activated carbon-fly ash-nanometal oxide composite materials: preparation, characterization, and...

Hindawi Publishing CorporationJournal of ChemistryVolume 2013 Article ID 148129 15 pageshttpdxdoiorg1011552013148129

Research ArticleActivated Carbon-Fly Ash-Nanometal OxideComposite Materials Preparation Characterization andTributyltin Removal Efficiency

Olushola S Ayanda1 Olalekan S Fatoki1 Folahan A Adekola2 and Bhekumusa J Ximba1

1 Department of Chemistry Faculty of Applied Sciences Cape Peninsula University of Technology PO Box 1906Bellville 7535 South Africa

2Department of Chemistry University of Ilorin PMB 1515 Ilorin 240004 Nigeria

Correspondence should be addressed to Olushola S Ayanda osayandagmailcom

Received 14 July 2012 Accepted 28 August 2012

Academic Editor Alberto Ritieni

Copyright copy 2013 Olushola S Ayanda et al is is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons AttributionLicense which permits unrestricted use distribution and reproduction in any medium provided the original work is properlycited

e physicochemical properties nature and morphology of composite materials involving activated carbon y ash nFe3O4nSiO2 and nZnO were investigated and compared Nature and morphology characterizations were carried out by means ofscanning electron and transmission electron microscopy X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy Otherphysicochemical characterizations undertaken were CNH analysis ash content pH point of zero charge and surface area andporosity determination by BET Experimental results obtained revealed that activated carbon nSiO2 activated carbon-y ashactivated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4 activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 and activated carbon-y ash-nZnO compositematerials exhibitednet negative charge on their surfaces while y ash nFe3O4 and nZnO possessed net positive charge on their surfaces Relativelyhigher removal efficiency (gt99) of TBT was obtained for all the composite materials compared to their respective precursorsexcept for activated carbon ese composite materials therefore offer great potential for the remediation of TBT in wastewaters

1 Introduction

Fly ash generated during the combustion of coal for energyproduction consists of ne powdery particles predominantlyspherical in shape either solid or hollow and mostly glassy(amorphous) in nature [1] Fly ash has been proposed as agood adsorbent for NOx SOx and mercury removal fromue gases as well as adsorption of organic gas [1 2] Fly ashhas a potential application in wastewater treatment becauseof its major chemical components which are alumina silicaferric oxide calcium oxide magnesium oxide and carbonand its physical properties such as porosity particle sizedistribution and surface area Hence it has been used asa low-cost adsorbent for the removal of heavy metals [3ndash6] dyes [7] phenolic compounds [8] and humic acids [9]in wastewaters Activated carbon on the other hand is alsowidely used in a variety of areas namely as an adsorbentin air and water pollution control a catalyst in the chemicaland petrochemical industries and a purier in the food

and pharmaceutical industries [10] In the water treatmenteld activated carbon is oen used as an adsorbent forthe removal of various synthetic and naturally occurringorganic chemicals in drinking water [11] In wastewatertreatment activated carbon is a powerful adsorbent becauseof its large surface area and pore volume which allowsthe removal of liquid-phase contaminants including organiccompounds heavy metal ions and colors Adsorption onactivated carbons has been investigated extensively due totheir use in many applications including the removal of toxicvolatile organic compounds (VOCs) and pollutants in waterand air [12ndash15]

Within the last few years intensive wide spread con-tamination of the atmosphere and surface water relatedto adverse industrial operations has been of great concernand call for the development of better adsorbents Manyresearchers have therefore focused on the search for betteradsorbents with very high adsorption capacities use ofnanometal oxides as adsorbents and the surfacemodication

2 Journal of Chemistry

of existing adsorbents Limitedworkwas thus reported on theuse of composite materials for wastewater treatments Someof the reported works in this area is by Zhang et al [10]who reported the preparation of CuFe2O4activated carbonmagnetic adsorbents with mass ratio of 1 1 1 15 and 1 2for the adsorption of acid orange II (AO7) in water andsubsequent separation of adsorbent from the medium by amagnetic technique eir results suggest that the compositehas much higher catalytic activity than that of activatedcarbon and this is attributed to the presence of CuFe2O4Shukla et al [14] studied the synthesis of composites ofcarbon and natural zeolite with varying amounts of carbon asprospective adsorbents to adsorb organic contaminants fromwastewater such as phenoley reported that the adsorptionisotherm indicated an enhanced adsorption of phenol onthe composites as compared with the natural zeolite andthat adsorption increased with increase in carbon contentof the composite materials e adsorption and degradationof trichloroethylene (TCE) through dechlorination usingsynthetic granular activated carbon and zerovalent iron(GAC-ZVI) composites was reported by Tseng et al [16]ey reported that the usage of granular activated carbon-zerovalent iron composites liberated a greater amount of Clthan when zerovalent iron was used alone Jha et al [17] alsoinvestigated the preparation of composite materials of acti-vated carbon and zeolite by activating coal y ash by fusionand reported that the composites of activated carbon andzeolite proved to be suitable for the uptake of toxicmetal ions

Researches have therefore focused on the enhancement ofthe effectiveness of activated carbon and y ash bymodifyingtheir specic properties by chemical modication (treat-ment with acids or bases) thermal activation impregnationandor surfactant modication [18ndash21] in order to enable thecarbon to develop affinity for certain contaminants No workhas been reported on the preparation of composite materialsinvolving activated carbon y ash nFe3O4 nSiO2 and nZnOas precursors except for Fatoki et al [22] who reportedthe preparation and characterization of activated carbon-nFe3O4 activated carbon-nSiO2 and activated carbon-nZnOhybrid materials Composite materials involving activatedcarbon y ash and nanometal oxides are expected to havehigh adsorption capacity due to their nature morphologyand properties and due to the presence of nanooxides in thecomposite materials it is also expected that the remediationmechanism by these materials will combine the synergisticeffect of adsorption and oxidation during the adsorptionprocesses and not adsorption alone

e aim of this study is therefore to prepare activatedcarbon y ash and nanometal oxide composite materialscapable of enhancing the adsorption of pollutants fromwastewaters and to carry out a detailed characterization ofthesematerials in order to understand the properties that willbe of great importance to environmental management

2 Experimental21 Materials Fly ash from Matla power station Mpu-malanga South Africa was used in this study Matla powerstation was the rst of the giant 3 600MW coal-red power

stations in South Africa and was fully operational in 1983[23] Activated carbon (100ndash400mesh) iron (II III) oxidenanopowder (particle size lt 50 nm) silica nanopowder(particle size 12 nm) zinc oxide NanoGard (particle size40ndash100 nmAPSpowder) acetic acid hexane sodiumacetateNaBEt4 and tributyltin chloride (TBT) were purchasedfrom Sigma-Aldrich USA Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) andpotassium bromide (KBr) were supplied byMerck Germanywhile methanol was supplied by Industrial Analytical SouthAfrica Milli-Q water was used for all analytical preparations

22 Preparation of Composite Materials Activated carbony ash and nanometal oxides in the ratio 1 1 1 weredispersed in 05M HCl to form slurries e slurries werestirred by means of a stirrer and evaporated to dryness inan ovene composite materials obtained were washed withMilli-Q water ltered further dried in an oven at 100∘C for24 hours and ground to ne powder using agate mortar andpestle [22 24]

23 Instrumentation FEI scanning electron microscope(NovaNano SEM230) and transmission electronmicroscope(TECNAIG2 20) were used for the SEM and TEM analyses ofthe precursors and compositematerials Fourier transmissioninfrared (FTIR) absorption spectra of the precursors andcomposite materials were obtained by using the potassiumbromide (KBr) pellet method of sample preparation andPerkin Elmer Spectrum 1000 instrument for analysis EuroEa elemental analyzer was use for carbon nitrogen andhydrogen (CNH) analyses Phase identication of the precur-sors and activated carbon-y ash-nanometal oxide compositematerials were determined by X-ray diffractometry usinga PANalytical PW 3830 diffractometer while TriStar 3000analyser (Micromeritics Instrument Corporation) was usedfor surface area and porosity determination

24 pH and Point of Zero Charge (PZC) Determination epH was determined by gently boiling 50mL of Milli-Q waterin a ask containing 01 g of the samples for 5mins epH was measured using a Mettler Toledo pH meter aerthe solution was cooled to room temperature Mass titrationtechnique was used to determine the PZC [22 25] Increasingamounts of sample from 0 to 2 g were added to 10mL of001MNaNO3 solutione resulting pH of each suspensionwas measured aer 24 hours e pH plateau for the highestconcentrations of solid in a successive series ofmass titrationsis taken as the PZC

25 Ash Content Determination Approximately plusmn01 g ofthe precursors and composite materials were measured intocrucibles and heated in a muffle furnace at a temperature ofabout 500ndash600∘C for 4 hours e samples were withdrawnfrom the furnace aer ashing allowed to cool in a desiccatorand then reweighed e ash content of the precursors andcomposite materials was calculated by difference and thisprocess was carried out in triplicate

Journal of Chemistry 3

(a) (b)

F 1 (a) SEM of activated carbon (b) TEM of activated carbon

(a) (b)

F 2 (a) SEM of y ash (b) TEM of y ash

26 TBT Removal Efficiency and Analysis e removalefficiency of TBT by these materials was tested by applyingoverall optimal conditions for the adsorption of TBT fromTBT-contaminated articial seawater e removal efficiency(119877119877) is dened as

119877119877 119877 10076531007653119888119888119894119894 minus 11988811988811989011989011988811988811989411989410076691007669 times 100 (1)

where 119888119888119894119894 is the initial concentration of TBT (100mgL) inarticial seawater placed in a conical ask and shaken at200 rpm for 60min with 05 g of the adsorbents and 119888119888119890119890 is theequilibrium solution concentration

e concentration of TBT was determined aer deriva-tization by the addition of 2mL of acetate buffer (pH =45) and 10mL of 1 NaBEt4 and extraction into hexaneby horizontal shaking in a separation funnel e extractswere reduced to 1mL and analyzed by the use of GC-FPD(Shimadzu GC-2010 Plus) with a capillary column HP 5 (5phenyl methyl siloxane 30m times 025mm id lm thickness025 120583120583m) and the temperature was programmed as followsinitially at 60∘C hold for 1min then heated to 280∘C at

10∘Cmin and hold for 4min e injection and detectortemperatures were 270∘C and 300∘C respectively and thecarrier gas was high purity helium

A plot of the percent removal of TBT by the variousadsorbents was obtained and the results were compared

3 Results and Discussion

31 SEM and TEM e scanning electron micrograph(SEM) and transmission electron micrograph (TEM) of acti-vated carbon (Figures 1(a) and 1(b)) showed that activatedcarbon exhibit aggregated irregular surfaces with a largenumber of micropores and crevices of various sizes at thesurface e SEM and TEM of activated carbon conrmedthat the activated carbon is a better adsorbent for theadsorption of pollutants from wastewaters

Figure 2(a) showed that the particles of Matla y ash arespherical with smooth and regular surfaces e TEM of yash (Figure 2(b)) presents agglomeration of different particlesizes e y ash particles showed different size distributionswith spherical shapes


(a) (b)

F 3 (a) SEM of y nFe3O4 (b) TEM of nFe3O4

(a) (b)

F 4 (a) SEM of nSiO2 (b) TEM of nSiO2

e SEM of nFe3O4 (Figure 3(a)) showed that nFe3O4consists of agglomerated globules with irregular and roughsurfaces e TEM of nFe3O4 (Figure 3(b)) presents agglom-eration of particles e TEM thus showed that nFe3O4 ismade up of different shapes including square spherical andhexagonal shapes

e SEM of nSiO2 (Figure 4(a)) showed that nSiO2exhibit agglomerated irregular surfaces with a large numberof micropores and a few voids and crevices while the TEMof nSiO2 (Figure 4(b)) showed a bimodal distribution ofparticles size

e SEM and TEM of nZnO (Figures 5(a) and 5(b))showed that nZnO particles consist of nonuniform granulesand more regular surfaces e TEM of nZnO (Figure 5(b))conrmed the various shapes and sizes of nZnO particles

Figure 6(a) showed that activated carbon-y ash compos-ite material is made up of smooth surfacematerials (activatedcarbon) and spherical materials (y ash) deposited at variousposition throughout the surfaces of the activated carbone TEM (Figure 6(b)) showed that the activated carbon(irregular surfaces) was aggregated with the spherical particleof y ash

e SEM and TEM (Figures 6(a) and 6(b)) showed thatthe y ash particles maintained their spherical morphologyaer the preparation of activated carbon-y ash compositematerial

e SEM and TEM of activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4composite material (Figures 7(a) and 7(b)) showed that thecomposite material exhibit aggregated irregular surfaces withlarge number of micropores and crevices at the surface Flyash and nFe3O4 were found at the surface of the activatedcarbon

e SEM and TEM of activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2composite material (Figures 8(a) and 8(b)) showed thatthe composite material also exhibited aggregated irregularsurfaces with large number of micropores and crevices at thesurface e nSiO2 and y ash were distributed at the surfaceof the activated carbon

e SEM of activated carbon-y ash-nZnO compositematerial (Figure 9(a)) showed that the activated carbony ash and nZnO particles were fused together argeintergranular voids and crevices were associated with theactivated carbon-y ash-nZnO composite material with yash still maintaining its spherical regular shape


(a) (b)

F 5 (a) SEM of nZnO (b) TEM of nZnO

(a) (b)

F 6 (a) SEM of activated carbon-y ash composite material (b) TEM of activated carbon-y ash composite material

(a) (b)

F 7 (a) SEM of activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4 composite material (b) TEM of activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4 composite material

e TEM of activated carbon-y ash-nZnO compositematerial (Figure 9(b)) thus showed a clustered activatedcarbon y ash and nZnO composite material with largeintergranular voids and crevices

32 FTIR Absorption Spectra In the FTIR spectrum of acti-vated carbon y ash and activated carbon-y ash compositematerial (Figure 10) the absorption at 1616 cmminus1 (curve(a)) is assigned to the C=C stretching of activated carbon


(a) (b)

F 8 (a) of activated carbon-y ash-niO2 composite material (b) of activated carbon-y ash-niO2 composite material

(a) (b)

F 9 (a) of activated carbon-y ash-nnO composite material (b) of activated carbon-y ash-nnO composite material

[26 27] while the absorption at 1097 cmminus1 (curve (b)) isassigned to the CndashC stretching of y ash It was foundthat the wavenumber of CndashC stretching of y ash changedslightly from 1097 cmminus1 of y ash to 109 cmminus1 (curve (f))of the activated carbon-y ash composite material ewavenumber of the absorption peak decreased by 4 cmminus1e slight change in the wavenumber suggests that a newbond was formed during the preparation of the activatedcarbon-y ash composite material In the FI spectrum ofactivated carbon y ash nFe3O4 and activated carbon-yash-nFe3O4 composite material (Figure 11) the absorptionat 1616 cmminus1 (curve (a)) is assigned to the C=C stretchingof activated carbon and the absorption at 1097 cmminus1 (curve(b)) is assigned to the CndashC stretching of y ash while theabsorption at 586 cmminus1 (curve (c)) is assigned to the FendashOstretching of nFe3O4 It was found that the wavenumberof FendashO stretching changed from 586 cmminus1 of nFe3O4 to560 cmminus1 (curve (g)) of the activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4composite material e wavenumber of the absorption peakdecreased by 26 cmminus1 Decrease in the wavenumber suggests

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Fly ashReference

Activated carbon Activated carbon-y ash composite

F 10 FI spectrum of precursors and activated carbon-yash composite material

that a new bond was formed during the preparation of theactivated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4 composite material


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Activated carbon-yash-nFe3O4composite

F 11 FI spectrum of precursors and activated carbon-yash-nFe3O4 composite material

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Activated carbon

Fly ash

nSiO2Activated carbon-yash-nSiO2 composite

F 12 FI spectrum of precursors and activated carbon-yash-nSiO2 composite material

In the FI spectrum of activated carbon y ash nSiO2and activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 composite material (Fig-ure 12) the absorption at 1616 cmminus1 (curve (a)) is assigned tothe C=C stretching of activated carbon and the absorptionat 1097 cmminus1 (curve (b)) is assigned to the CndashC stretchingof y ash while the absorption at 1101 cmminus1 (curve (d)) isassigned to the asymmetric vibration of SindashOe absorptionat 809 cmminus1 (curve (d)) is assigned to the symmetric vibrationof SindashO [28] It was found that the wavenumber of the sym-metric vibration of SindashO changed from 809 cmminus1 of nSiO2 to805 cmminus1 (curve (h)) of the activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2composite material e wavenumber of the absorption peakdecreased by 4 cmminus1 A decrease in the wavenumber suggeststhat a new bond was formed during the preparation of theactivated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 composite material

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(h) Activated carbon-flyash-nZnO composite

(e) nZnO(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash

F 13 FI spectrum of precursors and activated carbon-yash-nZnO composite material

In the FI spectrum of activated carbon y ash nZnOand activated carbon-y ash-nZnO composite material (Fig-ure 13) the absorption at 1616 cmminus1 (curve (a)) is assigned tothe C=C stretching of activated carbon and the absorption at1097 cmminus1 (curve (b)) is assigned to the CndashC stretching of yash while the absorption at 1110 cmminus1 (curve (e)) is assignedto the asymmetry vibration of ZnndashO and the absorption at808 cmminus1 (curve (e)) is assigned to the ZnndashO stretching ofnZnO It was found that the wavenumber of ZnndashO vibrationchanged from 1110 cmminus1 of nZnO to 1094 cmminus1 (curve (i)) ofthe activated carbon-y ash-nZnO composite material ewavenumber of the absorption peak decreased by 16 cmminus1Decrease in the wavenumber suggests that a new bond wasformed during the preparation of the activated carbon-yash-nZnO composite material

e result obtained thus shows that the shi in the bandis a function of the metal ions present in the compositematerialseFIdata also conrm the absence of impurityin both the precursors and the prepared composite materials

33 Carbon Nitrogen and Hydrogen Content Figure 14showed that the activated carbonndashy ashndashnFe3O4 acti-vated carbonndashy ashndashnSiO2 activated carbonndashy ashndashnZnOand activated carbonndashy ash composite materials contained2934 3404 3069 and 3683 carbon content respec-tively Values of 091 026 and 020 were recordedfor the nitrogen content of activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 and activated carbon-y ash-nZnO respectively while the nitrogen content of activatedcarbon-y ash composite material was below the detectionlimit e activated carbon-y ash activated carbon-yash-nFe3O4 activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 and activatedcarbon-y ash-ZnO thus contained 272 224 051 and089 hydrogen contents respectively

e result showed that the carbon content of activatedcarbon plays a dominant role in the carbon content of all thecomposite materials


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Fly ash n n n

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Activatedcarbon-fly ash




Samples

F 14 A plot of element () against the precursors and composite materials

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F 15 p of actiated caron y ash nano metal oides and composite materials


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Mass (g) in 001 M NaNO3

F 16 Result of mass titration experiments with activatedcarbon y ash and activated carbon-y ash composite materialVariation of pH versus mass of solid in 001M NaNO3

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F 17 Result of mass titration experiments with activated car-bon y ash nFe3O4 and activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4 compositematerial Variation of pH versus mass of solid in 001M NaNO3

34 pH and Point of Zero Charge (PZC) MeasurementFrom Figure 15 the preparation of activated carbon-y ashcomposite material using activated carbon (pH 33) and yash (pH 1070) as precursors resulted in activated carbon-y ash composite material of pH 351 e pH was higherthan the pH of activated carbon by 598 and lower thanthe pH of y ash by 672 e preparation of activatedcarbon-y ash-nFe3O4 composite material using activated

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Activated carbon

Activated carbon-fly Fly ashnn


F 18 Result of mass titration experiments with activatedcarbon y ash nSiO2 and activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 compositematerial Variation of pH versus mass of solid in 001M NaNO3

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Activated carbon



F 19 Result of mass titration experiments with activated car-bon y ash nnO and activated carbon-y ash-nnO compositematerial Variation of pH versus mass of solid in 001M NaNO3

carbon (pH 33) y ash (pH 1070) and nFe3O4 (pH 595)as precursors resulted to activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4compositematerial of pH 341e pHwas higher than pH ofactivated carbon by 323 lower than pH of y ash by 681and lower than pH of nFe3O4 by 427

e preparation of activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 com-posite material using activated carbon (pH 33) y ash(pH 1070) and nSiO2 (pH 553) as precursors resulted in


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n n n

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F 20 an C of actiate caron y ash nanometal oies an comosite materials

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F 21 Ash content ( ersus actiate caron y ash nanoarticles an comosite materials


activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 composite material of pH334e pHwas higher than pH of activated carbon by 12lower than pH of y ash by 688 and lower than pH ofnSiO2 by 396 e preparation of activated carbon-y ash-nZnO composite material using activated carbon (pH 33)y ash (pH 1070) and nZnO (671) as precursors resultedto activated carbon-y ash-nZnO composite material of pH642 e pH was higher than pH of activated carbon by486 lower than pH of y ash by 400 and lower thanpH of nZnO by 43 e result obtained shows that the pHvalues of the composite materials were determined by the pHvalue of each of the precursors that made up the compositematerials

Figure 16 showed that the point of zero charge (PZC)of activated carbon y ash and activated carbon-y ashcomposite material are 206 1217 and 319 respectivelye PZC of activated carbon-y ash composite material washigher than PZC of activated carbon by 3542 but lowerthan the PZC of y ash by 7379e graph showed that thepresence of y ash (high PZC value and basic) in the activatedcarbon (acidic) raised the PZC of activated carbon to formactivated carbon-y ash composite material of PZC of 319

Figure 17 showed that the PZC of activated carbon yash nFe3O4 and activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4 compositematerial are 206 1217 658 and 284 respectivelye PZCof activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4 composite material washigher than the PZC of activated carbon by 2746 lowerthan PZC of y ash by 7666 and also lower than the PZCof nFe3O4 by 5684

From Figure 18 the PZC of activated carbon y ashnSiO2 and activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 composite mate-rial are 206 1217 425 and 360 respectively e PZCof activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 composite material wastherefore higher than the PZC of activated carbon by 4278lower than PZC of y ash by 7042 and also lower than thePZC of nSiO2by 1529

From Figure 19 the PZC of activated carbon y ashnZnO and activated carbon-y ash-nZnO composite mate-rial are 206 1217 680 and 614 respectively e PZCof activated carbon-y ash-nZnO composite material wastherefore higher than the PZC of activated carbon by 6645lower than PZC of y ash by 4955 and also lower than thePZC of nZnO by 971

Comparing the PZC values of the precursors and thecomposite materials it could be concluded that it is not thepresence of the nanoparticles alone that determines the PZCchanges but the PZC of each of the component precursorsthat made up the composite materials

Figure 20 thus showed that the pH values of activatedcarbon nSiO2 activated carbon-y ash activated carbon-yash-nFe3O4 activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 and activatedcarbon-y ash-nZnO were slightly higher than their cor-responding PZC values is suggests that the surface ofthesematerials is negatively charged andwill therefore attractcations e pH values of y ash nFe3O4 and nZnO areslightly lower than their corresponding PZC values hencetheir surface is positively charged and will attract anions

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Quartz (SiO2)

F 22 -ray diraction of activated carbon-y ash compositematerial

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F 23 -ray diraction of activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4composite material

35 AshContent Figure 21 showed that the ash content of theactivated carbon y ash nFe3O4 nSiO2 and nZnO is 045 plusmn007 974 plusmn 014 972 plusmn 002 983 plusmn 007 and 992 plusmn014 respectively while 463 plusmn 014 585 plusmn 012 6145plusmn 007 and 619 plusmn 014 were recorded as the ash contentsof activated carbon-y ash activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 and activated carbon-y ash-nZnO composite materials respectively

e result showed that the percentage organic mate-rials present in the activated carbon y ash nFe3O4nSiO2 nZnO activated carbon-y ash activated carbon-yash-nFe3O4 activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 and activatedcarbon-y ash-nZnO compositematerials amount to 995526 28 17 08 537 415 3855 and 381respectivelye result obtained in Figure 21 showed that theprecursors have higher percentage of inorganic componentsas compared to the prepared composite materials except foractivated carbon


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F 24 X-ray diffraction of activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2composite material

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F 25 X-ray diffraction of activated carbon-y ash-nZnOcomposite material

36 X-RayDiffraction ediffractogramof activated carbonshows the absence of crystalline substances while the yash is dominated mainly by crystalline minerals mulliteand quartz with large characteristic peaks of quartz (SiO2)as reported by Fatoki et al [22] and Ayanda et al [23]respectively e x-ray diffractograms of nFe3O4 nSiO2 andnZnO have also been reported by Fatoki et al [22]

Figures 22 to 25 thus show the X-ray diffractograms ofactivated-y ash activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4 activatedcarbon-y ash-nSiO2 and activated carbon-y ash-nZnOcomposite materials

e diffractogram of activated carbon-y ash (Figure 22)showed that the crystalline minerals mullite and quartz ofy ash are dominant e X-ray diffractogram of activatedcarbon-y ash-nFe3O4 composite material (Figure 23) con-sists of mullite (Al6Si2O13) quartz (SiO2) and magnetite(Fe3O4)

e x-ray diffractogram of activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 composite material (Figure 24) consists of mullite(Al6Si2O13) quartz (SiO2) and cristobalite (SiO2) while the

X-ray diffractogram of activated carbon-y ash-nZnO com-posite material (Figure 25) consists of mullite (Al6Si2O13)quartz (SiO2) and zinc oxide (nZnO)

All the diffractograms obtained showed dened charac-teristic peaks corresponding to the mineral constituents ofthe precursors and the composite materialsis showed thatthe precursors and all the prepared composite materials arepure

37 Surface Area and Porosity Determination Resultsobtained on the Brunauer Emmett and Teller (BET) surfacearea and porosity determinations of activated carbon-yash-nanometal oxide composite materials as well as theirprecursors are shown in Table 1 and Figure 26

e surface areas of y ash activated carbon nFe3O4nSiO2 and nZnO are 106 plusmn 0003 1156 plusmn 869 37 plusmn 019217 plusmn 176 and 14 plusmn 0039m2g respectively while thesurface areas of activated carbon-y ash activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4 activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 and activatedcarbon-y ash-nZnO are 53 plusmn 0027 299 plusmn 109 352 plusmn1013 and 240 plusmn 115 respectively e results showed thatthe use of activated carbon y ash and nanometal oxidesfor the preparation of activated carbon-y ash-nanometaloxide composite material greatly improve the surface areaof y ash and nanometal oxides e surface area of y ashwas therefore improved by 9965 for activated carbon-yash-nFe3O4 9970 for activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 and9956 for activated carbon-y ash-nZnO composites whilethe surface area of nFe3O4 nSiO2 and nZnO was increasedby 8760 3828 and 9401 for the activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4 activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 and activatedcarbon-y ash-nZnO composites respectively

e micropore area of activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4was 11889m2g activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 has amicro-pore area of 15421m2g while activated carbon-y ash-nZnOmicropore areawas 8217m2gemicropore areas ofy ash nFe3O4 nSiO2 and nZnO which are 038 398 1613and 318m2g respectively and were thus smaller than themicropore areas of the corresponding composite materialsIt could therefore be concluded that the composition ofactivated carbon nanometal oxide and y ash also improvedthe micropore area of y ash and nano metal oxides

38 Removal Efficiency of TBT by the Precursors and Com-positeMaterials e results obtained fromTBT removal effi-ciency of thesematerials showed that the activated carbon yash nFe3O4 nSiO2 nZnOwere able to remove 993 945819 799 and 929 of the total TBT concentration inarticial seawater respectively owever activated carbon-y ash activated carbon-y ash-nFe3O4 activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 and activated carbon-y ash-nZnO compositematerials removed 9978 9998 9997 and 9999TBTrespectively e results are illustrated in Figure 27

It is therefore evident from the results presented in Figure27 that apart from activated carbon which showed compa-rable result with the composite materials all the compositematerials exhibited higher (gt99) TBT removal efficiencythan their respective precursors ese composite materials


T 1 BET result of activated carbon-y ash-nano metal oxide composite materials

Samples BET surface area Micropore volume Micropore area External surface area Average pore diameterm2g cm3g m2g m2g Aring

Ac 1156 plusmn 869 0182 44275 71389 4889Fly ash 106 plusmn 0003 00001 038 068 8943nFe3O4 37 plusmn 019 0002 398 3319 21742nSiO2 217 plusmn 176 0006 1613 20149 8808nZnO 14 plusmn 0039 0001 318 1123 9850Ac-y ash 53 plusmn 0027 000002 019 511 21001Ac-y ash-nFe3O4 299 plusmn 109 0048 11889 18086 6355Ac-y ash-nSiO2 352 plusmn 1013 0063 15421 19841 6478Ac-y ash-nZnO 240 plusmn 115 0033 8217 15864 5184Ac Activated carbon

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n

F 26 Surface area (m2g versus precursors and activated carbon-y ash-nanometal oxide composite materials

are therefore potentially good materials for remediationapplication of TBT laden wastewater

4 Conclusion

Experimental results showed that the pH values of activatedcarbon nSiO2 activated carbon-y ash activated carbon-yash-nFe3O4 activated carbon-y ash-nSiO2 and activatedcarbon-y ash-nZnO are negatively charged and will there-fore be suitable for the sorption of cationic complexes while

the pH values of y ash nFe3O4 and nZnO are slightlylower than their corresponding PZC values which suggestthat their surfaces are positively charged and will thereforebe favourable to the sorption of anionic complexes andheavy metals e ash content determination also showedthat the level of inorganic materials present in the adsorbentcomposite materials is a function of the precursors that makeup the composite materials e XRD and FTIR analysesconrmed the absence of impurity in the precursors andthe prepared composite materials e results of BET surface


50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n

F 27 Removal efficiency of TBT by the precursors and compositematerials Experimental conditions concentration of TBT = 100 ppmpH = 8 volume of TBT solution = 25mL mass of activated carbon = 05 g contact time = 60min stirring speed = 200 rpm temperature =22∘C

area and porosity determination also supported the highersorption of TBT by the compositematerialse compositingof activated carbon nanometal oxides and y ash increasedthe surface area and micropore area of y ash and nanometal oxides which resulted in higher sorption capacity of thecomposite materials than their precursors

Acknowledgments

O S Ayanda wishes to thank Cape Peninsula Universityof Technology Cape Town South Africa for the award of2011 and 2012 bursary to study D Tech Chemistry in theinstitutione author also thanks Professor L Petrik andDrO Fatoba (Department of Chemistry University of WesternCape South Africa) for providing the Matla y ash

References

[1] M Ahmaruzzaman ldquoA review on the utilization of y ashrdquoProgress in Energy and Combustion Science vol 36 no 3 pp327ndash363 2010

[2] GQ Lu andDDDo ldquoAdsorption properties of y ash particlesfor NOx removal from ue gasesrdquo Fuel Processing Technologyvol 27 no 1 pp 95ndash107 1991

[3] K K Panday G Prasad and V N Singh ldquoCopper(II) removalfrom aqueous solutions by y ashrdquoWater Research vol 19 no7 pp 869ndash873 1985

[4] P Ricou I Leacutecuyer and P L Cloirec ldquoRemoval of Cu2+ Zn2+andPb2+ adsorption onto y ash andy ashlimemixingrdquoWaterScience and Technology vol 39 no 10-11 pp 239ndash247 1999

[5] P Ricou-Hoeffer I Lecuyer and P L Cloirec ldquoExperimentaldesignmethodology applied to adsorption ofmetallic ions ontoy ashrdquoWater Research vol 35 no 4 pp 965ndash976 2001

[6] M Nascimento P S M Soares and V P D Souza ldquoAdsorp-tion of heavy metal cations using coal y ash modied byhydrothermalmethodrdquo Fuel vol 88 no 9 pp 1714ndash1719 2009

[7] I D Mall V C Srivastava and N K Agarwal ldquoRemoval ofOrange-G and Methyl Violet dyes by adsorption onto bagassey ash - Kinetic study and equilibrium isotherm analysesrdquoDyesand Pigments vol 69 no 3 pp 210ndash223 2006

[8] S Wang and H Wu ldquoEnvironmental-benign utilisation of yash as low-cost adsorbentsrdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol136 no 3 pp 482ndash501 2006

[9] S Wang Q Ma and Z H Zhu ldquoCharacteristics of coal yash and adsorption applicationrdquo Fuel vol 87 no 15-16 pp3469ndash3473 2008

[10] G Zhang J Qu H Liu A T Cooper and R WuldquoCuFe2O4activated carbon composite a novel magnetic adsor-bent for the removal of acid orange II and catalytic regenera-tionrdquo Chemosphere vol 68 no 6 pp 1058ndash1066 2007

[11] L Li P A Quinlivan and D R U Knappe ldquoEffects of activatedcarbon surface chemistry and pore structure on the adsorptionof organic contaminants from aqueous solutionrdquo Carbon vol40 no 12 pp 2085ndash2100 2002


[12] M H Stenzel ldquoRemove organics by activated carbon adsorp-tionrdquo Chemical Engineering Progress vol 89 no 4 pp 36ndash431993

[13] G Newcombe J Morrison C Hepplewhite and D R UKnappe ldquoSimultaneous adsorption of MIB and NOM ontoactivated carbon II Competitive effectsrdquo Carbon vol 40 no12 pp 2147ndash2156 2002

[14] P R Shukla S Wang H M Ang and M O Tadeacute ldquoSynthesischaracterisation and adsorption evaluation of carbon-natural-zeolite compositesrdquoAdvanced Powder Technology vol 20 no 3pp 245ndash250 2009

[15] C T Hsieh and H Teng ldquoLangmuir and dubinin-radushkevichanalyses on equilibrium adsorption of activated carbon fabricsin aqueous solutionsrdquo Journal of Chemical Technology andBiotechnology vol 75 no 11 pp 1066ndash1072 2000

[16] H H Tseng J G Su and C Liang ldquoSynthesis of granularactivated carbonzero valent iron composites for simultane-ous adsorptiondechlorination of trichloroethylenerdquo Journal ofHazardous Materials vol 192 no 2 pp 500ndash506 2011

[17] V K Jha M Matsuda and M Miyake ldquoSorption propertiesof the activated carbon-zeolite composite prepared from coaly ash for Ni2+ Cu2+ Cd2+ and Pb2+rdquo Journal of HazardousMaterials vol 160 no 1 pp 148ndash153 2008

[18] Z Sarbak and M Kramer-Wachowiak ldquoPorous structure ofwaste y ashes and their chemical modicationsrdquo PowderTechnology vol 123 no 1 pp 53ndash58 2002

[19] C Y Yin M K Aroua and W M A W Daud ldquoReview ofmodications of activated carbon for enhancing contaminantuptakes from aqueous solutionsrdquo Separation and PuricationTechnology vol 52 no 3 pp 403ndash415 2007

[20] G G Stavropoulos P Samaras and G P SakellaropoulosldquoEffect of activated carbons modication on porosity surfacestructure and phenol adsorptionrdquo Journal of Hazardous Materi-als vol 151 no 2-3 pp 414ndash421 2008

[21] P Pengthamkeerati T Satapanajaru and P Chularuengoak-sorn ldquoChemical modication of coal y ash for the removalof phosphate from aqueous solutionrdquo Fuel vol 87 no 12 pp2469ndash2476 2008

[22] O S Fatoki O S Ayanda F A Adekola B J Ximba andB O Opeolu ldquoPreparation and Characterization of ActivatedcarbonmdashnFe3O4 Activated carbonmdashnSiO2 and Activated car-bonmdashnZnO Hybrid Materialsrdquo Particle amp Particle SystemsCharacterization vol 29 no 3 pp 178ndash191 2012

[23] O S Ayanda O S Fatoki F A Adekola and B J XimbaldquoCharacterization of y ash generated frommatla power stationin mpumalanga South Africardquo E-Journal of Chemistry vol 9no 4 pp 1788ndash1795 2012

[24] P Westerhoff T Karanl and J Crittenden Aerogel andIron-Oxide Impregnated Granular Activated Carbon Media ForArsenic Removal Awwa Research Foundation and ArsenicWater Technology Partnership Denver Colo USA 2006

[25] F Adekola M Feacutedoroff H Geckeis et al ldquoCharacterization ofacid-base properties of two gibbsite samples in the context ofliterature resultsrdquo Journal of Colloid and Interface Science vol354 no 1 pp 306ndash317 2011

[26] J G Collin A Bono D Krishnaiah and K O Soon ldquoSorptionstudies of methylene blue dye in aqueous solution by optimisedcarbon prepared from guava seeds (Psidium guajava L)rdquoMaterials Science vol 13 no 1 pp 83ndash87 2007

[27] S Mopoung and W Nogklai ldquoChemical and surface propertiesof longan seed activated charcoalrdquo International Journal ofPhysical Sciences vol 3 no 10 pp 234ndash239 2008

[28] A Beganskienė V Sirutkaitis M Kurtinaitienė R Juškėnasand A Kareiva ldquoFTIR TEM and NMR investigations of stoumlbersilica nanoparticlesrdquo Journal of Materials Science vol 10 pp287ndash290 2004

Submit your manuscripts athttpwwwhindawicom

Chromatography Research International

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013


Carbohydrate Chemistry

International Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom


Analytical ChemistryVolume 2013

ISRN Chromatography


Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013

The Scientific World Journal

Bioinorganic Chemistry and ApplicationsHindawi Publishing Corporationhttpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013


CatalystsJournal of

ISRN Analytical Chemistry


ElectrochemistryInternational Journal of

Hindawi Publishing Corporation httpwwwhindawicom Volume 2013


Advances in

Physical Chemistry

ISRN Physical Chemistry


SpectroscopyInternational Journal of


ISRN Inorganic Chemistry



Journal of

Chemistry


Inorganic ChemistryInternational Journal of


International Journal ofPhotoenergy


Analytical Methods in Chemistry

Journal of

Volume 2013

ISRN Organic Chemistry



Journal of

Spectroscopy


of existing adsorbents Limitedworkwas thus reported on theuse of composite materials for wastewater treatments Someof the reported works in this area is by Zhang et al [10]who reported the preparation of CuFe2O4activated carbonmagnetic adsorbents with mass ratio of 1 1 1 15 and 1 2for the adsorption of acid orange II (AO7) in water andsubsequent separation of adsorbent from the medium by amagnetic technique eir results suggest that the compositehas much higher catalytic activity than that of activatedcarbon and this is attributed to the presence of CuFe2O4Shukla et al [14] studied the synthesis of composites ofcarbon and natural zeolite with varying amounts of carbon asprospective adsorbents to adsorb organic contaminants fromwastewater such as phenoley reported that the adsorptionisotherm indicated an enhanced adsorption of phenol onthe composites as compared with the natural zeolite andthat adsorption increased with increase in carbon contentof the composite materials e adsorption and degradationof trichloroethylene (TCE) through dechlorination usingsynthetic granular activated carbon and zerovalent iron(GAC-ZVI) composites was reported by Tseng et al [16]ey reported that the usage of granular activated carbon-zerovalent iron composites liberated a greater amount of Clthan when zerovalent iron was used alone Jha et al [17] alsoinvestigated the preparation of composite materials of acti-vated carbon and zeolite by activating coal y ash by fusionand reported that the composites of activated carbon andzeolite proved to be suitable for the uptake of toxicmetal ions

Researches have therefore focused on the enhancement ofthe effectiveness of activated carbon and y ash bymodifyingtheir specic properties by chemical modication (treat-ment with acids or bases) thermal activation impregnationandor surfactant modication [18ndash21] in order to enable thecarbon to develop affinity for certain contaminants No workhas been reported on the preparation of composite materialsinvolving activated carbon y ash nFe3O4 nSiO2 and nZnOas precursors except for Fatoki et al [22] who reportedthe preparation and characterization of activated carbon-nFe3O4 activated carbon-nSiO2 and activated carbon-nZnOhybrid materials Composite materials involving activatedcarbon y ash and nanometal oxides are expected to havehigh adsorption capacity due to their nature morphologyand properties and due to the presence of nanooxides in thecomposite materials it is also expected that the remediationmechanism by these materials will combine the synergisticeffect of adsorption and oxidation during the adsorptionprocesses and not adsorption alone

e aim of this study is therefore to prepare activatedcarbon y ash and nanometal oxide composite materialscapable of enhancing the adsorption of pollutants fromwastewaters and to carry out a detailed characterization ofthesematerials in order to understand the properties that willbe of great importance to environmental management

2 Experimental21 Materials Fly ash from Matla power station Mpu-malanga South Africa was used in this study Matla powerstation was the rst of the giant 3 600MW coal-red power

stations in South Africa and was fully operational in 1983[23] Activated carbon (100ndash400mesh) iron (II III) oxidenanopowder (particle size lt 50 nm) silica nanopowder(particle size 12 nm) zinc oxide NanoGard (particle size40ndash100 nmAPSpowder) acetic acid hexane sodiumacetateNaBEt4 and tributyltin chloride (TBT) were purchasedfrom Sigma-Aldrich USA Sodium nitrate (NaNO3) andpotassium bromide (KBr) were supplied byMerck Germanywhile methanol was supplied by Industrial Analytical SouthAfrica Milli-Q water was used for all analytical preparations

22 Preparation of Composite Materials Activated carbony ash and nanometal oxides in the ratio 1 1 1 weredispersed in 05M HCl to form slurries e slurries werestirred by means of a stirrer and evaporated to dryness inan ovene composite materials obtained were washed withMilli-Q water ltered further dried in an oven at 100∘C for24 hours and ground to ne powder using agate mortar andpestle [22 24]

23 Instrumentation FEI scanning electron microscope(NovaNano SEM230) and transmission electronmicroscope(TECNAIG2 20) were used for the SEM and TEM analyses ofthe precursors and compositematerials Fourier transmissioninfrared (FTIR) absorption spectra of the precursors andcomposite materials were obtained by using the potassiumbromide (KBr) pellet method of sample preparation andPerkin Elmer Spectrum 1000 instrument for analysis EuroEa elemental analyzer was use for carbon nitrogen andhydrogen (CNH) analyses Phase identication of the precur-sors and activated carbon-y ash-nanometal oxide compositematerials were determined by X-ray diffractometry usinga PANalytical PW 3830 diffractometer while TriStar 3000analyser (Micromeritics Instrument Corporation) was usedfor surface area and porosity determination

24 pH and Point of Zero Charge (PZC) Determination epH was determined by gently boiling 50mL of Milli-Q waterin a ask containing 01 g of the samples for 5mins epH was measured using a Mettler Toledo pH meter aerthe solution was cooled to room temperature Mass titrationtechnique was used to determine the PZC [22 25] Increasingamounts of sample from 0 to 2 g were added to 10mL of001MNaNO3 solutione resulting pH of each suspensionwas measured aer 24 hours e pH plateau for the highestconcentrations of solid in a successive series ofmass titrationsis taken as the PZC

25 Ash Content Determination Approximately plusmn01 g ofthe precursors and composite materials were measured intocrucibles and heated in a muffle furnace at a temperature ofabout 500ndash600∘C for 4 hours e samples were withdrawnfrom the furnace aer ashing allowed to cool in a desiccatorand then reweighed e ash content of the precursors andcomposite materials was calculated by difference and thisprocess was carried out in triplicate


(a) (b)


(a) (b)



119877119877 119877 10076531007653119888119888119894119894 minus 11988811988811989011989011988811988811989411989410076691007669 times 100 (1)









(a) (b)


(a) (b)











(a) (b)


(a) (b)


(a) (b)





(a) (b)


(a) (b)



90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(a)

(f)

(b)

(r)

(a)

(b)

(f)

Fly ashReference





90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(c)

(a)

(g)

(b)

(r)

(a)

(b)

(g)

(c) nFe3O4Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash



90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(d)

(h)

(b)

(a)

(d)

(h)

(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash




90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(e)

(b)

(i)

(a)


(e) nZnO(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash







0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80E

lem

ent

()

Carbon

Nitrogen

Hydrogen

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash n n n

n n n





Samples


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Samples

pH

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH


Activated carbon

Fly ash



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon

Fly ashnn





0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon







0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash

Samples

pH

an

d P

ZC

pH

PZC

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Samples

Ash

co

nte

nt

()

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n










450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

MM M

M

MM

Q

Q

Q


Quartz (SiO2)


300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Q

FF

F

F

MM

MCo

un

ts (

s)

F

Q


Quartz (SiO2)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)





Q

MM

M

C

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

C

Q




0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600

M MM

Z Z

Z

Z

Z ZZ

Z

Co

un

ts (

s)

Z Zinc oxide

Q


Quartz (SiO

n

2)

















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy


(a) (b)


(a) (b)



119877119877 119877 10076531007653119888119888119894119894 minus 11988811988811989011989011988811988811989411989410076691007669 times 100 (1)









(a) (b)


(a) (b)











(a) (b)


(a) (b)


(a) (b)





(a) (b)


(a) (b)



90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(a)

(f)

(b)

(r)

(a)

(b)

(f)

Fly ashReference





90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(c)

(a)

(g)

(b)

(r)

(a)

(b)

(g)

(c) nFe3O4Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash



90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(d)

(h)

(b)

(a)

(d)

(h)

(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash




90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(e)

(b)

(i)

(a)


(e) nZnO(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash







0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80E

lem

ent

()

Carbon

Nitrogen

Hydrogen

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash n n n

n n n





Samples


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Samples

pH

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH


Activated carbon

Fly ash



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon

Fly ashnn





0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon







0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash

Samples

pH

an

d P

ZC

pH

PZC

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Samples

Ash

co

nte

nt

()

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n










450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

MM M

M

MM

Q

Q

Q


Quartz (SiO2)


300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Q

FF

F

F

MM

MCo

un

ts (

s)

F

Q


Quartz (SiO2)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)





Q

MM

M

C

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

C

Q




0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600

M MM

Z Z

Z

Z

Z ZZ

Z

Co

un

ts (

s)

Z Zinc oxide

Q


Quartz (SiO

n

2)

















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy


(a) (b)


(a) (b)











(a) (b)


(a) (b)


(a) (b)





(a) (b)


(a) (b)



90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(a)

(f)

(b)

(r)

(a)

(b)

(f)

Fly ashReference





90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(c)

(a)

(g)

(b)

(r)

(a)

(b)

(g)

(c) nFe3O4Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash



90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(d)

(h)

(b)

(a)

(d)

(h)

(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash




90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(e)

(b)

(i)

(a)


(e) nZnO(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash







0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80E

lem

ent

()

Carbon

Nitrogen

Hydrogen

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash n n n

n n n





Samples


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Samples

pH

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH


Activated carbon

Fly ash



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon

Fly ashnn





0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon







0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash

Samples

pH

an

d P

ZC

pH

PZC

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Samples

Ash

co

nte

nt

()

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n










450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

MM M

M

MM

Q

Q

Q


Quartz (SiO2)


300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Q

FF

F

F

MM

MCo

un

ts (

s)

F

Q


Quartz (SiO2)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)





Q

MM

M

C

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

C

Q




0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600

M MM

Z Z

Z

Z

Z ZZ

Z

Co

un

ts (

s)

Z Zinc oxide

Q


Quartz (SiO

n

2)

















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy


(a) (b)


(a) (b)


(a) (b)





(a) (b)


(a) (b)



90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(a)

(f)

(b)

(r)

(a)

(b)

(f)

Fly ashReference





90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(c)

(a)

(g)

(b)

(r)

(a)

(b)

(g)

(c) nFe3O4Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash



90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(d)

(h)

(b)

(a)

(d)

(h)

(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash




90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(e)

(b)

(i)

(a)


(e) nZnO(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash







0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80E

lem

ent

()

Carbon

Nitrogen

Hydrogen

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash n n n

n n n





Samples


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Samples

pH

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH


Activated carbon

Fly ash



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon

Fly ashnn





0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon







0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash

Samples

pH

an

d P

ZC

pH

PZC

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Samples

Ash

co

nte

nt

()

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n










450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

MM M

M

MM

Q

Q

Q


Quartz (SiO2)


300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Q

FF

F

F

MM

MCo

un

ts (

s)

F

Q


Quartz (SiO2)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)





Q

MM

M

C

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

C

Q




0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600

M MM

Z Z

Z

Z

Z ZZ

Z

Co

un

ts (

s)

Z Zinc oxide

Q


Quartz (SiO

n

2)

















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy


(a) (b)


(a) (b)



90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(a)

(f)

(b)

(r)

(a)

(b)

(f)

Fly ashReference





90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(c)

(a)

(g)

(b)

(r)

(a)

(b)

(g)

(c) nFe3O4Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash



90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(d)

(h)

(b)

(a)

(d)

(h)

(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash




90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(e)

(b)

(i)

(a)


(e) nZnO(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash







0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80E

lem

ent

()

Carbon

Nitrogen

Hydrogen

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash n n n

n n n





Samples


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Samples

pH

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH


Activated carbon

Fly ash



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon

Fly ashnn





0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon







0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash

Samples

pH

an

d P

ZC

pH

PZC

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Samples

Ash

co

nte

nt

()

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n










450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

MM M

M

MM

Q

Q

Q


Quartz (SiO2)


300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Q

FF

F

F

MM

MCo

un

ts (

s)

F

Q


Quartz (SiO2)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)





Q

MM

M

C

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

C

Q




0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600

M MM

Z Z

Z

Z

Z ZZ

Z

Co

un

ts (

s)

Z Zinc oxide

Q


Quartz (SiO

n

2)

















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy


90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(c)

(a)

(g)

(b)

(r)

(a)

(b)

(g)

(c) nFe3O4Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash



90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(d)

(h)

(b)

(a)

(d)

(h)

(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash




90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0400 800 1200 1600 2000 2400 2800 3200 3600 4000

(cmminus1)

T (

)

(r)

(e)

(b)

(i)

(a)


(e) nZnO(r)

(a)

(b)

Reference

Activated carbon

Fly ash







0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80E

lem

ent

()

Carbon

Nitrogen

Hydrogen

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash n n n

n n n





Samples


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Samples

pH

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH


Activated carbon

Fly ash



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon

Fly ashnn





0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon







0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash

Samples

pH

an

d P

ZC

pH

PZC

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Samples

Ash

co

nte

nt

()

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n










450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

MM M

M

MM

Q

Q

Q


Quartz (SiO2)


300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Q

FF

F

F

MM

MCo

un

ts (

s)

F

Q


Quartz (SiO2)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)





Q

MM

M

C

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

C

Q




0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600

M MM

Z Z

Z

Z

Z ZZ

Z

Co

un

ts (

s)

Z Zinc oxide

Q


Quartz (SiO

n

2)

















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80E

lem

ent

()

Carbon

Nitrogen

Hydrogen

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash n n n

n n n





Samples


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Samples

pH

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH


Activated carbon

Fly ash



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon

Fly ashnn





0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon







0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash

Samples

pH

an

d P

ZC

pH

PZC

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Samples

Ash

co

nte

nt

()

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n










450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

MM M

M

MM

Q

Q

Q


Quartz (SiO2)


300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Q

FF

F

F

MM

MCo

un

ts (

s)

F

Q


Quartz (SiO2)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)





Q

MM

M

C

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

C

Q




0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600

M MM

Z Z

Z

Z

Z ZZ

Z

Co

un

ts (

s)

Z Zinc oxide

Q


Quartz (SiO

n

2)

















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH


Activated carbon

Fly ash



0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon

Fly ashnn





0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon




0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

0 05 1 15 2 25

pH

Activated carbon







0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash

Samples

pH

an

d P

ZC

pH

PZC

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Samples

Ash

co

nte

nt

()

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n










450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

MM M

M

MM

Q

Q

Q


Quartz (SiO2)


300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Q

FF

F

F

MM

MCo

un

ts (

s)

F

Q


Quartz (SiO2)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)





Q

MM

M

C

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

C

Q




0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600

M MM

Z Z

Z

Z

Z ZZ

Z

Co

un

ts (

s)

Z Zinc oxide

Q


Quartz (SiO

n

2)

















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

Activatedcarbon

Fly ash

Samples

pH

an

d P

ZC

pH

PZC

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n


0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Samples

Ash

co

nte

nt

()

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n










450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

MM M

M

MM

Q

Q

Q


Quartz (SiO2)


300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Q

FF

F

F

MM

MCo

un

ts (

s)

F

Q


Quartz (SiO2)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)





Q

MM

M

C

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

C

Q




0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600

M MM

Z Z

Z

Z

Z ZZ

Z

Co

un

ts (

s)

Z Zinc oxide

Q


Quartz (SiO

n

2)

















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy









450

400

350

300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

MM M

M

MM

Q

Q

Q


Quartz (SiO2)


300

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Q

FF

F

F

MM

MCo

un

ts (

s)

F

Q


Quartz (SiO2)

Magnetite (Fe3O4)





Q

MM

M

C

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

C

Q




0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600

M MM

Z Z

Z

Z

Z ZZ

Z

Co

un

ts (

s)

Z Zinc oxide

Q


Quartz (SiO

n

2)

















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy


Q

MM

M

C

300

350

250

200

150

100

50

0

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600

Co

un

ts (

s)

C

Q




0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1400

1600

1800

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1600

M MM

Z Z

Z

Z

Z ZZ

Z

Co

un

ts (

s)

Z Zinc oxide

Q


Quartz (SiO

n

2)

















0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy





0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Surf

ace

area

(m2

g)

ash

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

n n n

n n n



4 Conclusion




50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy


50

55

60

65

70

75

80

85

90

95

100T

BT

ad

sorb

ed (

)

Samples

Activatedcarbon


Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

Activatedcarbon-fly

ash

n n n

n n n



Acknowledgments


References







































ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy




























ISRN Chromatography






CatalystsJournal of






Advances in

Physical Chemistry








Journal of

Chemistry







Journal of

Volume 2013




Journal of

Spectroscopy

activated carbon-fly ash-nanometal oxide composite materials: preparation, characterization, and...

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