coal facies studies in the eastern united states

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijcoalgeo

International Journal of Coal Geology 58 (2004) 3–22

Coal facies studies in the eastern United States

James C. Howera,*, Cortland F. Ebleb

aCenter for Applied Energy Research, University of Kentucky, 2540 Research Park Drive, Lexington, KY 40511-8433, USAbKentucky Geological Survey, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA

Received 1 January 2003; accepted 26 March 2003

Abstract

Coals in the eastern United States (east of the Mississippi River) have been the subject of a number of coal facies studies,

going back to the 19th century. Such studies would not necessarily fall within a strict modern classification of coal facies

studies, but if a study encompassed some aspects of paleobotany, palynology, petrology, geochemistry, or sedimentology, we

assumed that some data and interpretations may be of use in evaluations of the facies. References are presented, as a guide for

further research, with annotation in the tables.

D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Appalachians; Coal; Lignite; Illinois basin; Petrology; Palynology

1. Introduction

Coals in the United States east of the Mississippi

River have been the subject of a large number of

petrographic, palynologic, paleobotanical, geochemi-

cal, and mineralogical studies. Investigations of the

coal fields date to the 1820s. Aside from the proxi-

mate analysis, though, few studies from before 1850

would fall into the type of coal facies studies cited

here.

The era of coal facies research in the US began

with the thin-section petrography studies of Thies-

sen at the US Bureau of Mines, Thiessen and

0166-5162/$ - see front matter D 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

doi:10.1016/j.coal.2003.03.001

* Corresponding author. Tel.: +1-859-257-0261; fax: +1-859-

257-0360.

E-mail address: [email protected] (J.C. Hower).

Voorhees (1922) being an example. Later research

has incorporated elements of the petrology, chemis-

try, and botanical aspects of the coal into an

understanding of the nature of the coal at a scale

ranging from one site to an entire basin. Some of

the most recent general summaries (Staub, 2002;

Eble, 2002; DiMichele et al., 2002; Greb et al,

2002a,b) collectively tie together many of the basic

elements of coal bed evaluation, providing good

reference points for deeper investigation of the

regional coals.

Universities have been major contributors to coal

research. Among the nearly 300 papers cited, there are

76 theses and dissertations from 29 schools. A number

of other studies came from similar work at other

universities, for example, Teichmuller (1941).

The tables are divided into one large table for the

Paleozoic coals of the Appalachian and the Illinois

basins (Table 1) and a smaller table for Mesozoic and

Table 1

Coal facies studies of Paleozoic coals in the eastern United States

Author Method Depositional environment/

other comments

Area ASTM

Rank

Pennsylvanian and Permian (?)

Cross and

Schemel (1952)

palynology northern

Appalachians

Pennsylvanian Age

Cecil et al. (1985, 1993) sedimentology modern analogues for

Appalachian coals

Rathbone and

Davis (1993)

petrology use of vitrinite fluorescence

in assessment of

depositional environment

Northern Appalachian

coal field

hvb

Fieldner et al. (1935) petrology Alma coal,

West Virginia

hvAb

Gray (1965, 1967),

Feng (1988, 1989)

palynology, coal balls Allegheny Formation,

Pennsylvania

Greb et al. (1999b) Palynology, coal balls,

petrology

Amburgy coal,

eastern Kentucky

hvAb

Williams et al. (1990) petrology, geochemistry,

mineralogy, palynology

fluvial influence Amos and Foster coals,

western Kentucky

hvb

Fieldner et al. (1938) petrology Upper Banner,

Virginia and Indiana

No. 4, Indiana

hvb

Robinson (1975),

Staub (1991, 1994),

Staub and Esterle (1992)

sedimentology, petrology fluvial, comparisons

with modern peat

Beckley coal,

West Virginia

mvb

Avignone (1964) palynology fluvial Big Mary coal,

Tennessee

hvb

Wood (1960),

Padgett et al. (1999),

Mastalerz et al. (1999, 2000)

paleobotany, petrology,

palynology

Lower Block coal,

Indiana

hvCb

Richards (1992) petrology, sedimentology fluvial No. 5 Block coal,

West Virginia

hvb

Hower et al. (1994c) petrology, palynology,

geochemistry

fluvial No. 5 Block coal,

eastern Kentucky

hvAb

Hildick (1982),

Woerner (1981)

petrology, palynology Blue Creek and Mary

Lee coals, Alabama

Hower et al. (1991b),

Hower et al. (1994d),

Rimmer et al. (1985, 2000)

geochemistry, petrology,

organic and inorganic

geochemistry

fluvial; detailed study of

density fractions of two

lithotypes from low-ash,

low-sulfur coal

Blue Gem coal,

eastern Kentucky

hvAb

Hower et al. (1986) petrology, organic

geochemistry

Breckenridge cannel,

western Kentucky

hvCb

Ghose (1981) petrology, geochemistry marine influence Bucktown coals, Indiana hvCb

DiMichele

et al. (1996a)

coal balls, palynology marine influence Carbondale and Lower

Modesto Formations,

Illinois

hvCb

Sitler (1956) petrology Chilton coal,

West Virginia

hvb

Fieldner (1936) petrology Clintwood coal, Virginia mvb

Damberger (1970),

Peppers and

Pfefferkorn (1970),

Allen (1986)

Petrology, palynology,

paleobotany,

geochemistry

marine influence Colchester coal,

Illinois, Indiana

hvb, hvCb

J.C. Hower, C.F. Eble / International Journal of Coal Geology 58 (2004) 3–224

Table 1 (continued)


other comments

Area ASTM

Rank

Pennsylvanian Age

Heckel (1995) sedimentology Glacial-eustatic controls Conemaugh Formation,

northern Appalachians

hvb

Harter (1985),

Taylor (1986),

Murray et al. (1990)

petrology, mineralogy,

geochemistry

marine influence Danville coal, Indiana hvCb

Pryor (1996) coal balls marine influence Duquesne coal, Ohio hvCb

Thiessen et al. (1931),

Trinkle and

Hower (1984),

Raione et al. (1991)

petrology, geochemistry fluvial; example of

thin-section methods

Elkhorn coal, eastern

Kentucky

hvAb

Smith and

O’Donnell (1949a)

petrology Fairview coal, Alabama

Baldwin (1975),

Rymer (1981),

Unuiboje (1987),

Eble (1988),

Hodges (1989),

Eble and Grady

(1990, 1993),

Andrews et al. (1994),

Eble et al.

(1989, 1994b),

Greb et al. (1999a, c),

Hower et al. (1999)

geochemistry, petrology,

sedimentology,

structural analysis,

palynology

fluvial Fire Clay coal,

Eastern Kentucky

hvCb

Belt and Lyons (1989) tectonic control,

petrology

Upper Freeport coal,

Maryland and West

Virginia

Cheek and

Donaldson (1969)

geochemistry Upper Freeport coal,

West Virginia

hvb

Thiessen and

Vorhees (1922),

Billings (1931),

Koppe (1963),

Chao et al. (1979),

Hohos (1979),

Sholes et al. (1979),

Minkin et al. (1984),

Pierce et al. (1991),

Ruppert et al. (1991),

Shaffer (1994),

Valero Garces

et al. (1997)

petrology, sedimentology,

geochemistry, palynology,

structural analysis,

organic and carbonate

petrology,

C and O isotopes

fluvial Upper Freeport coal,

Pennsylvania

hvAb

Scales (1987),

Scales and

Kopp (1990)

geochemistry, petrology fluvial Glamorgan coal, Virginia

and eastern Kentucky

hvAb-mvb

Esterle and Ferm (1986),

Hubbard et al. (2002),

Esterle et al.

(1989, 1992)

petrology fluvial Hance coal,

eastern Kentucky

hvAb

Collins (1959),

Lewis (1985)

palynology, petrology,

geochemistry

Harlem coal, West

Virginia

hvb

(continued on next page)

J.C. Hower, C.F. Eble / International Journal of Coal Geology 58 (2004) 3–22 5

Table 1 (continued)


other comments

Area ASTM

Rank

Pennsylvanian Age

Taylor (1981),

Reese and Kopp

(1990)

sedimentology, petrology,

palynology,

fluvial Hazard coal,

Eastern Kentucky

hvb

hvAb

Cross (1982), Lawal

(1986), Greb (1992)


palynology

fluvial Hazard No. 8 coal,

Eastern Kentucky

hvAb

Parks and Gibson

(1959)

petrology fluvial Hernshaw coal,

West Virginia

hvAb

Spies (1977) geochemistry marine influence Herrin coal, western

Kentucky and Illinois

hvb

Hower and Wild (1981),

Winston (1986a),

(1986b), (1988),

(1989), Frankie

and Hower (1987)


paleobotany

marine influence Herrin coal,

western Kentucky

hvb

Phillips and DiMichele,

(1979, 1981)

coal balls marine-influenced coal Herrin coal, Indiana hvCb

Zubovic (1960) geochemistry marine influence Springfield and

Herrin coals,

Illinois, Indiana,

Kentucky

hvb

Graham (1934, 1935),

Ball (1935),

McCabe (1935),

Schopf (1935,1936,

1938), Payne (1942),

Payne and Cady (1944),

Parks and

O’Donnell (1951),

Zubovic (1960)

Affolter (1977),

Langrand (1977),

Ward (1977),

Johnson (1979),

Anderson et al. (1980),

Crelling et al. (1983),

Chou and

Harvey (1983),

Russell (1983),

Westgate (1983),

Chou (1984),

Mahaffy (1985),

DiMichele and

DeMaris (1987),

Willard (1990, 1993),

DeMaris (2000)

coal balls, palynology,

petrology, paleobotany,

geochemistry, mineralogy,

stable isotope

geochemistry

marine influence Herrin coal, Illinois hvb

Baumann (1982),

Stutzman (1983)

geochemistry, mineralogy marine and fresh

influences

Herrin coal, Illinois hvb

DiMichele and

Phillips (1988)

coal balls fluvial Herrin coal,

Illinois Basin

hvCb

Kravits and

Crelling (1981)

petrology marine influence,

crevasse splay

Herrin coal, Illinois hvb


Table 1 (continued)


other comments

Area ASTM

Rank

Pennsylvanian Age

Hower et al. (1987),

Hower and

Williams (2001),

De Wet et al. (1997)

petrology, geochemistry,

mineralogy

marine edge of peat,

depositional edge of coal

body, brecciated coal

Herrin coal,

western Kentucky

hvCb

Ghose (1981),

Heberton (1983),

Harter (1985),

Merkl (1985),

Murray et al. (1986a)

petrology, geochemistry marine influence Hymera coal, Indiana hvCb

Pierce et al. (1995) palynology, paleobotany,

petrology

Little Fire Creek coal,

Virginia

hvb

Beckerman (1982),

Anderson (1985)


palynology

Lower Kittanning

coal, Ohio

hvb

Williams and

Keith (1963)

Habib (1966),

Habib et al. (1966),

Ting (1967, 1989),

Reyes-Navarro

and Davis (1976),

Kuehn et al. (1983),

Rimmer and Davis

(1986, 1988),

Rimmer (1985, 1991),

Kuehn and Davis

(1981),

Hickmott and

Baldridge (1995)

geochemistry, invertebrate

paleontology palynology,

petrology, organic

geochemistry, mineralogy

marine and fluvial

influences

Lower Kittanning coal,

Pennsylvania

Hook and Hower (1988) petrology, vertebrate

paleontology

fluvial Linton cannel coal,

Ohio

hvCb

Dodge (1995) sedimentology channel-fill coal Luthersburg coal,

Pennsylvania

hvb

DiMichele et al. (1996b) coal balls, palynology,

petrology

drowning of peat Mahoning coal, Ohio hvCb

Eble and Hower (1995) petrology, palynology,

geochemistry

various influences

over coal field

Manchester coal,

eastern Kentucky

hvb

Baynard (1983) petrology marine influence Mannington coal,

western Kentucky

hvCb

Woerner (1981),

Demko and Gastaldo

(1992, 1996),

Eble et al. (1994a),

Hidick (1982),

Eble (1990)

petrology, palynology,

sedimentology,

invertebrate

paleontology,

geochemistry

marine influence Mary Lee coal bed,

Alabama

hvb

Allen (1986) geochemistry marine influence Mecca Quarry shale

and Colchester coal,

Indiana

hvCb

Cady and Smith (1955),

Farrell (1985)

petrology, geochemistry Meigs Creek coal,

Ohio

hvb

Ghose (1981),

Harter (1985)

petrology, geochemistry marine influence Millersburg, Indiana hvCb



Table 1 (continued)


other comments

Area ASTM

Rank

Pennsylvanian Age

Fieldner et al. (1937) petrology Millers Creek,

eastern Kentucky

hvAb

Gavett (1984),

Esterle et al. (1992)

petrology fluvial Mudseam coal,

eastern Kentucky

hvBb

Winston and

Phillips (1991)

coal balls New Castle coal,

Alabama

Nolde (1983) geochemistry Norton Formation,

Virginia

Helfrich and

Hower (1989)

palynology, petrology marine influence Upper and Lower

Otter Creek coals,

western Kentucky

hvb

Guennel and

Neavel (1959),

Neavel and Guennel

(1960)

petrology, paleobotany ‘‘paper coal,’’ Indiana hvCb

Austin (1979),

Vyhmeister (1981),

Trinkle et al. (1983)

petrology,

sedimentology,

palynology

marine influence; detailed

study of petrology of

coal lithotypes; study of

transition of coal towards

depositional margin

Paradise coal,

western Kentucky

hvb

Hatton et al. (1992) geochemistry, petrology,

palynology

Path Fork coal,

eastern Kentucky

hvAb

Harris et al. (1981) geochemistry, petrology marine and fresh influences Pewee and Grassy Springs

coals, Tennessee

hvb

Cross (1953)*,

Renton and Bird

(1988, 1991)


paleobotany, mineralogy,

*fundamental study of

most important coal in

Northern Appalachian

coal field

Pittsburgh coal,

West Virginia,

Pennsylvania, Ohio

hvb

Clendening and

Gillespie (1964),

Donaldson

et al. (1979a,b)


geochemistry

Pittsburgh coal,

Pennsylvania and

West Virginia

hvb

Fieldner et al. (1936),

Hidalgo (1974)

petrology, geochemistry,

mineralogy

Pittsburgh coal,

Pennsylvania

hvAb

Tsai (1980),

Peterson (1981),

Zaeff (1981),

Eller (1982)


mineralogy

Pittsburgh coal, Ohio hvCb

Kosanke (1943) palynology Pittsburgh and

Pomeroy coals, Ohio

hvb

Galya (1983),

Grady (1989)

petrology fluvial Pocahontas No. 3 and

No. 6 coals, West

Virginia

mvb-lvb

Teichmuller (1941),

Hower and Pollock

(1988, 1989),

Hower and

Bland (1989),

Helfrich and

Hower (1991),

Hower et al. (1991a),

Vogler (1994)

petrology,

geochemistry,

palynology,

megascopic

and microscopic

petrology

comparison of thin-section

and reflected-light

petrography, fluvial

Pond Creek coal,

eastern Kentucky

hvAb


Table 1 (continued)


other comments

Area ASTM

Rank

Pennsylvanian Age

Weisenfluh (1982),

Weisenfluh and

Ferm (1984)

sedimentology fluvial Pratt coal, Alabama hvb

Clendening (1966),

Habib (1968),

Grady and Eble

(1990),

Drennan (1979)

palynology Redstone coal,

West Virginia

hvb

Price (1974) petrography, palynology marine influence Reynoldsburg coal,

Illinois

hvb

Hower and

Pollock (1989),

Hower et al. (1996b)


geochemistry, palynology

marine influence River Gem coal,

eastern Kentucky

hvAb

Jones (1975) sedimentology fluvial Sewell coal,

West Virginia

mvb

Willard et al. (1995),

Adams and

Kullerud (1979),

Murray et al. (1986b),

James (1977),

Mathews (1981),

Murray and

Mathews (1981),

Phillips and

DiMichele (1998),

Mahaffy (1988),

Yates (1984)

coal balls, palynology,

petrology, conodonts,

sedimentology

Springfield coal,

Indiana and Illinois

hvCb

Elizalde (1974),

Hower and

Wild (1982),

Chyi and

Medlin (1990),

Chyi (1985),

Hower et al. (1990b)

geochemistry, mineralogy Springfield coal,

western Kentucky

hvb

Dionne (1980),

Pierce et al. (1993),


Grady et al. (1993)

sedimentology

palynology, paleobotany,

petrology, geochemistry

Fluvial, comparison

of modern system with

Appalachian coals

Stockton coal,

West Virginia and

eastern Kentucky

hvb

Tully (1984), Andrews

et al. (1996)

palynology,

geochemistry, petrology

marine influence, coal

overlain by marine zone

Taylor coal bed,

Eastern Kentucky

hvAb

Graese et al. (1992) petrology, geochemistry marine influence Tradewater Formation,

western Kentucky

hvb

Donaldson and

deWys (1979)

petrology Washington and Little

Washington coals,

West Virginia

hvb

Hamilton (1978),

King and Renton

(1985), Renton and

Hamilton (1988)

petrology, mineralogy marine influence Waynesburg coal,

West Virginia

hvAb

Eble et al. (1999),

Greb et al. (2000)


geochemistry

marine influence Western Kentucky

No. 4 coal, western

Kentucky

hvb



Table 1 (continued)


other comments

Area ASTM

Rank

Pennsylvanian Age

Shotts (1953),

Fang (1986),

Eble et al. (1991)

petrology mineralogy

palynology, paleobotany,

invertebrate paleontology

various coals Alabama

Gastaldo et al. (1991) sedimentology paludal setting Alabama hvb

Winston (1993) petrology notes on origin of fusinite Illinois and Alabama hvb

Kosanke (1947),

Kosanke (1951),

Price (1977)

palynology

sulfur isotopes

marine influence Illinois hvb

Phillips et al. (1974),

(1977), Willard and

Phillips (1993)

coal balls,

palynology

marine influence,

various coals

Illinois Basin hvb

Guennel (1951), (1958),

Neavel (1961),

Crelling and

Bensley (1980),

Eggert and

Phillips (1982)

Palynology petrology,

geochemistry,

paleobotany, coal balls

marine influence Indiana hvb

Eble and Greb (1997) palynology, paleobotany,

petrology, sedimentology

channel-fill coals eastern Kentucky hvBb


Greb et al. (2002a)



Various influences eastern Kentucky hvAb

Schopf (1961) coal balls, petrology eastern Kentucky hvb

Hower et al. (1994b) petrology, palynology various influences Westphalian and

Stephanian coals,

western Kentucky

hvb

Wang et al. (1996) megascopic

lithology

various coals Kentucky hvb

Smith and

O’Donnell (1949b)

petrology Maryland mvb

Cady (1958) petrology Ohio hvb

Winston (1990) paleobotany Ohio, Virginia,

West Virginia

Cecil et al. (1979),

Karytsas (1992)

petrology,

palynology,

geochemistry,

mineralogy

various coals Pennsylvania hvb to lvb

Linger (1979) sedimentology Pennsylvania and

West Virginia

hvb

Cable (1980) sedimentology Rhode Island an

Barrett (1979) Petrology,

geochemistry

Tennessee bituminous

McClure (1990) lithology structural controls on

peat deposition

Virginia mvb/hvb

Cross and Schemel

(1954),

Grady (1979),

King and Renton

(1979),

Linger (1979),

Kosanke (1984),

(1988), Martin and

Cavaroc (1991),

Staub et al. (1991)

palynology

petrology,

mineralogy

sedimentology,

geochemistry,

geomorphology

various coals

coastal settings

West Virginia


Table 1 (continued)


other comments

Area ASTM

Rank

Devonian

Warg (1972) palynology Devonian and

Mississippian/

Pennsylvania

Peppers and

Damberger (1969)

petrology,

palynology

Illinois hvb

Streel and

Scheckler (1990)

palynology Virginia and

West Virginia

Scheckler (1986) paleobotany Virginia and West Virginia

Paleozoic, predominately Pennsylvanian, coals from the Appalachian and Illinois basins dominate the studies cited.


Cenozoic coals from rift basins, the coastal plain, and

continental slope (Table 2).

2. Search procedure

References were gathered primarily through a

search of the Georef data base (American Geological

Table 2

Coal facies studies of Mesozoic and Tertiary coals, generally lignites, from

Mississippi River

Author Method Deposi

comme

Bunbury (1847) paleobotany

Clark (1977) sedimentology fluvial

Cleaves (1980) sedimentology fluvial

Darrell (1966) palynology fluvial

Dueitt (1985) petrology fluvial

Dueitt et al. (1985) petrology fluvial

Frederiksen and

Warwick (1995)

petrology, palynology fluvial

Gnoose (1987) petrology fluvial

Gutzler (1979) petrology, palynology fluvial

Hower et al. (1990) petrology, palynology


fluvial

Hower and Wild (1994) petrology deep bo

contine

Mancini et al. (1993) palynology fluvial

Mickle and Sprague (1990) paleobotany fluvial

Miller (1981) geochemistry fluvial

Pasley and Hazel (1990) petrology, biostratigraphy fluvial

Rahaim (1986) petrology fluvial

Shotts (1980) petrology fluvial

Stearns (1984) petrology fluvial

Stur (1888) paleobotany

Warter (1965) palynology fluvial

Studies of Triassic coals from the Richmond Basin, Virginia, a rift basin,

Institute). Reducing the list to under 300 references

required the elimination of most published abstracts,

for example, abstracts from annual and regional meet-

ings of the Geological Society of America, and most

contributions to field guides. A few references of

those types remain, particularly among the lignite

references (Table 2), where little other information is

readily available.

the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic coastal plains in states east of the

tional environment/

nts

Age/Area Rank

Triassic/Virginia bit

Eocene/western Tennessee lignite

Eocene/Mississippi lignite

Tertiary/Georgia lignite



Paleocene/Louisiana

and Mississippi

lignite


Paleocene/Alabama lignite

Cretaceous and Eocene/

western Kentucky

lignite

rehole on

ntal slope

Jurassic/continental slope,

offshore New Jersey

hvb

Paleocene–Eocene/Alabama lignite

Paleocene/Georgia lignite


Eocene/Alabama lignite


Eocene/Alabama lignite


Triassic/Virginia bit


are included in the table.


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