabout way of expression.CLAUSTROPHOBIA : A morbid fear of confined spaces.COAGULATE : Change from liquid into solid by chemical reaction.COLLOQUIAL : Suitable for ordinary informal conversation.COMBUSTIBLE : That which can catch fire and burn easily.COMEDIAN : One who plays funny parts in plays or films.COMMODITY : An article of trade or commerce.COMPATRIOT : A person belonging to one’s own country.COMPLEXION : The natural color and appear- acne of skin.COMPULSORY : That which must be done.CONDUCTOR : That which acts as a path for electricity, heat etc.CONNOISSEUR : A person who is competent to pass critical judgement upon anything.CONSCRIPT : A person who is compelled by law to serve in the armed forces.CONSORTIUM : A combination of several businesses for a common purpose.CONTAGIOUS : That which spreads easily, especially a disease.CONTRETEMPS : An unlucky event, an unexpected set-back.CONTROVERSIAL : That which causes debate or argument.CONVENTION (2) : A formal assembly or conference of people of the same business to discuss practices.CORRIGENDA : Something to be corrected in a printed book.COUNTERFEIT : Copy something exactly in order to deceive.COUP D’ÉTAT : Sudden overthrow of a government, especially by force.CRUISE : A sea voyage for pleasure.CYGNET : A young swan.CYNIC : One who has little faith in human sincerity or honesty.

DEBACLE : A sudden complete failure.DENOUEMENT : The last part of a play, book etc. where all the complications of the plot are solved.DETERGENT : A cleaning agent, especially a synthetic substance.DETERRENT : Something to discourage people from doing wrong.DILETTANTE : An admirer of the fine arts.DISARMAMENT : Reduction of weapons by governments.DISINFORMATION : False information spread intentionally to spreadpropaganda.DOMICILE : A place where one lives permanently.DRAGNET : A system of connected actions and methods for catching criminals.DRUDGERY : Hard, uninteresting work.DUET : Song sung by two people together.EBULLIENT : High-spirited, exuberant.EFFEMINATE : A man who has the qualities of a woman.ENCYCLOPAEDIA : A book giving information on all branches of knowledge.ENTOMOLOGY : The scientific study of insects.EPIC : A long narrative poem.EPILOGUE : Concluding part of a literary work.ERGONOMICS : The study of the efficiency of people in their working environment.ERR : Make a mistake, do wrong.ESTUARY : The wide mouth of a river.EVOLUTION : Gradual development from simple life forms to complexones.EXCISE : Tax on goods produced and used in a country.EXERTION : Making an effort; trying very hard to do something.EXTEMPORE : A speech made without any previous thought or preparation.EXTERMINATE : To put an end to something by killing.EXTROVERT : A person who is active, lively and enjoys the companyof others.EXUBERANT : Lively, high-spirited.FALLACY : A false idea or belief.FARCE : A light-heated humorous play with silly action.FASTIDIOUS : One who cannot be easily pleased.FAVORITISM : The practice of giving favored treatment to certain

people.FEBRILE : Of or caused by fever.FEMINIST : A supporter of the cause of women.FIANCEE : A girl to whom a man is engaged to be married.FISSION : Splitting of the nucleus of an atom.FLOGGING : Severe beating with a whip.FLUVIAL : Of, found in, or produced by rivers.FOOLSCAP : A size of paper, also called ‘legal’ format.FOREMAN : A skilled worker in charge of other workmen.FOURTH ESTATE : Influential newspapers and journalists.FRANCOPHONE : An admirer of the French people, language, manners or way of life.FRANCOPHONE : One who dislikes the French and France.FRATRICIDE : The murder of one’s brother.FREIGHT : Goods carried by train, ship etc.FUDDY-DUDDY : An elderly person who does not understand or approve of modern ideas.FUMIGATE : To clear of disease, bacteria etc., by means of chemical smoke.GARAGE : A building in which motorcars are parked.GARRULOUS : One who talks too much about uninteresting things.GASTRONOMY : The art and science of cooking and eating good food.GENOCIDE : Elimination or killing of a whole race.GERMANOPHILE : An admirer of the German people, language, mannersor way of life.GERMANOPHOBE : One who dislikes the Germans and Germany.GERMICIDE : A medicine that kills germs.GLACIER : A mass of ice moving very slowly down a mountain valley.GLUT : A larger supply than necessary.GRAFFITI : Rough drawing or writing on public walls.GRAMINIVORE : An animal that eats grain.GRATIS : Without payment, free of cost.GUBERNATORIAL : Of a governor.HALLUCINATION : Seeing something which is not actually present.HAVEN : A place of calm and safety.HEDONIST : One who lives for pleasure.HERBIVORE : A plant-eating animal.HISTRIONICS : Overreacting in a theatrical manner.

HOLOCAUST : Great destruction and the loss of many lives; the mass killing of Jews in  World War II.HOLSTER : A leather holder for a pistol.HOMICIDE : The killing of one man by another man.HOMONYM : A word which agrees with another in pronoun-cation and perhaps also inspelling but is different in meaning.HONORARY : An office for which no salary is paid.HOOLIGAN : A noisy rough person who causes trouble.HORTICULTURE : The art of garden cultivation.HUB : The central part of a wheel.HYPERCRITICAL : Excessively critical.HYPOCHONDRIAC : One who has exaggerated anxiety about his health.HYPOCRITICAL : Pretense of virtue or goodness; saying one thing while thinking another.HYPOTHESIS : Supposition made as basis for reasoning.IDEALISM : Practice of forming and following ideals.IDEOLOGY : Set of ideas at the basis of certain economic or political systems.IDOLATRY : Worship of idols.IGNORAMUS : A thoroughly ignorant person.ILLEGAL : That which is contrary to law.ILLEGIBLE : Handwriting which can not be read.ILLITERATE : One who is unable to read or write.IMMEMORIAL : Too old to be remembered, ancient beyond memory.IMMINENT : About to happen.IMMORTAL : That which never dies.IMPASSABLE : That which cannot be passed through.IMPLACABLE : Impossible to satisfy, change or make less angry.IMPREGNABLE : That which cannot be attacked or taken by force.INACCESSIBLE : That cannot be approached or reached.INAUSPICIOUS : Not of good omen.INCORPOREAL : Without a body.INCREDIBLE : That cannot be believed.INDEFATIGABLE : One who is incapable of being tired.INDELIBLE : Incapable of being effaced or cancelled or obliterated.INDIGENOUS : Belonging naturally to a place.INDOPHILE : An admirer of the Indian people, its culture, mannersor way of life.

INDOPHOBE : One who dislikes the Indians and India.INEDIBLE : Something which cannot be eaten.INEVITABLE : That which is bound to happen.INEXPLICABLE : That which cannot be explained.INFLAMMABLE : Capable of catching fire.INFLATE : To fill with air or gas.INGENIOUS : Very clever.INIMITABLE : That which cannot be imitated.INNATE : That which one is born with.INNOCUOUS : That which is quite harmless.INTANGIBLE : That cannot be mentally grasped.INTELLIGENTSIA : The class of people who think independently.INTOLERABLE : That which cannot be endured.INTROSPECTION : Examination of one’s own mental processes.INTUITION : Immediate apprehension by mind reasoning.INVINCIBLE : That cannot be conquered or defeated.INVULNERABLE : That which cannot be wounded.IRREPARABLE : That which cannot be repaired.IRREPROACHABLE : So good that no criticism canbe made.JAYWALK : To cross streets on foot in a careless and dangerous way.JOEY : A young kangaroo.JUDICIOUS : Wise, sound in judgement.KIMONO : A loose gown of silk as worn in Japan.KNIGHTHOOD : The right to put ‘Sir’ in front of one’s name.LACKEY : One who behaves like a servant by always obeying.LAMINATE : To cover with thin sheets ofmetal or plastic.LEGIBLE : Capable of being read clearly.LEONINE : Of or like a lion.LEXICOGRAPHER : One who compiles dictionaries.LIBERTARIAN : One who believes that one should have freedom of expression.LIMERICK : A humorous short poem with five lines.LITERATI : People with knowledge of literature.LOQUACIOUS : One who talks a lot.LOWBROW : One who has no interest in literature, art etc.LULLABY : A pleasant song sung to send children to sleep.MACHETE : A knife with a broad heavy blade.MAGNUM OPUS : A great work of art, particularly literary.

MALEDICTION : Evil, vicious speech.MANUAL : A book giving information about how to work something.MANUSCRIPT : Handwritten script of a book.MARTINET : A strict disciplinarian.MASCOT : Something chosen as a symbol to bring good luck.MASOCHIST : One who enjoys pain or humiliation.MEDIOCRE : One who is neither intelligent nor dull.MEGALOMANIA : The belief that one is extremely important.MELODIOUS : Sweet sounding.MERCANTILE : Of trade and business.METEOROLOGY : The scientific study of weather conditions.METICULOUS : A person who is very careful about details.MILITIA : Those trained as soldiers but not belonging to a regular army.MISANTHROPE : One who hates mankind.MISOGAMIST : One who hates marriage.MISOGYNIST : One who hates women.MONOMANIAC : One who keeps thinking of one particular thing only.MONOTHEISM : The practice of worshiping only one god.MULTINATIONAL : A company having branches in many countries.MYCOLOGY : The scientific study of fungi.NAUSEA : Strong feeling of wanting to vomit.NAUTICAL : Of sailors, ships or sailing.NEMESIS : Downfall that satisfies natural justice.NEOLOGISM : A new word.NEPOTISM : Undue favor shown by a person in power to his relatives.NOTARY : A public official who makes written statements official.NUMISMATIC : One who collects coins.OBITUARY : Notice of a person’s death in a newspaper.OBLIGATORY : That which is required to be done by law.OBSOLETE : That which is out of use, or replaced by a newer model.OMNIPOTENT : One who is all powerful.OMNISCIENT : One who knows everything.OMNIVOROUS : One who eats anything.ONTOLOGY : Philosophy concerned with the nature of existence.OPHTHALMOLOGIST : An eye-doctor.OPTOMETRIST : A technician who measures your eyesight.

PACHYDERM : A thick-skinned animal, especially an elephant or rhinoceros.PACIFIST : One who believes in the abolition of war.PALEOGRAPHY : The study of ancient writing.PALAEONTOLOGY : The study of fossils.PANACEA : A remedy which can cure all diseases.PARADOX : Contradictory statement.PARASITE : One that lives on another.PARIAH : One who is not accepted by society.PATENT : Sole right to make and sell one’s own invention.PAUNCH : A man’s fat stomach.PEDANT : One who exhibits his book learning.PENULTIMATE : Last but one.PERQUISITE : Gain over and above one’s salary.PETROLOGY : The scientific study of rocks.PHILISTINE : Person of material outlook who is indifferent to culture.PHILOLOGIST : One who is well versed in the science of languages.PIGMENT : The natural coloring matter of plants and animals.PLAINTIFF : One who bring a charge against someone in court.PLATONIC : A very close, non-sexual friendship between two people.PLEBEIAN : Of the lower social classes.POLYANDRY : The practice of having more than one husband at the same time.POLYGAMY : The practice of having more than one husband or wife at the same time.POLYGLOT : One who speaks many languages.POLYGRAPH : A lie-detector.POSTHUMOUS : A child born after the death of its father.POSTSCRIPT : A note added at the end of a letter, after the signature.PRAGMATIST : One who uses common sense.PRESCIENT : Able to foretell what will happen in the future.PROFILE (1) : A side view of someone’s head.PROPELLANT : An explosive for firing a bullet or a rocket.PSEUDONYM : A pen-name assumed by a writer.PULMONARY : Of or having an effect on the lungs.QUIXOTIC : Trying to do the impossible, usually to help others,

while putting oneself into danger.RACONTEUR : One who is good at telling stories in an interesting way.RAPPORT : A good relationship between two people.RECEPTIVE : Capable of receiving new ideas.RED TAPISM : Excessive use of official formalities which causes unnecessary delay.REFLATION : A government policy of increasing the amount of moneyin circulation.REINFORCE : Strengthen by additional men or material.RENAISSANCE : A renewal of interest in art, literature etc.REQUISITION : An official demand or request.RETRIBUTION : A severe deserved punishment.RINGLEADER : One who leads others to do wrong or make trouble.RODENT : A small herbivore usually considered a pest..RUSSOPHILE : An admirer of the Russian people, language, manners or way of life.RUSSOPHOBE : One who dislikes theRussians and Russia.SABOTAGE : Wanton destruction especially of a factory, etc. b y dissatis- fied workers.SACRILEGE : The violation or profaning of sacred things.SANATORIUM : A place for invalids and convalescents.SANCTIMONIOUS : Making a show of piety.SCAFFOLD : A structure on which criminals used to be hanged.SEPTIC : Person who doubts the truth of what he is told.SCUBA : An instrument used for breathing when swimming under water.SEDENTARY : Done while sitting down.SEER : One who can see into the future.SENSATIONALISM : The intentional producing of excitement or shock.SEPTUAGENARIAN : One in his seventies.SILHOUETTE : Black shadow-like picture on white background.SIMULTANEOUSLY : Taking place or happening at the same time.SINECURE : Any office with good salary but no work.SINOPHILE : An admirer of the Chinese people, language, manners or way of life.SINOPHOBE : One who dislikes the Chinese and China.

SMALL FRY : Unimportant people.SNIPPET : A small piece from something spoken or written.SOJOURN : A short stay at a place.SPINSTER : An unmarried woman.STALE : Something which is not fresh.STAMPEDE : A sudden rush of a large number of frightened people or animals.STELLAR : Of the stars.STOCKBROKER : One who buys and sell shares for others.STOIC : One who is indifferent to pain and pleasure.STRATAGEM : A trick to deceive an enemy.STRINGENT : Very strict.SUBCUTANEOUS : Beneath the skin.SUB JUDICE : A subject which cannot be publicly discussed becauseit is being considered by a court of law.SUBSIDY : Money paid by a government to make prices lower.SUBVERSIVE : Attempting to weaken or overthrow authority.SUPERANNUATED : Too old for work.SURREAL : Having a strange, dreamlike unreal quality.TABLEAU : A lifelike representation of a famous scene by a group ofpeople who do not move or speak.TAXIDERMY : The art of stuffing animals and setting them in life-like poses.TECHNOCRAT : A specialist in technology.TEETOTALER : One who abstains from all kinds of alcoholic drinks.TERMINATE : Come or bring to an end.THEIST : One who believes in the existence of God.THEOCRACY : Government by priests.TIMBER : Wood cut down for building etc.TOPIARY : The art of trimming trees and bushes to decorative shapes.TRAITOR : One who is disloyal to his country.TYRANT : A ruler with complete power who rules cruelly.UNISEX : Of one type, used by both males and females.UNANIMOUS : A decision taken by the votes of all.UPSTART : A person who has suddenly risen from low rank to wealthand importance.UXORICIDE : The killing of one’s wife.

UXORIOUS : Greatly or excessively fond of one’s wife. 

LIST - II  

CREDULOUS : Ready to believe without sufficient evidenceARISTOCRACY : Government by the nobilityPLUTOCRACY : Government by the wealthy peopleDEMAGOGUE : A person who can sway his followers by his oratoryDESPERADO : One ready to do any reckless or criminal actEDIBLE : Fit for foodEPICURIAN : One who devoted to the pleasures of eating and drinkingELECTROCUTE : Killing by means of an electric currentENDEMIC : A disease confined to a particular district or placeEXTROVERT : One whose interest are directed outwardEPHEMERAL : Existing only for a day.EMBALM : To preserve a dead body from decayingEPITOME : A brief summary of a bookENIGMA : A person, thing or circumstance that is puzzlingEMBARGO : An order prohibiting ships to leave the portENTOMOLOGY : The study of insectsFIANCEE : One engaged to be marriedFARRIES : One who shoes horsesFUGITIVE : One who runs away from justice or the lawFANATIC : a person filled with excessive enthusiasm, especially in religionGEOLOGIST : One who studies about rocks and soilsGARRISON : Military force stationed in a fortressHOMICIDE : The act of killing a human beingHAWKER : One who travels from place to place selling miscellaneous articlesHEDONIST : One who believes that pleasure is the highest tool.HORTICULTURE : The art of cultivating and managing gardensHYPERBOLE : Exaggerated statement made for the sake of effectHOSTAGE : Person given to an enemy as a pledgeINVALID : A person who is sickINCENDIARY : One who maliciously sets fire to buildingINSOLVENT : One who cannot pay one’s debts

IGNORAMUS : An ignorant personIMMIGRANT : One who comes into a foreign country to settle thereINVINCIBLE : That which cannot be conquerINCOMBUSTIBLE : Incapable of being burntINVISIBLE : That which cannot be seenIMMORTAL : Living for everINIMITABLE : That which cannot be imitatedINDEFATIGABLE : Persons that cannot be weariedINTERNECINE : Causing destruction to both sidesINTERPOLATE : make (spurious & misleading) additions to a bookJUXTAPOSE : To place side by sideLETHAL : causing deathLACONIC : Expressing in a few wordsLAUNDRY : A place where clothes are washed and ironedLIMNOLOGY : The study of lakes and other fresh water bodiesMANIFESTO : A declaration of plans and promises put forward by a political partyMIGRATE : To move from one country to anotherMETEOROLOGIST : One who studies the elements of weather.MISANTHROPE : One who hates mankindMETALLURGY : The science dealing with the production of metalsMONOLOGUE : A long speech by one personMOBILIZE : To collect together for service in warMAUSOLEUM : A magnificent tombMACHIAVELLIAN : Unscrupulous in gaining what is wantedMEMENTO : Something kept or given as a reminderMIVIPAROUS : Producing young that are fully developed .MEGALOMANIAC : A person with a false impression that he is great and powerful.NUMISMATICS : The study of coinsNICHE : A hollow place in wallNEOLOGISM : A new word coined by an authorNEPOTISM : Special favor shown by a person in high position to his relatives.ORCHARD : A place where fruit trees are grownOPTIMIST : One who looks on the bright side of things.OMNISCIENT : One who knows everythingOMNIPRESENT : One who is present everywhereOCULIST : One who attends to the diseases of the eye

ORNITHOLOGY : The study of birdsOBITUARY : An account, in the newspaper, of the funeral of one deceasedOSTLER : One who attends to horses at an innOPTICIAN : One who makes or sells eye-glassesOOLOGY : The study of eggsOCCIDENTAL : Belonging to the westOSTRACIZE : Expel from societyPOSTHUMOUS : Occurring after deathPLAGIARISM : Literary theft, or passing off an author’s original work as one’s own.PYROTECHNICS : The art of making fireworksPARASITE : A plant or animal growing on anotherPANACEA : A cure for all diseasesPHILATELIST : One who collects postage stampsPHILANTHROPIST : One who devotes his service or wealth for the love of mankind.PEDANT : One who makes a display of his learningPEDLAR : One who goes from house to house selling small articles.PEDIATRICIAN : Doctors who treat children’s diseasesPALEOGRAPHY : The study of ancient modes of writingPHONETICS : The science of speech, sounds and their productionPYROTECHNICS : The art of making fireworksPROTAGONIST : Chief person in a drama, story etc.PSEUDONYM : A fictitious name used by an authorQUACK : One who dishonestly claims to have knowledge and skill, esp. in medicine.QUARANTINE : Confinement to one place to prevent spread of infection.RUMINANT : A cud-chewing animalREFUGEE : One who takes refuge in a foreign country.REINSTATE : Put back in a former station or condition.RACONTEUR : One who tells anecdotes or storiesSOMNAMBULIST : One who walk in his sleepSPENDTHRIFT : One who spends too muchSCULPTOR : One who carves in stone, metal, wood, etc.SURGEON : One who treats diseases by operationsSANATORIUM : A hospital esp, for tuberculosis patients and convalescents.

SYMPOSIUM : Collection of views of several persons on a topicSYNONYM : A word with the same meaning as anotherSABOTAGE : Wanton destruction of a plant by workmenSIMULTANEOUS : happening or done at the same timeSUPERFLUOUS : More than is neededTEETOTALLER : One who doesn’t consume alcoholic drinksTRAITOR : One who betrays his friends, ruler, country, etc.TAXIDERMY : The art of preparing, stuffing and mounting the skinsof animals, birds and fish.TOPOGRAPHY : The art of representing the physical features of a place on a map.THESAURUS : Lexicon, esp, a collection of wordsTABOO : An act which religion or custom regards as forbidden.TRANSMIGRATION : Belief that the soul passes at death into another body.UTOPIAN : Ideally perfect but impracticableUNDERTAKER : A tradesman who manages funeralsUPHOLSTERER : One who makes or deals in carpets, curtains, beds, cushioned seats, etc.USURER : One who lends money at an excessive rate of interestUPSTART : One who has suddenly risen to wealth and importanceULTIMATUM : final proposal of terms given by one party to anotherUNANIMOUS : Of the same opinionVETERINARIAN : One skilled in the treatment of diseases of animalsVAGABOND : One who wanders without settled homeVALETUDINARIAN : One who is overanxious about one’s healthVOLUNTEER : One who takes part in an enterprise of his own free willVERBATIM : Word for wordVERSATILE : Of many sided abilityVICARIOUS : Done for anotherWARREN : A place for breeding or preserving rabbitsWINNOW : To separate the husks from the grainWANTON : Recklessly inconsiderateWIDOWER : A man whose wife is deadXENOMANIAC : A person having an excessive attachment to foreign living

Precis: Sample Paragraphs for Practice

Make Precis and give suitable Title.1] Trees give shade for the benefit of others, and while they themselves stand in the sun and endure the scorching heat, they produce the fruit of which others profit. The character of good men is like that of trees. What is the use of this perishable body if no use is made of it for the benefit of mankind? Sandalwood, the more it is rubbed, the more scent does it yield. Sugarcane, the more it is peeled and cut up into pieces, the morejuice does it produce. The men who are noble at heart do not losetheir qualities even in losing their lives. What matters whether men praise them or not? What difference does it make whether theydie at this moment or whether lives are prolonged? Happen what may, those who tread in the right path will not set foot in any other. Life itself is unprofitable to a man who does not live forothers. To live for the mere sake of living one’s life is to livethe life of dog and crows. Those who lay down their lives for thesake of others will assuredly dwell forever in a world of bliss.PrecisGood men live for othersThe character of good men is like that of trees. They live for others and do not lose their qualities even in losing their lives. They always follow the right path. Praise is immaterial tothem To live for one’s own sake is to lead the life of beasts. Only those who lay down their lives for others will live for everin a world of bliss.

2] It is physically impossible for a well-educated, intellectual,or brave man to make money the chief object of his thoughts just as it is for him to make his dinner the principal object of them.

All healthy people like their dinners, but their dinner is not the main object of their lives. So all healthy minded people likemaking money ought to like it and enjoy the sensation of winning it; it is something better than money.A good soldier, for instance, mainly wishes to do his fighting well. He is glad of his pay—very properly so and justly grumbles when you keep him ten years without it—till, his main mission of life is to win battles, not to be paid for winning them. So of clergymen. The clergyman's object is essentially baptize and preach not to be paid for preaching. So of doctors. They like fees no doubt—ought to like them; yet if they are brave and well-educated the entire object to their lives is not fees. They on the whole, desire to cure the sick; and if they are good doctors and the choice were fairly to them, would rather cure their patient and lose their fee than kill him and get it. And so with all the other brave and rightly trained men: their work is first,their fee second—very important always; but still second.

Precis Money-making is a common attraction in life. But it cannot be theprincipal aim of well educated, cultured and brave man. A brave soldier prizes honour and victory more than his pay. A good clergyman is more interested in the moral welfare of his people than his returns. A doctor (good) values the care of his patient far more than his fees. Thus with all the well-educated, intellectual persons, their work is first, money next.

3] Home is the young, who known "nothing of the world and who would be forlorn and sad, if thrown upon it. It is providential, shelter of the weak and inexperienced, who have to learn as yet to cope with the temptations which lies outside of it. It is the place of training of those who are not only ignorant, but have noyet learnt how to learn, and who have to be taught by careful individual trail, how to set about profiting by the lessons of teacher. And it is the school of elementary studies—not of advances, for such studies alone can make master minds. Moreover,it is the shrine of our best affections, the bosom of our fondestrecollections, at spell upon our after life, a stay for world weary mind and soul; wherever we are, till the end comes. Such

are attributes or offices of home, and like to these, in one or other sense or measure, are the attributes and offices of a college in a university.Precis Home shelters the young who are weak and inexperienced and unableto face the temptations in life. It is a centre of their elementary education and a nursery of sweet affections and pleasant memories. Its magic lasts forever. A weary mind turns toit for rest. Such is the function of a home and in some measure of the

4] Teaching is the noblest of professions. A teacher has a scaredduty to perform. It is he on whom rests the responsibility of moulding the character of young children. Apart from developing their intellect, he can inculcate in them qualities of good citizenship, remaining neat and clean, talking decently and sitting properly. These virtues are not easy to be imbibed. Only he who himself leads a life of simplicity, purity and rigid discipline can successfully cultivate these habits in his pupils.Besides a teacher always remain young. He may grow old in age, but not in spite. Perpetual contact with budding youths keeps himhappy and cheerful. There are moments when domestic worries weighheavily on his mind, but the delightful company of innocent children makes him overcome his transient moods of despair.

Precis Teaching is the noblest profession. A teacher himself leading a simple, pure and disciplined life can mould the character of the young children and make them neat and good mannered citizens. Besides he remains every young forgetting his own domestic worries in the constant company of the young.

5] English education and English language have done immense goodsto India, inspite of their glaring drawbacks. The notions of democracy and self-government are the born of English education. Those who fought and died for mother India's freedom were nursed in the cradle of English thought and culture. The West has made contribution to the East. The history of Europe has fired the hearts of our leaders. Our struggle for freedom has been inspired

by the struggles for freedom in England, America and France. If our leaders were ignorant of English and if they had not studied this language, how could they have been inspired by these heroic struggles for freedom in other lands? English, therefore, did us great good in the past and if properly studied will do immense good in future.English is spoken throughout the world. For international contactour comrherce and trade, for the development of our practical ideas, for the scientific studies, English-is indispensable "English is very rich in literature," our own literature has beenmade richer by this foreign language. It will really be a fatal day if we altogether forget Shakespeare, Milton, Keats and Shaw.

Precis Notwithstanding its various defects English education has done great good to India. The ideas of democracy and self-government are its gifts. Nursed on English education the Indian leaders were inspired by the Western thought, culture and freedom struggles. They fought for and won their motherland's freedom. Being spoken thought-out the world English is necessary for international contact, trade, commerce and science. English is rich in literature; its master mind cannot be neglected.

6] When we survey our lives and efforts we soon observe that almost the whole of our actions and desires are bound up with theexistence of other human beings. We notice that whole nature resembles that of the social animals. We eat food that others have produced, wear clothes that others have made, live in housesthat others have built. The greater part of our knowledge and beliefs has been passed on to us by other people though the medium of a language which others have created. Without language and mental capacities, we would have been poor indeed comparable to higher animals.We have, therefore, to admit that we owe our principal knowledge over the least to the fact of living in human society. The individual if left alone from birth would remain primitive and beast like in his thoughts and feelings to a degree that we can hardly imagine. The individual is what he is and has the significance that he has, not much in virtue of the

individuality, but rather as a member of a great human community,which directs his material and spiritual existence from the cradle to grave.

Precis Being social animals, human beings have their actions and desiresbound up with society. In matter of food, clothes, knowledge and belief they are interdependent. They use language created by others. Without language their mental power would not grow. They are superior to beast, because they live in human society. An individual life left alone from birth would grow utterly beast like. So human society and not individuality guides man's material and spiritual existence.