1473180154223.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 1/19

AhmedabadઅમદાવાદMetropolis

Clockwise from topː Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalay atSabarmati Ashram, Ahmedabad Railway Station,CEPT University, Kankaria Lake and the Kirti

Stambh at Hutheesing Temple

AhmedabadFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ahmedabad ( i/ˈɑːmᵻdәbɑːd/; also known asAmdavad Gujarati pronunciation: [ˈәmdɑːvɑːd]) is thelargest city and former capital of Gujarat, which is astate in India. It is the administrative headquarters ofthe Ahmedabad district and the seat of the GujaratHigh Court. With a population of more than 6.3 millionand an extended population of 7.2 million, it is thesixth largest city and seventh largest metropolitan areaof India. Ahmedabad is located on the banks of theSabarmati River, 30 km (19 mi) from the state capitalGandhinagar.

Ahmedabad has emerged as an important economicand industrial hub in India. It is the second largestproducer of cotton in India, and its stock exchange isthe country's second oldest. Cricket is a popular sportin Ahmedabad, which houses the 54,000­seat SardarPatel Stadium. The effects of liberalisation of theIndian economy have energised the city's economytowards tertiary sector activities like commerce,communication and construction.[8] Ahmedabad'sincreasing population has resulted in an increase in theconstruction and housing industries resulting in recentdevelopment of skyscrapers.[9]

In 2010, it was ranked third in Forbes's list of fastestgrowing cities of the decade.[10] In 2012, The Times ofIndia chose Ahmedabad as the best city to live in inIndia.[11] As of 2014, Ahmedabad's estimated grossdomestic product was $119 billion.

Ahmedabad has been selected as one of the hundredIndian cities to be developed as a smart city under PMNarendra Modi's flagship Smart Cities Mission.[12]

Contents

1 History

2 Geography

Ahmedabad

Coordinates: 23.03°N 72.58°E

1473180154654.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 2/19

Coordinates: 23.03°N 72.58°E

Country IndiaState GujaratDistrict Ahmedabad

Establishedin 11th century as Ashavaland later Karnavation 26 February 1411 asAhmedabad

Government • Type Mayor–Council • Body AMC • Mayor Gautam Shah (BJP) • DeputyMayor

Pramoda Sutariya

• Municipalcommissioner

D.Thara

Area[1]

• Metropolis 464.16 km2 (179.21 sq mi)

Elevation[2] 53 m (174 ft)

Population (2011)[3]

• Metropolis 5,577,940 • Rank 6th • Density 12,000/km2 (31,000/sq mi) • Metro[4] 6,357,693

Demonym(s) Ahmedabadi/Amdavadi

Time zone IST (UTC+5:30)

Pincode(s) 380 0XXArea code(s) 079Vehicleregistration

GJ­1 (west),GJ­27 (East),

Sex ratio 1.11[5] /Literacy rate 89.62[6]

Spokenlanguages

Gujarati, Hindi and English

Source: Census of India.[7]

3 Climate

4 Cityscape

5 Civic administration

6 Economy

7 Demographics

8 Culture

9 Transport

10 Education

11 Media

12 Sports

13 See also

14 References

15 Further reading

16 External links

History

The area around Ahmedabad has been inhabited sincethe 11th century, when it was known as Ashaval (orAshapalli).[13] At that time, Karandev I, the Solankiruler of Anhilwara (modern Patan), waged a successfulwar against the Bhil king of Ashaval,[14] andestablished a city called Karnavati on the banks of theSabarmati.[15] Solanki rule lasted until the 13th century,when Gujarat came under the control of the Vagheladynasty of Dholka. Gujarat subsequently came underthe control of the Delhi Sultanate in the 14th century.However, by the earlier 15th century, the localgovernor Zafar Khan Muzaffar established his independence from the Delhi Sultanate and crowned himselfSultan of Gujarat as Muzaffar Shah I, thereby founding the Muzaffarid dynasty.[16] This area finally cameunder the control of his grandson Sultan Ahmed Shah in 1411 A.D. who while at the banks of Sabarmatiliked the forested area for a new capital city and laid the foundation of a new walled city near Karnavati andnamed it Ahmedabad after the four saints in the area by the name Ahmed.[17] According to other sources, he

1473180154874.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 3/19

City Walls of Ahmedabad, 1866

Sabarmati Ashram, established byMahatma Gandhi

named it after himself.[18] Ahmed Shah I laid the foundation of the city on 26 February 1411[19] (at 1.20 pm,Thursday, the second day of Dhu al­Qi'dah, Hijri year 813[20]) at Manek Burj. He chose it as the new capitalon 4 March 1411.[21]

In 1487, Mahmud Begada, the grandson of Ahmed Shah, fortified thecity with an outer wall 10 km (6.2 mi) in circumference and consisting oftwelve gates, 189 bastions and over 6,000 battlements.[22] In 1535Humayun briefly occupied Ahmedabad after capturing Champaner whenthe ruler of Gujarat, Bahadur Shah, fled to Diu.[23] Ahmedabad was thenreoccupied by the Muzaffarid dynasty until 1573 when Gujarat wasconquered by the Mughal emperor Akbar. During the Mughal reign,Ahmedabad became one of the Empire's thriving centres of trade, mainlyin textiles, which were exported as far as Europe. The Mughal rulerShahjahan spent the prime of his life in the city, sponsoring theconstruction of the Moti Shahi Mahal in Shahibaug. The Deccan Famineof 1630–32 affected the city, as did famines in 1650 and 1686.[24] Ahmedabad remained the provincialheadquarters of the Mughals until 1758, when they surrendered the city to the Marathas.[25]

During the period of Maratha Empire governance, the city became the centre of a conflict between twoMaratha clans; the Peshwa of Poona and the Gaekwad of Baroda.[26] In 1780, during the First Anglo­MarathaWar, a British force under James Hartley stormed and captured Ahmedabad, but it was handed back to theMarathas at the end of the war. The British East India Company took over the city in 1818 during the ThirdAnglo­Maratha War.[17] A military cantonment was established in 1824 and a municipal government in1858.[17] Incorporated into the Bombay Presidency during British rule, Ahmedabad became one of the mostimportant cities in the Gujarat region. In 1864, a railway link between Ahmedabad and Mumbai (thenBombay) was established by the Bombay, Baroda, and Central India Railway (BB&CI), enabling traffic andtrade between northern and southern India via the city.[17] Over time, the city established itself as the home ofa developing textile industry, which earned it the nickname "Manchester of the East".[27]

The Indian independence movement developed roots in the city whenMahatma Gandhi established two ashrams – the Kochrab Ashram nearPaldi in 1915 and the Satyagraha Ashram (now Sabarmati Ashram) onthe banks of the Sabarmati in 1917 – which would become centres ofnationalist activities.[17][28] During the mass protests against the RowlattAct in 1919, textile workers burned down 51 government buildingsacross the city in protest at a British attempt to extend wartimeregulations after the First World War. In the 1920s, textile workers andteachers went on strike, demanding civil rights and better pay andworking conditions. In 1930, Gandhi initiated the Salt Satyagraha fromAhmedabad by embarking from his ashram on the Dandi Salt March.The city's administration and economic institutions were rendered inoperative in the early 1930s by the largenumbers of people who took to the streets in peaceful protests, and again in 1942 during the Quit IndiaMovement. Following independence and the partition of India in 1947, the city was scarred by the intensecommunal violence that broke out between Hindus and Muslims in 1947, Ahmedabad was the focus forsettlement by Hindu migrants from Pakistan,[29] who expanded the city's population and transformed itsdemographics and economy.

1473180155035.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 4/19

19th century painted cloth map ofAhmedabad

By 1960, Ahmedabad had become a metropolis with a population of slightly under half a million people,with classical and colonial European­style buildings lining the city's thoroughfares.[30] It was chosen as thecapital of Gujarat state after the partition of the State of Bombay on 1 May 1960.[31] During this period, alarge number of educational and research institutions were founded in the city, making it a centre for highereducation, science and technology.[32] Ahmedabad's economic base became more diverse with theestablishment of heavy and chemical industry during the same period. Many countries sought to emulateIndia's economic planning strategy and one of them, South Korea, copied the city's second "Five­Year Plan".

In the late 1970s, the capital shifted to the newly built, well planned city of Gandhinagar. This marked thestart of a long period of decline in the city, marked by a lack of development. The 1974 Nav Nirmanagitation – a protest against a 20% hike in the hostel food fees at the L.D. College of Engineering inAhmedabad – snowballed into a movement to remove Chimanbhai Patel, then chief minister of Gujarat.[33] Inthe 1980s, a reservation policy was introduced in the country, which led to anti­reservation protests in 1981and 1985. The protests witnessed violent clashes between people belonging to various castes.[34] The citysuffered some of the impact of the 2001 Gujarat earthquake; up to 50 multi­storey buildings collapsed, killing752 people and causing much damage.[35] The following year, a three­day period of violence between Hindusand Muslims in the western Indian state of Gujarat, known as the 2002 Gujarat riots, spread to Ahmedabad;refugee camps were set up around the city.[36]

The 2008 Ahmedabad bombings, a series of seventeen bomb blasts, killed and injured several people.[37]

Militant group Harkat­ul­Jihad claimed responsibility for the attacks.[38]

Geography

Ahmedabad lies at in western India at 53 metres(174 ft) above sea level on the banks of the Sabarmati river, in north­central Gujarat. It covers an area of 464 km2 (179 sq mi).[1] TheSabarmati frequently dried up in the summer, leaving only a smallstream of water, and the city is in a sandy and dry area. However withthe execution of the Sabarmati River Front Project and Embankment, thewaters from the Narmada river have been diverted to the Sabarmati tokeep the river flowing throughout the year, thereby eliminatingAhmedabad's water problems. The steady expansion of the Rann ofKutch threatened to increase desertification around the city area andmuch of the state; however, the Narmada Canal network is expected toalleviate this problem. Except for the small hills of Thaltej­JodhpurTekra, the city is almost flat. Three lakes lie within the city's limits—Kankaria, Vastrapur and Chandola. Kankaria, in the neighbourhood ofManinagar, is an artificial lake developed by the Sultan of Delhi, Qutb­ud­din Aybak, in 1451.[39]

According to the Bureau of Indian Standards, the town falls under seismic zone 3, in a scale of 2 to 5 (inorder of increasing vulnerability to earthquakes).[40]

23.03°N 72.58°E

1473180155316.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 5/19

Ahmedabad is divided by the Sabarmati into two physically distinct eastern and western regions. The easternbank of the river houses the old city, which includes the central town of Bhadra. This part of Ahmedabad ischaracterised by packed bazaars, the pol system of closely clustered buildings, and numerous places ofworship. It houses the main railway station, the main post office, and some buildings of the Muzaffarid andBritish eras. The colonial period saw the expansion of the city to the western side of Sabarmati, facilitated bythe construction of Ellis Bridge in 1875 and later the relatively modern Nehru Bridge. The western part of thecity houses educational institutions, modern buildings, residential areas, shopping malls, multiplexes and newbusiness districts centred around roads such as Ashram Road, C. G. Road and Sarkhej­GandhinagarHighway.[41]

There are nine bridges on the river Sabarmati that connect the eastern and western regions.

Sabarmati Riverfront is a waterfront being developed along the banks of Sabarmati river in Ahmedabad,India. Proposed in 1960s, the construction began in 2005

Climate

Ahmedabad has a hot, semi­arid climate (Köppen climate classification: BSh), with marginally less rain thanrequired for a tropical savanna climate. There are three main seasons: summer, monsoon and winter. Asidefrom the monsoon season, the climate is extremely dry. The weather is hot from March to June; the averagesummer maximum is 40 °C (104 °F), and the average minimum is 27 °C (81 °F). From November toFebruary, the average maximum temperature is 30 °C (86 °F), the average minimum is 15 °C (59 °F), and theclimate is extremely dry. Cold northerly winds are responsible for a mild chill in January. The southwestmonsoon brings a humid climate from mid­June to mid­September. The average annual rainfall is about 800millimetres (31 in), but infrequent heavy torrential rains cause local rivers to flood and it is not uncommonfor droughts to occur when the monsoon does not extend as far west as usual. The highest temperature in thecity was recorded on May 18 and 19, 2016 which was 50 °C (122 °F).[42]

1473180155615.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 6/19

Climate data for Ahmedabad (1981–2010)Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearRecordhigh °C(°F)

36.1(97)

40.6(105.1)

43.9(111)

46.2(115.2)

50.0(122)

47.2(117)

42.2(108)

40.4(104.7)

41.7(107.1)

42.8(109)

38.9(102)

35.6(96.1)

50.0(122)

Averagehigh °C(°F)

28.1(82.6)

30.5(86.9)

35.8(96.4)

39.6(103.3)

41.6(106.9)

38.8(101.8)

33.6(92.5)

32.0(89.6)

33.8(92.8)

35.7(96.3)

32.9(91.2)

29.5(85.1)

34.4(93.9)

Averagelow °C(°F)

12.4(54.3)

14.3(57.7)

19.5(67.1)

23.9(75)

27.0(80.6)

27.5(81.5)

25.9(78.6)

25.0(77)

24.7(76.5)

21.4(70.5)

16.7(62.1)

13.4(56.1)

21.0(69.8)

Recordlow °C(°F)

3.3(37.9)

2.2(36)

9.4(48.9)

12.8(55)

19.1(66.4)

19.4(66.9)

20.4(68.7)

21.2(70.2)

17.2(63)

12.6(54.7)

8.3(46.9)

3.6(38.5)

2.2(36)

Averagerainfallmm

(inches)

1.0(0.039)

0.8(0.031)

0.6(0.024)

2.4(0.094)

7.0(0.276)

80.0(3.15)

291.2(11.465)

266.2(10.48)

86.8(3.417)

11.7(0.461)

2.3(0.091)

1.0(0.039)

750.9(29.563)

Averagerainydays

0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 0.6 3.9 11.5 10.7 5.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 33.6

Averagerelativehumidity(%)

49 43 37 41 47 62 77 81 71 53 48 50 55

Meanmonthlysunshinehours

287.3 274.3 277.5 297.2 329.6 238.3 130.1 111.4 220.6 290.7 274.1 288.6 3,019.7

Source #1: India Meteorological Department (record high and low up to 2010)[43][44]

Source #2: NOAA (sun and humdity 1971–1990),[45] IEM ASOS (May record high) [46]

Following a heat wave in May 2010, reaching 46.8 °C (116.2 °F), which claimed hundreds of lives,[47] theAhmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) in partnership with an international coalition of health andacademic groups and with support from the Climate & Development Knowledge Network developed theAhmedabad Heat Action Plan.[48] Aimed at increasing awareness, sharing information and co­ordinatingresponses to reduce the health effects of heat on vulnerable populations, the action plan is the firstcomprehensive plan in Asia to address the threat of adverse heat on health.[49] It also focuses on communityparticipation, building public awareness of the risks of extreme heat, training medical and communityworkers to respond to and help prevent heat­related illnesses, and co­ordinating an interagency emergencyresponse effort when heat waves hit.[50]

Cityscape

Early in Ahmedabad's history, under Ahmed Shah, builders fused Hindu craftsmanship with Persianarchitecture, giving rise to the Indo­Saracenic style.[51] Many mosques in the city were built in thisfashion.[51] Sidi Saiyyed Mosque was built in the last year of the Sultanate of Gujarat. It is entirely arched

1473180155765.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 7/19

A side walk at the SabarmatiRiverfront

Kankaria Lake, Ahmedabad

and has ten stone latticework windows or jali on the side and rear arches. Private mansions or haveli fromthis era have carvings.[52] A Pol is a typical housing cluster of Old Ahmedabad.

After independence, modern buildings appeared in Ahmedabad.Architects given commissions in the city included Louis Kahn, whodesigned the IIM­A; Le Corbusier, who designed the Shodhan andSarabhai Villas, the Sanskar Kendra and the Mill Owner's AssociationBuilding, and Frank Lloyd Wright, who designed the administrativebuilding of Calico Mills and the Calico Dome.[53][54] B. V. Doshi cameto the city from Paris to supervise Le Corbusier's works and later set upthe School of Architecture. His local works include Sangath, Amdavadni Gufa and the School of Architecture. Charles Correa, who became apartner of Doshi's, designed the Gandhi Ashram and Achyut Kanvinde,and the Indian Textile Industries Research Association.[55][56]Christopher Charles Benninger's first work, the Alliance Française, islocated in the Ellis Bridge area.[57] Anant Raje designed major additionsto Louis Kahn's IIM­A campus, namely the Ravi Mathai Auditorium andKLMD.[58]

Some of the most visited gardens in the city include Law Garden,Victoria Garden and Bal Vatika. Law Garden was named after theCollege of Law situated close to it. Victoria Garden is located at thesouthern edge of the Bhadra Fort and contains a statue of QueenVictoria. Bal Vatika is a children's park situated on the grounds ofKankaria Lake and also houses an amusement park. Other gardens in thecity include Parimal Garden, Usmanpura Garden, Prahlad Nagar Garden and Lal Darwaja Garden.[59]Ahmedabad's Kamla Nehru Zoological Park houses a number of endangered species including flamingoes,caracals, Asiatic wolves and chinkara.[60]

The Kankaria Lake, built in 1451 AD, is one of the biggest lakes in Ahmedabad.[61] In earlier days, it wasknown by the name Qutub Hoj or Hauj­e­Kutub.[62] Vastrapur Lake is located in the western part ofAhmedabad. Lal Bahadur Shastri lake in Bapunagar is almost 136,000 square metres. In 2010, another 34lakes were planned in and around Ahmedabad of which five lakes will be developed by AMC; the other 29will be developed by the Ahmedabad Urban Development Authority (AUDA).[63] Chandola Lake covers anarea of 1200 hectares. It is home for cormorants, painted storks and spoonbills.[64] During the evening time,many people visit this place and take a leisurely stroll.[65] There is a recently developed Naroda lake[66] andthe world's largest collection of antique cars in KathWada at IB farm (Dastan Farm).[67] AMC has alsodeveloped the Sabarmati Riverfront.[68]

Civic administration

Ahmedabad is the administrative headquarters of Ahmedabad district, administered by the AhmedabadMunicipal Corporation (AMC). The AMC was established in July 1950 under the Bombay ProvincialCorporation Act of 1949. The AMC commissioner is an Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officerappointed by the state government who reserves the administrative executive powers, whereas thecorporation is headed by the Mayor. The city residents elect the 192 municipal councillors by popular vote,

1473180155980.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 8/19

Gujarat High Court in Ahmedabad

Torrent Power thermal powerstation at Sabarmati, Ahmedabad

and the elected councillors select the deputy mayor and mayor of the city. The administrative responsibilitiesof the AMC are: water and sewerage services, primary education, health services, fire services, publictransport and the city's infrastructure.[1] AMC was ranked 9th out of 21 cities for "the Best governance &administrative practices in India in 2014. It scored 3.4 out of 10 compared to the national average of 3.3.[69]

The city is divided into five zones constituting 64 wards. Ahmedabaddistrict is divided into a number of talukas (administrative divisions)including Ahmedabad taluka Barwala, Dholka, Dhandhuka, Detroj,Sanand, Bavla, Ranpur, Mandal, Viramgam and Daskroi.[70] The city'surban and suburban areas are administered by the Ahmedabad UrbanDevelopment Authority (AUDA). The city is represented by two electedmembers of parliament in the Lok Sabha (lower house of IndianParliament) and 21 members of the Legislative Assembly at the GujaratVidhan Sabha.

The Gujarat High Court is located in the Ahmedabad, making the city the judicial capital of Gujarat.[71] Lawenforcement and public safety is maintained by the Ahmedabad City Police, headed by the PoliceCommissioner, an Indian Police Service (IPS) officer.[72] Health services are primarily provided atAhmedabad civil hospital, the largest civil hospital in Asia.[73] Ahmedabad is one of the few cities in Indiawhere the power sector is privatised.[74] Electricity in the city is generated and distributed by Torrent PowerLimited, owned and operated by the Ahmedabad Electricity Company, which was previously a state­runcorporation.[75]

Economy

The gross domestic product of Ahmedabad was estimated atUS$119 billion in 2011.[76][77][78] The RBI ranked Ahmedabad as theseventh largest deposit centre and seventh largest credit centrenationwide as of June 2012.[79] In the 19th century, the textile andgarments industry received strong capital investment. On 30 May 1861Ranchhodlal Chhotalal founded the first Indian textile mill, theAhmedabad Spinning and Weaving Company Limited,[80] followed bythe establishment of a series of textile mills such as the Calico Mills,Bagicha Mills and Arvind Mills. By 1905 there were about 33 textilemills in the city.[81] The textile industry further expanded rapidly duringthe First World War, and benefited from the influence of MahatmaGandhi's Swadeshi movement, which promoted the purchase of Indian­made goods.[82] Ahmedabad wasknown as the "Manchester of the East" for its textile industry.[28] The city is the largest supplier of denim andone of the largest exporters of gemstones and jewellery in India.[8] The automobile industry is also importantto the city; after Tata's Nano project, Ford and Suzuki are planning to establish plants near Ahmedabad whilethe groundbreaking ceremony for Peugeot has already been performed.[83][84][85]

The Ahmedabad Stock Exchange, located in the Ambavadi area of the city, is India's second oldest stockexchange.[86] Two of the biggest pharmaceutical companies of India — Zydus Cadila and TorrentPharmaceuticals – are based in the city. The Nirma group of industries, which runs a large number of

1473180156209.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 9/19

Population growth of Ahmedabad Census Pop. %±

1871 116,900 —1901 185,900 —1911 216,800 16.6%1921 270,000 24.5%1931 313,800 16.2%1941 595,200 89.7%1951 788,300 32.4%1961 1,149,900 45.9%1971 1,950,000 69.6%1981 2,515,200 29.0%1991 3,312,200 31.7%2001 4,525,013 36.6%2011 6,352,254 40.4%

sources:[6][99][100]

detergent and chemical industrial units, has its corporate headquarters in the city. The city also houses thecorporate headquarters of the Adani Group, a multinational trading and infrastructure developmentcompany.[87] The Sardar Sarovar Project of dams and canals has improved the supply of potable water andelectricity for the city.[88] The information technology industry has developed significantly in Ahmedabad,with companies such as Tata Consultancy Services opening offices in the city.[89] India's leading cyber­security firm Cyberoam also has its R&D centre located in Ahmedabad. A NASSCOM survey in 2002 on the"Super Nine Indian Destinations" for IT­enabled services ranked Ahmedabad fifth among the top nine mostcompetitive cities in the country.[9] The city's educational and industrial institutions have attracted studentsand young skilled workers from the rest of India.[90] Ahmedabad houses other major Indian corporates suchas: Rasna, Wagh Bakri, Nirma, Cadila Pharmaceuticals, and Intas Biopharmaceuticals. Ahmedabad is thesecond largest cotton textile centre in India after Mumbai and the largest in Gujarat.[91] Many cottonmanufacturing units are currently running in and around Ahmedabad.[92][93][94][95][96] Textiles are one of themajor industries of the city.[97] Gujarat Industrial Development Corporation has acquired land in Sanandtaluka of Ahmedabad to set up three new industrial estates.[98]

Demographics

Ahmedabad is the fifth largest city and seventh largest metropolitanarea in India.[3][101][102] According to the 2014 census the populationof Ahmedabad metropolitan was 7,250,000.[6] Ahmedabad has aliteracy rate of 89.62%; 93.96% of the men and 84.81% of thewomen are literate.[6] Ahmedabad's sex ratio in 2011 was 897women per 1000 men.[6] According to the census for the Ninth Plan,there are 30,737 rural families living in Ahmedabad. Of those, 5.41%(1663 families) live below the poverty line.[103] Approximately440,000 people live in slums within the city.[104] Ahmedabad ishome to a large population of Vanias (i.e., traders), belonging to theVaishnava sect of Hinduism and various sects of Jainism. Most ofthe residents of Ahmedabad are native Gujaratis. Over 8% of thepopulation is Muslim, numbering over 300,000 in the 2001census.[105] In addition, the city is home to some 2000 Parsis andsome 125 members of the Bene Israel Jewish community.[106] Thereis also one synagogue in the city.[107][108] In 2008, there were 2273registered non­resident Indians living in Ahmedabad.[109]

In 2010, Forbes magazine rated Ahmedabad as the fastest­growingcity in India, and listed it as third fastest­growing in the world after the Chinese cities of Chengdu andChongqing.[110] In 2011, it was rated India's best megacity to live in by leading market research firmIMRB.[111] According to the National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) report of 2003, Ahmedabad has thelowest crime rate of the 35 Indian cities with a population of more than one million.[112] In December 2011market research firm IMRB declared Ahmedabad the best megacity to live in, when compared to India'sother megacities.[113] Slightly less than half of all real estate in Ahmedabad is owned by "community

1473180156482.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 10/19

Navaratri celebrations inAhmedabad

organisations" (i.e. cooperatives), and according to Prof. Vrajlal Sapovadia of the B.K. School of BusinessManagement, "the spatial growth of the city is to [an] extent [a] contribution of these organisations".[114]

Ahmedabad Cantonment provides residential zones for Indian Army officials.[115]

Culture

Ahmedabad observes a wide range of festivals. Popular celebrations andobservances include Uttarayan, an annual kite­flying day on 14 and 15January. Nine nights of Navratri are celebrated with people performingGarba, the most popular folk dance of Gujarat, at venues across the city.The festival of lights, Deepavali, is celebrated with the lighting of lampsin every house, decorating the floors with rangoli, and the lighting offirecrackers. The annual Rath Yatra procession on the Ashadh­sud­bijdate of the Hindu calendar at the Jagannath Temple and the procession ofTajia during the Muslim holy month of Muharram are importantevents.[116][117]

One of the most popular forms of meal in Ahmedabad is a typical Gujarati thali which was first servedcommercially by Chandvilas Hotel in 1900.[118] It consists of roti (Chapati), dal, rice and shaak (cookedvegetables, sometimes with curry), with accompaniments of pickles and roasted papads. Beverages includebuttermilk and tea; sweet dishes include laddoo, mango, and vedhmi. Dhoklas, theplas and dhebras are alsovery popular dishes in Ahmedabad.[119]

There are many restaurants, which serve a wide array of Indian and international cuisines. Most of the foodoutlets serve only vegetarian food, as a strong tradition of vegetarianism is maintained by the city's Jain andHindu communities.[120] The first all­vegetarian Pizza Hut in the world opened in Ahmedabad.[121] KFC hasa separate staff uniform for serving vegetarian items and prepares vegetarian food in a separatekitchen,[122][123] as does McDonald's.[124][125] Ahmedabad has a quite a few restaurants serving typicalMughlai non­vegetarian food in older areas like Bhatiyar Gali, Kalupur and Jamalpur.[126]

Manek Chowk is an open square near the centre of the city that functions as a vegetable market in themorning and a jewellery market in the afternoon. However, it is better known for its food stalls in theevening, which sell local street food. It is named after the Hindu saint Baba Maneknath.[127] Parts ofAhmedabad are known for their folk art. The artisans of Rangeela pol make tie­dyed bandhinis, while thecobbler shops of Madhupura sell traditional mojdi (also known as mojri) footwear. Idols of Ganesha andother religious icons are made in huge numbers in the Gulbai Tekra area. The shops at the Law Garden sellmirror work handicraft.[59]

Three main literary institutions were established in Ahmedabad for the promotion of Gujarati literature:Gujarat Vidhya Sabha, Gujarati Sahitya Parishad and Gujarat Sahitya Sabha. Saptak School of Music festivalis held in the first week of the new year. This event was inaugurated by Ravi Shankar.[128][129]

The Sanskar Kendra, one of the several buildings in Ahmedabad designed by Le Corbusier, is a city museumdepicting its history, art, culture and architecture. The Gandhi Smarak Sangrahalaya and the SardarVallabhbhai Patel National Memorial have permanent displays of photographs, documents and other articlesrelating to Mahatma Gandhi and Sardar Patel. The Calico Museum of Textiles has a large collection of Indian

1473180156710.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 11/19

Sabarmati Railway StationSardar Vallabhbhai PatelInternational Airport, Ahmedabad

Ahmedabad BRTS, Janmarg

and international fabrics, garments and textiles.[130] The Hazrat Pir Mohammad Shah Library has a collectionof rare original manuscripts in Arabic, Persian, Urdu, Sindhi and Turkish. There is Vechaar Utensils Museumwhich has of stainless steel, glass, brass, copper, bronze, zinc and German silver tools.[131][132]

Shreyas Foundation has four museums on the same campus. Shreyas Folk Museum (Lokayatan Museum) hasart forms and artefacts from communities of Gujarat. Kalpana Mangaldas Children's Museum has a collectionof toys, puppets, dance and drama costumes, coins and a repository of recorded music from traditional showsfrom all over the world. Kahani houses photographs of fairs and festivals of Gujarat. Sangeeta Vadyakhand isa gallery of musical instruments from India and other countries.[133][134][135]

L D Institute of Indology houses about 76,000 hand­written Jain manuscripts with 500 illustrated versionsand 45,000 printed books, making it the largest collection of Jain scripts, Indian sculptures, terracottas,miniature paintings, cloth paintings, painted scrolls, bronzes, woodwork, Indian coins, textiles and decorativeart, paintings of Rabindranath Tagore and art of Nepal and Tibet.[136] N C Mehta Gallery of MiniaturePaintings has a collection of ornate miniature paintings and manuscripts from all over India.[137]

Transport

Ahmedabad is one of six operatingdivisions in the Western Railwayzone.[138] Railway lines connect thecity to towns in Gujarat and majorIndian cities. Ahmedabad railwaystation, locally known as Kalupurstation is the main terminus with 11others.[139]

The mass­transit metro system,MEGA for the cities of Ahmedabadand Gandhinagar is under

construction since March 2015.[140][141] The North­South and East­Westcorridors are expected to complete by 2019.[142][143]

National Highway 8, linking Delhi to Mumbai, passes thoughAhmedabad and connects it with Gandhinagar, Delhi and Mumbai. TheNational Highway 8C also links Ahmedabad to Gandhinagar. It isconnected to Vadodara through National Expressway 1, a 94 km (58 mi)long expressway with two exits. This expressway is part of the GoldenQuadrilateral project.[144]

In 2001, Ahmedabad was ranked as the most polluted city in India, out of 85 cities, by the Central PollutionControl Board. The Gujarat Pollution Control Board gave auto rickshaw drivers an incentive of 10,000 toconvert all 37,733 auto rickshaws in Ahmedabad to cleaner burning compressed natural gas to reducepollution. As a result, in 2008, Ahmedabad was ranked as 50th most polluted city in India.[145]

1473180156927.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 12/19

Indian Institute of ManagementAhmedabad is one of the bestbusiness schools in IndiaPhysical research laboratory,

Ahmedabad

Gujarat university, AhmedabadPandit Deendayal PetroleumUniversity

Janmarg is a bus rapid transit system in the city. It is operated by Ahmedabad Janmarg Limited, a subsidiaryof Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation and others.[146][147] It was inaugurated in October 2009. The networkexpanded to 89 kilometres (55 mi) by December 2015 with daily ridership of 1,32,000 passengers.[148] TheAhmedabad Municipal Transport Service (AMTS), maintained by Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, runsthe public bus service in the city.[149] At present, AMTS has more than 750 buses serving the city.[149]

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport, 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city centre, provides domestic andinternational flights.[150] It is the busiest airport in Gujarat and the eighth busiest in India with an average of250 aircraft movements a day.[151] The Dholera International Airport is proposed near Fedara. It will be thelargest airport in India with a total area of 7,500 hectares.[152]

Education

Ahmedabad had a literacy rate of79.89% in 2001 which rose to 89.62percent in 2011. As of 2011, literacyrate among male and female were93.96 and 84.81 percentrespectively.[153] Schools inAhmedabad are run either by themunicipal corporation, or privatelyby entities, trusts and corporations.The majority of schools are affiliatedwith the Gujarat Secondary andHigher Secondary Education Board,although some are affiliated with theCentral Board for SecondaryEducation, Council for the IndianSchool Certificate Examinations,International Baccalaureate andNational Institute of Open School. Alarge number of colleges in the cityare affiliated with GujaratUniversity; Gujarat TechnologicalUniversity and other deemeduniversities in Ahmedabad include the Center for Environmental

Planning and Technology University, Nirma University of Science & Technology, Centre for HeritageManagement, Ganpat university and the Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Open University.[154] The GujaratVidyapith was established in 1920 by Mahatma Gandhi without a charter from the British Raj and became adeemed university in 1963.[155]

Other educational institutions in Ahmedabad include the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad, theGujarat National Law University, the Adani Institute of Infrastructure Management, the National Institute ofDesign, the Pandit Deendayal Petroleum University, the Mudra Institute of Communications, the AhmedabadUniversity, the Center for environmental planning and technology, the Entrepreneurship DevelopmentInstitute of India, the B.J. Medical College, the NHL Medical College, the Ahmedabad Management

1473180157214.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 13/19

Broadcasting tower of theAhmedabad Doordarshan

Sardar Patel (Gujarat) Stadium, acricket stadium with 54,000capacity, in Motera, Ahmedabad

Association, the L.D. College of Engineering and the Vishwakarma Government Engineering College. Manynational academic and scientific institutions, such as the Physical Research Laboratory and the Indian SpaceResearch Organisation are also based in the city.[156]

Media

Newspapers in Ahmedabad include English dailies such as The Times ofIndia, Indian Express, DNA, The Economic Times, The FinancialExpress, Ahmedabad Mirror and Metro.[157] Newspapers in otherlanguages include Divya Bhaskar, Gujarat Samachar, Sandesh,Rajasthan Patrika, Sambhaav, and Aankhodekhi.[157] The city is home tothe historic Navajivan Publishing House, which was founded in 1919 byMahatma Gandhi.[158]

The state­owned All India Radio Ahmedabad is broadcast both on themedium wave and FM bands (96.7 MHz) in the city.[159] It competeswith five private local FM stations: Radio City (91.1 MHz), Red FM(93.5 MHz), My fm (94.3 MHz), Radio One (95.0 MHz), Radio Mirchi(98.3 MHz). Gyan Vani (104.5 MHz) is an educational FM radio stationrun under media co­operation model.[160] In March 2012 Gujarat University started campus radio service on90.8 MHz which was first kind of it in state and fifth in India.[161]

The state­owned television broadcaster Doordarshan provides free terrestrial channels, while two multisystem operators—InCablenet and Siti Cable and GTPL—provide a mix of Gujarati, Hindi, English, andother regional channels via cable.[162] Telephone services are provided by landline and mobile operators suchas BSNL, Reliance CDMA & Reliance GSM, Airtel, Uninor, Docomo, Videocon, Aircel, Vodafone, Idea,MTS India and Tata Indicom.[163]

Sports

Cricket is one of the popular sports in the city.[164] Sardar Patel Stadium(also known as Motera Stadium), built in 1982, hosts both one dayinternationals and test matches. It has a seating capacity of 54,000.[165] Ithosted the 1987, 1996 and 2011 Cricket World Cups.[166] Ahmedabadalso has a second cricket stadium at the Ahmedabad MunicipalCorporation's Sports Club of Gujarat which is the home ground of theGujarat cricket team that plays in the Ranji Trophy tournament.[167]

Other popular sports are field hockey, badminton, tennis, squash andgolf. Ahmedabad currently has three golf courses.[168] Mithakhali MultiSports Complex is being developed by the AMC to promote variousindoor sports.[169] Recently Ahmedabad hosted national level games forroller skating and table tennis.[170] Kart racing is gaining popularity in the city, with the introduction of a380 metre long track based on Formula One concepts.[171][172]

1473180157417.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 14/19

Sabarmati Marathon is organised every year in December–January since 2011 which have differentcategories like full and half marathon, 7 km dream run, 5 km run for visually challenged and 5 kmwheelchair run.[173] In 2007, Ahmedabad hosted the 51st national level shooting games.[174]

Geet Sethi, a five­time winner of the World Professional Billiards Championship and a recipient of India'shighest sporting award, the Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna, was raised in Ahmedabad.[175]

See also

List of people from AhmedabadList of tallest buildings in AhmedabadTimeline of Ahmedabad

References

1. "Amdavad city". Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 20 June 2012.2. http://mhupa.gov.in/writereaddata/7th%20CSMC%20MoM.pdf3. "Gujarat (India): Districts, Cities, Towns and Outgrowth Wards ­ Population Statistics in Maps and Charts".4. "Gujarāt (India): State, Major Agglomerations & Cities ­ Population Statistics in Maps and Charts".5. "Distribution of Population, Decadal Growth Rate, Sex­Ratio and Population Density". 2011 census of India.

Government of India. Retrieved 21 March 2012.6. "Ahmedabad City Census 2011 data". Retrieved 28 May 2014.7. "Ahmadabad (Ahmedabad) District : Census 2011 data". census2011. Retrieved 28 May 2014.8. Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (2006). "Profile of the City Ahmedabad" (PDF). AhmedabadMunicipal Corporation Ahmedabad, Urban Development Authority and CEPT University, Ahmedabad. AhmedabadMunicipal Corporation. Retrieved 22 July 2008.

9. "Ahmedabad joins ITES hot spots". Times of India. 16 August 2002. Retrieved 30 July 2006.10. Kotkin, Joel. "In pictures­ The Next Decade's fastest growing cities". Forbes. Retrieved 10 July 2010.11. "Ahmedabad best city to live in, Pune close second – Times of India". The Times of India,

timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 11 December 2011.12. "Government releases list of 20 smart cities ­ Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2016­02­06.13. Jane Turner (1996). The Dictionary of Art. 1. Grove. p. 471. ISBN 9781884446009.14. George Michell; Snehal Shah; John Burton­Page; Mehta, Dinesh (28 July 2006). Ahmadabad. Marg Publications.

pp. 17–19. ISBN 81­85026­03­3.15. Gopal, Madan (1990). K.S. Gautam, ed. India through the ages. Publication Division, Ministry of Information and

Broadcasting, Government of India. p. 173.16. Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. pp. 114–115. ISBN 978­9­38060­

734­4.17. "History of Ahmedabad". Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, egovamc.com. Retrieved 14 May 2012.18. More, Anuj (October 18, 2010). "Baba Maneknath's kin keep alive 600­yr old tradition". The Indian Express.

Retrieved February 21, 2013.19. Pandya, Yatin (14 November 2010). "In Ahmedabad, history is still alive as tradition". dna. Retrieved 26 February

2016.20. "History". Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. Archived from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved

27 February 2016. "Jilkad is anglicized name of the month Dhu al­Qi'dah, Hijri year not mentioned but derivedfrom date converter"

21. "02/26/2015 : Divya Bhaskar e­Paper, ahmedabad, e­Paper, ahmedabad e Paper, e Newspaper ahmedabad,ahmedabad e Paper, ahmedabad ePaper".

22. G Kuppuram (1988). India Through the Ages: History, Art, Culture, and Religion. Sundeep Prakashan. p. 739.ISBN 9788185067087. Retrieved 26 July 2008.

23. Abraham Eraly (2004). The Mughal Throne. Orion Publishing. p. 47. ISBN 9780753817582.

1473180157646.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 15/19

24. Satpal Sangwan; Y. P. Abrol; Mithilesh K. Tiwari (2002). Land Use­­ Historical Perspectives: Focus on Indo­Gangetic Plains. Allied Publishers. p. 151. ISBN 9788177642742.

25. Prakash, Om (2003). Encyclopaedic History of Indian Freedom Movement. Anmol Publications Pvt Ltd. pp. 282–284. ISBN 81­261­0938­6. Retrieved 26 July 2008.

26. Kalia, Ravi (2004). "The Politics of Site". Gandhinagar: Building National Identity in Postcolonial India. Univ ofSouth Carolina Press. pp. 30–59. ISBN 1­57003­544­X. Retrieved 26 July 2008.

27. Iain Borden; Murray Fraser; Barbara Penner (11 August 2014). Forty Ways to Think About Architecture:Architectural History and Theory Today. John Wiley & Sons. p. 252. ISBN 978­1­118­82261­6.

28. A. Srivathsan (23 June 2006). "Manchester of India". The Hindu. Chennai, India. Retrieved 30 July 2006.29. Gilly, Thomas Albert; Gilinskiy, Yakov (8 December 2009). The Ethics of Terrorism: Innovative Approaches from

an International Perspective (17 Lectures). Charles C Thomas Publisher. p. 23. ISBN 978­0­398­07867­6.Retrieved 26 June 2012.

30. Govind Sadashiv Ghurye (1962). Cities and civilization. Popular Prakashan. p. 96.31. Acyuta Yājñika; Suchitra Sheth (2005). The Shaping of Modern Gujarat: Plurality, Hindutva, and Beyond. Penguin

Books India. p. 168. ISBN 978­0­14­400038­8.32. Political Science. FK Publications. pp. 1–. ISBN 978­81­89611­86­6. Retrieved 24 February 2012.33. Ghanshyam Shah (20 December 2007). "60 revolutions—Nav nirman movement". India Today. Retrieved 3 July

2008.34. Achyut Yagnik (May 2002). "The pathology of Gujarat". New Delhi: Seminar Publications. Retrieved 10 May

2006.35. Anil Sinha. "Lessons learned from the Gujarat earthquake". WHO Regional Office for south­east Asia. Archived

from the original on 19 June 2006. Retrieved 13 May 2006.36. "Gujarat riot death toll revealed". BBC News. 11 May 2005. Retrieved 30 July 2006.37. "17 bomb blasts rock Ahmedabad, 15 dead". CNN IBN. 26 July 2008. Archived from the original on 28 June 2008.

Retrieved 26 July 2008.38. "India blasts toll up to 37". CNN. Turner Broadcasting System. 27 July 2008. Archived from the original on 2

August 2008. Retrieved 27 July 2008.39. Gujarat State gazetteers. Directorate of Govt, Print., Stationery and Publications, Gujarat State. 1984. p. 46.40. "Performance of buildings during the 2001 Bhuj earthquake" (PDF). Jag Mohan Humar, David Lau, and Jean­

Robert Pierre. The Canadian Association for Earthquake Engineering. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July2007. Retrieved 3 August 2008.

41. "Urban Structure and Growth". The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a millennium. Vastu­Shilpa Foundation forStudies and Research in Environmental Design. 2002. p. 83.

42. "Idar records highest ever temp at 50.0". Times of India. 18 May 2016. Retrieved 18 May 2016.43. "Ahmedabad Climatological Table Period: 1981–2010". India Meteorological Department. Retrieved March 25,

2015.44. "Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010". India Meteorological Department. Archived

from the original on 21 May 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2014.45. "Ahmedabad Climate Normals 1971–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved

March 25, 2015.46. "VAAH Data for May 18, 2016". IEM. Retrieved May 21, 2016.47. Chitre, Mandar; Halliday, Adam (3 May 2012). "Weather: Researchers fear 'May 2010 heat wave' may return to

city". Retrieved 13 June 2014.48. "Heat Action Plan – Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation" (PDF). Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. Retrieved

28 May 2014.49. FEATURE: Ahmedabad, India launches heat wave preparation and warning system (http://cdkn.org/2013/04/featur

e­ahmedabad­india­launches­heat­wave­preparation­and­warning­system/?loclang=en_gb) Climate & DevelopmentKnowledge Network, Retrieved 31 July 2013.

50. Addressing heat­related risks in urban India: Ahmedabad’s Heat Action Plan (http://cdkn.org/resource/addressing­heat­related­risks­india/), Dr Tejas Shah, Dr Dileep Mavalankar, Dr Gulrez Shah Azhar, Anjali Jaiswal and MeredithConnolly, Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation, Indian Institute of Public Health­Gandhinagar and the NaturalResources Defense Council, 2014

51. B.R. Kishore; Shiv Sharma. India – A Travel Guide. Diamond Pocket Books (P) Ltd. p. 491. ISBN 978­81­284­0067­4. Retrieved 4 April 2012.

52. Reader in Urban Sociology. Orient Blackswan. pp. 179–. ISBN 978­0­86311­152­5. Retrieved 15 February 2012.

1473180157806.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 16/19

53. Yatin Pandya. "Calico dome: Crumbling crown of architecture". Daily News and Analysis. India. Retrieved24 February 2012.

54. Parth Shastri (16 October 2011). "Calico Dome: The icon of its time". The Times of India. Retrieved 24 February2012.

55. Gans, Deborah; Corbusier, Le (2006). The Le Corbusier guide. Princeton Architectural Press. pp. 211–.ISBN 978­1­56898­539­8. Retrieved 4 April 2012.

56. Gargiani, Roberto; Rosellini, Anna (25 November 2011). Le Corbusier: Beton Brut and Ineffable Space (1940–1965): Surface Materials and Psychophysiology of Vision. EPFL Press. pp. 417–. ISBN 978­0­415­68171­1.Retrieved 4 April 2012.

57. "Christopher Charles Benninger Architects". Retrieved 4 April 2012.58. "He was a teacher and an institution". Times of India. 1 July 2009. Retrieved 16 February 2011.59. "Law Garden Night Market". Lonely Planet. Retrieved 24 February 2012.60. "Endangered species Identified for breeding and their species coordinator". Central Zoo Authority India. Retrieved

25 July 2008.61. Gujarat­Daman­Diu. Google books. Retrieved 1 June 2012.62. Pandya, Yatin. "Reminiscing the Kankaria Lake of yore". DNA India. Retrieved 1 June 2012.63. Ruturaj Jadav (14 April 2010). "City of lakes­With 34 new lakes under development, Ahmedabad is set to pose a

challenge to Udaipur". Ahmedabad Mirror. Retrieved 6 October 2012.64. It's a Jungle Out tHere [sic]. Indian Express, 18 August 201365. "Chandola Lake". ahmedabad.org.uk.66. "Get ready to pay entry fee at Naroda Lake". dna.67. "VCCCI". vccci.com.68. Darshin Mahadevia (2008). Inside the transforming urban Asia : processes, policies and public actions (1. publ.

ed.). New Delhi: Concept. p. 650. ISBN 978­81­8069­574­2.69. Nair, Ajesh. "Annual Survey of India's City­Systems" (PDF). janaagraha.org. Janaagraha Centre for Citizenship

and Democracy. Retrieved 7 March 2015.70. "My Taluka". Government of Gujarat. Retrieved 3 May 2012.71. "City Information". aai.aero/.72. "Saikia new Ahmedabad police chief". The Indian Express. 20 October 2007. Retrieved 25 July 2008.73. Manas Dasgupta (25 September 2008). "Civil Hospital planned as world's biggest hospital". The Times of India.

Retrieved 24 December 2007.74. Rangaswamy Vedavalli (13 March 2007). Energy for Development: Twenty­first Century Challenges of Reform

and Liberalization in Developing Countries. Anthem Press. pp. 215–. ISBN 978­1­84331­223­9. Retrieved11 August 2012.

75. "Group Companies—The Ahmedabad Electricity Company Limited". Torrent Group. Retrieved 21 May 2010.76. Nicole Bippen. "Ahmedabad­ GDP of $119 billion". Therichest. Retrieved 27 May 2014. "17 February 2014"77. "Engineering Expo – Ahmedabad". mpponline.in. Retrieved 27 May 2014.78. "Know the 10 most developed Indian cities based on GDP". IndiaTVNews. 9 January 2014. Retrieved 27 May

2014.79. "Top 10 Indian Cities and Their Major Industrial Activities". Listice. 3 May 2014. Retrieved 27 May 2014.80. "Textile industry of Ahmedabad". Ahmedabad Textile Mills' Association. Retrieved 25 July 2008.81. "History of textile industry in Ahmedabad". Textile Association of India. Retrieved 22 July 2008.82. "Industry and Commerce". The Ahmedabad Chronicle: Imprints of a millennium. Vastu­Shilpa Foundation for

Studies and Research in Environmental Design. 2002. p. 34.83. "Groundbreaking performed for Peugeot plant at Sanand site in Gujarat". deshgujarat.com. 2 November 2011.

Retrieved 24 February 2012.84. "Suzuki to pick Gujarat for new $1.3 bln plant". The Economic Times. Reuters. 14 September 2011. Retrieved

24 February 2012.85. "Ford bets big on India, to build plant in Gujarat". Reuters. 28 July 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2012.86. "ASE to sell off iconic Manekchowk building". DNA India. 6 June 2012. Retrieved 7 June 2012.87. "Adani Group locations". Adani.com. Retrieved 7 June 2012.88. "Narmada water reaches Ahmedabad". Chennai, India: Business Line. 14 March 2001. Retrieved 24 February

2012.89. Nitasha Tiku (11 December 2007). "Ahmedabad, Kolkata among new global hotspots". Rediff. Retrieved 22 July

2008.

1473180157958.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 17/19

2008.90. "About Ahmedabad". ozoneindiagroup. Retrieved 27 May 2014.91. Smriti Chand. "Cotton Textile Industry in India : Production, Growth and Problems". Retrieved 27 May 2014.92. "Soma Textiles & Industries, Ltd". Retrieved 27 May 2014.93. "Kumar Textile Industries". Retrieved 27 May 2014.94. "Textiles:: Reliance Industries Limited". Retrieved 27 May 2014.95. "Growth of Cotton Textile Industry in Ahmedabad". Retrieved 27 May 2014.96. Singh, Vipul (2009). Longman Vistas 8. Pearson Education India. p. 174. ISBN 8131729109.97. Mehta, Makrand (1982). The Ahmedabad cotton textile industry: genesis and growth. New Order Book Co.98. Dave, Kapil (15 May 2011). "Six new GIDC estates to come up in Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar". Indianexpress.

Retrieved 27 May 2014.99. "Historical Census of India".100. "Census of Ahmedabad".101. "India: metropolitan areas". World Gazetteer. Archived from the original on 8 October 2010. Retrieved

3 September 2010.102. Government of India. "Provisional population totals" (PDF). 2011 census of India. Retrieved 25 June 2012.103. "BPL Census for ninth plan". Ahmedabad District Collectorate. Retrieved 10 May 2006.104. "Slum Population in Million Plus Cities". Office of the Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India.

Archived from the original on 23 December 2006. Retrieved 11 May 2006.105. "Sachar Report" (PDF). zakatindia.org.106. "Jews of Ahmedabad, India, welcome Torah scroll." (http://www.jewishjournal.com/religion/article/jews_of_ahmed

abad_india_welcome_torah_scroll) Jewish Journal. 13 September 2012. 13 September 2012.107. Nathan Katz; Ellen S. Goldberg. "The Last Jews in India and Burma". Jerusalem Centre for Public Affairs.

Retrieved 27 April 2006.108. "High ageing rate, health problems worry Parsi community". Times of India. 22 October 2001. Retrieved 1 August

2008.109. "NRI Directory". Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation. Retrieved 7 February 2008.110. "Cheers Ahmedabad! City is racing ahead". DNA India. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved

25 June 2012.111. IMRB. "Ahmedabad best city to live in, Pune close second". Times of India. Retrieved 17 November 2012.112. Paul John (16 October 2005). "Surat crime rate lowest". Times of India. Retrieved 8 August 2008.113. "Ahmedabad best city to live in, Pune close second". The Times of India. 11 December 2011. Retrieved 9 June

2012.114. Sapovadia, Vrajlal (2007). "A critical study of urban land ownership by an individual vis­à­vis institutional (or

community) based ownership—The Impact of type of ownership on spatial growth, efficiency and equity: A casestudy of Ahmedabad, India". Urban Research Symposium 2007 (PDF). Washington, DC: World Bank. p. 22.Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2009.

115. "Army plans to bridge accommodation deficit for staffers". IANS. New India Press. 16 September 2005. Retrieved2 August 2008.

116. "Ahmedabad all set for Tazias". Daily News and Analysis. 6 December 2011. Retrieved 24 February 2012.117. "Ahmedabad gets ready for colourful tazias". Daily News and Analysis. 28 December 2009. Retrieved 24 February

2012.118. O'Brien, Charmaine (2013). The Penguin Food Guide to India. Penguin UK. ISBN 9351185753.119. Dalal, Tarla (2003). The Complete Gujarati Cookbook. Sanjay & Co. p. 4. ISBN 8186469451.120. "Food – IIMA". iimahd.ernet.in. Retrieved 27 May 2014.121. "Made for India: Succeeding in a Market Where One Size Won't Fit All". India Knowledge@Wharton. The

Wharton School. Retrieved 18 February 2011.122. "KFC in Ahmedabad". Burrp.com Network 18. Retrieved 24 February 2012.123. Nair, Avinash (17 October 2011). "Kentucky Friend Chicken changes dress code for vegetarian Gujarat". The

Economic Times. Retrieved 27 April 2012.124. "Hum dono hai alag alag" (PDF). press release. McDonalds India. Retrieved 27 April 2012.125. "Mcdonald's in Ahmedabad". Burrp.com Network 18. Retrieved 24 February 2012.126. "Ahmedabad Food". Outlook Traveller. Retrieved 24 February 2012.127. Anjali H. Desai (2007). India Guide Gujarat. India Guide Publications. p. 93. ISBN 978­0­9789517­0­2. Retrieved

26 June 2012.128. "Schedule of Virasat — virasatfestival.org" (PDF). virasatfestival.org. Retrieved 27 May 2014.

1473180158130.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 18/19

128. "Schedule of Virasat — virasatfestival.org" (PDF). virasatfestival.org. Retrieved 27 May 2014.129. "Saptak Music Festival". Retrieved 27 May 2014.130. "The Calico Museum of Textiles". Calicomuseum.com. Retrieved 8 July 2013.131. "Vechaar Utensils Museum". Retrieved September 2012. Check date values in: |access­date= (help)132. http://www.vechaar.vom133. "Shreyas Museum". Retrieved September 2012. Check date values in: |access­date= (help)134. "Shreyas Foundation". Shreyasfoundation.in. Retrieved 8 July 2013.135. "Shreyas Museum". Retrieved September 2012. Check date values in: |access­date= (help)136. "Institute of Indology". Retrieved September 2012. Check date values in: |access­date= (help)137. "N C Mehta Gallery". Retrieved September 2012. Check date values in: |access­date= (help)138. "Organisation". Western Railways. Archived from the original on 19 June 2008. Retrieved 4 July 2008.139. "railway stations near Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India". Google Maps. Retrieved 26 June 2012.140. "New firm to speed up Metro in Ahmedabad". dnaindia.com. 2 May 2009. Retrieved 27 July 2010.141. DeshGujarat (14 March 2015). "First 6 km works of Ahmedabad Metro to complete by September 2016:CM".

DeshGujarat. Retrieved 2015­04­12.142. "Ahmedabad Metro set to roll by October 2017". The Times of India. 12 December 2015. Retrieved 16 December

2015.143. "IL&FS; Engineering Services Bags Rs. 374.64 Cr Metro Rail Contract in Gujarat". The Hans India. 15 December

2015. Retrieved 16 December 2015.144. "PM flags off Ahmedabad expressway". The Hindu Business Line. 30 January 2003. Retrieved 30 July 2006.145. "Ahmedabad riding clean fuel wave to healthier future". The Economic Times. India. 10 August 2008. Archived

from the original on 3 January 2009. Retrieved 10 August 2008.146. "About­Ahmedabad Janmarg Ltd". Ahmedabad BRTS. Retrieved 12 January 2016.147. "Ahmedabad BRTS:Urban Transport Initiatives in India: Best Practices in PPP" (PDF). National Institute of Urban

Affairs. 2010. pp. 18–48. Retrieved January 5, 2013.148. "City's BRTS didn't enhance public transport usage". The Times of India. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 12 January

2016.149. "Highlights of Ahmedabad civic budget 2009–10". Desh Gujarat. 3 February 2012. Retrieved 1 June 2012.150. "Routes to/from Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel International Airport". Our Airports. Retrieved 26 June 2012.151. "ahmedabad airport". Airport Authority of India. Retrieved 4 July 2008.152. "Federa, father of all airports". Times of India. 30 March 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2012.153. "Literacy in Gujarat". Retrieved 1 January 2014.154. "List of University (State wise)—Gujarat". University Grants Commission, India. Archived from the original on 8

June 2007. Retrieved 30 March 2006.155. "Gujarat Vidyapith : History". Gujarat Vidyapith. Retrieved 19 July 2008.156. "Ahmedabad". Department of Space, Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 8 June

2007. Retrieved 30 March 2006.157. "AHMEDABAD NEWSPAPERS". All you can read. Retrieved 1 June 2012.158. "Gandhi copyright breathes life into Navjivan Trust". Times of India. 1 October 2003. Retrieved 1 June 2012.159. "requency Schedule for 30 March 2008 to 26 October 2008". All India Radio. Retrieved 23 July 2008.160. "Gyan Vani to be expanded". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 29 July 2001. Retrieved 6 October 2012.161. Ahmed, Syed Khalique (31 March 2012). "GU launches first campus FM radio station in state, fifth in country".

The Indian Express. Retrieved 6 October 2012.162. Jha, Paras (24 November 2010). "Historic silence: Staff strike switches off Akashvani, Doordarshan in Gujarat".

DNA India. Retrieved 27 June 2012.163. Haslam, Catherine. "A Guide to India's Telecom Market". www.lightreading.com. Light reading Asia. Retrieved

27 June 2012.164. "Sports in Ahmedabad". ahmedabadonline. Retrieved 27 May 2014.165. "Sardar Patel Stadium". Cricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2008.166. "Indian Grounds". Cricinfo. Retrieved 23 July 2008.167. "Sardar Patel Stadium". Cricinfo. Retrieved 19 July 2008.168. Himanshu Kaushik (20 January 2007). "Five more golf courses to tee off in state". Times of India. Retrieved

3 August 2008.169. Kumar Manish (23 September 2007). "Multi­crore sports complex in city". Times of India. Retrieved 3 August

2008.

1473180158313.147 Ahmedabad ­ Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad 19/19

Further readingMuktirajsinhji Chauhan and Kamalika Bose. History of Interior Design in India Vol 1 : Ahmedabad (2007) ISBN81­904096­0­3Kenneth L. Gillion (1968). Ahmedabad: A Study in Indian Urban History. University of California Press.Altekar, Anant Sadashiv. A history of important ancient towns and cities in Gujarat and Kathiawad (from theearliest times down to the Moslem conquest). ASIN B0008B2NGA.Crook, Nigel (1993). India's Industrial Cities: Essays in Economy and Demography. Oxford University Press.ISBN 0­19­563172­2.Rajan, K. V. Soundra (1989). Ahmadabad. Archaeological Survey of India.Forrest, George William. Cities of India. Adamant Media Corporation. ISBN 0­543­93823­9.Gandhi, R (1990). "Patel: A Life". Navajivan Press, Ahmedabad. ASIN B0006EYQ0A.Michell, George (2003). Ahmadabad. Art Media Resources. ISBN 81­85026­03­3.Spodek, Howard (2011). Ahmedabad: Shock City of Twentieth­Century India. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978­0­253­35587­4.

External links

Ahmedabad Collectorate (http://collectorahmedabad.gujarat.gov.in/)

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ahmedabad&oldid=737205988"

Categories: Ahmedabad 1411 establishments Cities and towns in Ahmedabad districtFormer capital cities in India Metropolitan cities in India Populated places established in the 1410s

This page was last modified on 1 September 2016, at 10:08.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution­ShareAlike License; additional terms mayapply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia® is a registeredtrademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non­profit organization.

170. "Looking to Feature". Sports Authority of Gujarat. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved3 August 2008.

171. Lekha Menon (23 November 2004). "No sense of adventure". Times of India. Retrieved 3 August 2008.172. "Karting". J K Tyres. Archived from the original on 16 July 2008. Retrieved 3 August 2008.173. "Sabarmati Marathon Official Website­Race Categories". www.sabarmatimarathon.net. Retrieved 10 October

2012.174. "National Shooting C'ships to be held at Ahmedabad". Press Trust of India. 20 December 2007. Retrieved

3 August 2008.175. "Geet Sethi Profile". Retrieved 27 May 2014.