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Master Thesis
A Romantic World Perspective
How Romanticism Influences the Social
Acceptance of Wind Power
Master Program in Sustainable Management
Department of Business Studies
Uppsala University, Campus Gotland
Date of Submission: 2020-06-03
Lisa Dufner
Lize Klute
Supervisor: Fredrik Sjöstrand
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ABSTRACT
This study aims to expand and enrich the research on the social gap regarding wind power
development. We look into reasons for the malaise that people experience when confronted
with wind power projects and propose that aspects of the Romantic era still prevail in and
influence how humans relate to the world today. We show that the human relation to nature
and technology is influenced by Romanticism providing one additional explanation for the
social acceptance of wind power that has not yet been addressed in research. This is researched
through a qualitative, exploratory multiple-case design that focuses on exploring personal
stories and emotions about people’s relation to nature, technology and wind power. This
resulted in the discovery of several paradoxes in people’s thinking, a nature paradox and a
technology paradox which meet in the wind power debate. Our findings indicate that the
malaise around wind power can be further understood by these paradoxes. Ultimately, people’s
final decision on accepting wind power comes down to Romantic thinking versus
Enlightenment thinking, in which the latter dominates.
Key Words: Wind Power, Romanticism, Relation to Nature, Relation to Technology, Social
Acceptance, Social Gap.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project is the result of a year in which our understanding of sustainability issues has been
enhanced and our minds have been opened to critical and creative ways of thinking. We would
like to say thank you to everyone who contributed to the finalization of this work, as it would
not have been possible without them. First of all, thank you to our classmates for the discussions
and critical feedback in the seminars for this thesis and the entire program. Second of all, thank
you to our teachers and especially our supervisor Fredrik Sjöstrand (PhD) who showed us the
right track and assured us that we are still on it. Third of all, thank you to our interviewees who
gave us trust and took time to talk to us in the midst of the Corona crisis. Lastly, thank you to
our friends and family who supported us from distance and kept our spirits high when the wind
was blowing hard and the clouds were hanging low over Visby.
Thank you!
Lisa & Lize
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 5
1.1. Being Out of Tune ..................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Scientific Relevance................................................................................................... 6
1.3. Problem Formulation and Research Question ........................................................... 7
1.4. Structure ..................................................................................................................... 8
2. Literature Review ............................................................................................................... 9
2.1. Social Acceptance of Wind Power ............................................................................ 9
2.2. Established Factors of Social Acceptance ............................................................... 10
2.2.1. Contextual Factors ............................................................................................... 10
2.2.2. Personal and Psychological Factors of Social Acceptance .................................. 12
2.3. Wind Power - Nature and Technology Meeting Place ............................................ 14
2.4. Relation to Nature .................................................................................................... 15
2.5. Relation to Technology ............................................................................................ 17
2.6. Theoretical Framework: Romanticism .................................................................... 19
3. Methodology ..................................................................................................................... 27
3.1. Research Strategy..................................................................................................... 27
3.2. Research Design and Case Selection ....................................................................... 27
3.3. Research Methods and Data Collection ................................................................... 31
3.4. Data Analysis ........................................................................................................... 33
3.5. Data Quality ............................................................................................................. 33
4. The Tale of Our Empirics ................................................................................................. 35
4.1. Places & Stories ....................................................................................................... 35
4.2. Romantic Themes in Interviews .............................................................................. 36
4.2.1. Background of Romanticism ............................................................................... 36
4.2.2. Technology .......................................................................................................... 42
4.2.3. Far Away & Long Ago ........................................................................................ 45
4.2.4. Emotional, Subjective Individual......................................................................... 49
4.3. Wind Power Opinions .............................................................................................. 51
5. Discussion ......................................................................................................................... 56
5.1. Nature Paradox......................................................................................................... 56
5.2. Technology Paradox ................................................................................................ 57
5.3. Explaining the Wind Power Malaise ....................................................................... 59
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6. Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 63
6.1. Future Research and Limitations ............................................................................. 64
6.2. Personal Reflection .................................................................................................. 65
Reference List .......................................................................................................................... 67
Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 72
Appendix A: Interview Protocols ......................................................................................... 72
Appendix B: Coding Frame ................................................................................................. 79
Appendix C: Description of Interviewees ............................................................................ 81
Appendix D: Selection of Quotes ........................................................................................ 88
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: The triangle of social acceptance. 10
Figure 2: Established factors of Social Acceptance of wind power. 14
Figure 3: The Oxbow, by Thomas Cole, 1836. 22
Figure 4: Conceptualization of Romanticism. 26
Figure 5: Map of the two case locations, Kinderdijk and Eisenbach, Schwarzwald. 28
Figure 6: Kinderdijk - View from the mill of a miller we interviewed. 29
Figure 7: Typical landscape Schwarzwald. 30
Figure 8: Visualization of the proposed wind turbines in Eisenbach. 31
Figure 9: Established factors of Social Acceptance of wind power & factors in empirics. 53
Figure 10: Conflict between Topophilia, Technophobia and Technophilia. 61
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1. Introduction
The World Is Too Much With Us
This sonnet by the English Romantic poet William Wordsworth from 1807 is about the loss of
nature that humanity both causes and experiences. People are described as being mainly
concerned with the material and financial world of consumerism and thus blind to the beauty
of nature. While nature has a constant rhythm, humanity is “out of tune” (p. 122) and
disconnected from it.
1.1. Being Out of Tune
Living in the 21st century, in times of artificial intelligence, digitalization and exploitation of
natural resources, but also of Fridays for Future, Greta Thunberg and the European Union’s
European Green New Deal, it seems as if people are more disconnected from nature as ever,
while simultaneously being perfectly aware of this disconnection. Wordsworth’s writings from
the beginning of the 19th century about the loss of nature that humanity is causing are just as,
or even more relevant now as they were back then. Humanity seems to be very aware of the
devastating effects we have on the Earth and its climate (European Commission, 2019).
Renewable energy, especially wind power, is one attempt to forgo anthropogenic climate
change and achieve the global CO2 emission goals of the Paris Climate Agreement (Wind
Europe, n.d.). National governments and transnational governance bodies are highly supportive
of this technology, however, local community acceptance is declining (Ellis & Ferraro, 2016).
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According to public surveys, a high percentage of citizens are supportive of developing wind
power projects, yet in many countries the expansion slows down due to local resistance (Ellis
& Ferraro, 2016). This is attributable to the social gap, which describes precisely that.
Individuals have a positive attitude towards the concept of wind power in general but oppose
particular wind power development projects (Bell, Gray & Haggett, 2005).
This speaks of great ambiguity and is exemplary for many issues around sustainability.
Our ideological world and behavior are often hard to match with reality and possible
adaptability. We, ourselves, feel like living in a paradox, between the need for and dependence
on technology while simultaneously sharing a deep appreciation for untouched nature and a
wish to live in harmony with it. Wind power is one such technological solution that promises
to make our lives more sustainable and the exact meeting point of people’s understanding of
technology and nature. Therefore, we understand the unease felt, when hypothetical wind
power development plans become reality. Diverging opinions on wind power and the social
gap uncover the ambivalent feelings we unconsciously have towards our context of technology
and nature. The wind power debate is the textbook example of a conflict that many of us carry
within ourselves everyday.
In this thesis, we take a look behind the façade of the debate and get to know people
and their stories connected to the areas they live in and their feelings connected to nature,
technology and wind power. We do so through a Romantic lens, as Romanticism encapsulates
the complex human relation to nature and technology and helps to understand these two value
systems better.
1.2. Scientific Relevance
Researchers have been working extensively on explaining the social gap and overcoming the
problem of low local acceptance of wind power projects, as Ellis and Ferraro (2016) show.
This research has predominantly focused on describing factors occurring as a problem in
specific projects, contextual factors, (Devine-Wright, 2005). This body of literature is highly
valid but seems insufficient to explain the full range of opinions and emotions around wind
power. A growing amount of literature acknowledges that these contextual factors, such as
benefit packages, citizen participation and justice perceptions, are insufficient explanations for
the social gap (Warren & Birnie, 2009). This research calls for understanding the rationales
that shape the public attitude of wind power projects and extending the factors to values and
individual understandings. The underlying reasons for the resistance to these changes in the
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landscape and what they symbolize is not adequately addressed in the literature about wind
power acceptance. Pasqualetti (2011) calls for considering the relationship between land, life
and people more, which is what we intend to do with this work, by looking at how people relate
to nature and technology around them. We suggest that Romanticism could provide a valuable
and new perspective to untangle this relationship to nature and technology and the reasons for
wind power development opposition.
1.3. Problem Formulation and Research Question
The problem we see in the wind power debate is that although established factors are widely
researched and increasingly respected in the planning and development process, there is still
great unease among people whenever they are confronted with a wind power project. The
explanations that literature has provided so far (see 2.2. - Established Factors of Social
Acceptance) do not cover the complexity and depth of the inner discourse that comes into play
when an opinion on wind power is formed. The acceptance of a wind power project touches
upon very basic and individual assumptions about one’s context of life. This includes how a
person relates to nature in general, as well as to their immediate surroundings with its history
and technology.
Based on readings about and from the Romantic era, we propose that aspects of this
time period still prevail and influence how humans relate to the world today. After exploring
this assumption in our empirical data, we analyze what role a predominantly romanticized view
on our world plays in the acceptance of wind power. Therefore, our research question is:
How does a Romantic worldview influence the social acceptance of wind power?
We show that this is one additional explanation for the great unease about the expansion of
wind power that is evident among people, which is not yet addressed in past research. This is
a significant part of the picture that is very important for everyone part of the wind power
debate, planners, policy makers, and residents, to consider. Possibly, becoming aware of the
Romantic lens on our world can help to ease the tension around nature and technology and thus
around wind power projects.
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1.4. Structure
In order to answer the research question, a quick review is given of the established factors for
wind power acceptance that are most dominant in the literature. This review gives rise to a need
for further exploration of the topic, as past research does not sufficiently explain the unease
people feel. This is where Romanticism comes into play. Romantic thought disproves of an
entanglement of nature and technology, which clash in wind turbine development. That is why
literature on human’s relation to nature, followed by the outline of human relation to
technology, is presented. The meeting place of nature and technology, envisioned in the wind
power debate is elaborated upon, leading to an exhaustive explanation of the theoretical base:
Romanticism. Thereafter, the reasoning behind the research method used is elaborated upon. It
includes a qualitative, exploratory multiple-case research design, and focused on exploring
personal stories and emotions about the relation to nature, technology and wind power. Next,
the results from our empirical study are presented. The data is interpreted with a Romantic lens,
examining people’s thoughts on nature and technology. To connect this to wind power
acceptance, the opinions on the use of wind and the reasoning behind it are listed. Finally, in
the discussion the empirical material is condensed by describing people’s paradoxical relation
to nature and technology followed by a connection to the wind power debate. These findings
are discussed, the research question answered and our final takeaways concluded.
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2. Literature Review
2.1. Social Acceptance of Wind Power
Given that the initial problem that sparked our interest in the topic was the low acceptance of
wind power on the local level (Ellis & Ferraro, 2016), we intend to set a solid knowledge base
by looking at the terminology of Social Acceptance. Social Acceptance appeared in the late
1990s and developed from a minor study point to a concept that is widely studied and
acknowledged today (Ellis & Ferraro, 2016). Some authors use the term social acceptability,
others use public acceptance or societal acceptance (Fournis & Fortin, 2016). Similarly, there
are slightly different definitions of what these terms stand for. Upham, Oltra and Boso (2015)
summarize the term as follows:
“[A] favourable or positive response (including attitude, intention, behavior and —
where appropriate — use) relating to a proposed or in situ technology or social
technical system by members of a given social unit (country or region, community
or town and household, organization).” (p.103)
Fournis and Fortin (2016) review the vast amount of literature about Social Acceptance in
connection to wind power projects and through this they demonstrate the strengths and
weaknesses of the concept. Critique of the concept generally states that it is a simplification of
a complex social reality and therefore too confined as it neglects that there is a variety of
different public responses (Batel, Devine-Wright & Tangeland, 2013; Ricci, Bellaby & Flynn,
2008). Ambiguous is that it is, in fact, mainly used in contexts in which one actually speaks of
‘unacceptability’ (Chataignier & Jobert, 2003 in Fournis & Fortin, 2016).
Nevertheless, the theory of Social Acceptance has proven useful, as it has prevailed in
the literature on wind power. Wüstenhagen, Wolsink and Bürer (2007) split up Social
Acceptance in three constituents: 1) socio-political acceptance (most general level of
acceptance of technologies and policies by the public, key stakeholders and policy makers), 2)
market acceptance (adoption of technology and innovation by investors, financial institutions
and consumers) and 3) community acceptance (acceptance of specific projects by residents and
local authorities). This triangle of social acceptance is shown in Figure 1. The last dimension
of SA, community acceptance, is the one that we will refer to when speaking of Social
Acceptance as this is the barrier that is yet to overcome, given that the first two constituents
are largely accepted (Wüstenhagen et al., 2007).
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Figure 1: The triangle of social acceptance. Source: Wüstenhagen, et al., 2007, p. 2684.
2.2. Established Factors of Social Acceptance
There is a wide range of research on the factors of Social Acceptance. Devine-Wright (2008)
proposes a differentiation of contextual, personal and psychological factors. We will follow
this classification as it structures the factors literature presents in a clear and concise way which
makes them easier to grasp. Due to the high amount of research conducted in this field, we
inevitably had to make a selection of literature on wind power acceptance that generated most
new and relevant insights.
2.2.1. Contextual Factors
Most of the research on Social Acceptance of wind power explores factors that are dependent
on the specific project and its planning and implementation, put differently, the particular
context of the project. A contextual factor that has been researched since the start of the wind
power discourse and generally phrased as the most decisive reason for acceptance, or the
opposite, is the distribution of benefits and costs of a wind power project (Devine-Wright,
2008). Benefits can take the form of financial compensations for residents, as several studies
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point out that these entail positive effects on their acceptance (Dimitropoulos & Kontoleon,
2009; Walker, Wiersma & Bailey, 2014) or financial participation (Corscadden, Wile &
Yiridoe, 2012; Upham & Garcia Perez, 2015; Yildiz, 2014). Another way for a community to
reap benefits from a wind power project is through increased economic development, for
example through the creation of jobs (Brannstrom, Jepson & Persons, 2011; Firestone &
Kempton, 2007; Firestone, Kempton & Krueger, 2009; Firestone, Kempton, Lilley,
Samoteskul, 2012). Unfortunately, wind power projects also entail costs that communities may
perceive to be imposed on them in the form of infrasound, noise or shadows from the turbines.
It could impact the local ecosystem as well in terms of danger for animals with a habitat in the
vicinity of the turbines, such as bats or birds (Firestone & Kempton, 2007). Furthermore,
Firestone and Kempton (2007) and Firestone et al. (2009, 2012) find that Social Acceptance
decreases if property values or touristic activity are expected to decrease due to a perceived
loss of landscape aesthetic. The visible perceptibility of turbines in the landscape and its effects
on the latter are shown by several scholars to be named as reasons for non-acceptance (Devine-
Wright, 2007; McLaren, 2007; Westerberg, Jacobsen & Lifran, 2013; Wolsink, 2007).
The perceived unequal distribution of benefits and costs is connected to a sense of
distributional injustice. According to Walter (2014) that is the perception of how the negative
and positive effects of a wind power turbine are dispersed. In addition, procedural justice, can
be named as an important factor, as it describes the behavior of stakeholders in the development
process (leading to a certain level of trust towards them) and the possibility for citizens to
participate (Walter, 2014). A high number of scholars argue that distributional and procedural
justice play an important role in the acceptance of a wind power project (Fergen & Jacquet,
2016; Graham, Stephenson & Smith, 2009; Jobert, Laborgne & Mimler 2007; Khorsand et al.,
2015; Langer et al. 2018; Motosu & Maruyama, 2016).
Lastly, several studies and articles illustrate that citizen participation in decision-
making around a wind power project increases acceptance (Aitken, 2010; Corscadden et al.,
2012; Eltham, Harrison & Allen, 2008; Fast & Mabee, 2015; Friedl & Reichl, 2016; Jobert et
al.,2007; Upham & Garcia Perez, 2015). Langer et al. (2018) even show that alibi-participation
(when deceptive participation is set up and local interests are not truly considered) has
significant negative effects on the level of acceptance, whereas authentic consultation has
positive effects.
The literature on contextual factors regarding distribution of benefits and costs,
procedural and distributive justice and citizen participation is a valuable base for the
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understanding of Social Acceptance. This contextual base to Social Acceptance needs to be
supplemented with personal and psychological factors, among others, which are outlined next.
2.2.2. Personal and Psychological Factors of Social
Acceptance
A second major area of investigation of the Social Acceptance is the individual factors that are
independent of the context of a particular wind power project and work on a personal and
psychological level. Several studies focus on the importance of people’s attachment to a place
(Devine-Wright, 2009; Devine-Wright & Howes, 2010; Swofford & Slattery, 2010). Devine-
Wright (2009) uses the following definition of the term by Manzo (2015): “place attachment
is a positive emotional connection with familiar locations such as the home or neighbourhood”
(in Devine-Wright, 2009, p. 427). Place attachment goes hand in hand with place identity,
which originated in environmental psychology and describes that people consider certain
attributes of a place to be part of their own identity (Devine-Wright, 2009). Therefore, changes
in a landscape that wind turbines entail, are seen as an eruption and violation of people’s
identity (Devine-Wright, 2009; Pasqualetti, 2011). According to Pasqualetti (2011), it is human
nature to assume that the landscapes we feel closely connected to will remain inert over the
course of our lives. We have become attached to, even seek comfort in, the landscapes that we
are most familiar with.
Strongly related to place attachment is the infamous phenomenon not in my backyard
(NIMBY). NIMBY is “rather simplistic as it suggests that people have positive attitudes
towards something (wind power) until they are actually confronted with it, and that they then
oppose it for selfish reasons” (Wolsink, 2007, p. 1199). Their reasons for opposition often are
said to be the impact on factors in their immediate environment, but can sometimes be
‘overcome’ by significant financial benefit. The NIMBY theory for resistance against wind
power has gotten a strong following both from scientists and politicians as it gives an ‘easy’
explanation for the difficulties encountered. Nevertheless, the critique against the NIMBY
theory seems to be increasing. The main focus of this critique is that NIMBY “fails to reflect
the complexity of human motives and their interaction with social and political institutions”
(Bell et al. 2005, p.460). It does not explain the discrepancy detected in public attitudes
adequately, or recognize the unique characteristics and opinions of individuals and their
communities (Krohn & Damborg, 1999; Swofford & Slattery, 2010).
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Heavily connected to both place attachment and identity as well is the notion of
symbolism. Devine-Wright and Howes (2010) show that whether a landscape is perceived in
terms of its panoramic beauty with recreational values or as an industrial area is important for
Social Acceptance. Firestone, Bates and Knapp (2015) further stress that the attitude towards
wind power is influenced by what people connect with it, clean energy or the destruction of the
place they are used to. Gee (2009) goes one step further by considering what the landscape
symbolizes to the residents. Solli (2010) equally emphasizes the importance of understanding
the symbolic meaning that technology has in a given context as this symbolic value is vital to
understand local resistance.
There is also a stream of research that stresses the decisiveness of individual values and
personal worldviews in Social Acceptance of wind power projects. Altruism, unselfish concern
for others’ welfare as opposed to egoism, was shown to be a positive factor for the acceptance
of wind turbines (Bidwell, 2013; Perlaviciute & Steg, 2014). Perlaviciute and Steg (2014) point
to biospheric values, unselfish concern focusing on environmental quality, as a decisive factor
for Social Acceptance. Moreover, conservatism and traditionalism were shown to be an
indicator for skepticism of wind power (Bidwell, 2013).
All of these studies, concerning place attachment, symbolism, values and worldviews
play a role in the formation of the attitude towards wind power projects locally and indicate
that there is much more to uncover in the debate. A big part of the opinion formation is
happening within the individual, independent from the specificities of the project. These are
very complex processes that touch upon how individuals are shaped by the place they live in,
what they are used to, what they connect with it and how they make sense of their immediate
environment. Hirsh and Sovacool (2013) stress that there are numerous irrational components
to the development of Social Acceptance that need much more attention than they are given in
the wind power literature and debate. Pasqualetti (2011) calls for considering the relationship
between land, life and people more, which is what we proceed with next, by looking at how
people relate to nature and technology around them.
To make the contribution of this vast amount of research on wind power acceptance more
visible, Figure 2 illustrates the contextual, personal and psychological factors that are
established to have an influence on the Social Acceptance and that we described in the past two
sections. We will come back to this illustration in the analysis of our empirical data.
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Figure 2: Established factors of Social Acceptance of wind power. Source: Own illustration.
2.3. Wind Power - Nature and Technology Meeting Place
After having established the concrete factors for the Social Acceptance of wind power projects,
we continue by considering in what way wind power can be seen as a meeting place of nature
and technology. Pasqualetti (2000, 2001) describes that people in the Western world especially
distance themselves and their lives from the generation of the energy we consume. According
to him, we tend to transfer costs and risks of energy production to other places and people.
Kahn (2000) depicts that people try to have a clear understanding of where things belong and
that the siting of wind turbines confuses the perception of industrial technologies not belonging
in nature. Wind turbines in natural settings break with the traditionally clear separation between
consumption and production of energy, between where we live and enjoy natural beauty and
the reality of the changes that our lifestyle demands. This connects to how Thayer (1994) in
his book “Gray World, Green Hearts” describes that society finds itself in a conflict between
the love for nature and the dependence on technology. He further depicts how we are culturally
used to hiding technological solutions in our immediate surroundings, i.e. by covering up air
conditioning solutions with wooden panels, as well as in greater surroundings, by creating
industrial zones far away from residential areas. Thus, we disconnect nature and technology in
our minds and physical environment (Thayer, 1994).
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However, wind power projects are de facto a meeting place of technology, the turbines,
and nature, where the turbines are placed. As Kahn (2000) argued, this meeting place might
confuse the perception of our surroundings and lead to discomfort when a wind turbine is built.
In order to understand this discomfort around the placing of nature and technology better, it is
interesting to consider how people relate to those two aspects in general. That is what the focus
of the following two paragraphs will be.
2.4. Relation to Nature
The basic tone of the literature on people’s relationship to their natural surroundings is that
humans indeed have an affectionate bond with the earth, which is yet difficult to pinpoint
(Thayer, 1994). There is no single term that fully describes how we relate to it but the label that
suits best is Topophilia, “the affective bond between people place or setting” (p. 4), a term
coined by Yi-Fu Tuan (1974) or the “human love of place” (p. 92) (in Thayer, 1994, p. 4).
Thayer (1994) develops the term further and defines it as “the range of positive human
emotions relating to affection for land, earth and nature” (p. 5). There are many other connected
concepts, such as Wilson’s biophilia or Lovelock’s Gaiaphilia, all coming down to an innate
tendency of appreciating the earth and nature. This appreciation goes far beyond pure aesthetics
and is often connected to a strong attachment to the land (Thayer, 1994).
There are two directions of research describing the roots of Topophilia. One argues that
the origins of human attachment to nature lie in genetics, the other attributes it to culture.
Wilson (1984) is one of the strongest advocates for the genetic theory. For him, biophilia
describes a genetically based need and propensity that emerges unconsciously (in Thayer,
1994). He is supported by David Pitt (1982) who summarizes four different hypotheses that
argue for genetics to explain human relation to nature (in Thayer, 1994). Pitt’s hypotheses are
very much influenced by the primitive survival needs that our ancestors relied on, including
the longing for a natural environment similar to former primitive times. This preference might
be genetically ingrained and touches upon our most basic instincts, as it reflects positive
attitudes towards landscapes that were most suitable to survive in. Numerous other studies have
supported these genetic hypotheses. For example, Rene Dubos (1980) showed that humans
prefer landscapes that resemble the habitat of our ancestors in the savanna of Africa that satisfy
our biological needs of food, shelter and safety (in Thayer, 1994). Similarly, research from
Ulrich, as well as from Kaplan and Kaplan proves that people prefer natural environments over
built ones (in Kahn, 1999). An interesting research path that supports the genetic hypothesis is
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that nature has positive physiological and psychological effects on humans. The results from
numerous studies range from increased overall health, productivity and relaxation to lowered
stress (Kahn, 1999). An interesting study by Ulrich (1984) even found that patients recovered
faster when they had a window with a view of vegetation (in Kahn, 1999).
Although research generally agrees that humans do prefer natural landscapes, a second
stream of literature doubts it is innate to our genetic make-up and argues for a cultural
transmission. Cultural arguments explain human bonds with nature with our needs for land for
economic reasons, values, regional identity or spirituality and religion. Culture transmits a
certain image of nature, as scholars such as Leo Marx (1963) or Aldo Leopold (1949) describe
(in Thayer, 1994). One such image of nature that seems to be very persistent in our society is
the “pastoral ideal” (Thayer, 1994, p. 16). The pastoral ideal describes the “myth of a simple,
peaceful, natural life in a rural, ‘middle’ landscape where humans and nature meet without
conflict” (Thayer, 1994, p. 17). This agrarian image is shaped by television, movies, books,
postcards and numerous other matters of our daily lives and evolved into symbolizing nature
itself. This influences how people understand naturalness and wilderness and evolves into an
idealized vision of our landscapes, that some describe as being unrealistic (Thayer, 1994).
Kellert, for example, describes from his research in Germany that people romanticize wild
nature by emphasizing heroic qualities they connect with it, although they merely came in touch
with it in recreational settings (in Kahn, 1999). This is a certain kind of Topophilia that strongly
supports the cultural argument.
Next, we will look at an important body of literature that makes the estrangement from
nature a subject of discussion. Kahn (1999) reviews authors such as Leopold, Muir and many
more and argues that people in the modern world have lost a deeper, satisfying and diverse
connection with nature. Nelson (1993) in connection to research on native people wrote:
“Probably no society has been so deeply alienated as ours from the community of nature, has
viewed the natural world from a greater distance of mind, [...]” (pp. 202-203) (in Kahn, 1999,
p. 20).
The overview of literature about human’s relation to nature shows that it is not one-
dimensional and simple to grasp but entails several layers and touches upon our deepest
understanding of life and the surroundings we live in. Part of these surroundings have always
been, and are nowadays more than ever, machines. With that in mind, it is valuable to look at
the development of our relation to technology.
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2.5. Relation to Technology
Technology has developed immensely, from basic tools made out of wood to Bluetooth signals
cutting through the sky. Technology can simply be described as any object made by humans
and it seems to be everywhere, and an immensely influential factor of our current times
(Murphie & Potts, 2017). The use of technology has contributed heaps to economic growth,
which in its turn allows for more technological development and use, and has significantly
improved our quality of life in some ways (Mowery & Rosenberg, 1991). A sharp contrast to
this are dystopian books like Huxley’s Brave New World, popular shows such as Black Mirror
and even Modern Times starring Charlie Chaplin that all sketch the dangers their creators see
and fear with regards to technological development (Cirucci & Vacker, 2018; Huxley, 1998;
Shaw, 2008). The human relation to technology can be seen in the light of two opposing
aspects: Technophobia and Technophilia, which follows Thayer’s argumentation (1994).
The first one, Technophobia, which is enhanced by Topophilia, is described as “the
suspicion, fear and aversion to certain technologies and their physical manifestations” (Thayer,
1994, p. 50). Moreover, the increasing amount and visibility of technology in nature, through
alterations of the landscape as well as use of natural resources makes many people skeptical
towards technology. Especially nowadays, guilt towards the environment manifests itself in
many people for using up natural resources. Another aspect is that with technological changes
also come social changes. Technological determinism describes technological development to
be a change agent to society, not only generating progress but also major uncertainty and the
need for protection against it and its consequences (Murphie & Potts, 2017). This raises
questions of freedom, that is reduced for the individual, and power, that is increased for
corporations (Thayer, 1994). Even stronger, nihilistic even, is the position of Baudrillard who
delineates how our society “is increasingly determined by an array of technologically produced
‘simulacra’, which has come to hijack reality itself” (in Murphie & Potts, 2017, p. 15). What
he means by that is that our society has become too obscene, too reproduced to grasp what it is
truly about. This attitude towards technology, technophobia does not only affect human
emotions, also behaviors and attitudes are adapted to it (Gilbert, Lee-Kelly & Barton, 2003).
The second one, Technophilia, stands in opposition to Topophilia and Technophobia,
describing society’s fascination, addiction and dependence on technological solutions that
enable the current lifestyle. Jameson (1991) used the term ‘technological sublime’ to describe
this phenomenon, not because of technology in itself but because of the new era it has brought
about (in Shaw, 2008). Technophilia involves a very positive mindset towards a technology
18
infused future, expecting technology to allow for enjoyment of life (Osiceanu, 2015). Research
explains this again in evolutionary terms, as humans have always sought to solve problems
creatively with the aid of tools, which to some is what ultimately separates us from other
animals (Peeters et al., 2009). Simple tools that helped humans to survive are the predecessors
of modern technologies that made humans thrive and develop a high living standard. We have,
in a way, ‘domesticated’ technology (Bell, 2005). We are, especially in the Western world, are
unable to live without a high level of technology and thus become dependent on it. In this way,
technology moved beyond providing a means for survival and living and modern technology
became the principal reason for living for many (Thayer, 1994).
Time is a vital aspect of people’s relation to technology as well. Literature points out that there
is a strong temporal aspect in the acceptance of technology, meaning that people need time to
get used to something and then accept it. In general and specifically for wind power, people
need time to get used to the change new technological solutions imply. Wolsink (2007)
describes how the acceptance of wind turbines often follows a U-shape over time, with high
acceptance for wind power in general, sinking tremendously when specific projects are planned
and implemented and rising again after people become inured to the change. Several studies
revealed this U-shape (Braunholtz, 2003; Elliott, 1994; SEI, 2003; Warren & Birnie, 2009).
Pasqualetti focuses his writing about wind power on the perception of the landscape around it
and how this changes (2000, 2001, 2011). One famous US case he studied, the wind park on
San Gorgonio Pass, initially faced major opposition, which turned into support when the park
was used as the backdrop for music videos and advertisements (Pasqualetti, 2000). These
findings were confirmed by Eltham, Harrison and Allen (2008). The way wind turbines are
perceived in Denmark serves as a very good example for the temporal aspect, as wind turbines
are largely perceived as part of the cultural landscape. They are affectionately called ‘the Three
Dancing Ladies’ and some even expect opposition if they were to be removed (Nielsen, 2002
in Warren & Birnie, 2009).
The literature presented on technology points at the two extremes of the human relationship to
technology. Technophilia and Technophobia are two extremes that are opposing, seemingly
irreconcilable (Osiceanu, 2014), mitigated by time. Technology, specifically Technophobia,
and nature as described in the previous subchapter are two aspects at the center stage of
Romantic thinking. The precise roles of these subjects will be explained in the next chapter.
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2.6. Theoretical Framework: Romanticism
Nature.
The comfort of an accepting friend,
The bosom of a lover.
Our therapist, our internal strength.
Room for breath, rejuvenating air.
No human to be found,
No all-seeing eye, judging our every move.
Freedom.
To be the odd one out.
No sinister metal daggers,
Piercing our soothing veil.
No shrill whistling tones,
Urging to get back into a line.
A slithering snake of moving metal,
Freakish sounds, from the inanimate.
Not a single green blade of grass,
Not planted.
Once, this was very different,
We knew each, we knew the scape.
The chirping bird, it would awake us,
Paths of deer, the sun, the stars, used to navigate.
Nowadays, we do know nothing,
But the destruction of it all.
Seeking aid in science and robotics.
Behaving, as if nature will allow it all.
Own poem
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Defining Romanticism is an undertaking that is not as straightforward as it might seem. In a
letter from 1793, Friedrich Schlegel experienced the same trouble when he wrote “I cannot
send you my explanation of the word ‘romantic’ because it would be 125 sheets long” (Ferber,
2010, p. 1).
Often, it is described as a movement or a worldview that stretched over the 18th and
19th century and influenced philosophy, art, literature, music and politics. The word ‘romantic’
comes from the Old French word romanz, originally from Latin. In colloquial use ‘romance’
or ‘romantic’ describes a strong emotional experience, typically connected to love (Heath &
Boreham, 1999).
In the sense of it being a movement, the meaning of Romanticism is somewhat different,
which we aim to carve out in the following. The aspects of the Romantic movement and
underlying motives of the Romantic figures are very complex and we will only refer to aspects
that are relevant to our research, regarding the relation to nature and technology. We accept
Wittgenstein’s notion of ‘family resemblance’ (1968), meaning that we see Romanticism as a
collection of common characteristics that do not all need to be present in a source or case. In
practice, this means that not all sources possess the same (amount of) attributes of
Romanticism, but they all share the same (family) roots. We do not want to evoke the idea that
we can summarize the complexity and are aware of the danger of over-systematizing and
simplifying Romanticism, as Aiden Day (2012) criticizes.
The Romantic era emerged as a response to the Enlightenment period, in which a focus
on scientific reason and logic was prevailing (Heath & Boreham, 1999; Kirchhoff & Vicenzotti,
2014). William Wordsworth, an important poet of the Romanticism, wrote in response to
Enlightenment and the move away from it:
A shock had then been given
To old opinions, and the minds of all men
Had felt it.
(in Honour, 2018, p.20)
The “old opinions” Wordsworth is referring to, and that Romantics were reacting against, were
characterized by objectivity and rationalism (Coeckelbergh, 2017). In that sense a distinction
between Classical, Enlisghtenment themes (perfection, mechanical) and Romantic themes
(desire, organic) developed (Day, 2012). According to Schimelpfenig (2017), Romanticism is
the “subjective counterpart to objectivity” (p. 954). The 17th century was typified by
21
mechanistic and rigid thinking which was not enough or appropriate to answer the questions
and struggles of the time (Schimelpfenig, 2017).
The historical background of the time was the Industrial Revolution that changed most
people’s life in the Western world tremendously. What came with the industrialization was a
general uniformity in people’s lives, concerning their work and products (Schimelpfenig,
2017). Additionally, major political events like the French Revolution (1789), the rise of
Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821) and the American War of Independence (1775-1783) took
place. That meant that people had to face enormous changes and uncertainty (Heath &
Boreham, 1999). The Romantics perceived this conformity and the pressure of social
conventions of the 17th century as restricting and they desired to attempt to uncover the
uniqueness of each individual (Schimelpfenig, 2017).
Many strong literary figures of the movement, like Jean-Jacque Rousseau (1712-1778),
William Wordsworth (1770-1850) and Henry David Thoreau (1817-1862), rejected the way of
life of their times, criticizing the values and practices of the industrial, commercial society
(Day, 2012). These writers had the general thought that “man is corrupted by civilization”
(Mayo, 1954, p. 490; in Day, 2012, p. 35). Alongside this adulteration of society due to the
industrialization an estrangement from nature developed, that especially Rousseau lamented
about (Day, 2012). He was convinced that humans and their natural state could be reconnected
(Coeckelbergh, 2017; Day, 2012). Only in nature, a person can reconnect to their true self and
be authentic and free to express themselves (Coeckelbergh, 2017). Schimelpfenig (2017)
describes that Rousseau was convinced that beneath the “layers of civilized selves” (p. 957),
an unspoiled, virtuous self lies within each person.
The Romantics treated the alienation from nature as the tragic event and looked for a
resolution in the form of reconciliation with nature (Schimelpfenig, 2017). Given this
estrangement from nature and the natural self, Romanticists longed for the “far away and the
long ago” (Day, 2012, p. 2). The long ago refers to a longing for the past, a movement towards
a precedent situation, before the industrialization, that tends to be idealized and glorified (Heath
& Boreham, 1999). The past was also connected to a more simple life (Day, 2012). The far
away, expresses a longing for the natural world, an escape from the modern, industrial world
(Heath & Boreham, 1999). More precisely, nature and an escape was found in the wilderness,
a poetic term, referring to a minimal interference of humans in nature. People in the Romantic
era had “an appreciation for the unreasonableness of aesthetic autonomy and wild nature in all
its irrationality” (Kirchhoff & Vicenzotti, 2014, p. 451). Following Rousseau, spending time
in nature and studying it, brings not only pleasure but leads to more moral goodness and “calms
22
the human heart” (Day, 2012, p. 43). Given the Romantic dislike of modern society, the
incorruptedness of nature was celebrated and people could find solace in nature (Day, 2012).
This leads to the wilderness-thinking referring to the notion that nature should stay pure, clear
from human artifacts and offering a place to start over (Day, 2012). Wilderness signifies a
reality that has not yet been shaped or compromised by social conventions (Schimelpfenig,
2017). Evernden (1985, p. 32; in Schimelpfenig, 2017, p. 947) describes exactly this reasoning:
“When you wish to pursue experience unsullied by social convention, it makes sense to look
where those conventions are least plentiful.”
Wilderness is in that sense used by Romantics for its aesthetic quality with the goal to
develop values, behavior and emotions, the true natural self, in an unencumbered environment.
Nature thus serves somewhat as an ‘art gallery’, as Schimelpfenig (2017) puts it. He goes even
as far as to see religious aspects in the way Romantics experienced nature. He describes a
secularization of the spiritual experience in the landscape, which is transformed into a
cathedral, a sacred place. Consequently, nature is “laden with the expectation of the pure and
unchanging” (Cronon, 1998, p. 79 in Schimelpfenig, 2017). The portrayal of unspoilt nature
and wilderness was not only a topic in literature but also in arts, for which we give the example
of the painting ‘The Oxbow’, by Thomas Cole from 1836 (Figure 3), which shows the view
from Mount Holyoke in Massachusetts in the US after a thunderstorm. The fascination with
the untamed forces of nature is the key topic of this portrayal of nature.
Figure 3: The Oxbow, by Thomas Cole, 1836. Source: Skyminds.
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Against the background of uncertainty, change, alienation from nature and skepticism towards
technology, Romanticism entails several themes. We will go through and explain them in the
following paragraphs.
Extraordinary and Sublime
In connection to the untouched wilderness, Romantic authors valued the extraordinary and
exotic that was outside the norm of their daily surroundings (Day, 2012). Landscapes that are
wild, non-human, slightly rough and sublime were preferred (Day, 2012). Schimelpfenig
(2017) gave the example of a camping trip when he experienced the force of nature and “was
struck with awe” (p. 931). This kind of experience of the extraordinary, sublime and wild is
what Romantics were looking for in nature. This was seen as the gateway to a more natural
state of self, sublimation as a way of naturalizing civilized human beings in that sense
(Schimelpfenig, 2017).
Feelings and Emotions
Charles Baudelaire’s (1821-1876) attempt to define Romanticism as “[...] precisely situated
neither in choice of subject nor in exact truth, but in a way of feeling” (Honour, 2018, p. 16)
shows the importance of individual emotions in it. Poetry, what according to Wordsworth is
“the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings” (Day, 2012, p. 2), is an important cornerstone
of the Romantic era. Wordsworth experienced exhilaration, terror, and bewilderment while
climbing the Alps, which inspired him to many writings about the sublimity of nature (Day,
2012).
Individuality and Subjectivity
In Romanticism, there was a general belief that an individual’s capacity is great (Day, 2012).
Transcendentalism, the idea that society and its institutions corrupt the purity of the individual
and that one is at its best when self-reliant and independent, is connected to this (Miller, 1950).
Individualism and strong artistic geniuses who express themself were celebrated because
writers or artists have the ability to bring reconciliation to mankind by enhancing understanding
and imagination (Schneider, 2007; in Schimelpfenig, 2017).
Place and Local
Place, and in particular the local, have become key terms in Romanticism, which comes from
the importance of individuality and subjectivity (Morton, 2007). For Romantics, particular
24
places they spend time in take on a special role because they are the means for their experiences
and how they make sense of the world. Morton (2007) calls for considering deeply the idea of
place and the connection to it that people have.
Symbolism and Significance of the Inner
Descriptions of particular places in nature were not made for the sake of them alone but there
was always a motivation to go beyond, to charge objects with a “significance beyond their
physical qualities” (Day, 2012, p. 2). Landscape, nature, flora and fauna were not presented in
poetry for their own sake but for the poet and reader to engage in thinking. They are a way of
turning the internal emotions into external expressions,, instead of simply imitating something.
In that sense, the focus of art shifted from materialism to inner processes. Frye (1963:5, p. 16)
expresses it this way: “... the metaphorical structure of Romantic poetry tends to move inside
and downward instead of outside and upward, hence the creative world is deep within, and so
is heaven or the place of the presence of God” (in Day, 2012, p. 92).
Imagery, symbolism and myth were used in Romantic poetry a lot (Wellek, 1949a, in
Day, 2012). For example, cities symbolize the profane world of production that destroys nature,
wilderness, on the other hand, symbolizes the sacred world (Schimelpfenig, 2017).
Freedom and Hope
Among the important figures of Romanticism, there is a clear rebellious impulse and a longing
for change visible (Day, 2012). They hoped for freedom from the current system with
restricting and repressive moral codes and institutions and the contemporary society (Day,
2012). The Romantic hope is centered around the ideal of a “marriage between [...], mind and
nature” (Frye, 1963, p. 59; in Day, 2012, p. 89).
Technology and Skepticism
The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley (1797-1851) is an interesting example of the
skepticism society has against modern technology and its implications for humans. Dr.
Frankenstein portrays scientific progress in a destructive and meddling light. It is a reflection
of how the Romantics regarded humans: an alienated life form and no fit for either civilization
nor nature (Schimelpfenig, 2017). So science and, as an extension, technology are seen as
disruptive forces that break our connection to what is truly important (Coeckelbergh, 2017).
Technology is understood as the counterpart of Romanticism, affiliated with Enlightenment.
25
This juxtaposition includes many things, cities, order, machines as they represent a cold,
automatic world that prohibits people to live in harmony with nature (Löwy & Sayre, 2002).
It is reasonable to look for these Romantic aspects even in our current times as several
authors have similarly proposed that Romanticism persists to this day and that many of us
unconsciously grew up with it (Coeckelbergh, 2017). For example, many of us were read aloud
the fairy tales by the Brothers Grimm, who were strongly influenced by the Romantic era in
which they lived. Similarly, many other children books and TV shows show Romantic
characteristics and shape our understanding of the world around us, especially the natural one
(Dos Santos, 2014). The Western culture shows a strong desire for the wilderness, which travel
agencies, TV programs and social media address, use and enhance (Haß et al., 2012 in
Kirchhoff & Vicenzotti, 2014). Buckton-Tucker (2010) interprets this craving for untamed
adventures as an answer to our daily, generally very safe, structured and materialistic lives.
Prentice (2001) calls this New Romanticism, and adds the accentuation of emotions and senses
in connection to tourist destinations. Especially in the United States, Romanticism is, according
to Heath and Boreham (1999), an unfinished chapter, as it is a country with many
contradictions, being in between the pioneering and wild spirit and the love for cities and
consumption.
Nevertheless, Coeckelbergh (2017) complains about a lack of public discourse about
the Romantic heritage and what it means for our lives today. Especially in environmental
thinking, there is a legacy of Romanticism (Morton, 2007). Renewable energies being an
important part of the environmental effort that is taken now (Wind Europe, n.d.), we argue that
Romanticism is a valuable perspective on it. We intend to apply this perspective to the analysis
of Social Acceptance of wind power projects, following Figure 4 which conceptualizes the use
of Romanticism in this study. We perceive Romanticism as ‘umbrella thinking’ that is used
against the negative aspects in people's lives deriving from technology. The background is the
uncertainty and change, the negative effects of humans on nature and the estrangement from it.
In the 18th century the Industrial Revolution laid the ground for Romanticism, today in the 21st
century we see modern technology with its effects and the well-advanced usage of the natural
environment as the background for modern Romanticism. Rationalism, skepticism towards
cities, perfection, orderliness and uniformity rain down from the sky and the Romantic
umbrella is used to protect from it. What is protected and valued under Romantic thinking is
the ‘Far Away & Long Ago’, which expresses a longing for the past and nature as a sanctuary,
and the ‘Emotional, Subjective Individual’ whose strong emotions are triggered in nature. This
26
framework sums up our study of Romanticism and serves as the basis for the analysis of our
empirical data.
In the previous chapters we outlined theoretical and empirical studies explaining the
current state of the wind power acceptance discourse, argued for wind power being a meeting
place of technology and nature, and outlined Romanticism as the theoretical framework we
will further use to assess the Social Acceptance of wind power. In the following section, we
will draft the research design used to explore people’s relationship to nature and technology
and their opinion on wind power with the background of Romanticism.
Figure 4: Conceptualization of Romanticism. Source: Own illustration.
27
3. Methodology
3.1. Research Strategy
As we adopt a new angle to the research on wind power resistance, namely people’s relation to
nature and technology, we used an exploratory qualitative research strategy, with a holistic
multiple case study design (Yin, 2014). This enabled us to find non-measurable subjective
perspectives to illuminate the inner thoughts of our interviewees, and go into depth of the
unexplored rationales of Social Acceptance (Yin, 2014). Consequently, we have not found an
‘objective’ view on the topic, rather, we explored the phenomenon through our interviewees
eyes. This is very much in line with Romanticism which values the subjective and renounces
the objective as it causes alienation of reality (Schimelpfenig, 2017). This strategy allowed us
to be open to the notion that “there are ‘truths’ rather than one truth” (Cunliffe, 2011, p. 656).
This means that a certain situation or phenomenon is interpreted in different ways by different
people, commonly named a social constructivist perspective (Cunliffe, 2011; Justesen & Mik-
Meyer, 2012).
An abductive research approach was adopted which implies a combination of deductive
and inductive research, meaning that our research process has not been linear (Suddaby, 2006).
Instead, a constant going back-and-forth between different research activities and most
importantly between theory and empirical data was carried out, giving rise to a good match
between the two, the importance of which is self-evident (Eisenhardt, 1989; Glaser, 1978). This
allowed us to employ the full potential of case research, and give a more comprehensive
understanding of both the theory used, and the empirical data gathered (Dubois and Gadde,
2002). Naturally, we had expectations about our findings, however, by using the abductive
approach, we ensured having an open mindset, susceptible to any type of finding.
3.2. Research Design and Case Selection
Case studies provide a unique opportunity for developing theory by using in-depth and holistic
views of a phenomenon (Yin, 2014). The cases specific to this research are the area of
Kinderdijk in the Netherlands, and a proposed wind park in a small municipality in the
Schwarzwald in the South of Germany, see Figure 5.
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Figure 5: Map of the two case locations, Kinderdijk and Eisenbach, Schwarzwald.
Source: Google Maps, 2020.
Since our aim was to look at Romanticization, we chose to select two areas that are known to
be romanticized. Both are desirable tourist destinations and used for quite similar purposes:
hiking, cycling and enjoying the natural surroundings and landscape (Kinderdijk, n.d.;
Schwarzwald, n.d.). Besides, the areas enjoy a similar Romantic, pastoral image which is
reproduced by tourism agencies and the public. As the aim of this study was to explore the
influence of Romanticism on Social Acceptance of wind power, it was sensible to select these
places that have a connection to the use of wind power. We did not intend to compare the two
cases directly, but gained new insights due to their differences regarding the use of wind in the
past and the present day and similarities in how they are perceived as Romantic settings. Given
our wish to discuss emotions with our interviewees, a topic that is highly important in
Romanticism, it was an advantage that we both have a natural connection to the places, both of
us having roots in either one of the areas.
The Kinderdijk with its historical mills is portrayed as one of the most Romantic
landscapes in the Netherlands, and accordingly is ranked high on many travel blogs (Lonely
Planet, n.d.). It is located in the southwest of the Netherlands in ‘The Green Heart’ (Het Groene
Hart), a sparsely populated polder landscape characterized by its peat meadows, surrounded by
some of the largest Dutch cities (Het Groene Hart, n.d.). The vicinity of Kinderdijk is
specifically typified by dikes, waterways, and 19 historical drainage windmills that were built
in the Middle Ages to keep the below-sea-level lands from flooding (Kinderdijk, n.d.). Figure
6, a picture taken by one of the millers we interviewed gives an impression of the landscape
and the mills. Due to the fact that Romanticism is strongly directed to the past, the historical
29
use of wind in Kinderdijk is interesting to take into consideration. For Romantic painters, this
polder landscape with its mills was oftentimes used as a source of inspiration. This led to this
peaceful image becoming an icon of the Dutch landscape worldwide (de Leeuw, Reynaerts &
Tempel, 2005). Over two decades ago, the dike with its mills was recognized as UNESCO
World Heritage, and has attracted visitors from all over the world to behold this unique
“sustainable blend of nature and technology” (Kinderdijk, n.d.).
In the South of Germany one can find the Schwarzwald, the Black Forest, an area of more than
ten thousand square kilometers consisting of the largest mountain range of Germany, and
stretched out green valleys (Schwarzwald, n.d.), Figure 7 gives an impression. The area was
settled fairly late in the 8th century because its forest was perceived as impenetrable by the
Romans. Big parts of the original forest were cleared in the following centuries in order to gain
farmland for the settlers and to use and sell the wood. As a result of the discovery of attractive
resources in the area, such as silver and iron, and the later developing glassblower and clock
industry, settlement increased tremendously, displacing more and more of the original
landscape. In the 18th and 19th century, the forest was purposefully replanted to restore balance
(Reinbolz & Ludemann, 2015). Today, it is a very popular area to visit for hiking and skiing
Figure 6: Kinderdijk - View from the mill of a miller we interviewed. Source: Riekje [N1], 2020.
30
trips, both for international tourists and Germans alike. Legend says that the Grimm brothers
used this forest as a source of inspiration for their fairy tales written in the Romantic era (Dos
Santos, 2014). The romanticized portrayal of the Schwarzwald, famously reproduced by the
Grimm brothers two centuries ago, is still maintained to this day in different forms of art, which
has led to Waldgesinnung, meaning something like ‘forestmindedness’ (Lekan & Zeller, 2005).
Following the state’s plans to increase the generated amount of wind power, the Schwarzwald
was identified as a suitable area. One of several locations where wind turbines are planned to
be built, is close to the village of Eisenbach, a 2000-resident village in the highlands of the
Schwarzwald. The initial plans were made public in the fall of 2019 and very soon after some
opposing voices were already being heard. Figure 8 shows what the proposed locations with
the potential wind turbines will look like. From personal experience we can say that wind power
in the Schwarzwald is highly debated and that concerning other concrete plans local resistance
mounted to the formation of citizen associations fighting against the building of wind parks,
we expect the debate in Eisenbach to pick up pace in the upcoming months. We see it as a big
advantage that the wind turbines have not yet been built in the specific area we will look at
during the empirical data collection because residents are not as influenced by media or citizens
initiatives and we expect them to speak more from ‘their heart’ (Chapman & Crichton, 2017).
Figure 7: Typical landscape Schwarzwald. Source: Hochschwarzwald Tourismus GmbH (n.d.).
31
Figure 8: Visualization of the proposed wind turbines in Eisenbach. Source: EnBW (n.d.).
We are convinced that the specificities of these two cases, a Romanticized use of wind power
in the form of old windmills in the Netherlands together with the feelings about a planned wind
park in the pastoral landscape of the Schwarzwald, offer great value. Our personal connection
to the cases motivated us to dig deep and explore a perspective of our home areas we otherwise
would not have seen, which strengthens the research.
3.3. Research Methods and Data Collection
Predominantly, data was gathered via long, in-depth conversations that were arranged in
advance and held via online communication tools, Zoom and Skype, and the conventional
phone line. Although this was not our initial method of preference - the COVID-19 pandemic
kept us from conducting face-to-face interviews - it turned out successful, perhaps as the
physical distance created a sense of anonymity that allowed for free sharing of their stories
(Bell, Bryman & Harley, 2019).
Concerning the Schwarzwald, personal connections to the area allowed for purposive
sampling (Yin, 2014), approaching people known to one of the authors and that were assessed
as being open to and interested in having a conversation. People were selected who have no
32
official connection to the wind power project and can be considered ordinary citizens of
Eisenbach. Concerning Kinderdijk, people were found through acquaintances followed by
snowball sampling (Yin, 2014). We worked towards assemble a group made up of a variety of
people of different generations, with different professions, backgrounds and interests and a
balance of gender as we were looking for a variety of stories, opinions and emotions.
Conversations were held with fifteen people from the Schwarzwald and seventeen people from
the Kinderdijk area, lasting between 20 and 70 minutes. More detailed information on the
interviews, and short descriptions of the interviewees are to be found in Appendix C.
The interviews were conducted in a semi-structured manner, following a list of topics that
we consider vital based on our theoretical framework (for interview guide: see Appendix A).
Semi-structured interviews allowed us to be perceptive to issues and emotions that our
interviewees value, while simultaneously finding data that helped us answer our research
question (Justesen & Mik-Meyer, 2012). The questions devised beforehand differ slightly
between the two cases to align with our interviewees’ knowledge and experience and the form
of wind power in their area (Appendix A). We explored the relationship and feelings our
conversation partners expressed having towards nature, landscape and technology and together
with them related these to wind power. In a debate that tends to be very heated, focused on
black and white arguments and largely ignores individuals and their feelings, we aspired to
look behind the façade and to show human faces and nuance to Social Acceptance of wind
power.
We tried to encourage the interviewees to reflect and think, and together with them explore
their relationship to nature and technology. The interviewees were able to speak freely and
accurately, as all were using their mother tongue. Accordingly, all interviews were conducted
by one of us, since we are both native speakers of either German or Dutch. From our own
experience, conversations in one’s mother language are more comfortable. Additionally, in
communication with our interviewees, we explicitly stated our goal of having a conversation,
whilst not mentioning the term interview, to limit the power distance. Moreover, the reduction
of the power distance and reflexivity was ensured by aiming to present ourselves neutrally
(Yin, 2014).
Naturally, all participants have been clearly informed about the aim and context of this
study. Ethical considerations were ensured by acquiring informed consent before recording the
interviews (Saunders, Lewis & Thornhill, 2012). The interviewees remain anonymous, which
allowed them to share their personal feelings without experiencing any repercussions.
33
However, for the sake of portraying a personal story, arbitrary pseudonyms have been assigned
to each respective interviewee. Their real names are not regarded as vital to our analysis.
3.4. Data Analysis
Our data analysis has been an iterative, abductive process. Meaning that we went back and
forth between our theoretical framework on Romanticism and the empirical data we gathered.
The selection of data and theory influenced each other. Using this approach, we ensured using
our data and theory to its full potential. Preliminary analysis already started during the data
collection process, by reflecting and adapting our research approach to our conceptions of the
interviews (Dubois & Gadde, 2002).
After all interviews were conducted, we transcribed and translated the empirical data.
A joint thought process concerning a back-and-forth between the research question, theory and
data led to finding common themes and paradoxes that surfaced during the interviews. With
these themes and paradoxes in mind, we reread and coded the transcripts allowing us to
organize the relevant data accordingly. The coding consisted both of inductive and deductive
coding (Bell et al., 2019; Strauss & Corbin, 1998). The coding framework used is derived from
the theoretical framework on Romanticism and the opposing concept of Technophilia, meaning
it was concept-driven and deductive, used to assess in what manner Romanticism and
Technophilia are present in our empirical data. This was supplemented with inductive coding
on the Romantic opinions on wind power. These main codes were broken down into more
specific categories reflecting the characteristics found in the literature review and theoretical
framework. This process has helped us to understand the Romantic influences on the thinking
of our interviewees and how they affect the Social Acceptance of wind power. The complete
coding framework can be found in Appendix B.
3.5. Data Quality
As much of the established research has shown, societal phenomena are multidimensional and
complex (Creswell, 2007). “[T]here are ‘truths’ rather than one truth” (Cunliffe, 2011, p. 656).
The same is valid for the social phenomenon Social Acceptance of wind power. Qualitative
research allows us to show one or a few truths of reality as perceived by our interviewees. By
taking careful notes, and establishing a logical chain of evidence, applying a constant iterative,
reflective, critical process and conversation among ourselves and supervisors,we built a thick
34
story accurately reflecting a reality. This reality we interpret as Romanticism, which is our
truth.
On top of having interviewees from two different cultures, the circumstances of the
people in Kinderdijk and the Schwarzwald are different. This gives us insights into different
perspectives: people who live in the presence of windmills and people who know that wind
turbines will be built in their surroundings. As a result, we will gain deeper insights into
different realities and thus a broader understanding of the Social Acceptance of wind power.
Through a detailed description of our research methods, and the interview guide we
presented a reliable and transparent study. Construct validity is maximized by doing extensive
research on the themes we have aimed to find, and operationalizing these according to widely
accepted research. Objectivity or generalization is neither claimed, nor aimed for (Yin, 2014).
Replicability is possibly limited as well (Cunliffe, 2011). All due to the interpretative
characteristics of social phenomena, the derived data and conclusions. Numerous conventional,
established researchers have emphasized the weaknesses of case studies, highlighting their lack
of rigor (Yin, 2014). Like Easton (1995), we perceive this case-specificness not as a weakness
but as a possibility to go into depth. The use of qualitative research is very valuable for
acquiring a deeper understanding of, and learning about phenomena. Our aim is just that.
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4. The Tale of Our Empirics
4.1. Places & Stories
The core of our study is the conversations we held with residents from the Schwarzwald and
the Kinderdijk area, in which we talked about their relationship to nature, technology, their
home and their opinion on the use of wind in the respective places. Appendix C gives more
information on the people we talked with, including a short description of themselves and their
opinion on the usage of wind power, using pseudonyms. We were able to get to know the
people and places and hear their stories, which we attempt to convey in a poem about the
residents of the Schwarzwald, the Schwarzwälder, and Kinderdijk, the Kinderdijker. We intend
to follow the example of the Romantic poets which saw poetry as a way to convey feelings for
a place and moving the inside out.
Schwarzwälder
Growing up far away from the buzzing city, not a traffic jam in sight.
I know the place where others long for, like the backside of my hand.
What a pride I take, in these surroundings.
What an honor, to grow up.
Dark lush forests, wavy meadows.
Letting my gaze wander, in the distance, it meets my brother.
He’s called Alps, and with all his glory, he feels to me like coming home.
Kinderdijker
Living in a green oasis, fenced in by a turbid land.
It is the only place to stop and grasp, the miracle that has transpired.
These waltzing structures, I owe all.
They have given us a country, dry feet, a safe haven.
And what a beautiful display, in the pasture, accompanied by some grazing cows.
Wandering into the fertile polder, feels to me like coming home.
United
These sights, forceful and chiseled.
I’m aware that it’s a hoax.
At a slow pace, they crumble down,
And it’s our hands that bear the guilt.
A gulf of worries drowns me, when I merely look around.
I am ready, to carry the burden,
Although it’s laden, although it's tough.
We could entrust these colossal structures.
Yet I’m afraid that these will tear down,
The beauty and the health that has remained
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4.2. Romantic Themes in Interviews
In the following, we analyze the interviews based on the coding frame (Appendix B) which
helps us find out to what extent our interviewees thought and talked in Romantic terms. The
empirical material we show here is drawn from their answers to our questions around their
relation to nature and technology. Our interviewees’ opinion on the usage of wind is presented
in the next chapter. We selected and added the strongest quotes as examples in this part.
Moreover, in the text we indicate in brackets other persons who made similar statements that
strengthen the respective argument. Ordered according to the coding frame, these
substantiating quotes can be found in Appendix D. For better readability we used a letter, G for
Germany and N for the Netherlands, followed by a number indicating the order of interviews
in each location, instead of their pseudonyms.
Concerning the Romantic themes, the selection of quotes in this text generally does not
indicate that a certain thought was more present in one of the cases but is purely based on the
most appealing phrasing. We found strong Romantic thinking in both the Kinderdijk and the
Schwarzwald. Per individual theme, the intensity sometimes varies between the two cases,
which is very well explainable by the notion of ‘family resemblances’ that was proposed by
Wittgenstein (1968). This variety is visible in place attachment and concrete fear of technology
but does not indicate that Romanticism is stronger in one of the places.
Concerning the opinions on modern wind power usage (5.3.), the majority of the data
comes from Germany, since these interviews specifically focused on opinions regarding a
proposed modern wind power project in the Schwarzwald, as opposed to the interviews in
Kinderdijk which predominantly revolved around ‘old’ wind power (Appendix A).
Following the idea behind Figure 4, we first look for parallels between the background
of Romanticism and topics our interviewees deal with today. Next, people’s feelings towards
technology, separated into positive and negative ones, are analyzed. Lastly, the “Far Away &
Long Ago” and the “Emotional, Subjective Individual” which comprise our understanding of
Romantic thinking are looked for in the conversations with our interviewees.
4.2.1. Background of Romanticism
As established in the study of Romanticism, the ground this movement was built on was colored
by the Industrial Revolution which changed people’s lives and steered the way of thinking
away from nature. We look for parallels to our interviewees situation today, trying to discover
whether they also perceive their understanding of the world to be changing accompanied by a
37
feeling of confusion. And whether they are possibly looking for support in modern Romantic
thinking, as the people in the 18th century were.
Uncertainty & Change (1.1.)
The feeling of unsettlement and not being in control of the fast changing world around us,
which was the background of Romanticism in the 18th, is something we sensed in our
interviewees as well. For once, there was a general feeling of living in a complex world, in
which it is “difficult to differentiate between what is good and what isn’t” when it comes to
consumption (G11). One respondent (N4) expressed the need to find a balance, which shows
that she feels like mankind lost that in the course of development towards a globalized world.
Many perceive the connectedness of the world leading to high dependence on other countries
(N6) and thus vulnerability and insecurity, shown very well through the outbreak of the Corona
virus and its implications.
“You can see with the Corona virus now that everyone has to sit at home. If people in
China have to go to their factories and make us food. If that came to a standstill, the
supermarkets would be empty, and then... Yeah, we're very dependent on that, of course.”
(N4)
N7 even expresses the fear of an economic crisis leading to high levels of poverty and
eventually violence and war again. This shows how uncertain the way our system is set up is
perceived.
Another relevant finding is that especially older people who have witnessed how
modern technology, for example the internet, altered the way we live and work, perceive the
big changes around them. We generally sensed a strong awareness that times have changed and
that many things are not as they used to be in people’s childhoods (G8, G10). G13 describes
how different working on a farm used to be, compared to today.
"Back then, we did all the work on the farm by hand. Nowadays, everything is done with
machines. As a child on a farm I had to work all the time, I almost did not have any
freetime. Today’s children spend their time completely differently with computers, which
all need electricity.” (G13)
Our interviewees mentioned often how they see the natural world changing and suffering from
human influence on it. What is mentioned, is animals like the mountain cock disappearing
(G8), natural catastrophes like floodings (G6) or the Australian bushfires (G11) happening and
increasing drought (G13, G15) and temperatures rising (N4). We listened to two interesting
stories of people witnessing what human interference in the landscape does to a place:
(1) "Well, one year before, we were in Austria, in Hintertux on the glacier, where one sees
an incredible panorama of the Alps. At that point, what I noticed was that during the trip
with the cable car up there, it was a massive construction site. The entire mountain was
38
a construction side to build things for winter sports. There were a lot of changes in
progress, they redid a lot of things, the access, some gondolas. Thinking back, that was
also an image that made us pause for a moment and realize the human impact on the
landscape." (G4)
(2) “For example the straightening of rivers. I still remember in Singen [city in South of
Germany] as a child the Aach was still natural with bends and curves. Later it was
straightened and as a consequence flooding happened. It seems like nature said ‘I had
my natural riverbed, you changed it and that’s why flooding happens’." (G6)
Negative Effects of Humans on Nature (1.2.)
All of the people we talked to were aware that human intervention causes numerous of these
negative consequences on the natural circle. Several ones specifically remarked the general
negative effects humans have on nature (G1, G3, G13, N4, N6, N7, N17).
"I think that we are a huge burden for nature, due to our pure existence and our high
standard of living. Nature would be better off without us. [...] Overall, I am very
concerned about how we humans treat the world, no matter in which area." (G10)
“Do we have a purpose for nature? Actually, we're just tearing it down.” (N9)
“It would be much better for nature if we'd be gone. We ruin everything.” (N16)
The background of these negative effects humans have on nature is often in connection to the
way we humans see ourselves in regards to nature. Several people we talked to expressed that
humans feel like being superior and dominate nature (G13, N2, N8, N10).
"And I view there is a strong disconnection because we have made use of nature so much.
The relationship of humans to nature is often characterized by the image of us being on
top, dominating nature. But more and more, we are shown that we, in fact, can’t control
nature when we experience natural catastrophes or storms more. For years we have
thought that we can just use what we want because we’re on top of the pyramid.” (G6)
A consequence of this arrogance towards the natural world is that the Western society
developed a lifestyle that is based on the exploitation of nature and bad consumption habits.
There were several points raised in connection to consumption, i.e. high consumption (N1).
Very important is also the thought that our consumption should generally be different in terms
of different products and consuming more consciously (G11, N1, N6). G1 states that “The
question whether it’s needed doesn’t arise”. She further expressed that many people always
want “the latest thing” without asking themselves if they really need it. Several specific
consumption habits were criticized: the use of concrete as a building material (N5), the use of
fertilizers and chemicals in agriculture (N10, N14, N15), purchase of dairy products (N2),
outdoor activities like skiing (N7, G13), using a car (N8) or a plane (N1, N16) and our
relationship to single-use products, plastic and garbage in general (G4, G7, N2). Especially
G13 expressed fiercely the need to rethink consumption habits:
39
"We have to ask ourselves constantly whether we really need this or that? For example
we don’t have a dryer or a microwave – we don’t need that. We should renounce some
things we actually don’t need. It works without them. The important thing is positive
thinking and not to let us be raped by consumption. Everyone has to change a little bit…"
(G13)
"That’s something I can pass on to my kids to think more about what we do to our
environment, our surroundings, our landscape. The greed which many people feel, is one
of the worst things. I think about this everyday: How can we change? How can we as a
family change? " (G13)
Given that the critique of how our society treats nature is so strongly apparent in our data, we
see a parallel to the way, for example, Rousseau saw society as being corrupted (Day, 2012).
According to G13, society is greedy and does not care about the consequences for nature of its
striving for more. What strongly surfaced in the conversations was that more and more people
start to rethink their own consumption patterns and their entire thinking around sustainability.
Similarly to the Romantics who wanted to change their industrial lives and move away from
mechanistic thinking, people are increasingly rebelling against over-consumerism, wanting to
move away from the domination over and exploitation of our planet. A strong urge to change
was apparent in several of the conversations (N1, N16).
"However, we need to act fast because otherwise we will one day realize that it’s too
late." (G11)
It seems like sustainable thinking is a rather recent development for many and that they still
have trouble comprehending and incorporating it into their lives (G11, N7, N16).
"[protection of nature] becomes more important. Many things I didn’t think of much in
the past. [...]. There were several ones [documentaries] that really made me think, for
example about the topic of plastic. [pause] I would say that there is a rethinking
happening in my head at the moment.” (G4)
Estrangement From Nature (1.3.)
Besides the change and uncertainty, another big parallel is the estrangement from nature, that
people in the Romantic period felt tremendously because of industrialization. This was also a
big topic in the conversations we had with people about their relation to their surroundings.
The most obvious reason for and aspect of the estrangement is the physical distance many have
to nature. The lives of many take place far away from nature because they work inside like G4:
"I sit inside and I can look outside because I sit at the window. But normally, I don’t get any
fresh air all day, because food is also available in the building." Like buildings that shield us
from the outside, technology, namely TVs and smartphones, keep us from going outside and
make us see the world through a screen instead.
40
“Well I say I want to [visit nature] once a week, but yes, very often other things come up
because I’m busy and when I wake up Sunday morning, and there happens to be a nice
show on TV then I stay in bed anyway.” (N4)
“When it’s on TV all of a sudden you admire nature, while in the backyard you also have
nature that you take for granted.” (N4)
This was expressed although the people we interviewed lived in the countryside, already being
a bit closer to a natural environment than people from an urban area. Living in a city or
agglomeration, the physical distance to nature is even greater and several of our interviewees
described how tourists are very estranged from the natural world because it is not part of their
daily surroundings (G6, G15, N17).
"Many people only know the consumption and not the other side in the direction of
nature… For example, for many years we have hosted holiday guests. Among them many
were families living in a big city whose kids have never seen a living cow. I mean of
course, where would they have? Some of them seriously wondered why the cow isn’t
purple and has Milka written over her." (G5)
As expressed by G5, as well as others (G15, N17), an important factor in the estrangement is
little knowledge about nature, animals and the connections of natural circles. In this context,
especially the conversation with G13 is noteworthy. Growing up on a farm and being a hunter,
he has a very close connection to nature. In a very passionate way, G13 expressed his concern
about people’s disconnection from nature. He describes the importance of storms for the
regeneration of forests because they clear up the ecosystem and explains how this is all
connected.
"But people don’t understand this connection. There will be a chain reaction. We humans
dig our own grave. We take away our own water. How stupid are we?" (G13)
"They don’t know anything anymore. They don’t know where and how a deer or a
mountain cock lives. They don’t understand the connections within nature and why
humans should stay on the paths.” (G13)
To him, the basic problem is that humans tend to only think in terms of what is positive for
themselves although “some things we humans just don’t understand, how positive they can be
although they might not be positive for us” (G13). This hints at the humans’ dominating,
arrogant and exploitative relationship with nature nowadays playing a role in the estrangement
from it what was already focused on at the beginning of the paragraph.
Another factor that seemingly moves people away from nature is food that is bought,
processed and wrapped instead of home-grown.
“I also love to drink a cup of tea on the couch, and what has that got to do with nature?
It's tea, it comes from nature, but it's wrapped in plastic, in a little bag, and with a picture.
It's so ... it’s so detached from real nature, in my opinion. We don't bother ourselves
anymore with nature. At least ... I don’t.” (N4)
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This is possibly one of the biggest differences between the past and today. Several people
expressed that they feel like we moved further away from nature over time and that in the past
humans were more part of nature than they are today. A big part of this seems to be that many
of our jobs changed and are not dependent on nature and the weather anymore (G11, N10).
"When we look at past times, humans were indeed part of nature. If one looks into the
past, humans have lived very closely together with nature and were part of the system
that worked as such. When people were still hunters and gatherers, they were part of the
entire system." (G3)
That work plays a role in the connection or estrangement from nature was very obvious in our
interviews. Farmers, forest workers, hunters or millers who need to have high knowledge about
the connections outside because they work with nature, seemed to be more connected to it also
and talked about the value of nature less in terms of what it gives to them but saw it more as an
overarching system. For example, two farmers in the Schwarzwald, G5 and G15, describe it as
follows:
"I mean we are also just living beings, just like a dog, a cat or a cow. The only difference
is that throughout evolution, we developed a bit further or faster. But I would definitely
say that we are part of nature." (G5)
"When the weather is nice, I just have to go outside. It’s an urge to enjoy the sun and the
fresh air, nature, the birds. We have many swallows on our farm, I like to see how they
fly around our house. [...] I pay attention to animals." (G15)
Also the millers at the Kinderdijk who work outside and are directly concerned with the forces
of nature and thus more connected to them.
“Many mills are located in an environment that is in a beautiful nature reserve. You are
very close to the weather. How is the sky going to change? How can I control the mill?
You notice that you are very focused on nature and the weather and how the mill
behaves.” (N3)
Another group of persons that was said to have a closer connection to nature than average
people are those living in other countries, often developing countries. It was mentioned that
many people in poorer countries have less of the dominating vision upon nature that we
described above and thus live closer and more in harmony with it. An interesting statement
connected to this was made by N5:
“My point of view is that especially in the areas of the world where many people live
closer to nature, and are a part of nature, that's what we often call third world countries.
That is interesting. Apparently to have prosperity you need to distance yourself from
nature. If I'd philosophize, apparently we have to destroy nature to have prosperity.
Apparently, that's the way it is.”
The aspects that laid the ground for the development of Romantic thinking, a feeling of
uncertainty, estrangement from nature, rejection of the current society’s lifestyle and thus a
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longing for a change, we recognized in the way our interviewees talked about their situation
and concerns as well. Furthermore, we will explore whether technology, what gave rise to
Romantic thinking centuries ago, also surfaced in our conversations.
4.2.2. Technology
Romanticism pertains to a strong aversion of and intense feelings related to technology,
uniformity and cities. We will illuminate this Technophobia after looking for its counterpart,
Technophilia, a fascination for technology, and a lifestyle emerged in it. We consider
technology to be any mechanical or electronic device that requires complex development.
Technophilia (2.1.)
Technophilia plays a vital role in many of our interviewees lives. This Technophilia presents
itself in a high dependency on, fascination for, and use of technology. Besides, Technophilia
involves a generally positive view on technology pertaining, for example, the advantages it
brings. The vast majority of our interviewees felt as if they are dependent on technology, that
they cannot imagine living in a world without it, “without a car, without central heating, without
electricity, running water, a computer” (G10). They foresee many impossibilities in that world
without technology, it would drastically disrupt their lives (N3, N15).
“It's almost impossible without technology. Then we'd be cavemen again.” (N10)
"We could not cultivate our farm without machines.” (G15)
Oftentimes, they refer to the discomfort recent power outages have caused, or to how a general
lack of electricity would cause major discomfort (G1, G5, G11, G14, N1), illustrating their
dependence on technology.
"When one has a power outage, everyone complains a lot. Half a day without electricity is
already very difficult – even in the kitchen we need electricity and are in a fix without it. That’s
how it is.” (G8)
“If you notice that one thing like electricity is missing, your life is disrupted. That is also
something that applies to almost everyone.” (N3)
This dependence is associated with a common high usage of technology. Many admit to using
technology all day long, in both their private and professional life (G3, G11, N16).
“Technology, as in, my phone? I use it all-the-time [laughs].” (N12)
This realization of not being able to live without technology, they oftentimes connect to a
certain pressure felt from society. A pressure to follow and make use of technological
43
developments, as otherwise they might not be able to keep their business afloat (N2, N2), they
might be shut off from society (G6, G7, N7) or excluded (G11).
"But some technical inventions, one can denounce from. Those are luxury things that are not
important in fact. But there is also always the feeling of losing out on a trend and losing
touch with the rest if you don’t go with it." (G3)
Another reason that they use technology so much, is because it has provided them with many
advantages, most of all ease. It has significantly facilitated their current lifestyles (G4, G11,
N6, N12, N15, N16, N17).
“We have so many advantages due to technology, one of the advantages we enjoy right at
this moment [video calling]. Twenty years ago, this wouldn’t have worked this well. That’s
great and makes a lot of things way easier. [...] not following it and distancing oneself from
it, is also no solution. One follows the development because of its numerous advantages."
(G11)
“It makes it a lot easier. If you look at health care, it [technology] makes your job physique-
wise, much lighter.” (N12)
“Technology also helps, because we can already see what the weather is going to be like,
for example, due to the weather forecast.” (N15)
Some even go as far as to say that they owe technology a lot of things (N1, N2, N4). In an
abstract example, N3 argues for how much further technology has brought us in society, being
able to create more and bigger structures, allowing us to step up from the simpler way of life
humankind once had. Others argue for the appreciation of all the good things that technology
has brought us (N6).
A common positive attitude towards technology, and hopes for the future seems very much
present. Expecting technological innovation and developments to be some of the vital solutions
to the environmental problems we are facing today (N7).
“Well, it just so happens that at work I've been doing a little research on companies that also
generate green energy and create new energy in different ways. A lot of innovative plans have
come to fruition, […]. And I think that could be the solution in the future.” (N8)
“It's a wonderful thing. The technology can also support and help nature.” (N16)
These great expectations involve a certain fascination for the newest and complex technologies
by some (G5, N4).
"I am a technophile. If there is something new which I think I can handle, I like to give it a
try." (G14)
“It's nice to see how that develops. I'm always very curious about that and I always like it
when people can think so innovatively.” (N7)
Many highlight their dependency on, their thankfulness to, and hopes for technology and
technological development. Overall, Technophilia seemed strongly present.
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Technophobia (2.2.)
Technophobic characteristics are represented by a skeptic attitude towards technology, fear,
shame and regret, a general aversion of uniformity and cities.
Many negative aspects surfaced during the interviews, overwhelmingly related to the
excessive technology use and the effects that has. The mobile phone is often mentioned as an
example, as the symbol of evil technology. It is perceived as exhausting (G1, G10), and
alienating (N9, N11, N13) among others. Another interviewee mentions the relief of not using
farm machines once in a while (G15). All of these statements are perfect examples of a skeptic,
negative attitude towards technology.
"After a long day at the office and at home also using the phone or computer, one lies in bed
and can’t sleep.” (G4)
“It's also always a discussion between me and my children about how often they use their
phones.” (N9)
For many, their high usage of technology is accompanied by a certain feeling of shame or regret
(G12, G15, N11). Occasionally questioning, or criticizing their own technology use, or that of
others.
"But we also lose ourselves in this sometimes. Thinking of how much time we spend in front of
our screens, computers and smartphones and TV in the evening – the most amount of my time
I spend with that. Especially if you deal with that also for work, it’s quite extreme." (G11)
“When I look at how often I use my phone ... my screen time per week on average is six hours
a day. Yeah, I think that's quite a lot. Why is that? [...]. Why can't I just go to the supermarket
without a phone?” (N4)
For some, these negative feelings go even further. Fear is portrayed as a dominant theme, many
referring to scenarios that could easily be characterized as apocalyptic, predicting something
very disastrous for the world (N2, N16) related to technology. They explicitly state their
worries, their fear (N4, N16) about our vulnerability as humans (N8, N17) to the effects of
technology, or the ways it can be misused by powerful parties.
“If you look at world powers that can use or abuse a certain technique then this is a certain
risk for humans.” (N3)
There also seems to be an aversion to uniformity and orderliness, that often involves technology
as well as our modern society. A uniform, unnatural way of building stands out as something
that many do not like (G3, G9, G15, N2, N5, N8). Often this is accompanied by a description
of a ‘modern’ way of building, involving cement and efficient building styles, often described
negatively.
"[I]f I saw a lot of concrete or high-rise buildings, I would not like it because it doesn’t fit.”
(G12)
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“But I don't think it's a real house. It's just a terraced house, it's just a block, a square. Very
efficient. It doesn’t give me a certain feeling, I don't think it's a nice house. It's just a very
practical place to live in.” (N7)
This dislike of uniformity and orderliness also presents itself in the dislike of this phenomenon
in our society, involving time-pressure and unnatural rules (N3).
"I catch myself being dragged into the fast pace, into the hastiness and the hurry, having time
pressure. Outside, that shouldn’t be the case." (G14)
“Because everything can be faster, everything can be better. We have to perform more in a
shorter time. I think that people can get burn-out in a very short period of time because of
that.” (N2)
Cities suffered quite some critique as well. Many interviewees pointed towards a general
unease of visiting cities (G1, G9, G12, N1, N11), or highlight certain troubles they experience,
i.e. with regard to the lack of natural elements around them such as greenery and fresh air (G15,
N15).
"I am absolutely not a city person, I feel very comfortable in the area without red lights or
traffic jams and with fresh air." (G4)
“I'm very much a Rotterdammer, um, I like it when I get to the city, but only because I know
I'll be leaving soon. The amount of people I'm not used to anymore, the anti-social behavior,
the lack of green.” (N10)
Fear, shame, regret. Aversion of technology and concepts that technology represents, such as
uniformity and perfections. It is all present. These quotes describe an overall technophobic
group of people.
4.2.3. Far Away & Long Ago Given the background of uncertainty, change and estrangement from nature, and the skepticism
towards technology, cities and humanity in general, Romantic thinking heads into the direction
of the past, the long ago, and nature, the far away. We found both tendencies in the interviews.
Longing for Past (3.1.)
Several interviewees talked about the past in a melancholic and nostalgic way, we refer to it as
the ‘good old times’. How people grew up close to nature (G7) and animals (G8). G14 describes
how nice it was to work with his father in times of less time pressure, a long lunch break, just
leaning against a tree. N1 depicts a longing to live on an old farm like this:
“Yeah, as a matter of fact, I do, but I've got that [feeling] in any countryside and every
old farm. So I'm nostalgic because I think it was all better back then. And I've always had
a kind of emotion of wanting to live on a farm, and I never succeeded, but I've always
had the desire. Because of the smells, the manure, the green grass, and the hay, and the
wind.” (N1)
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Another point that came up was the appreciation of what former generations have done, what
was achieved in the past with simple means. G12, a forest owner, expresses appreciation of the
care former generations have given the trees, as well as G13 who says that he cares a lot about
his home, which is “shaped for centuries by our ancestors who built this up as a cultural
landscape.” N15 expresses his fascination with the manual work that went into old buildings,
several others describe being fascinated by the past and how people used to live in general
(G15, N11, N14).
“Can't we just go back to a simpler life?” - N4 expressed very directly. The longing for
a simpler life is something several people mentioned. Many have the urge to consume less or
more purposefully (G1, G4, N6, G13, N13). G15 says: “On the one side, it was nicer than
nowadays. They had a slower, cozier life, their lives were quieter”. In the Schwarzwald G5 and
G11 described how they enjoyed being forced to spend some time without technology and
electricity in the case of a power outage.
Nevertheless, besides this longing and fascination for the past, we found several
contradictions to this. Several persons acknowledged that life in the past was much tougher
because the level of comfort was not as high as it is today and people had to physically work
very hard and long hours (G15, G10, G13, N1). Moreover, some people we talked to said they
would not want to give up today’s living standard with cars and electricity (G1, G7, N8). Also,
many others went as far as to describe that they do not think it would even be feasible to go
back because we are used to a certain material standard. Due to globalization and digitalization
going back in the electricity and technology consumption would be unrealistic. N8 describes
the last two points strikingly:
“That other alternative [going back] might be some kind of Utopia, but it might not work.
[…]. I don't think I could do that myself. I think that's a nice picture, but I don't think it's
very feasible in this day and age because I'm too dependent, too attached to materialism
and technology.”
Uncorrupted, Unspoilt Nature (3.2.)
Besides the longing for the past, Romantic thinking is characterized by a longing for the far
away. G2 describes the natural sounds in the forest poetically, depicting the appreciation and
longing for uncorrupted and unspoilt nature: "The quietness in the forest and the rustling of
trees, the chirping of birds - it is so beautiful in the forest here.”
The longing for the far away being also a longing for getting away from civilization
and society, which are as described in the background of Romanticism sometimes seen as
corrupted, means that people were mentioned to be sometimes unwelcome in nature (G6, G7,
N8, N9).
47
"[What would destroy a beautiful landscape is] many people. There are simply too many
people. Especially at the beaches during the summer vacation, there are so many people.
That bothers me and keeps me from going back to these places." (G7)
“I prefer to meet as few people as possible. As few people, buildings, and other things
that don't belong in nature as possible. They are a bit disturbing.” (N9)
How N9 describes it, it is not only people but the artificial artifacts that humans bring wherever
they go, that are unwelcome in a natural environment. Human artifacts like nuclear power
plants (G3, G15) buildings (G3, G9, N8) or industry (G6, G11, N7), technological devices like
a smartphone (G6, G13), power lines (G3, G10), cars (N2), hiking signs (N4) or trash are
described as impairing a beautiful landscape. N10 states that a beautiful landscape is one “with
as little influence as possible from the human hand”, G11 “would not want anything artificial
in view.” Because both locations are frequently visited by tourists, tourism being one of the
main sources of income, several people named the importance of unspoilt nature for tourism.
G9 described it in economic terms: "Untouched nature is our asset in the tourist industry".
Yet, it was admitted that most of these artificial artifacts are in fact acceptable if they
are condensed in one place, like in a city (G11). There is a feeling that man-made things fit
better in a man-made environment (G15) and concrete, high buildings or industrial buildings
are even perceived as fascinating and interesting there (N7, G5). This confirms the assumption
that people have a very clear understanding of where things belong: artificial things belong in
the city, natural things belong in nature.
Denial of Cultivation (3.3.)
What this appreciation of the wilderness leads to is to actively look for it in our surroundings,
even in cities.
“Although, I think the city is nature as well. In Rotterdam there’s an office that is called
office city nature [bureau stadsnatuur], there is also a lot of nature between the tiles in
terms of ferns.” (N10)
Yet, even in the countryside in the Netherlands or in the Schwarzwald, the landscape has
actually already been influenced tremendously by humans due to cultivation. Nevertheless,
they are perceived as natural because people seem to long so badly for naturalness. In the
Schwarzwald, the landscape of green meadows, which were artificially cleared from the
original, virgin forest, and the pine forest that was mostly planted for commercial purposes, is
described several times as beautiful (G9, G2). Tourists and locals alike, seem to perceive the
Schwarzwald as untouched nature though.
"Untouched nature is our asset in the tourist industry." (G9)
48
In the Kinderdijk area, the windmills, polders and dikes are seen as a piece of nature (N9),
although the way the area looks today is due to the work of former generations who kept the
area from flooding. Even though windmills are a type of technology too and we saw that
technology and nature do not go together for many humans, the fact that they are old appears
to change their image. N3 compares this to lighthouses which are also appreciated because they
are old. For N6 windmills are not even seen as technology anymore. This can be obviously
connected to the longing and fascination for the past described earlier.
Nevertheless, there were also several people who were aware of the cultivation part of
the two areas and do not romanticize its appearance. N14 for example is very much aware that
humans made a lot of changes in the landscape, G10, G12 and G3 mention similar things.
“I just don't think that civilians realize that the landscape we're looking at is that way
because there's been a lot of intervention.” (N14)
Nature as a Sanctuary (3.4.)
Without exception, all of our interviewees drew numerous positive aspects from nature and see
its recreational value as a sanctuary from everyday life. The aspects that were mentioned most
are finding peace, calmness and optimism when spending time in nature and thus relaxing and
recovering (G2, G10, N2, N11, N12, N16, N17). G13 described the effects of being in the
forest when hunting like this:
"I am a lot in nature because of hunting. For me that is a contemplative time to sit outside
on a high seat, sometimes I see something and often I have a book with me. It regenerates
you, you can calm down and relax, you possibly hear a bird singing. I would never take
my smartphone with me, I have quietness and fresh air. The forest has such amazing
smells. [...] So being in the fresh air, also to cut firewood, is a way to completely wind
down. Sometimes it’s just about sitting somewhere for an hour and simply enjoying. "
(G13)
Often the effect of relaxing was mentioned in combination with exterminating work stress and
the time in nature as a counterbalance to it (G1, G9, G11, G6). The part-time farmer G5
expressed what effect the work with his animals has on him before and after his work.
"For me personally, the farm is a huge counterbalance to my industrial job. In winter, I
get up in the morning and the first thing I do is go to the barn, see my animals. Animals,
compared to humans, are always in the same mood. The work in the morning in the barn
is an amazing start for the day, it doesn’t matter for me that I have to get up early for
that. Having done that before work, I arrive at work warm and awake. [...]. And equally
after a stressful day at work when I got upset about employees, I go home to the animals.
[...] because they send out such a calmness. For me that is a big counterbalance in order
to be able to handle my job, it grounds me."
49
4.2.4. Emotional, Subjective Individual
There is a second comprehensive Romantic theme we identified in the interviews: Nature is
used as a means to trigger emotions and become a strong individual.
Sublime Nature (4.1.)
Often, nature is perceived as sublime, an important Romantic trait that points out nature’s force
and gloriousness. The sublimeness of nature was either perceived in natural phenomena (such
as thunderstorms – N7) or in the description of a landscape. Our interviewees generally
describe a beautiful landscape as being very impressive or even breathtaking. It shows an “ideal
world of harmony” (G6). Predominantly mountains and water play an important role for many
of the interviewees. They are considered extraordinary, beautiful and impressive (G1, G3, G7,
G11, G12, G14, G15, N3, N7, N8, N9, N16), important to their lives (G1, G2, G5, N12), and
evoke many emotions such as a feeling of overwhelming, joy, or comfort (G3, G4, N7, N16).
Mountains are by many, predominantly Schwarzwälder, seen as the epitome of a wild
landscape.
"What always speaks to me the most are the Alps. As soon as I see these high mountains, my
heart opens. The most beautiful for me are mountains. " (G4)
"In the lowland I could not live." (G1)
“I drove into the pass, into the mountains. At some point I actually got emotional in the car.”
(N7)
A dominant element in the Netherlands, Kinderdijk in specific, is the narrative of ‘the battle
against the water’. Water is seen as a powerful element of nature (N3, N6, N9, N10).
“When I stand on the edge of the forest and see the sea, the big and the wide. I always think
it's a little linked to strength.” (N9)
Many of the descriptions of beautiful landscapes are accompanied by typifying nature as
healthy, alive, green (G1, G3, G7, G12, G15, N1, N6, N11). These landscapes, the extreme
beauty, health, ruthlessness or exquisiteness, evoke feelings of happiness, fear, of being struck
with awe and fascination (G2, G5, G6, G7, G8, N10, N15, N16).
"I always found it fascinating to see how fauna and flora develops and how I each time
discover new things." (G6)
“It's such a supernatural feeling to see how beautiful the world is.” (N16)
50
Significance of Nature Beyond the Physical (4.2.)
Aside from being a place in which you experience that fascination or impressiveness, many
experience nature as a place that has value beyond its physical characteristics. It affects their
inner state, it starts a contemplative process (G13). It provides the opportunity for deep
relaxation and recovery (G1, G3, G5, G12, G13, G7, N8, N12, N13), a state of “zen” even
(N4). Many mention the ability to clear their minds, from issues at work or in their daily lives,
that it provides a balance (G4, G6, G9, N8, N9). They even attribute health to spending time in
nature, referring to the inexplicable way nature helps in recovery in illnesses (N1, N10, N13).
“I don't think that people go into nature for no reason. […]. I think that without us all
realizing it, nature has a great value to us.” (N2)
Individualism (4.3.)
Strong value is also placed on spending time alone in nature. It allows the interviewees to feel
a connection (N7), to satisfy a need (G1, G7, G10). Spending time alone in nature allows one
to “reach Nirvana” to grow, and satisfy your individual spiritual processes (N14). It also gives
a feeling of freedom, people go into nature purposefully to seek that freedom, “we can go
anywhere”(G2). Having the possibility to choose where you want to go, or where you want to
live (G1) is very much appreciated. Nature is seen as a place of freedom as there are not many
rules or pressures which people do experience in society (N3, N17).
“Yeah, even as a kid I thought it was really special. Then I also enjoyed going into the fields
and, um, just being in nature, building tree houses, you name it. And actually, I still find that
very interesting.” (N17)
During our conversations, ecological issues came up often. Many of our interviewees came to
the conclusion that they themselves should and want to take action, even if it is small, or
seemingly insignificant, to combat climate change. They feel a certain responsibility, and
experience a drive, a power even, to take action themselves. Taking the car less (N1, N8), not
littering (N10, N17), finding more sustainable solutions (N5, N15) are some of the examples
given that they already perform, or aim to.
"I think that everybody has to do his part and pull himself together. Possibly one has to do
without one or the other thing.[...]. I find it right to do something, that everyone does
something." (G9)
This individual power is also shown in an appreciation of creativity (G6), of craftsmanship. As
being a miller is an old, famous craft in Kinderdijk, this was mentioned many times (N3, N5,
N11).
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“I'm very, very much into craftsmanship. This is all made, by real craftsmen, such a mill
as well. It's still maintained by people. Yeah, I like that. I find that fascinating. It fascinates
me.” (N7)
Significance of the Place and Local (4.4.)
Lastly, the individual puts strong focus on their connection to places, often either the
Schwarzwald or Kinderdijk, sometimes other particular places as well.
Mostly in the Schwarzwald, the people we interviewed felt very much connected to
their particular area. Many referred to themselves as ‘Schwarzwälder’ (G3, G10, G12, G13). It
is their home (G1, G2, G13, G6) and they are not able to imagine living anywhere else (G9,
G12). Besides, they show in other ways a very strong appreciation for the surroundings. That
is represented in the admiration for the plants, animals, or the beautiful landscape (G1, G2, G3,
G5, G7, G9, G14).
"The Schwarzwald is everything to me.” (G2)
A smaller number of the people from Kinderdijk had such a strong connection to the area,
possibly because not everyone had grown up there.
Out of a few people who had lived in Kinderdijk their entire lives, or were in another
way very involved with the area, one identifies herself as “someone from the polder” (N11),
another cannot imagine living in any other place than the polder landscape (N15), a miller was
told by colleagues “you are Kinderdijk”, and a twentysomething year-old explains that she
suddenly became aware of her deep connection to the area and the mills when she showed
colleagues around (N17). To a large extent, many of the others do feel a strong appreciation of
their local surroundings, whether it is the beauty of the landscape, the nostalgia (N7), or with
regards to the historical importance that this area has.
4.3. Wind Power Opinions
Having asked the residents of Eisenbach in the Schwarzwald about their opinion about the
potential wind turbines in their hometown (see Appendix A) and the people living close to the
Kinderdijk more generally about the usage of wind back then and now, we received a wide
range of answers and concerns, that we classified in 1) conventional concerns, 2) new concerns,
3) aversion of the industrial, 4) relational reasoning and 5) time aspects (see Appendix B). A
selection of (more) quotes illustrating these opinions can be found in Appendix D.
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Conventional Concerns (5.1.)
Many of the common reasons for rejecting the wind power development that have been
established in the literature and that we illustrated in Figure 2 were confirmed by our
interviewees. The main concerns were living too close to a turbine and being impaired by noise,
shadow and ultrasound (G4, G9, G13, G14, G15), leading to a feeling of wanting wind turbines
to be further away, classical NIMBY, (N2, N7, G3, G11), the negative effects on the ecosystem
and the animals (G5, G7, G9, G13, N2) and the impairment of the aesthetics of the landscape.
Landscape is of specific importance, because the way in which wind power affects the
landscape aesthetics seems to be the biggest reason for the opposition to wind power
development as nearly everyone we talked to named that as something problematic or
disturbing. They simply call wind turbines ugly (G11, N4, N6, N12, N17), sometimes horizon
pollution (N7), or use other negative phrases (G1, G3, G6, G9). It also seemed like the more
wind turbines there are and the closer they are, the more negative they are perceived.
“Yeah, those wind turbines [would ruin the landscape] [laughs]! On the one hand, I get
it. On the other hand, I think they’re a horror, those things. But yes, you learn to deal
with it, but I think it's real horizon pollution, absolutely.” (N7)
"[...] the further away they are the less intensely they stick out of the landscape. They are
less horrible to look at when they are far away." (G9)
There were also concerns about technical shortcomings which thus made the wind turbines a
symbol for that as several interviewees connected a negative image to it (G3, G6, G15). Place
attachment was found to play a big role as well, perceiving the machines to interrupt what the
residents are used to and how they perceive their Schwarzwald to look like (see Significance
of Place and Local 4.4.). Figure 2, is adapted to Figure 9 from the literature review and shows
in grey which aspects of it were found again in our empirical material.
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Figure 9: (Figure 2, adapted). Established factors of Social Acceptance of wind power & factors in
empirics.
New Concerns (5.2.)
Besides these established factors of Social Acceptance of wind power, some less prevalent
reasons for opposition were named that go beyond what we read in the literature. To start with
doubts about the technical side of it being sufficiently developed, many naming accurate
measuring and energy storage and transmission as their biggest concerns (G1, G4, G6).
Another aspect we uncovered was a certain lack of trust in the parties involved in the
development and the concern that there is mainly financial motivation behind it (G1, G5, G13,
G14, G15). Interesting was also that some mentioned the unsustainability of the materials used
in a wind turbine, as well as the problem of the dismantling and renaturation of its fundament
(G1, G9, G13, N5).
Aversion of the Industrial (5.3.)
A big part of the opinions on wind power went into the direction of a general aversion to the
industrial. This industrial look of it is explicitly named as something negative (N6, N7) and
both reflects the dislike of uniformity and the notion that wind turbines are “foreign bodies”
(G10). Phrases that are used to illustrate wind turbines as “monsters” (G14, N12), “robots”
(N10). N5 pointed to the fact that it might have to do with the seeming lack of human effort
and energy that goes into building a turbine, they seem rather anonymous as opposed to the old
54
mills that are so much appreciated for their craftsmanship. This juxtaposition surfaced in other
interviews as well.
“I also said to him, ‘it’s a monstrosity’. It's an anonymous thing, doesn't involve anyone. I
always told the listeners in my tours: these are mills, it takes millers. The other things we
call wind turbines, they're not mills. They're devices.” (N10)
Uniformity seems to be a factor that makes the perception of wind turbines worse. Many
interviewees pointed to the fact that the more wind turbines they saw in a certain area, on a
certain hill, the worse their perception is of that landscape (G4, G7, N2). An overall
consideration was that they “should be placed carefully” (G8), not “extensively on every hill”
(G1).
“It was very nice weather when we were up there. There one has a 360-degree view on the
Swiss Alps, the French Vosges, in every direction. And up there was the first time that I
was a bit shocked by wind turbines. Because, for a fact, anywhere you looked, on each little
hill, there was a wind turbine. And at that point that bothered me a lot. This beautiful
surrounding, the view in the distance without end [Weitsicht] and then everywhere a couple
of wind turbines." (G4)
Making a Decision (5.4.)
For us, there seemed to be three things their final verdict on wind power came down to. First,
some expressed an ideological opposition against wind turbines, as it is a technology and thus
not appropriate in nature whatsoever (N7, N12). N9 expresses very clearly that she has a clear
understanding of where technology belongs, which seems not to be reconcilable with the
development of wind power in any way.
“I think that's something your brain … that is programmed in my head; this should be
there and this should not.” (N9)
Second, time seemed to play a major role in the final acceptance of wind power usage. On the
one hand, we heard a very positive opinion on the old windmills in the Kinderdijk being “cozy
and homey” and “cute” (N12). Often this was explained as being used to the old windmills
(N2, N4, N7, N8). N1, N3 and N15 describe that people back then were confused by this new
artifact just as we are today by modern wind turbines:
“Those people, farmers and outsiders, came together here in 1800 to get the polder dry.
That was started here in 1838. At that time there may have been people who thought ‘what
kind of weird thing is that?! Turning and turnin!.’ Now we're glad that thing started
spinning because now we have dry feet!” (N15)
On the other hand, the modern wind turbines were perceived as an interruption in the landscape
of the Schwarzwald, that one would get used to though over time (G5, G6, G15). Several people
described that acceptance will probably rise in time and that they will “become part of the
landscape” (G15).
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“They [wind turbines] change the landscape, they seem almost like a foreign body.
Possibly, that’s because it’s all still kind of new. Maybe in 30 years, when children grow
up with it and don’t know it differently, they would not perceive it negatively at all. But for
us it’s something new, something foreign." (G10)
Third, what stood out the most when looking at people’s final reasoning for accepting or
rejecting wind power is the presence of reason. We sensed a strong logical reasoning that “our
electricity needs to come from somewhere” (G8) and many recognized the purpose of and need
for wind power (G5, G11, N16).
“I always think it’s not about what stands there but why. And we are able to use the wind
or water that is there to get away from nuclear energy or coal-fired power plants, I find it
is something useful that sits in nature." (G5)
Like G5, many compared the usage of wind as an energy source to other options, such as fossil
fuels (N11, N15) and nuclear power (G5, G10, G11, G15). What it comes down to is a
hypothetical cost-benefit analysis where interviewees rationally weigh up the advantage of
green energy compared to its negative implications, taking into consideration the effects on
nature (G5, G9, G12, N2), obtrusiveness in the landscape (G4, G5) and efficiency (G5, G11,
G12, G13).
"Where wind energy makes sense, I'm welcoming it. [In the Schwarzwald], in my opinion
it does not make sense [...]. We are one of the areas with the lowest levels of wind in
Germany." (G9)
"I sometimes feel as if I have to choose between the lesser of two evils: on the one side we
have less emissions because of wind energy, on the other side we have to put cables and
wires everywhere in the soil and erect monuments. It’s difficult to know what is actually
good.” (G14)
Many phrased it more positively than G14, stating that one should choose the most
appropriate option in each place (G9, G10, G11, G12, G13) and “cut a piece from each
cake and then put together a nice new cake” (G13).
To summarize our previous two chapters on the method of our empirical study in
the Schwarzwald and the Kinderdijk and the data we were able to extract from it, we can
overall state three things: 1) We sensed that the interviewees felt a strong discomfort around
wind power, as well as the relationship to nature and technology in almost every individual
interviewee. 2) We recognized strong parallels between the Romantic era and our
interviewees’ current perceptions of the world. 3) We perceived strong technophobic,
technophilic and topohilic tendencies that we will further look into in the next chapter,
phrasing it as the nature and technology paradox.
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5. Discussion
As stated in the problem formulation, we see that the acceptance of wind power touches upon
individual assumptions about one’s relation to nature and technology. The study of
Romanticism and our empirical data show that Romanticism influences the way we look at the
world, including nature, technology and wind power. We found several contradictions in how
people relate to nature and technology. We interpret these contradictions in terms of a nature
and a technology paradox, which we will describe in the following by bringing together theory
and empirics. In the next step, we will apply this to the specific case of wind power to be able
to answer our research question: How does the Romanticization of our surroundings influence
the acceptance of wind power?
5.1. Nature Paradox
Estrangement. Fascination. Affection. Longing. These are some of the equivocal feelings
people have towards the natural world. Based on the theoretical study of people’s relation to
nature and how our interviewees talked about their connection to nature, we can work out three
major tendencies that seem to compete with and partially contradict each other.
First, as also studied in the literature, people in the modern world seem to have lost a
deeper connection with nature. This is an aspect of and a trigger for Romantic thinking (Day,
2012) that we clearly uncovered in the conversations. It classifies as an estrangement from
nature, both physically by living in cities, and mentally, because we are nescient about natural
processes. The most striking interview finding on this is that modern work that is disconnected
from the natural world reinforces the estrangement, whereas working outside with nature or
having a strong interest such as hunting weakens the estrangement. Another major aspect of
the disjointed relationship to nature seems to be the fact that our lifestyles build more on a
domination of instead of cooperation with nature. This leads to a feeling of guilt about human
impact on nature and the inclination to reduce consumption and restore balance.
Second, the literature vastly established the concept of Topophilia, “the affective bond
between people and place or setting” (Thayer, 1994, p. 4), which we definitely found in the
interviews. In the Romantic perspective, we could highlight the notions of longing for the far
away and rejection of artificialness, which seems to reinforce Topophilia even. Many people
described a strong appreciation of nature and a wish to find solace, relaxation and peace in
nature. That shows that there is more to it than the aesthetic appreciation, again a way of
thinking that can be explained by Romanticism. In Romantic thinking, the landscape is valued
57
for being aesthetically pleasing but it is actually about the inner processes that are triggered
(Day, 2012). Thayer (1994) also argues that Topophilia goes beyond aesthetic appreciation of
nature and describes it as an emotional bond humans have with land. We sensed very strong
emotions in the conversations as well, from fascination and being in awe of wilderness, to
freeing oneself from stress and constraints, to a strong attachment to and identification with the
specific landscape the people grew up in.
Third, we found that people partially have an utopical image of what nature is. This is
in connection to the expectation of getting away from the negativeness of society and into the
pure and innocent wilderness when being in nature. Our interviews displayed how people
sometimes romanticize their surroundings in order to meet that longing for the wilderness that
is seemingly untouched by civilization and human artifacts. This is similar to what Kellert
(1996) found about people who romanticize wild nature by emphasizing heroic qualities they
connect with it, although they merely came in touch with it in recreational settings. Despite the
fact that both the area of Kinderdijk and the Schwarzwald are immensely cultivated, they are
by many still regarded as pristine, original pieces of nature. Except for people involved in the
area or topics through their jobs, not many people were aware that these areas were very much
influenced by human action.
These three aspects of people’s relation to nature are not easily compatible. The
estrangement from nature stands opposed to one’s longing for a connection to it. Finding a
deeper connection to nature is hindered by a falsified image of what nature actually is. Having
a falsified understanding distances people even more from the reality of nature. Having seen
these paradoxes in most of our interviewees, we see it as something that is present in all people
to a certain degree. The genetic attributes to the value of nature (described in 2.4 Relation to
Nature), and the fact that we grew up in a world that appears to have disconnected our lives
from nature, is a possible explanation for that.
5.2. Technology Paradox
Fascination. Fear. Dependence. Shame. These are some of the ambiguities found concerning
the attitudes of people regarding their use of, interest in and dependence on technology in their
daily lives: Technophilia versus Technophobia (Thayer, 1994). In many ways, the people we
talked to seem like a product of our current times, with technology seeped into all crevices of
society and lives. Simultaneously, people seem to experience a certain Technophobia, as
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Thayer (1994) described, a certain “suspicion, fear and aversion” (p. 50) to technology. These
two are inherently opposing attitudes, very much present in our empirics.
On the one hand, as our empirical material illuminates, technology plays a big role in
everybody’s life, privately and professionally. For many, it is even hard to imagine a life
without technology as their lives are thoroughly immersed in it, describing a few hour power
cut as very disruptive and causing a feeling of helplessness. Technology is used throughout the
entire day and to a large extent. Similar to what has been written in the literature, our
interviewees felt a certain level of thankfulness to technology, it has given us so much ease, it
has been the tool that has allowed us to develop ourselves, and foreseeably will allow us to
develop more sustainably in the future (Thayer, 1994). Many declare great expectations of
technological innovation, which points at strong technophilic tendencies.
On the other hand, we sensed an unease which we interpret as Technophobia. The
Romantic era was, in fact, a response to technology and science (Kirchoff & Vicenzotti, 2014).
Technophobia was at the core of the movement. Nowadays, more than three centuries later,
technology plays an increasingly big role in society (Murphie & Potts, 2017). Therefore, this
Technophobia, the skepticism, aversion even, is quite apparent. It was presented in the
following ways. Overall, a rather skeptical attitude is present, many people highlighted several
negative aspects of their own (high) use of technology, or that of society as a whole. This goes
hand in hand with shame and regret, questioning or even criticizing their use. Moreover, there
seems to be fear present, fear of what technology can do to us, and how others might misuse it.
An overall aversion of the city, and everything that it includes, is mentioned several times. The
people, the lack of nature, and the amount of technologies such as cars provide a source of
discomfort. Interesting is that a few interviewees, when being asked about the role of
technology in their lives, abruptly answered: ‘Zero’. This was then followed by a full account
of their daily activities, every last one of them immersed in technology. Were they trying to
fool themselves? Were they trying to convince themselves of a Romantic world image?
The Romantic remnants regarding the dislike of technology are still present to this day
and cause an internal conflict, as there is also a common Technophilia present in society. A
Technophilia that is hard to step away from, since technology has given us many advantages
and facilitated the establishment of our current world. This Technophilia challenges our
Romantic thinking, which explains the unease, the dichotomous thinking regarding technology
and the presence of technology in nature.
59
5.3. Explaining the Wind Power Malaise
We have shown parallels between the Romantic era and our thinking today, and reflected on
how this Romantic thinking affects our relation to nature and technology in general. The next
step is to analyze the effects on the Social Acceptance of wind power projects and to answer
our research question: How does a Romantic worldview influence the Social Acceptance of
wind power?
The starting point of our research process was a sense of a feeling of unease around the
development of wind power projects among people. In what the people confided to us in the
interviews, this initial feeling was substantiated as many showed an inner turmoil, having
trouble to make up their minds about whether and under which circumstances they are
accepting or rejecting wind turbines. G12 is clearly torn between two things, the negative
implications of the ‘now’ and for his home and the positive consequences for the ‘later’ that
wind turbines would bring in the long run. He expressed his indecisiveness and malaise like
this:
“I have not made up my mind fully. If there were to be a referendum, I would not know
what to choose at the moment. I am definitely torn between expecting renewable energy
to be pushed but to vote against it at home.”
We recognized the factors that other research on the acceptance has established, like NIMBY,
participation, justice, landscape impairment and increased danger for animals, in the
conversations about the acceptance of a potential wind power project in the Schwarzwald as
well. Having the background knowledge on Romanticism, we can peek behind the façade of
these concerns, seeing that they are partially influenced by a Romantic world view. Looking
back to the opinions, concerns and thoughts about wind power in our interviews, we identify
several ones that can be interpreted as being either caused or enforced by Romantic thinking.
The first one is the impairment of the landscape through wind turbines that was the
concern that was raised the most often. We see the reason for the force and frequency of this
argument in people’s longing for finding solace in nature that seems untouched. As shown,
people seem to long for the far away from civilization and thus prefer nature that evokes the
idea of wilderness and being untamed and unordered. A wind turbine in the landscape, an
artifact of our society, goes against this longing for uncorrupted nature.
The second main concern, the potentially negative impact wind turbines have on the
ecosystem is connected to the wish for uncorrupted nature. People were very concerned about
the death of animals due to the blades of the turbines as this signifies a negative human
intervention into nature. The concern of the natural rhythm getting out of tune due to our
60
interference, speaks of course firstly for an altruistic wish for nature to stay healthy but might
be strengthened by Romantic longing for harmony and being close to nature again.
Third, we found a strong general aversion to the industrial connected to wind power.
People seemed to have a basic skepticism against industrial artifacts that evoked the feeling of
formal rules and orderliness, as in many wind turbines on one spot or them being ‘everywhere
and on every hill’. As Romanticism places a focus on freedom and the subjective individual,
the uniformity of industrial artifacts is rejected. The concerns about artificial noises, shadow
and ultrasound can also be explained by the rejection of the industrial as it reminds of it even
when one does not actually see the turbines.
Fourth, we found that people generally have a strong place attachment that makes the
acceptance of changes in what one is used to and values more difficult. This we see as being
possibly enforced by Romantic thinking that places a strong value on the local.
Lastly, we see a connection between the time aspect and Romanticism. People seem to
clearly prefer old technologies as in the windmills, which are not even perceived as technology
anymore, over new technology as in the wind turbines. This is partly explicable by the
Romantic longing for the past and nostalgia towards a simple life.
After this more specific review of the opinions, we will now take Topophilia, Technophilia and
Technophobia that describe our relation to nature and technology, and how they are influenced
by Romanticism into consideration again. Following that, we will argue for these three Ts being
particularly visible in connection to wind power and a meeting place of the conflict between
them as we are explicitly confronted with it. Figure 10 intends to make the relation between
the three Ts that we will look at more closely in the following more visible.
61
Figure 10: Conflict between Topophilia, Technophobia and Technophilia. Source: Own illustration.
Topophilia, as in the nature paradox described as being one main arm of people’s relationship
to nature, is the love and longing for nature. Romantic tendencies developing out of a feeling
of estrangement from nature, reinforces Topophilia. Technophobia, the aversion of technology,
complements and reinforces Topophilia. Romanticism can be seen as growing out of this
repudiation of technology. These two Ts are well in harmony with each other in a Romantic
world perspective. Yet, there is a third force at play: Technophilia. The third T complicates our
relation to nature and technology and challenges a fully Romantic world perspective. The
dependence on and love for technology and our current high standard of life makes it
impossible to go back to nature and away from technology. As humans, always having been
tool makers, being drawn to technology seems to be a very dominant force (Peeters et al., 2009).
This we see as the main cause of trouble because it makes a purely Romantic view on the world
impossible. Everyone would so badly love to be free from the constraints of society and
reconnect with their natural self but also has to recognize that when leading a ‘normal’ life,
that is an illusion. We cannot go back and away from technology, because our lives are so
dominated by it. This tension seems to be in every individual and thus leads us to the realization
that this is something we collectively experience as a group and as a society. This relates to the
big role that Romanticism occupies in our culture, leading to the modern Romanticism we
looked at before.
Wind power is a very powerful and relatable example of this conflict between the three
Ts. Wind turbines are a very visible representation of our dependence on technology to sustain
62
our lifestyle, as they remind us of our energy consumption and power source (Hirsh and
Sovacool, 2013; Pasqualetti, 2000, 2001). The tension between Topophilia, wanting to see and
experience untouched nature, Technophobia, actually disliking and fearing technology, and
Technophilia, nevertheless needing technology, is epitomized in the wind power debate. Wind
turbines are being perceived as an especially intrusive form of technology because they need a
lot of room due to their size. Also, the fact that they are placed in natural areas, not in industrial
areas or cities makes them more striking. Following Topophilia, we actually want to use the
natural areas turbines are placed in for recreational purposes and the experience of finding
solace away from civilization. Wind turbines make it impossible to keep the image of
untouched and pristine landscapes and wilderness. They make us realize that we lost the inner
fight to keep nature and technology separated. Being built with non-organic materials and
always looking the same, they stand for uniformity, artificialness and our industrialized lives,
reminding us of the fact that we are dependent on technology. Wind turbines are a very visible
example of Technophobia that triggers skepticism and is therefore sometimes categorically and
automatically rejected. Simultaneously, we appreciate that this new technology allows us to
satisfy our need for energy and to keep our high lifestyle level in a sustainable way, classical
Technophilia.
Having shown which wind power concerns we see in connection to Romantic thinking
and how wind power is the prime example of the conflict of the three Ts, we will now answer
our research question: we can say that Romanticism definitely influences how we feel about
nature and technology and thus what we think about wind power. However, this is only valid
up until the point of actually prioritizing Technophilia. Romantic thinking only goes so far as
to lead to this discomfort. People are aware of its limitations and are often realistic about wind
power, also because of Technophilia. Everyone we talked to was very much aware of and
worried about the tremendous effect humanity has on the earth and the climate and thus the
advantages wind power brings. When confronted with a concrete project, a rational weighing
of options and pros and cons took over. Most of the opinions came down to efficiency, logic
and making a rational decision. Thinking back to what Romanticism rejected, this is exactly
the Enlightenment thinking that was initially rejected by the Romantic thinkers. This
competition between Romantic and Enlightenment thinking is a battle that people seem to
constantly carry out within themselves. We highlight here the case of wind power also as an
external conflict but it actually applies to many aspects of our modern lives where we feel inner
conflicts regarding nature and technology.
63
6. Conclusion
“There are ‘truths’ rather than one truth.” - The quote by Cunliffe (2011, p. 656) resurfaces
when looking back on our study. The debate about the Social Acceptance of wind power seems
to revolve around a very limited amount of truths, which are not enough to entirely overcome
the social gap, as various articles and our reading of the literature conclude. We proposed that
one of the ‘truths’ that could explain this social gap further is Romanticism. Alongside a few
other authors (Coeckelbergh, 2017; Day, 2012), we found that Romanticism pertains, among
others, the love for unspoilt nature, and aversion to technology. These two aspects oftentimes
clash, particularly in the development of wind power projects. By conducting interviews in two
Romanticized natural areas in which wind power plays a role, the Schwarzwald and Kinderdijk,
we have shown Romantic tendencies in people’s perception of nature and technology.
Nevertheless, another ‘truth’ that we found was that rational Enlightenment thinking is
still strong as well and suppresses Romantic thinking when it comes down to making a decision
about a wind power project. There are many ‘truths’ at work and competing with each other,
creating paradoxes in how we relate to nature and technology. The first paradox presents itself
in the human relation to nature. Many of our interviewees expressed a feeling of estrangement
from nature, mostly due to aspects of our modern society, and had the longing to become more
connected to it (Topophilia), which is very much in line with Romanticism. The second paradox
found with regards to our empirical data, is the dichotomy between Technophobia, similar to
Romantic thought, and Technophilia, which is strongly associated with rational Enlightenment
thought. These opposing value systems that create tension seemed to occur in all of our
interviews and we recognize ourselves in them as well.
To us, wind power is the ultimate meeting place for the paradoxes, as Topophilia and
Technophobia result in a very negative perspective on wind power, but Technophilia involving
rational, Enlightenment thinking is positive towards it. Part of understanding the social gap in
the Social Acceptance of wind power, is understanding the conflict between Enlightenment
and Romanticism. The Romantic worldview that remains in our minds today makes the society
torn between this and Enlightenment, between Topophilia, Technophobia and Technophilia.
The very nature of Romanticism makes social acceptance of wind power uncomfortable and
complex. It makes people doubt themself and their priorities.
We propose that the only way to move forward, in both the wind power debate, and life
in general, is by acknowledging and embracing this complex paradox in our minds. We need
to become aware of, and try to find a balance between Romantic thoughts and rational,
64
Enlightenment thoughts to learn how to deal with the malaise. We live in a world of contrasts
and conflicting perceptions and truly need to accept that to feel at ease. Acknowledging that
we see our world through predetermined perceptions, Romanticism being one of them, is the
way to move forward. This involves a process of learning about ourselves as individuals and
society as a whole. This might enable us to reconnect with ourselves and discover our true
selves, as well as reconnect with nature as Rousseau preached for (Schimelpfenig, 2017). At
the same time, it would involve being acceptant, not ashamed, of the modern and technological
lives we live. It involves becoming aware of the struggle of time, experiencing a longing for
the past, and a fear of the future, while actually having to focus on living in the present. It
means getting into tune again. Looking at nuances, behind the façade of something and where
a certain thinking comes from, as we did with the study of Romanticism, teaches us to deal
with inner conflicts like this. If every individual attempted to strive towards this, we could have
more efficient, interesting and truthful conversations, which are much needed in these uncertain
times.
6.1. Future Research and Limitations
Specifically for the case of wind power, researchers could build on this paper to conduct
quantitative research, to attain generalizability and should investigate how the malaise found
can be decreased and a more sustainable blend of technology and nature can be achieved. These
could be with regards to practical implications, for planners and developers, or individual
implications, related to psychology and cognitive dissonance theory.
In general, we call for more research on looking behind the façade of arguments and
factors in the wind power debate and to not be satisfied with the established reasons for
concern, as they are not exhaustive. We found an additional explanation for the social gap, the
low acceptance of wind power on the local level, but expect there to be many more that are
worth exploring in future research (religion being one of them). As this research has proven to
be an interesting and unique perspective on the Social Acceptance of wind power, it would be
interesting to conduct similar research in different countries and cultures that have no history
of Romanticism, but do have a history of other philosophical schools of thought. This type of
study could start a stream of research into factors beyond established factors of Social
Acceptance, and thereby could contribute significantly to the enrichment of the wind power
debate.
65
Moreover, this type of research, that delves deeper into complex issues, could be
extended to other topics in the sustainability debate, that endure a high level of skepticism, or
stagnating Social Acceptance and research. Whether that is with regards to the Social
Acceptance of particular political decisions and regulations (i.e. migration, privacy, protests)
or the position of religion in a country.
Our study indispensably contains several limitations. We are aware that as our research is
qualitative and the sample not proven to be representative, there is no value in generalizing our
results to a larger population (Bell et al., 2019). Accordingly, we did not prove Romanticism
and its effects on the Social Acceptance of wind power. We merely provided a new perspective,
a new reality, which can be used to philosophize about the topic and gain a deeper
understanding. Plus, as each interview was only conducted, transcribed and coded by either
one of the authors, the coding of our empirical data might not be entirely consistent and reliable
(Schreier, 2012). Additionally, we predominantly talked to people who grew up on the
countryside or consciously moved there. Talking about this topic with people living in the city,
would be an interesting path to take, as they might have different conceptions. Moreover, since
the topics did touch personal, possibly sensitive issues, there is no way to be entirely sure that
the statements made by our interviewees were fully truthful. Despite our efforts to lower the
threshold to confide in us, they could have felt unsafe to share their personal opinions and
thoughts. Besides, they could have figured out what we expected to find, and answered
accordingly. Also, we undeniably acknowledge that we were not completely unbiased in the
study, having engaged in personal conversations with our interviewees and being personally
connected to the areas, it is rather difficult for one not to be emphatic. This study and view on
the topic can be seen as our ‘truth’ among many others.
6.2. Personal Reflection
We have experienced a quick-start in the process of getting into tune again, by diving into these
topics and listening to valuable and familiar considerations of our interviewees. It has started a
reflective process, overarching many aspects of our lives. When starting this project we felt
like living in a paradox. And we still do. But the reasons for this paradox have become more
comprehensible, more untangled. We have started to analyze our own opinion and feelings
towards wind power, and have been able to form a more in-depth, nuanced opinion on the topic,
and we hope to have enabled our readers to do so as well.
66
We will use this skill not only with regards to the debate on wind power, but will try to
convey this takeaway to our personal lives as well as our involvement in the sustainability
debate.
It is well worth the time to look beyond the commonly accepted reasons for wind power,
or any other topic for that matter. To do your own research, whether that is academic research,
or an internal reflective process. Go on your own journey, to find your own truth.
We need to find acceptance
of the complexity, the jigsaw that is life.
Own poem
67
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72
Appendix
Appendix A: Interview Protocols
Instructions to Ourselves
● Be careful of leading questions.
● Be careful not to show judgement.
● Establish mutual understanding of concepts.
● Ask for clarification where needed.
● Start with broad open questions, ask for more detail as we go along.
● Listen well, let the interviewees finish their stories.
Before Each Interview
Thanks so much for talking to us. In short, we are very curious about different opinions
concerning the wind power debate, people’s relation to nature and to technology so we decided
to do research about it for our study program. We are very curious about your opinion,
experiences and feelings regarding the topic, feel free to share these. With your permission I
would like to record our conversation, so that I can listen to it again. It will remain anonymous
and confidential. Would this be okay?
73
Interview Questions - English Version
Introduction
● Can you tell us something about your life path?
● How would you describe your connection to the area?
Relation to Nature
● If you imagine a “beautiful, scenic” view, a landscape that you like very much, how
would you describe it?
○ What belongs in such a landscape?
○ What would harm this image?
● How important is it for you to have such a natural landscape in your daily life?
○ How much time do you spend in nature?
○ What kind of activities do you do in nature?
○ Does nature also play a role in your professional life, or only in your private
life?
○ Would you like to spend more time in nature?
● What does the time spent in nature give you?
● Is it important for you to protect nature? Why?
● How would you describe the value of nature?
○ Does nature have an intrinsic value?
○ Would you say humans are part of nature?
● Do you feel a connection to the natural world?
○ To your specific area?
○ Would you say it is part of your identity?
Relation to Technology
● What role does technology play in your life?
○ To what extent do you use technological devices in your daily life?
● Do you rely on technology?
● Are you someone who loves to own the latest technological developments?
● Do you think that technological developments will save the world?
Technology in Nature
● Do human traces in nature decrease how you value it?
○ Are there differences among human traces?
○ Does that change over time?
74
Connection between Nature and Technology
Two ways we can reach sustainability can be described as follows:
1. Technological developments make our ways of lives and levels of consumption
sustainable.
2. We need to make structural changes to how we live our lives (f.ex. lower consumption).
● Where would you put yourself on this scale?
● Renewable energy is one part of the technological solution - How important do you
think renewables are?
Wind Power – Schwarzwald
● What is your opinion about renewable energies?
○ What do you think about wind power specifically?
● Do you think the Schwarzwald is a suitable location? Eisenbach in particular?
○ Does it play a role for you where the wind turbines stand?
● How do the turbines affect your perception of the landscape?
○ (How) does it change your ability to enjoy the surroundings?
○ What feelings/associations does this give you?
Wind Power – Kinderdijk
● What do you think and feel about windmills in general?
● How do the windmills influence your conception of the landscape?
● Do they give rise to certain emotions? Which ones?
● Do you feel a connection with Kinderdijk, the polder, and its windmills?
○ Would you say this landscape is part of your identity?
End
● Is there anything else you would like to add, that we have not talked about yet?
● Do you have any questions for me?
● Would you possibly be willing to have a second interview, which builds on this one?
● Specifically for Kinderdijk
○ Do you know anyone else from Kinderdijk that might be open to talking to me?
75
Interview Questions - German
Einleitung
● Kannst du einfach bisschen von deinem Leben erzählen?
○ Wie und wo genau bist du aufgewachsen?
● Wie ist deine Bindung zum Schwarzwald bzw. Eisenbach im Speziellen?
Verhältnis zur Natur
● Wenn du dir eine schöne Landschaft vorstellst, wie würdest du diese beschreiben?
○ Was gehört in so eine Landschaft?
○ Was würde dieses Bild verschlechtern?
● Wie wichtig ist es für dich, diese natürliche Umgebung im Alltag zu haben?
○ Wie viel Zeit verbringst du in der Natur?
○ Welche Aktivitäten unternimmst du in der Nature?
○ Spielt Natur auch in deinem beruflichen Alltag eine Rolle oder nur privat?
○ Würdest du gerne mehr Zeit in der Natur verbringen?
● Was gibt dir die Zeit, die du in der Natur verbringst?
● Wie würdest du den Wert der Natur beschreiben?
○ Haben auch Elemente der Natur, deren Wert für uns Menschen nicht direkt
gemessen werden kann, einen Wert für dich?
○ Würdest du sagen, Menschen sind Teil der Natur?
● Wie verbunden fühlst du dich mit der natürlichen Welt?
○ Speziell zur Umgebung des Schwarzwalds?
○ Würdest du sogar sagen, sie ist ein Teil von dir, deiner Identität?
Verhältnis zu Technik
● Welche Rolle spielt Technik in deinem Leben?
○ Inwieweit nutzt du technische Geräte im Alltag?
● Verlässt du dich stark auf Technik oder könntest du darauf verzichten?
● Hast du gerne die neuesten technischen Entwicklungen, oder tauschst du technische
Geräte erst aus wenn sie kaputt sind?
○ Verbindung zu Wachstum und Fortschritt
● Glaubst du, dass technische Lösungen die Welt retten können? Z.B. Klima Krise
Technik in der Natur
● Verringern menschliche Spuren in der Nature den Wert den du dieser Natur gibst?
○ Gibt es Unterschiede zwischen verschiedenen Spuren?
○ Verändert sich das mit der Zeit?
76
Verbindung zwischen Natur und Technik
Für uns gibt es zwei Möglichkeiten unser Leben nachhaltig zu gestalten
1. Technische Entwicklungen, die unseren Lebensstil und unser Konsumniveau
nachhaltig machen.
2. Strukturelle Veränderungen unserer Art zu leben, z.B. Konsum verringern.
● Wo würdest du dich auf dieser Skala einordnen
● Erneuerbare Energie ist ein Teil der technischen Lösung - Für wie wichtig hälst du
erneuerbare Energien im Allgemeinen? Zu Win
Windenergie Projekt
● Wie ist deine Meinung zu Windenergie im Speziellen? Auch im Vergleich zu anderen
erneuerbaren Energien wie Solar oder Wasserkraft
● Hältst du den Schwarzwald, speziell Eisenbach, auf dem Sommerberg und Kolmen, für
passende Standorte für Windenergie?
○ Spielt es eine Rolle, wo Turbinen stehen?
● Wie beeinflussen Turbinen deine Wahrnehmung der Landschaft?
○ Würdest du die Umgebung noch genauso/weniger/mehr genießen?
○ Welche Gefühle/Assoziationen rufen Turbinen hervor?
Ende
● Gibt es noch etwas, das du gerne hinzufügen würdest, über das wir noch nicht
gesprochen haben?
● Hast du Fragen an mich?
● Wärst du möglicherweise für ein zweites Interview bereit, das auf diesem aufbaut?
77
Interview Questions - Dutch
Introductie
● Kan je me iets over jezelf vertellen?
● Wat is jouw connectie tot Kinderdijk?
Relatie tot natuur
1. Hoe omschrijf jij, in het algemeen, een natuurlijk landschap?
a. Wat hoort wel in zo’n landschap?
b. Wat juist niet?
2. Hoe belangrijk is het voor jou om een natuurlijke omgeving in je dagelijks leven om je
heen te hebben?
a. Hoeveel tijd breng jij over het algemeen door in de natuur?
b. Wat doe je dan zoal?
c. Speelt de natuur ook een rol in jouw professionele leven? Of alleen in je
privéleven?
d. Zou je meer tijd willen doorbrengen in de natuur?
3. Wat brengt de natuur jou?
4. Is het belangrijk voor jou om de natuur te beschermen? Waarom?
5. Hoe zou jij de waarde van natuur beschrijven?
a. Hebben natuurlijke elementen een waarde onafhankelijk van wat het voor ons
als mensheid betekent?
b. Zijn mensen een onderdeel van de natuur?
6. Voel je je verbonden met de natuur?
Relatie tot technologie
● Wat voor rol speelt technologie in jouw leven?
○ In welke mate gebruik jij technologische apparaten in jouw dagelijks leven?
● In welke mate voel jij je ervan afhankelijk?
● Ben jij iemand die altijd de laatste technologische snufjes heeft?
● Denk je dat technologische vooruitgang de wereld gaat redden?
Het zien van technologie in de natuur
● Wanneer je dingen in de natuur ziet die zijn gemaakt door mensen, wat gebeurt er dan
met jouw opvatting over dat landschap?
○ Zijn er verschillen tussen het soort menselijke sporen?
○ Is dit iets waar je aan gewend raakt?
78
Connectie technologie en natuur
Twee perspectieven mensen hebben met betrekking tot duurzaamheid zijn als volgt:
1. Technologische ontwikkelingen zullen onze manier van leven en ons consumptieniveau
duurzaam maken.
2. Structurele veranderingen hebben we nodig om duurzaam te kunnen leven (bv. lagere
consumptie).
● Waar zou jij jezelf op deze schaal plaatsen?
● Duurzame energie is een onderdeel van deze technologische oplossingen, hoe
belangrijk is duurzame energie voor jou?
Kinderdijk
● Wat vind je in het algemeen van windmolens?
● Hoe beïnvloeden de windmolens jouw opvatting over het landschap?
● Roepen ze bepaalde gevoelens op?
● Hoe diep is jouw connectie met de Kinderdijk, de polder, de molens?
○ Zou je zeggen dat het onderdeel is van je identiteit?
Einde
● Is er nog iets wat jij zou willen noemen dat wij nog niet hebben besproken?
● Heb je nog vragen voor mij?
● Zou je open zijn om een tweede gesprek te hebben, hierop volgend?
● Ken je misschien nog iemand anders uit Kinderdijk en omgeving die zin, tijd zou
hebben om hierover te praten?
79
Appendix B: Coding Frame
1. Background of Romanticism
1.1. Uncertainty & Change 1.1.1. Complexity of the world increased
1.1.2. Change of how people live nowadays
1.1.5. Visible changes in nature
1.2. Negative Effects of Humans on
Nature
1.2.1. General negative human impact on earth
1.2.2. Human domination and arrogance
1.2.3. Bad consumption habits
1.2.4. Urge to change consumption
1.3. Estrangement from Nature 1.3.1. Physical distance to and knowledge about nature
1.3.3. Estrangement compared to past
2. Technology
2.1. Technophilia 2.1.1. Dependency
2.1.2. High usage
2.1.3. Perceiving advantages, in the past and for the
future
2.1.4. Fascination
2.2. Technophobia 2.2.1. Skepticism
2.2.2. Shame, regret
2.2.3. Fear
2.2.4. Against uniformity, orderliness
2.2.5. Aversion from cities
3. Far Away & Long Ago
3.1. Longing for Past 3.1.1. “Good old times”
3.1.2. Valuing what former generations achieved
3.1.3. Longing for simplicity
3.1.4. Contradiction to ‘Longing for Past’
3.1.4.1. Seeing past as tough
3.1.4.2. Not wanting to give up living standard
3.1.4.3. Realism
3.2. Uncorrupted, Unspoilt Nature 3.2.1. No human artifacts in nature
3.2.2. Away from civilization
3.2.3. Wilderness
3.3. Denial of Cultivation 3.3.1. Perceiving landscape to be natural
3.3.2. Perceiving old technology as not negative
3.3.3. Contradiction to this!
80
3.4. Nature as a Sanctuary 3.4.1. Finding peace, calmness, relaxation
3.4.2. Counterbalance to work
4. Emotional, Subjective Individual
4.1. Sublime Nature 4.1.1. Glorification of landscapes and natural
phenomena
4.1.2. Being struck with awe and emotions
4.2. Significance of Nature Beyond the
Physical
4.2.1. Inner contemplative process
4.2.2. Inexplicable effects of nature
4.3. Individualism 4.3.1. Facilitating personal growth
4.3.2. Freedom
4.3.3. Power
4.3.4. Craftsmanship
4.4. Significance of the Place and
Local
4.4.1. Place attachment
4.4.2. Appreciation for the local
5. Wind Power Opinions
5.1. Conventional Concerns 5.1.1. Noise, shadow, ultrasound
5.1.2. NIMBY
5.1.3. Impact on ecosystem
5.1.4. Landscape aesthetic impairment
5.1.5. Symbolism / image problem
5.1.6. Place attachment
5.2. New Concerns 5.2.1. Technical concerns
5.2.2. Financial motivation
5.2.3. Concerns about material and fundament
5.3. Aversion of the Industrial 5.3.1. Industrial look
5.3.2. Anonymity
5.3.3. Uniformity
5.4. Making a Decision 5.4.1. Ideological opposition
5.4.2. Time aspect
5.4.3. Rational reason
81
Appendix C: Description of Interviewees
Name Date Length Description of Person Opinion on Wind Power
Interview Location 1: Eisenbach, Schwarzwald, Germany
G1
Sylvia
30.03.20 31m I lived in the Schwarzwald my
entire life and couldn’t imagine
living far away from nature and
not spending time outside for
myself to let my thoughts roam
freely.
We should make use of the wind if
it’s there and makes sense to use.
But all the factors should be taken
into account, instead of building
wind turbines everywhere come
hell or high water.
G2
Gertrud
31.03.20 8m I am a retiree and the
Schwarzwald is everything to
me. I enjoy walking in our
beautiful landscape of forests
and lakes and watching the
animals and plants.
I don’t mind wind turbines as long
as they don’t do any harm and are
not in view where I take walks.
G3
Lara
01.04.20 29m I studied business with a focus
on tourism and also because of
working for the Schwarzwald-
tourism company
(Hochschwarzwald GmbH) I
think a lot about the value of
our landscape and what it offers
not only to me but our guests
who come here for recreation.
I wouldn’t want to live close to
wind turbines and prefer them to
be far away because I think they
impair the scenery – I also connect
doubts about inefficiency and
technical shortcomings with them,
I think they have image problems.
G4
Peter
02.04.20 33m Since my kids are out of the
house, I enjoy biking up and
down mountains with my wife
and using our campervan for
weekend trips a lot. Full days of
fresh air and movement is a
balance to my job that takes
place purely indoors. I am
getting increasingly concerned
about what we humans do to
our earth.
I had an experience last year when
I was really shocked standing on a
mountain and seeing wind turbines
everywhere no matter in which
direction I looked. Also, I have
concerns about their effects on
close residents’ health and if they
are technologically ready to be
built on such a large scale.
82
G5
Jakob
02.04.20 43m I grew up on our family farm in
a valley outside of the actual
village, surrounded only by
other old farms, meadows and
nature. As my main time job in
the metal industry is dominated
by dealing with machines and
people, running the farm part-
time and the work with the
animals before and after going
to the factory, is my balance.
For me, nothings speaks against
using wind power in the
Schwarzwald if it is proven to be
efficient and in the end helps
nature because through it we can
renounce on fossil fuels and
nuclear power – for me it is about
why something is there and not
how it looks.
G6
Günter
03.04.20 38m Working in the tourist industry,
I have two hearts beating in my
chest: nature as a value for
tourists to use and explore but
also wanting to protect and
conserve it, I feel like I
sometimes fight with these
oppositions.
Building more wind turbines in the
Schwarzwald would affect the
landscape negatively but I think we
will also get used to it given that
technical questions are solved and
that they produce clean energy
efficiently.
G7
Hilde
04.04.20 28m Growing up in Berlin and
Kario, Egypt, I moved
consciously to the Schwarzwald
because I wanted to offer my
children a possibility to grow
up close to a forest, which many
people envy us for today. I still
enjoy living so close to animals
and plants and being able to
learn from nature.
I am absolutely against wind
power because it destroys nature
and hurts especially animals living
in the forest, which is too high of a
price to pay. I don’t think we
should sacrifice nature to satisfy
our hunger for electricity.
G8
Egon
04.04.20 17m I am a retiree but I still bike
about 60 km per day because
from an early age I was outside
all day, either helping out on
our small family farm or doing
sports.
I think we have to use wind power
because our other options are
limited and we need a lot of
energy. But we should also be
careful not to overload our
landscapes and have too many that
are too big.
83
G9
Dieter
06.04.20 31m I make my money with tourist
accommodation and a café, so
untouched nature is our asset.
Nevertheless, I am used to
cultivate nature and making use
of it as I grew up on a small
farm and we still take car of a
commercial forest.
Generally, I am fascinated by the
technical possibility to make power
out of wind but in the Schwarzwald
it simply does not make sense
because the negative consequences
of intervening in the forest
outweigh the positive effects as the
winds are not strong enough here.
G10
Claudia
07.04.20 21m I love to spend time in nature
and do sports there, especially
in the mountains, because it
relaxes me. I am very concerned
about how we humans treat
nature.
Wind turbines hurt me a little in
the landscape but given the other
ways of feeding the rising power
demand, this is still the most
acceptable option.
G11
Klaus
07.04.20 23m Working in a demanding job in
the metal industry, I spend most
of my time in front of a screen.
After work I specifically look
for relaxation and being away
from technology in nature.
I think we should use all options of
producing energy we have and that
includes wind power usage in the
Schwarzwald if it is done in an
efficient way.
G12
Michael
07.04.20 25m My family owns a farm and a
forest that has been cared for
for several generations but the
value of nature goes way
beyond the financial one as it is
also an important recreation for
me – I spend most of my time
outside and in the forest.
If wind power makes sense and
contributes to a green future, I
support it but the interference in
nature needs to be worthwhile.
G13
Rudolf
13.04.20 63m Because of my big hobby,
hunting , I know our forest with
its incredible ecosystem of small
and larger animals and plants
very well – I see its value and
interconnectedness, something
many people don’t understand
anymore today.
The problem I have with wind
power is that we have too big of a
focus on it and bet on it even if the
efficiency isn’t there like in the
Schwarzwald, instead of cutting a
piece from each cake of renewable
energies.
84
G14
Fritz
14.04.20 34m I live outside the village on a
little farm and work in the
forest. Working in and with
nature is something I value a
lot, although time pressure,
always having to look at the
clock and following a schedule
stresses me makes me enjoy
nature less.
I feel like when it comes to energy
production, I can only choose
between the lesser of two evils,
between putting a lot of technology
in nature and emitting emissions or
nuclear power with its high risk
and waste. I also have a feeling
that money plays a large role in
wind power.
G15
Kerstin
15.04.20 32m I grew up on a farm and still
run it now with my husband in
the 16th generation. I notice a
lot of changes in our nature
which worries me as lot as it
also affects our farm and forest
tremendously.
I think that the concern about
optics will disappear because we
will simply get used to it and, given
they proof to be efficient, accept
them as a symbol of helping nature
in the long run.
Interview Location 2: Kinderdijk, Netherlands
N1
Riekje
21.3.20 78m Years ago I found a job as a
guide of Kinderdijk, and later
as a miller. I love my job
because I have always wanted
to move to nature. I have never
been a city person - I actually
try to avoid the city.
I think the problem is in our
behavior, we first have to adapt
and change that. Very different
ideas about what we need, because
of course we don't need a lot of
things at all, and then you can
make due with windmills and solar
power, of course I don't think there
is much wrong with that.
N2
Marleen
1.4.20 51m I moved to Kinderdijk a few
years ago, and now teach at a
elementary school overlooking
the mills. I love to go hiking off
the beaten track, unfortunately
due to my job and our farm I
have to give that up.
It is good to have wind turbines or
other clean energy. But if you see a
picture with a lot of windmills
together, or of those solar panels
in meadows, I find that very ugly.
The old mills on the other hand, I
think they are very nice! It gives a
beautiful picture.
N3
Maxim
1.4.20 65m I am a miller and landscape
architect, so Kinderdijk is very
close to my heart. I love to
design buildings made from
natural materials, preferably
from the area. That is why these
windmills fit so well in the
landscape.
In some landscapes I find wind
turbines disturbing, in others, such
as a rugged, open coastline, I find
them actually quite fitting. Perhaps
in a few years from now, we'll see
these structures as valuable
memory, a memory of an uncertain
time that we have overcome.
85
N4
Susanna
2.4.20 46m I am in my twenties.
Occasionally, I am a bit
ashamed of my generation and
the way treat nature, although
… we have also started to
become a bit more conscious. I
hope that we can keep some
nature untouched, so that we all
have a chance to retreat.
I typically do not like modern,
sleek, industrial buildings, but
prefer older characteristic
structures such as the windmills.
However, not everything has to be
beautiful. I do not want to die
within ten years as a result of our
wish to look at a beautiful
landscape.
N5
Herman
23.4.20 69m I hope that over time we will
move more and more in the
direction of nature. And less
towards the technology side.
For now, we should work
towards developing techniques
inspired by, and building with
nature.
The most beautiful step you can
take is to not fight against nature,
but to work with nature. Ideally
wind turbines would be made from
local, circular products, like the
old windmills… Anyhow, I
indirectly own part of wind
turbine, through my energy
provider which I am very happy
about ... although my position
might be a little different if it were
closer to my home.
N6
Jan
3.4.20 51m I am very much into
technological developments,
although … if they would build
wind turbines in the area’s I
visit on holiday or for leisure …
there is no chance I’ll go there
anymore.
The polder, the wind mills, I don't
perceive them as technology. They
depict the Netherlands in the
seventeenth century, it’s almost
like a museum. Wind turbines on
the other hand, I would avoid a
natural landscape that includes
turbines at all cost...
N7
Remco
4.4.20 56m Nature is very special to me. It
can make me feel overwhelmed,
emotional, nostalgic sometimes.
My biggest wish is to live in an
old, characteristic, imperfect
house someday. The house I live
in now … is practical … not a
real home.
Those wind turbines… On the one
hand, I get it. On the other hand I
think they're a horror. You learn to
deal with them, but it's real
horizon pollution, absolutely.
Nature has to be nature, a wind
farm, or anything else industrial,
may exist too, but don't put it in a
nature reserve or close to my
home.
86
N8
Margriet
5.4.20 30m I am very much into older
buildings. Industry? That
always looks awful.
Every now and then I think wind
turbines actually look quite nice in
a natural landscape. This is also
related to the fact that they are
there 'for the greater good', an oil
refinery would always be horrible
in a landscape.
N9
Lenneke
6.4.20 34m Nature provides me peace and
quiet. It forces me to slow down
and seek the silence. Sometimes
it gives me a feeling of strength,
a positive feeling.
An old-fashioned windmill fits my
picture of nature, to me they
actually belong to the landscape.
The newly placed things such as
wind turbines don't fit in that
picture. That's something your
brain … it is programmed in my
head; this should be there, and this
should not.
N10
Wouter
7.4.20 68m I use and handle old
technologies, modern ones not
so much. I see a certain
danger… We need to be careful
with who gets their hands on
specific technologies.
They're monstrosities. Anonymous
things. They don't involve anyone.
I always told the listeners during
my tours: these are mills, it takes
millers. Those other things we call
wind turbines, they're not mills.
They're devices.
N11
Corinne
7.4.20 43m I love to go cycling in nature.
The best part is to see those
villages with an old church
tower, that just makes your
heart melt right?!
I am fine with wind power
development. It may be a
horrendous sight, but it's better
than all those power stations. You
can't close your eyes to
technological development.
N12
Sanne
7.4.20 35m Technology brings me a lot of
things, in my job, my personal
life. But WOW, we are spoiled,
aren’t we?! We can’t do a day
without!
In my head old windmills fit better
in nature than wind turbines.
We've known them for a long time.
Wind turbines are those colossal
monsters. And they look awful.
They have nothing cute to them.
But they do have a function, in the
end I'm glad that they exist.
87
N13
Gerda
8.4.20 20m I am in my seventies, and every
now and then I long for the
past. Nowadays, my grandkids,
and everyone young in a
restaurant are using their
phones all the time… Why?!
Well, I'm not so worried about
seeing technology in nature.
There's nothing you can do about
it. I don't really care, I'll just cycle
to an uncorrupted part.
N14
Maarten
8.4.20 46m I am very much a fan of old
things. I like a landscape better
when there is an old, run-down
wall or farm shed somewhere.
But it absolutely can‘t be new!
My job used to be to figure out how
to promote wind power as quickly
as possible. Nowadays, I look at
the spatial integration into the
landscape. A nice change of
perspective, but now it's much
more about integral considerations
in my current work.
N15
Klaas
8.4.20 62m
I think it is very very important
to treat your land and animals
right, as we are stewards of
nature. That is how God meant
it to be. That is why I am an
organic farmer. If you’d ask my
cows about me, they’d say I
treat them well.
I'm working to set up a few wind
turbines. I am sure that in the past
people had the same negative
opinions about the old mills too,
and now we are super happy with
them! If you'd want to protest
against wind turbines, there's
plenty more technology you should
protest against.
N16
Nel
14.4.20 67m Sometimes when I am in the
polder, on an early Sunday
morning and look around … it
is such a supernatural feeling!
Those high, enormous windmills…
I don't really have a problem with
them. Let's just let them do their
jobs. It's the best alternative. It
sure is horizon pollution, but we'll
just have to get used to it.
N17
Mila
14.4.20 33m I truly recognized how
connected I actually am to
Kinderdijk, was when I showed
my colleagues around and they
were absolutely stunned. I am
lucky right?
Those wind turbines, that's ugly
stuff, isn't it? The old mills really
belong in the area, they came here
with a purpose; to keep us dry.
Turbines don't belong here. They
pollute the view. It's fine that
they're building them, but build
them somewhere where they don't
bother people.
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Appendix D: Selection of Quotes
1. Background of Romanticism
1.1. Uncertainty & Change
1.1.1. Complexity of the
World
“But yeah, I think it's important that we think about the fact that
there needs to be a certain balance, even though mankind is
growing. We have to be aware of what we do with nature.” (N4)
“But there are certainly disadvantages to it, to the technological
greed. I heard that we have become very dependent, for our iPhones
and other technology, we have become very dependent on China
and other low-wage countries.” (N6)
“Eventually we will destroy ourselves again when there are too
many people. Imagine you have an economic crisis, poverty, there
will be war again, people will be slaughtered again.” (N7)
1.1.2. Change of Lifes "We were a lot in nature, in good and bad weather. Today,
everything is different. Let alone, our need for electricity, [...]"
(G8)
"I have to say we travelled very naively but had a very good time,
unthinkable today without mobile-phone connection or any contact
to home who had no idea where we were. That was very different
back then." (G10)
"What I did as a child, playing alone in the forest, it’s something
most mothers nowadays would start to be panicked about, that’s
unthinkable. But back then, no one asked about it.” (G10)
1.1.3. Visible Changes in
Nature
"Back then we had a lot of mountain cocks but nowadays it’s very
rare to see one. In my youth, when you went into the forest in the
morning it was normal to see or hear a mountain cock." (G8)
"And I view there is a strong disconnection because we have made
use of nature so much. The relationship of humans to nature is
often characterized by the image of us being on top, dominating
nature. But more and more, we are shown that we in fact cannot
control nature when we experience nature catastrophes or storms
more. For years we have thought that we can just use what we
want because we’re on top of the pyramid. For example the
straightening of rivers. I still remember in Singen as a child the
Aach was still natural with bends and curves. Later it was
straightened and as a consequence flooding happened. It seems
like nature said “I had my natural riverbed, you changed it and
that’s why flooding happens”." (G6)
"It is very important, specifically the last view years this became
more important for me personally. I started to inform myself more
about it. One sees the changes and negative developments in the
world more and more, it is dramatic. I think of the fires in Australia
this year. It’s crazy for me to think that I have been there but that
so much is destroyed there now. These are things that made the
topic more important to me. I think one should pro-actively do
something against that but often that’s easier said than done. [...] I
find it highly concerning how our generation takes advantage of the
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planet and that’s why I think the protection of nature is extremely
important." (G11)
"And what I noticed the last few years is that we don’t have enough
water anymore. That’s a problem for example for small birds who
would drink from small trickles of water. There used to be so much
water, coming down the hills. Another problem I see is that we build
more and more roads also for the commercial cutting of trees.
That’s also a very negative example of how we use nature, because
we destroy so much with this. [...] I worry about that a lot." (G13)
"What I also notice around us is the big draught there is in the
forests and also the bark beetles that attacks the forest because of
that. Also, we have more frequent storms. [...] Of course, there are
always changes. To a certain extent that is also okay. But I feel like
now, it goes very fast and I think a lot about the future." (G15)
“Or, you have to assume the worst, and something like corona, but
related to global warming, happens every year and we all die in the
end, because it is so hot. […] Well, if you see it that way, and um,
yes, maybe it's also the future, that more and more viruses like this
are spreading. Eventually a whole part of the world population may
be exterminated […].” (N4)
1.2. Negative Effects of Humans on Nature
1.2.1. General Negative
Human Impact
"It is very clear that we take a lot from nature, [...]" (G1)
"Of course, humans influence nature negatively..." (G3)
“What horrible things we human do to our environment, you
wouldn’t believe it. We are worse than predators." (G13)
“That’s also a very negative example of how we use nature, because
we destroy so much with this. [...] I worry about that a lot." (G13)
“...would it be worth it if we fucked up the whole nature? Maybe
I'm ashamed of my generation [20-25].” (N4)
“But man is also a threat to nature.” (N6)
“I'm also very aware that we are destroying nature.” (N7)
“You just really notice that people visit the nature, and that it can
get disturbed by that. [...]. I think we're an enemy of nature in a
way.” (N17)
1.2.2. Human Domination
and Arrogance
“And greenhouses and uhm economic things are chosen above
nature, they are valued higher, the economic interest and the human
interest. Above nature. And therein you see that it is out of
balance.” (N8)
“People think they can do whatever they want: be loud, also ski off
the designated areas. They don’t have a connection to nature and
their surroundings. [...] What horrible things we human do to our
environment, you wouldn’t believe it. We are worse than
predators." (G13)
“I think we do the same for our children, we're as much a part of
nature as a heron. We're one of the creatures walking around on
earth only we have far too much power. Everything is subordinated
to us.” (N10)
“We humans think we have a right to everything, and we think we
all know better.” (N2)
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1.2.3. Bad Consumption
Habits
“I think that the problem lies just in our behavior, and that we first
have to adapt and change that, and indeed have to consume less
and come up with other products.” (N1)
But I do think it's a silly idea that everyone flies all over the world
for fun, for holidays and so on. From to Nepal and to Thailand and
everywhere else, I think that is really, really bad and it is very weird
actually. Let's go cycling to the Ardennes or something…” (N1)
"Yes there are people who always need the latest thing. [...] We for
sure have outdated machines, but as long as they work, they work.
That’s also a part of sustainability. [...] But generally, one not
always thinks about everything as much. The question if it’s needed
doesn’t arise. A lot is habit and a lot one just continues to use… [...]
a lot of what we consume we don't even need." (G1)
"Often we are stuck in a rod, in which it is not easy to proactively
work against. Sometimes one doesn’t even realize how bad our
consumption habits are and that we could actually move
something." (G11)
"What I think of spontaneously is the habit of our society to throw
things away [Wegwerfgesellschaft]. I find it incredible how many
products are thrown away." (G4)
"And what is horrible is the amount of plastic and that our plastic
is delivered to Africa and China and pollutes the oceans. Something
is going horribly wrong…" (G7)
“I think that the problem lies just in our behavior, and that we first
have to adapt and change that, and indeed have to consume less
and come up with other products.” (N1)
“But I do think it's a silly idea that everyone flies all over the world
for fun, for holidays and so on. From to Nepal and to Thailand and
everywhere else, I think that is really, really bad and it is very weird
actually. Let's go cycling to the Ardennes or something…” (N1)
1.2.4. Contradiction: Urge
to Change Consumption
“Well, I guess we're playing catch up, constantly coming up with
technology to keep living the way we're living now. And I think that
this has to change, so I think we have to change…” (N1)
“We should try to drive less cars, fly less. I don't think it should be
more.” (N16)
"It is very important, specifically the last view years this became
more important for me personally. I started to inform myself more
about it. One sees the changes and negative developments in the
world more and more, it is dramatic." (G11)
“That we're going to have to deal with drought. We even have to be
careful with drinking water. Those are things that make the
problems seem closer and closer to us. People are becoming more
and more aware of it. That creates awareness ‘hey guys, what are
we actually doing?!’” (N7)
“I think nature is something very special that we are not treating
well right now and that's something I may not have been aware of
in recent years.” (N16)
1.3. Estrangement from Nature
1.3.1. Physical Distance &
Little Knowledge
“As an example: We also have guests on our farm and many only
want to have nice weather. They don’t think about the importance
of rain and what happens when it’s dry for a long time. To them,
91
it’s only nice to have good weather. But that nature needs the rain,
they don’t even know. Because they are not directly affected, they
are not aware of the consequences. Many don’t care about where
the things they consume come from." (G15)
"I believe that it is difficult for people living in a city [to be still part
of nature]." (G15)
“Well, I can see that, and I think it's a difference if you live in the
city or in a village. You sometimes see in the city that people have
no knowledge of certain animals, or of certain areas. And you also
just see that um ... people know so little about nature, and I also
think that some people don't know that um nature, that you have to
be careful with that.” (N17)
"Due to my job in tourism, I visited many fairs in Hamburg for
example. I realized that people there simply don’t know this. When
I then describe this: we have lakes, we have forests where you can
walk without meeting anyone, there are many different hiking trails,
also long-distance ones, there are gorges, one can do mountain
biking – you can do everything here." (G6)
"A problem I view is that so many people don’t know what is around
them anymore. People living in a city don’t know the animals or the
plants. That’s sad." (G13)
1.3.2. Estrangement
Compared to Past
"... we are definitively further away from it than two or three
hundred years ago. A lot of basic things have changed since then,
there was a big conversion of everything. Sometimes, we might be
too far away from nature" (G11)
“People don't have to look outside at the sky. The miller used to
know everything about nature because he had to. There was also
much more respect, the farmer was much closer to it. Man is getting
further and further away from nature and that has an effect on
nature.” (N10)
2. Technology
2.1. Technophilia
2.1.1. Dependency "One always needs some sort of technical equipment. One senses it
extremely what it means when there is no electricity. Then one
senses how dependent we are on technical equipment." (G1)
"In those situations [power outage] one realizes how dependent we
became on electricity. [...] For example, one cannot even pay the
bills, because I changed everything to online banking or even in
agriculture, I need the internet to register a calf that is born." (G5)
"But we are so helpless without electricity. It’s the same with the
internet, it’s is deeply rooted in us nowadays." (G11)
"Yes, definitely! We are absolutely dependent [on electricity]. Name
me something that works without electricity?! There’s almost
nothing that works without it." (G14)
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“But, yeah. I also notice that as I get older I'm more and more
aware of the fact that I should be happy to have gas and light in my
house. […]. So in that sense I am happy with technology, because
it seems quite difficult to do without it.” (N1)
“Suppose you didn't have this dependency then you would actually
go back to a very basic way of life in which we live in nature and
nothing else. I think it has brought us much further as a society. It
does make us dependent in a certain way.” (N3)
“You need traffic lights or it would be chaos at an intersection! And
horses in the streets, it used to be possible but not anymore. There
are many advantages!” (N15)
2.1.2. High Usage "Of course, technical devices are a big part of my private and
professional life." (G3)
"But we also lose ourselves in this sometimes. Thinking of how
much time we spend in front of our screens, computers and
smartphones and TV in the evening – the most amount of my time I
spend with that. Especially if you deal with that also for work, it’s
quite extreme." (G11)
“[What role does technology play in your life?] Zero. If my
computer does something I don't know about, I don't know
anything about it. […]. It's a wonderful thing. [...]. This isn't
really my thing. Yeah, sure. I think that's great tools [TV and
phones], too. […]. It has a lot of positive effects on our lives. It's
not a condition of life, but it's something that makes it a lot more
fun. It's not something I do all day but you can look things up so
quickly. That's very nice in this day and age. I certainly use it.”
(N16)
2.1.3. Perceiving
Advantages
2.1.3.1. Now
"On the other side, these technical developments made our lives so
much easier. We don’t necessarily need a camera anymore, no
navigation system, it’s all in one on the phone. As long as it’s
charged, one has everything and so many possibilities with the
smartphone.” (G4)
"But the advantages are so big, privately as well as at work, I
wouldn’t want to miss it [technology].” (G11)
“I don't care that much for technology. […]. Look, it all has to be
easy, so that I don't get too frustrated by a process, I often want to
solve things with a technological solution. But I don't like the
luxury or the gadgets. Although I also have an iPhone 10, and I
also have the latest AirPods. [...]. Well, I'm very much into
technological developments. I certainly don't want to stop these or
anything. But it has to be um ... it has to be serving somehow,
that's important to me. [...]. So if it's better for mankind, and better
for the environment, then I applaud it wholeheartedly. Then it
can't be crazy enough as far as I'm concerned. But if it's used for
93
nonsense, as something prestigious, such as trips to the moon, I
think that's not okay.” (N6)
2.1.3.2. We Owe Technology (past)
“Yeah, that's right, I think we're all giving too little credit to those
mills, because we owe them a lot, a lot more than we realize. And
they're actually simple machines.” (N1)
“Yeah I think it's made us a lot stronger because you can see there
are a lot more and bigger structures. Suppose you didn't have this
dependency then you would actually go back to a very basic way
of life in which we live in nature and nothing else. I think it has
brought us much further as a society.” (N3)
“Simplicity, what my mother might have meant, I appreciate that
in a way. Um, I mean, conscious living, let me put it that way.
[…]. But it shouldn’t have to be so simple that you actually close
your eyes to all the good that technology gives us. But it does have
to be serving in a way.” (N6)
2.1.3.3. Future Expectations
“Sure, wind turbines, electric cars, that technology is only good.
Those coal-fired power stations are disastrous. I'm realistic, you
don't change that overnight. The technology has to help make it
the least polluting.” (N16)
3.1.4. Fascination "I’ve been talking about buying a drone for two or three years
now. I am very interested in that.” (G5)
“I just wonder what that will look like in a couple of years, when
we are even more advanced in the field of technology, and we
might even be able to do more than we already can.” (N4)
2.2. Technophobia
2.2.1. Scepticism "[...] for me the interconnectedness would be enough now, one
does not need to have it all." (G1)
"But I don’t need to have the newest smartphone. Quite the
opposite – sometimes the new things are exhausting for me."
(G10)
"I enjoy not using these machines [farm machines] once in a
while." (G15)
“Um, yeah, because I you consider phones, you pick them up
thirty times a day. It's very annoying. It's also always a discussion
between me and my children about how often they use their
phones. For us as a family, but also for mankind as a whole. I
work a lot with young people, their lives mainly take place
through social media. I certainly see a downside to that.” (N9)
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“I don't think we can escape that [technology]. That's just ... I
can't even compare it to the old days, it's increased so much. I
sometimes think we've gone overboard, you know. […]. And, I
have to say, now that we're talking about public transport, what
also bothers me is that you hardly see anybody without a phone in
your hand. They don't see what's going on around them, and I hate
to see that. Yeah, I don't think people pay that much attention to
each other anymore.” (N11)
“And if you ever sit in a restaurant and everyone sits at dinner
with an iPhone in front of them, I don't like that. […].Yeah, well,
especially the younger generation [depends on technology]. When
I talk about something, they are already searching on their iPad
or iPhone, nobody can do without it anymore. (N13)
2.2.2. Shame & Regret "I have a smartphone I unfortunately use way too much. I am
definitely dependent on that. [...] I am to a certain degree
dependent on technical devices to live my life like I do.” (G12)
“But things like using the smartphone or the internet, we could all
do that a little less. We do not need to be available all the time.
Everyone could do a little bit for that. Using these devices also
needs time: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening…"
(G15)
“I don't think we can escape that [technology]. That's just ... I
can't even compare it to the old days, it's increased so much. I
sometimes think we've gone overboard, you know. […]. And, I
have to say, now that we're talking about public transport, what
also bothers me is that you hardly see anybody without a phone in
your hand. They don't see what's going on around them, and I hate
to see that. Yeah, I don't think people pay that much attention to
each other anymore.” (N11)
2.2.3. Fear “Well, sometimes I think ... um at some point there will be
something very disastrous for the world. […]. Um ... you know on
the one hand I think the developments are very good, on the other
hand I think ... we can do more and more through technology, but
because of that we also have to do more and more, and I think that
makes us all much more agitated. Because everything can be
faster, everything can be better. We have to perform more in a
shorter time. I think that people can get burn-out in a very short
period of time because of that.” (N2)
“On the one hand I'm curious what that will be like, on the other
hand I think it's a bit scary or something. Since I have the idea,
we're gonna discover so many things ... and learn so many things
about this life ... should we even want that?” (N4)
“Partly there is a bad side to that, because if, worst-case scenario
that something really happens, that technology is no longer
available, or that there is something wrong with the internet, I
95
would not know how I could save myself completely. I can’t think
of anything I do for which I don’t use technology.” (N8)
“I do think it's a problem that we're dependent, it's something
frightening. […].Disasters can happen because we are all so
dependent on technology. We are a bit vulnerable.” (N16)
“You're a bit more dependent on it, and a bit more vulnerable. If it
all works out well, it's very nice, but if there's a problem, it's a bit
less nice.” (N17)
2.2.4. Against Uniformity,
Orderliness
2.2.4.1. Materials and Planning
"when one looks at bigger factories with many concrete walls, that
is sometimes bothersome." (G3)
"I would say a landscape with few changes to it. Not necessarily
concrete buildings. [...] Our guests come here because of it,
because we live more beautifully than they do in their cities, in
their concrete buildings. " (G9)
"I also wouldn’t like to see concrete buildings or higher
buildings." (G15)
“For example, I think a bench belongs more to nature, because
people can just enjoy nature and sit there for a while. But a really
big, ugly thing, I would regret that.” (N2)
“When we go back to building with nature, we say: the beautiful
step you can make is not fighting against nature, as happens with
concrete. It's, so to speak, the same as putting up a wall to stop the
water. […]. Everybody thought they were safe behind that wall.
It's much smarter to be adaptive and give nature more space.”
(N5)
“I think it's mainly because - I think the building style from the
nineties - industrial construction is often uglier. If you go to a lot
older, ehm old buildings from 1800 like in Delft and Amsterdam, I
think it's also a beautiful landscape. But it does differ a bit in
architectural style and, erm, also in industry, because industry is
always a bit uglier.” (N8)
2.2.4.2. Society
“I also notice that I speak to people who have started to do this
[being involved with the mills in this area] in order to relax. For
example, they had been doctors and there was too much
administrative pressure on the job, and that's why people start
looking for freedom.” (N3)
2.2.5. Aversion from Cities "I don't like to spend time in a city either.” (G1)
"I couldn't live in a city." (G9)
"But I couldn’t imagine living in a city." (G12)
"I am definitely not a city-person. Nature is important to me,
that’s where I feel comfortable.” (G15)
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“I've just never been much of a city person. I've never liked it that
much.” (N1)
“I don't long for the city.” (N11)
“Just like I live here in the country and don't want to feel at home
in the city. That's a completely different culture for me, almost a
world of change if you've always walked outside, in this area.”
(N15)
3. Far Away & Long Ago
3.1. Longing for Past
3.1.1. Nostalgia, “Good Old
Times”
"[We wanted our children to grow up close to nature and the
forest] for them to experience a bit of nature, like we did as
children." (G7)
"Back then we had a lot of mountain cocks but nowadays it’s very
rare to see one. In my youth, when you went into the forest in the
morning it was normal to see or hear a mountain cock.” (G8)
"I still remember how, at the age of 15 or 16, I accompanied my
father. We went to work at a reasonable time, not at ten but maybe
at seven, half past eight in summer and we didn’t return before
five in the afternoon. But we had at least a break of an hour for
lunch and another half an hour for a snack. And we sat outside,
leaned against a tree, really enjoying our food. That’s not
happening today anymore. We barely have half an hour of lunch
break.” (G14)
“Let's go back to the 50's and 60's where you didn't have those
things and where we were just as happy and maybe even more
happy. Then we knew much less about the misery of the world.
[…].” (N16)
3.1.2. Valuing Former
Generations’ Work
“For me it is very important that our family has been taking care
of the forest for several generations. Because of that its value goes
far beyond the material one. We live from what generations before
me took care of, that makes it very valuable.” (G12)
“Many say they don’t care. But I care. This is our home, this was
shaped for centuries by our ancestors who built this up as a
cultural landscape.” (G13)
“They used to get that windmill up by hand. The churches and
cathedrals that are very beautiful in North Brabant. Those
churches were built and then the top ridge and pole had to finish
in exactly the right spot. From that point of view I just think it's
very beautiful because I admire the manual labor. I admire the
generations before us.” (N15)
3.1.3. Fascination for Past "No, they [older buildings that belong to the cultural landscape]
wouldn’t bother me, not at all. I find that rather exciting. I am
interested in the people’s history who lived there, how they
previously lived. I like to go to a museum [Vogtsbauernhöfe] that
exhibits how people lived on farms before the industrialization. I
97
find it nice to see how they used to live. It’s important to
remember that." (G15)
“I like seeing old things.” (N11)
“And um ... for me, the moment I see old traces of old buildings,
when there is a crumbling wall somewhere, my appreciation
increases rather than decreases. I think that's pretty authentic or
something. So a half collapsed farmer's shed is actually more
beautiful than when there is nothing there.” (N14)
3.1.4. Longing for
Simplicity
"And because of [what nature gives] one needs to take care of
what one does and also to back a little." (G1)
"No, I could imagine indeed to renounce on a lot of things. As I
said, going away camping, one renounces also on a lot of things
automatically. And I cannot imagine ever really missing some of
those things." (G4)
“We have to ask us constantly if we really need this or that? For
example we don’t have a dryer or a microwave – we don’t need
that. We should renounce on some things we actually don’t need.
It works without them. The important thing is positive thinking and
not to let us be raped by consumption. Everyone has to change a
little bit…” (G13)
“On the one side, it was nicer than nowadays. They had a slower,
cozier life, their lives were quieter.” (G15)
“Can't we just go back to a simpler life? I happened to read a
book the other day by ... um ... the Dalai Lama and that bishop
from Africa, Desmond Tutu. And they also said the purpose of life
is just to be happy. And becoming happy is what you get by
appreciating what you have now. Do we have to constantly search
for this and that? When I look at how often I use my phone ... my
screen time per week on average is six hours a day. Yeah, I think
that's quite a lot. Why is that? I get that that's more during these
times... But yeah, why can't I just go to the supermarket without a
phone?” (N4)
“Why do we have to eat chicory all year around, or eat spinach
all year? We used to eat spinach in the summer and chicory in the
winter, well that's a very simple example of course. Nowadays you
can get everything all year round, why do we need that?” (N13)
Enjoying having no power for a while
"The first week or two it [power outage] is kind of relaxed,
because for once one doesn’t have a smartphone, a computer, ..."
(G5)
"Yes, a couple of weeks back during the storm, we didn’t have
power for a few hours in the evenings. It was also kind of nice, we
lit an open fire and could enjoy not being able to do anything and
just relax.” (G11)
3.1.5. Contradiction to
Longing for Past
3.1.5.1. Seeing Past as Tough
“On the other side, their lives were also harder. The cold and long
winters we used to have, were for sure not as comfortable. Things
like that were for sure also difficult. It was not easy all the time.
There is both.” (G15)
“I wouldn’t want to live like the people a hundred years ago in
their old Black Forest houses. It looks romantic from the outside
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but it was a very hard life with little comfort. Compared to that,
we lead a very happy life but that’s at the expense of nature.”
(G10)
"You know, I grew up in times when we didn’t lead such a
comfortable life. We didn’t get everything we wanted." (G13)
"Back then, we did all the work on the farm by hand. Nowadays,
everything is done with machines. As a child on farm I had to
work all the time, I almost did not have any free-time." (G13)
“Because a hundred, three hundred years ago, people thought
Kinderdijk and the windmills were anything but romantic, because
it was a hard life, it was a very hard life.” (N1)
“It was a lot of hard work in the rainy season, days and nights in
a row. To keep the polders dry. And you wouldn’t have any free
days. Even on Sundays you had to grind on.” (N1)
3.1.5.2. Not Wanting to Give Up Living Standard
“That other alternative [2] might be some kind of Utopia, but it
might not work. […]. I don't think I could do that myself. I think
that's a nice picture, but I don't think it's very feasible in this day
and age. Um, because I'm too dependent, too attached to
materialism and technology.” (N8)
"We would need to go back to nature and eliminate all cars and
electricity but then we’d be in the stone age." (G7)
“What I could not renounce from, actually not want to (because
we could do a lot if we wanted) is the car." (G1)
3.1.5.3. Realism
"I could not imagine a way back [usage of technology] I have to
say clearly. This development cannot be turned backwards.[...]
But the way back, I consider impossible." (G1)
"No, thinking about smartphones etc. no that [going back with
technological development] would not be possible. In general, the
digitalization would make that impossible. The entire
connectedness of the world would make it impossible to do without
phones or the internet. Especially, if one knew how it could be.
Thinking for example about electrical mixers, no one would think
of doing it by hand with a whisk because one knows that with an
electrical one it’s easier. That’s the same everywhere, especially if
one knows how it is to have these things." (G3)
"But I don’t think the electrical use and the increasing
interconnectedness of the world, could be stopped." (G4)
"I think reducing the demand of energy, the hunger for it and to
renounce on things, doesn’t work anymore." (G11)
3.2. Uncorrupted, Unspoilt Nature
3.2.1. Away from
Civilization
"I would be bothered by many other people, who’d also be there
with their parking cars. [...] Then parking spots and other
infrastructure was built for the summer. That is something that
would bother me. It is also disruptive factor if there is an industrial
area close by. That doesn’t go together for me: recovery and
industry." (G6)
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"[What would destroy a beautiful landscape are] many people.
There are simply too many people. Especially at the beaches during
the summer vacation, there are so many people. That bothers me
and keeps me from going back to these places." (G7)
“Um ... I think [I like to go into nature for] just taking a leisurely
stroll around, and just having a few less people around you
compared to the city.” (N8)
“I prefer to meet as few people as possible. As few people,
buildings, and other things that don't belong in nature as possible.
They are a bit disturbing.” (N9)
“Um ... I think [I like to go into nature for] just taking a leisurely
stroll around, and just having a few less people around you
compared to the city.” (N8)
3.2.2. No Human Artifacts
in Nature
"[Something that would influence a beautiful landscape negatively
is to see] nuclear power plants or industry that sends out some sort
of smoke. [...] Otherwise, I often find power lines quite annoying
and of course also houses. Sometimes there are houses that destroy
the image of the landscape and are disturbing." (G3)
"[...] when I am spending time in nature, I leave all the devices at
home. Because then it bothers me in this natural surrounding. I am
more connected to nature without it. [...] Personally, I like to
separate it [nature and technology]." (G6)
"I would never take my smartphone with me, I have quietness and
fresh air." (G13)
"It [beautiful landscape] would need to be a natural landscape, I’m
not interested to view industry or exhaust gases of any kind. How
one imagines a picture-perfect view… I would not want anything
artificial, human-made in view. (G11)
"[A beautiful landscape for me are] Mountains, forest, unspoilt
landscape… although what means unspoilt: I would say a
landscape with few changes to it. Not necessarily concrete
buildings. How it looks here [Black Forest] is actually also what I
would have in mind.” (G9)
"I find it nice if a view is natural, without houses or power lines and
such things." (G10)
“Um ... ... I liked that on the Veluwe for example, you could walk
endlessly without hearing the road, without hearing cars. I could
enjoy that, that you really felt like you were in nature. And um ...
you don't have that in many places in the Netherlands, that you don't
hear cars at all. For me that's nature.” (N2)
“I studied in Australia for a while and then I went to New Zealand
to backpack. We thought that we're going to do cool hikes through
nature, but that's all man-made too. Every step you take, there’s a
sign that says that something is dangerous. That takes a bit of the
fun out of it, or something like that. It is a lot less adventurous.”
(N4)
“That ruins it a bit, you've got the pretty picture in front of you and
suddenly there's something industrial or technological. I think a
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good example of that, I used to live close to the Maasvlakte, there's
such a beautiful stretch of beach where it's just empty. And then
look to the left and there's a sick industrial estate. That does spoil
the beautiful, quiet picture of the sea and the beach.” (N8)
Acceptance of Human Artefacts in City
" I also wouldn’t like to see concrete buildings or higher
buildings. In the city that’s okay but here I don’t like that much.
Also, a factory wouldn’t fit here. But if all of this is located
centrally, I find it okay.” (G15)
“Yeah, well, everything that's industrial I think [could ruin that
natural landscape] ... in the city it sometimes can be very nice,
industrial. I can also like an oil refinery, if it's in an area you
expect it to be in. Then you think 'wow, it's such a complicated
structure' then you even have respect for that, but yes, I'd rather
have it all together in one place, and not scattered.” (N7)
“Sometimes I also like to be in cities and there human-made
things don’t bother me of course.” (G11)
“But of course, if you think of a skyline in New York or anywhere
it’s also a nice landscape…” (G5)
3.2.3. Wilderness “Yeah, I really like the rough and the inhospitable.” (N6)
“The same goes for thunderstorms, I love thunderstorms, I really
enjoy them, but you know how dangerous they can be. I was also
almost hit by lightning once, and I just flew almost two meters
through the air, because of the impact. Then you also realize that it
can be very dangerous.” (N7)
“Yes, that brings me some peace and quiet, and I also find the
animals and plants very interesting.” (N17)
3.3. Denial of Unnaturalness
3.3.1. Looking for
Naturalness
“Although, I think the city is nature as well. In Rotterdam you
there’s an office that is called office city nature [bureau
stadsnatuur], there is also a lot of nature between the tiles in terms
of ferns.” (N10)
“There's nature there [in Amsterdam] too, for example the
Vondelpark.” (N16)
"[A beautiful landscape for me are] Mountains, forest, unspoilt
landscape… although what means unspoilt: I would say a
landscape with few changes to it. Not necessarily concrete
buildings. How it looks here [Black Forest] is actually also what I
would have in mind.” (G9)
"The quietness in the forest and the rustling of trees, the chirping of
birds - it is so beautiful in the forest here. We have such pretty paths
in the woods to take walks." (G2)
"Untouched nature is our asset in the tourist industry." (G9)
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3.3.2. Perceiving Old
Technology as Positive
“... ... no, because if I were to imagine Kinderdijk without
windmills, I would want to have them there. It's a piece of the
nature.” (N9)
“A windmill is of course a piece of old technique but also a very
natural one.” (N3)
“Lighthouses, for example, are beautiful even though they are
separate from the landscape. It is an element you appreciate. […].
I think we find a power pylon ugly and lighthouses not. I think this
is because lighthouses are also pretty old and are a landmark of
what they once did. This does the same thing as the windmills do, I
think.” (N3)
“The culture and tradition of those mills I find important. I don't
see them as technology either. In those days they were, of course,
technological gadgets in the sixteenth century. But now it's not
technology anymore, it might be technology to maintain those mills,
that costs a lot of money. But to me, it’s more like an open-air
museum. […].” (N6)
3.3.3. Contradiction: Being
Aware of Human Influence
“Um ... well, for me, I think in general, uh ... one likes unspoilt
countryside better than touched landscape. Um ... I just don't think
that civilians realize that the landscape we're looking at is that way
because there's been a lot of intervention.” (N14)
"...humans influence the landscape a lot. Nature is also not as
beautiful if it weren’t for humans. For example, when one thinks of
the clearing of forests for grazing of cows." (G3)
"There is a lot of nature, although that is a little exaggerated… [...]
I wanted to say that the Black Forest is in fact not a natural forest.
It was entirely cleared and built up again as a plantation in the 18th
century with pine trees, because they grow the fastest and the need
for wood was immense back then. So I am aware that it is not an
original, a true forest because it was planted by humans for
commercial purposes. That’s something you can tell…" (G10)
“In my opinion nature is also formed by humans, there are only
very few places in Germany that are really untouched by humans.
There is always a reason for fields or forests to look how they look.
[...] Protection of nature also means to continue altering things in
nature. Our nature looks the way it does because of humans
cultivating fields and forests." (G12)
“So when people no longer were hunters and gatherers, but went to
live on a mound, in a group with families, then we already started
to change the landscape, were already intervening in nature.” (N1)
3.4. Nature as a Sanctuary
3.4.1. Finding Peace,
Calmness, Optimism
"I like to go into the forest, [...], it is extremely good for me. Nature
gives me such peace and optimism." (G2)
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“Yeah, yeah, I love it. I just love it, and it gives peace. And the best
part is that you see those villages with a church tower and stuff in
the distance. Yeah. That's all you can wish for, isn't it?” (N11)
“But I do like nature, especially in the weekends, if you want some
peace and quiet and want to go for a nice walk of course. […]. I
really like to go out into nature at the weekend and just relax. Not
all those technologies like phones and TV's. [...] just empty our
head.” (N12)
“Yes, that brings me some peace and quiet, and I also find the
animals and plants very interesting.” (N17)
“It [nature] makes you feel wonderful, relaxed.” (N16)
"I like to spend a lot of time in the forest, that’s where I recover and
relax. I like to move there, go running, biking or just take a walk.
The forest does have a big quality of regeneration.” (G10)
“Well, it gives me some rest, relaxation. And just, erm ... just to get
away?” (N2)
3.4.2. Counterbalance to
Work and Stress
"[In nature] one can relax easily, get rid of stress… " (G1)
"Imagine having been in the office with many discussions or a
conflict and being kind of pissed of, you come to the animals on the
field. Ten cows come running towards you, being happy that you
come, next to them runs a small calf each. That’s the harmonious
ideal of the world [heile Welt] right in front of you. After half an
hour, I am completely relaxed.” (G5)
"[Spending time in nature] is a balance to my normal work. [...]
When I go to the forest to work, I can think about everything and
have some peace and quietness." (G9)
"I like to go running or take walks. Especially now in spring I like
to spend a lot of time outside. It is a counter-balance to my work.
After looking at a screen for ten hours, it is good for me to at least
see something different in the evening and move outside. [...] I am
actively searching for it because it relaxes me and is a
compensation for work.” (G11)
"For me that is a counterbalance to work where one is often tensed,
working on projects, sitting at the computer, being part of meetings.
I can very well think about work and its problems in nature, my best
ideas came to me when I was in nature. […] I think it’s the clear air
in nature that washes your brain and lets ideas spring." (G6)
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4. Emotional, Individual Subject
4.1. Sublime Nature
4.1.1. Glorification of
Landscapes and Natural
Phenomena
4.1.1.1. Mountains
"[M]ountains, lakes, green meadows [are a beautiful landscape
for me]." (G1)
"We can hike on the Feldberg [highest mountain], we can walk at
the Kirnbergsee, we can walk at the Titisee, we can go anywhere.
[...] Lakes and mountains are important for me." (G2)
"A beautiful landscape for me has many colours, with green
meadows and forests, but for me personally I find it pretty if there
is also water -lakes or the sea. Also, hilly landscapes are nice, for
example here in the Schwarzwald or at the Ligurian coast where
there are many beautiful mountains and foothills of the Alps. And
there, I started to appreciate and notice, how nice it is to have an
impressive view on the landscape. Because many areas are also
pretty, but flat landscapes are also a bit boring. [...] To be able to
look into the distance is what makes a landscape beautiful to me."
(G3)
"I feel even better in the mountains. My wife and I have always
been into hiking. I mean, I like the surroundings here but I
sometimes miss the really high mountains here." (G5)
"[A beautiful landscape:] the view of the Alps from here..." (G7)
“It could not be a flat landscape, there need to be mountains and
a lot of green, meaning meadows and green woods. Possibly also
a high mountain with its top covered in snow. Also I like a body of
water, like a lake or a river. That’s how I picture a beautiful
landscape.” (G12)
"A nice silhouette, outlines of something, mountains, forest,
meadows, sun. That’s just beautiful. Also the quietness." (G14)
"It gives a view on a valley and a lake. Often there is fog further
down, which I find pretty. Nice, lush meadows I want to see."
(G15)
“A couple of years ago, I drove from Bologna to the mountains,
and, um, at one point, I drove into the pass, into the mountains. At
some point I actually got emotional in the car. You see all those
mountain peaks in front of you, those passes, then you just think
'oooh wow!', it's not too busy on the road, the sun is shining. Then
you're really overwhelmed by nature, so to speak. Like with the
coronavirus, we're so vulnerable and so small compared to
nature. It reminds me very often of the power that once created it.
Once again, the nullity of yourself, that there have been forces like
this that have made this happen. That was of course millions of
years ago, but that these things came into being ... if you had lived
back then, and the earth began to move in such a way, that these
kinds of things arose, huh, here we shudder when there is a small
earthquake. Then the earth was a big eruption, with shifting plates
and so on ... then you realize that we're just very insignificant.”
(N7)
“When I get up in the morning, or go to bed in the evening and
look outside and I see the sun go down, and you see the cloudy
sky, that's really... It's a view like the mountains in Austria, when
you see those clouds. We live on the fourth floor, so you look out
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over the trees, at the sky. My husband takes pictures very often,
yes it's really beautiful.” (N13)
“Walking through Peru, that is very different. There you see
mountains, that's very overwhelming again. Then I think wow
what a beautiful world.” (N16)
4.1.1.2. Water
"A beautiful landscape for me has many colours, with green
meadows and forests, but for me personally I find it pretty if there
is also water -lakes or the sea. Also, hilly landscapes are nice, for
example here in the Schwarzwald or at the Ligurian coast where
there are many beautiful mountains and foothills of the Alps. And
there, I started to appreciate and notice, how nice it is to have an
impressive view on the landscape. Because many areas are also
pretty, but flat landscapes are also a bit boring. [...] To be able to
look into the distance is what makes a landscape beautiful to me."
(G3)
"We can hike on the Feldberg [highest mountain], we can walk at
the Kirnbergsee, we can walk at the Titisee, we can go anywhere.
[...] Lakes and mountains are important for me." (G2)
"What is important to me is to have water, [..]. Also flowing water,
like a river or small stream is very nice to sit. So perfect would be
if a stream flows into a lake, having an area to lie down on close
by in summer. Some trees should be there also, and in the
background definitely mountains. They don’t necessarily need to
be huge. If I’d then see a few water birds, this is a ideal world of
harmony for me. That is how I imagine the landscape I enjoy to
get some quietness." (G6)
“I like an open landscape very much, so you can look far. That
you can see a kind of hilly landscape, forests or water in the
distance.” (N3)
“I really enjoy skiing, you glide down the hill, I am very much
aware that we are destroying nature, and uhm … if you get caught
underneath an avalanche, or if you are participating in
watersports, you’re aware that you’re taking risks, you should not
underestimate the power of nature.” (N7)
“Actually, what I think is the most important difference is that you
have a lot of water here. And some nice boat trips.” (N12)
4.1.1.3. Green and Alive
"I am personally bothered if the landscape were not alive. If there
were burned down forests or withered fields or if any other form
of natural a catastrophe would be visible.” (G12)
"mountains, lakes, green meadows [are a beautiful landscape for
me]." (G1)
"A beautiful landscape for me has many colours, with green
meadows and forests, [...].” (G3)
“It could not be a flat landscape, there need to be mountains and
a lot of green, meaning meadows and green woods. Possibly also
a high mountain with its top covered in snow. Also I like a body of
water, like a lake or a river. That’s how I picture a beautiful
landscape.” (G12)
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"It gives a view on a valley and a lake. Often there is fog further
down, which I find pretty. Nice, lush meadows I want to see."
(G15)
"[Elements of a beautiful landscape are for me] beach, nature,
countless trees, […], many flowers." (G7)
“[...] but what is nature? If it’s green it’s more natural, at least I
think.” (N1)
“I think a green environment, whether it should necessarily be
nature according to my definition, I don't know, but a green
environment is important to me. I also cycle to Rotterdam every
day, to work, I have to admit it’s an electrical bike... I always
choose the route through erm ... through 'nature', so through the
bike paths that go through the green, and not the bike paths that
run along major roads.” (N6)
“So I guess this will stay green. That’s what attracts me.” (N11)
4.1.2. Being Struck with
Awe and Emotion
"I mean, a landscape itself is impressive because it was created
naturally. It doesn’t matter where that is, on which continent or
whether it is volcanoes, steppe, the ocean. The beautiful thing is
the nature. [...] For me, it is fascinating how mountains were
created. Thinking about how it looked millions of years back and
what nature created out of it…" (G5)
"I always found it fascinating to see how fauna and flora develops
and how I each time discover new things." (G6)
"What always fascinated me are trees. For natural medicine
[Naturheilkunde] one can use a lot from trees, in case of the fir its
needles and bark. For example the resin [Harz] of a fir helps
against a wart [Warze]. Also I am interested in blossoms that can
be used for tea. I like to use the situation in nature.” (G6)
"Otherwise we love the forest – the green, the air, that’s is simply
wonderful. [...] In summer you can find berries and mushrooms. In
winter, the snow is also pretty. [...] Plants are of course important
– from blackberries to different kinds of bushes. I am also
interested in flowers and we try to find out and learn what their
name is." (G7)
"I am fascinated by the animals in the forest.” (G8)
“Last week, in the middle of all the dark stuff of Corona I got a
determination card from someone about bees and bumblebees in
the garden of the butterfly foundation. I sat down in the garden
and every time I heard something I went to see all those animals.
Then you take a good look at them and they are actually just
miracles. I can be very happy about that.” (N10)
“I'd feel very poor [if I wouldn’t spend as much time in nature].”
(N15)
“Especially on Sunday morning […]. It's such a supernatural
feeling of ‘wow what a beautiful world the world is’. I'm also
curious to see what it looks like now, because of course nothing is
happening but you see those beautiful mills from 1700, you see
those birds, beautiful skies and then I think ‘what a beautiful
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world this is’. That gives me a lot of pleasure. Even when it
rains.” (N16)
“I experience that personally, nature can be overwhelming with
beauty. […].We have to be aware that we have something really
special here.” (N16)
4.2. Significance of Nature Beyond the Physical
4.2.1. Inner Contemplative
Process
"I like to go into the forest, [...], it is extremely good for me.
Nature gives me such peace and optimism." (G2)
"[Spending time outdoors] is good for my health, the fresh air, one
can clear his head. One has more new energy to continue working.
And also to relax and let go..." (G3)
"One can empty one’s mind. After a long day at the office and at
home also using the phone or computer, one lies in bed and
cannot sleep.” (G4)
"Imagine having been in the office with many discussions or a
conflict and being kind of pissed off, you come to the animals on
the field. Ten cows come running towards you, being happy that
you come, next to them runs a small calf each. That’s the
harmonious ideal of the world [heile Welt] right in front of you.
After half an hour, I am completely relaxed." (G5)
"I am a lot in nature because of the hunting. For me that is a
contemplative time to sit outside on a high seat, sometimes I see
something and often I have a book with me. It regenerates you,
you can calm down and relax, you possibly hear a bird singing. I
would never take my smartphone with me, I have quietness and
fresh air. The forest has such amazing smells. [...] So being in
fresh air, also to cut firewood, is a way to completely wind down.
Sometimes it’s just about sitting somewhere for an hour and
simply enjoying.” (G13)
“My husband also cuts firewood to relax. He has time for himself,
gets some fresh air and physical exercise.” (G7)
“Yes just to clear my head, and think about things, um, be thankful
that we have so much beautiful nature here in the Netherlands,
although it's pretty flat. Yeah, just a moment for myself or
something. Well, or at least, if you're going with someone else, just
come back to ... zen.” (N4)
“But for example abroad, if there are really large areas of forest
then you just feel a bit smaller.” (N8)
“Um ... yeah. As a matter of fact, yeah [I would like to spend more
time in nature]. Because it's quite soothing.” (N8)
“Just rest, just relax, have some calmness in your head.” (N12)
4.2.2. Inexplicable Fffects
of Nature
“And the children are sick less often. I think that's a sign.” (N1)
“People who are sick recover faster with a view on nature than
without.” (N10)
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“Relaxation, rest, well, it's good for your body, too.” (N13)
4.3. Individualism
4.3.1. Facilitating Personal
Growth
"The older I get, the more I get the feeling that I need these free
spaces [in nature] for me." (G1)
"My husband also cuts firewood to relax. He has time for himself,
gets some fresh air and physical exercise.” (G7)
“When I'm sailing, especially when I'm alone, I feel that
connection. Not when I have people around me, very often when
you're alone you experience that silence and that peace and that
connection.” (N7)
“Yeah, kind of like reaching Nirvana. Yeah, and it just starts with
body preservation, it just starts with food to keep your body intact.
And ultimately it's about satisfying your spiritual and spiritual
needs. And somewhere in that higher step there is also a pleasant
living environment, and also the ability to connect it to a
landscape.” (N14)
4.3.2. Freedom "But today we have the possibility to choose where we want to live
and how we live – previously that was not possible but now it is."
(G1)
"We can hike on the Feldberg [highest mountain], we can walk at
the Kirnbergsee, we can walk at the Titisee, we can go anywhere."
(G2)
“I lived in the city when I was a student. I noticed that when I
went running, for example, I liked walking in a park or on the
outskirts of town. I always noticed that when I drove out of town I
felt more free. I do think that if you grew up in the city you
experience this differently.” (N3)
“I think that's pretty much determined by where you grow up [he
grew up by the sea]. I like an open landscape very much, so you
can look far. That you can see a kind of hilly landscape, forests or
water in the distance. Especially the open structure. In the city I
miss that very much. A landscape gives me a feeling of freedom,
for example when you go cycling and you see a polder
landscape.” (N3)
:I've always been interested in nature myself, and I've also thought
about how nice it is to be a miller and to live on a windmill.
Because they're all in the countryside, of course, that's where you
live freely.” (N6)
4.3.3. Power "There is surely room for improvement for everyone. But I think
it’s a process that needs to be triggered for each individual and
start thinking “stop – do I even need that?” (G1)
"The only thing we do is start with us on a small scale. We have to
ask us constantly if we really need this or that?" (G13)
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“Well i personally also still take my car to the supermarket … but
yeah … i think that the problem is our behavior. We have to adapt
and change it, and consume less and come up with different
products.” (N1)
4.3.4. Craftsmanship "I can very well think about work and its problems in nature, my
best ideas came to me when I was in nature. […] I think it’s the
clear air in nature that washes your brain and lets ideas spring."
(G6)
“On the other hand, they would never do anything else either. It
really is a passion that was passed on from father to son through
many generations. They were proud of that. Kind of like farmers,
you notice that too. They don't want to let it go.” (N3)
“I think people would enjoy their surroundings a lot more at a
time when you have contributed to them. Because if you're a
craftsman yourself, and you know how much work has been put
into something, rather than a laser machine simply producing
something.” (N5)
“And there are a lot of farmers in the area who make their own
cheese and so on. Of course that's not as much as it used to be, but
it has always been like that here. The Gouda cheese, right!” (N11)
4.4. Significance of Place and Local
4.4.1. Place Attachment "I have a very strong bond. For me it’s home – sense of home."
(G1)
"I have a big connection to the area. I have a strong sense of
home, I want to stay here, I wouldn't want to go anywhere else."
(G9)
"I would say I consider myself a Schwarzwälder." (G10)
"I’m a typical Schwarzwälder. Contrary to many other young
people in Germany, I am extremely connected to my home region.
I couldn’t imagine living anywhere else. Many young people are
drawn to cities or areas where there is more going on." (G12)
"Many say they don’t care. But I care. This is our home, this was
shaped for centuries by our ancestors who built this up as a
cultural landscape." (G13)
“When I left the Kinderdijk windmills, people told me that was
impossible, you are Kinderdijk. I am intensely connected with
Kinderdijk.” (N10)
“Well, I'm one from the polder landscape. […]. So I feel at home
in it, in the polder landscape. […]. And I’d say I also have the
character from behind the dikes.” (N11)
“It's all become a bit more developed, but still. I'm still a polder
woman. And I always say 'I am from behind the dikes'.” (N11)
“No, I've thought about moving to Rotterdam because it's closer to
my work, but so far it hasn't taken off because I really like it at
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home and I also like the peace and quiet in Kinderdijk. Yeah,
that's certainly got something to do with the environment, just
being in nature.” (N17)
When you see how those women [from the city] experience that,
you realize what a special place you live in. Then that feeling, and
your connection with the mills and Kinderdijk really becomes
apparent. Yeah I think so, I think where you live determines how
you think about things and how you look at things ehm ... what you
think of people ... I think that's a part of what you make and form
as a human being. (N17)
4.4.2 Appreciation for the
Local
"Now that one cannot undertake as much motorically [due to
Corona], I find that people get to reflect and to start appreciate
the surroundings, what one has around himself." (G1)
"I am attached to home and also attached to nature. One goes
outdoors a lot and perceives the area to be very beautiful and
appreciates how much once can do outdoors.[...] But in general, it
is a unique landscape that is different to other places." (G3)
"Otherwise we love the forest – the green, the air, that’s is simply
wonderful. [...] In summer you can find berries and mushrooms. In
winter, the snow is also pretty. [...] Plants are of course important
– from blackberries to different kinds of bushes. I am also
interested in flowers and we try to find out and learn what their
name is." (G7)
"I know a lot about my trees and about the domestic flora and
fauna in general." (G9)
“One does not have to drive far and all the way to the Alps. We
have such great possibility here. It is a paradox that often one
knows better some crossroad in the Alps than a place closer than
50km where one has never been. That’s a bit crazy, given that this
is such a beautiful region. People should make use of this more…”
(G14)
“I think that's pretty much determined by where you grow up [he
grew up by the sea]. I like an open landscape very much, so you
can look far. That you can see a kind of hilly landscape, forests or
water in the distance. Especially the open structure. In the city I
miss that very much. A landscape gives me a feeling of freedom,
for example when you go cycling and you see a polder
landscape.” (N3)
“I tell people things for an hour and a half. Those people think it's
all very special. Then I feel really special and I feel very special
that I can be a part of this and continue to tell it to others.” (N16)
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5. Wind Power Opinions
5.1. Conventional Concerns
5.1.1. Noise, Shadow,
Ultrasound
"I am not sure, but I could imagine that it has negative effects on
the health to live close to them. I don’t know why, but I just cannot
imagine that that is good for people. Therefore, it should be
locations where people don’t live. [...] I think also about the noise
and the movement of the shadows it sends out and don’t think that
that is entirely safe." (G4)
“[Wind turbines] cause noise and probably ultrasounds. If on a
windy day you ever walk by these industrial machines, it becomes
clear how loud they are. And no one can tell me that the vibrations
and everything else they send out, does not have an effect on the
surrounding nature.” (G9)
"Another problem is the ultrasound, which is harmful to our health.
Also the shadows and the noise they produce…" (G13)
"I have to say that being close to a wind turbine, one hears wind,
the shadow is weird. So there is something to the doubts around its
effects on people’s health." (G14)
"What I am also a bit concerned about is the ultra sound and the
radiation they possibly emit." (G15)
5.1.2. NIMBY “Yeah, well, wind energy is also an ideal thing, a lot of
developments are just fine. [...]. But of course I would regret it if a
wind turbine were to be erected here in my area. I would rather not
have it near me.” (N2)
“I don't want to think about looking out of my window right now
and seeing a wind turbine. But that would be the case for anything
[industrial] of course.” (N7)
"Wind turbines impair the landscape tremendously [...] but from
far away I don't mind them. [...] I don't want to have them in my
backyard." (G3)
"The wind turbines that already exist in the area, that we can also
see in the distance from Eisenbach, don’t bother me. Also driving
by some more closely, they don’t bother me. But one might think of
it a little differently having them in the backyard." (G11)
5.1.3. Impact on Ecosystem “Thinking about wind energy, this starts for example with birds of
prey who might be impaired by the wind turbines.” (G5)
"We love nature of course and are absolutely against the wind
turbines. That is because, when birds and bats that fly by the
turbines, due to the blades’ rotations, their lungs burst. Around
wind turbines lie a large number of dead animals. [...] Apart from
that, nature is being destroyed..." (G7)
"Another problem is the danger for the birds. Here we have the
Milan, a rare predator. Many birds collide with the turbines, not
only the Milan but many other bird species, like the mountain cock
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and bats. So the destruction of the bird life here would be a
consequence. [...] The problem for the birds is really big. One finds
so many dead animals besides wind turbines. Often they are not
even there anymore because foxes and martens know already and
eat it." (G13)
"Building a wind turbine in a forest includes cutting huge roads
into the forest, a lot of trees would have to go. That means that
mountain ranges would be destroyed. The forest would be further
weakened and in case of strong rain, soil erosions would occur.
Our forest, especially its soil, is an ecosystem of thousands of years.
There are roots and mosses, which normally are supposed to collect
water. Roads would destroy that entire system. What would happen
is that sources will dry up, while we already had a lot of problems
with that in the past because of few rain." (G13)
“And if you put those big windmills in the sea, I think that is also
bad for life in the sea.” (N2)
“One has to imagine a hill in the Black Forest with three wind
turbines, the path to even get there has to be built for the machines
to get through which needs about 6 meters in width. That is a huge
intervention in nature that is not justified by its output.” (G9)
5.1.4. Landscape Aesthetic
Impairment
"I will put it like this: if they are everywhere then the picture suffers.
I can accept certain views with some wind turbines here and there
but extensively on every hill, I would have a problem with. I would
not find that pretty anymore." (G1)
"Wind turbines impair the landscape tremendously [...] but from
far away I don't mind them. [...] I don't want to have them in my
backyard." (G3)
"In case of wind energy there is also always the question of the
landscape being affected negatively. The tall turbines possibly
don’t fit into the image of the Black Forest." (G6)
"...the further away they are the less intensely the stick out of the
landscape. They are less horrible to look at when they are far
away." (G9)
"It is not a destruction of the landscape but an immense
impairment. It looks very different afterwards but it is not
destroyed." (G11)
“Of course it makes the image a bit uglier but um ... I don't know
if that really helps [improve the landscape] in some cases. Of
course in terms of use it does, but it does make it uglier in most
cases.” (N4)
“Wind turbines on the Veluwe, for example, on the Hoge Veluwe
[natural reserve], that would of course be horrible, you just
shouldn't do that. You also have to be very careful around the
Wadden Islands. […]. And I'm very much into aesthetics, so if I
think something is ugly and I'm in control of it, then I don't do it.”
(N6)
“But that's more because I ... you're actually never thinking about
what it does, produces or brings. You see such a big colossus, I'm
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talking about a wind turbine. Then I think ‘gee how ugly is that
here, in nature’.” (N12)
“And the new ones pollute the view, so to speak.” (N17)
5.1.5. Symbolism / Image
Problems
"But if there were to be a big technological step and the energy
wind turbines produce can be stored effectively and efficiently, the
way we look upon wind energy would be completely different.
Maybe that the feeling when one looks at a wind turbine would be
different. Sometimes one has stereotypes in mind when looking at
them, like “they just turn because they have to turn” etc. I believe
that if technology made more progress, the image of wind turbines
would improve.” (G3)
"I think tourism is not yet able to deal with it. A few weeks ago, my
wife and I booked a wellness weekend in Freiamt. The wind turbine
that stands on the hill behind the hotel was not shown in the
prospect of the hotel. That shows that there is definitely hesitance
to display wind energy." (G6)
“There needs to be some communication about the fact that it just
makes sense and that we help nature in the long run. Or that the
turbines enable us to turn off nuclear plants in the long run, I think
that would help. Everybody wants the production of energy to be
far away. Maybe we don’t see a direct link between nuclear energy
and wind energy because nuclear power plants are further away.
But we wouldn’t want to live next to that either…” (G15)
5.1.7. Place Attachment see 4.4.1.
5.2. New Concerns
5.2.1. Technical Concerns "It seems like it’s not yet clear where the right locations are. There
are limited spots that are really suitable, even in the highlands of
the Black Forest, and because of that I believe that there is backlog
concerning accurate measuring." (G1)
"My problem with wind energy is the missing storage technology.
Often when there is wind, there is an overproduction of energy. In
Freiburg, when you know it’s windy it’s sometimes surprising that
some of the turbines there don’t run. That is something I am
concerned about and I want to weigh out whether it makes sense or
not." (G6)
"Wind energy I see the biggest problem to transport the energy it
produces to where it is actually needed, because it cannot save the
energy. In Mecklenburg-Vorpommern, I’ve seen wind turbines who
didn’t run because they cannot transport all the energy they would
produce." (G4)
5.2.2. Financial Motivation "At the moment, one also has the impression that there are forest-
owners, who want to jump on the running train and are paid well."
(G1)
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"What I find horrible is that it seems like planners pick areas whose
landlord/owner is very willing to give it away. And if people, in our
case the Fürst of Fürstenberg [a nobleman who owns the forest
closeby that the turbins would be placed on], only see a chance to
make profit in this.” (G5)
“I felt like the people involved in the project often lied. There was
a report on the danger for birds, which was not even done in the
location that was talked about. I know for a fact that what the report
said, was not true because I hunt in the area and know it very well.
There is such a big lobby behind the building of wind turbines,
everything is about making money.” (G13)
"I think it’s important to make sure that there is certain distance to
residents. I’m sure there are locations where no one is bothered.
But many of those are ruled out because it’s not profitable to build
the roads and cables to access them. Then I feel like the financial
motivation is bigger than the one to work against climate change. I
think it shouldn’t only be the big energy companies who build them
but a private person who wants to build one with a hub height of 10
meters, should be permitted to do so without a huge administration
procedure. The economy is the problem I think…” (G14)
"What I also have a bit of a weird feeling about is that the sites that
are part of the planning are all on the ground of the Fürst von
Fürstenberg [a royal who owns big part of the area]. That smells
like money to me [laughs]. That’s what I have trouble with. I don’t
think that we learned or will learn about the full story.” (G15)
5.2.3. Concerns About
Material and Fundament
“[...] the topic that non-sustainable resources are used to build the
turbines, cement for example." (G1)
"The blades of the turbines are impossible to fully dispose of
because they’re coated with a specific resin. Also the batteries that
everyone talks about are a big problem once they have to be
disposed of." (G13)
“If you look at a wind turbine made of steel, you can't make it from
local products, unless you happen to be near IJmuiden, because
there's a blast furnace there, but it's not a circular product, such a
wind turbine.” (N5)
"Yet alone the fundament they have to drill in the ground for the
entire thing to stay stable is immense. And that will stay in the
ground forever, no one will ever dig. " (G9)
"Another problem when wind turbines are built is that they need
very big fundaments, with a diameter of 15 m and a depth of 10
meters. So much concrete and steel is used for that. I am asking
myself who is responsible for the dismantling later. There is no
concept on how they are built back and how the area would be
renaturalized.” (G13)
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5.3. Aversion of the Industrial
5.3.1. Industrial Look “And if all of Terschelling would be covered in turbines … I think
it would be quite profitable to build some wind turbines there. But
if they fill up half of Terschelling [low inhabited island] with wind
turbines, I won’t visit anymore, because I would feel like I'm in an
industrial environment.” (N6)
“I don't want to think about looking out of my window right now
and seeing a wind turbine. But that would be the case for anything
[industrial] of course.” (N7)
5.3.2. Anonymity "For me it is not understandable how one can justify building
these huge machines, with the blades they would be over 300m
high, higher than the Cologne Cathedral." (G9)
"They [wind turbines] change the landscape, they seem almost
like a foreign body. Possibly, that’s because it’s all still kind of
new. Maybe in 30 years, when children grow up with it and don’t
know it differently, they would not perceive it negatively at all. But
for us it’s something new, something foreign." (G10)
“As I work in the forest, I often come across wind turbines. When
I stand at their bottom, I have to say that their size overwhelms me
– they are really monsters." [...] "But I have to say that they are
really big, they are monumental structures which look beyond the
forest a lot." (G14)
“Look, as a miller I'm often addressed about the ugliness of the
wind turbines but they used to say the same about the old mills.
[…]. The conversation often revolves around the wind turbines
which don't look good. On the other hand, it's good, wind energy.
When you come to Groningen you often see smaller mills and they
have wooden blades. It's actually very funny that you don't
experience them as threatening, but those big things of 150 meters
high do. It looks like a kind of robot, it's a bit more impersonal.”
(N10)
“In my head it [old windmill] also fits better in nature than for
example a wind turbine. Well, a mill's a bit lower, of course. And
it looks a little more cozy and home-y. We've known them for a
long time. And wind turbines are those huge monsters. And it
looks awful. They have nothing cute to them. And do still think
windmills are cute.” (N12)
“If you think about the acceptance of wind turbines and the
windmills in Kinderdijk. The windmills in Kinderdijk had a much
more direct, personal role. If the windmill wasn't there, they
wouldn’t be able to live there. This makes you look at things very
differently.” (N5)
5.3.3. Uniformity "I will put it like this: if they are everywhere then the picture
suffers. I can accept certain views with some wind turbines here
and there but extensively on every hill, I would have a problem
with. I would not find that pretty anymore." (G1)
I had an experience last year. [...] We drove from Ihringen onto
the Belchen [second largest mountain of the Black Forest]. It was
very nice weather when we were up there. There one has a 360
degree view on the Swiss Alps, the French Vosges, in every
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direction. And up there was the first time that I was a bit shocked
of wind turbines. Because, for a fact, anywhere you looked, on
each little hill, there was a wind turbine. And at that point that
bothered me a lot. This beautiful surrounding, the view in the
distance without end [Weitsicht] and then everywhere a couple of
wind turbines." (G4)
"And thinking about the landscape, not every hill should be
cluttered with them." (G4)
"I am not against wind energy but only to a certain degree. I don’t
want the turbines to be everywhere. They should be placed
carefully…” (G8)
"When I think of the off-shore wind parcs in the North of Germany
– I don’t think it’s good to have too many on one spot." (G8)
"I am not an opponent [of wind energy] but with a limit – we
shouldn’t overload our landscape." (G8)
“But if you see a picture with a lot of windmills together, or of
those solar panels in meadows, I find that very ugly.” (N2)
5.4. Making a Decision
5.4.1. Ideological
Opposition
But if these new technological developments push nature away, or
damage nature, or don't do it justice, then I often regret it.” (N6)
“Nature has to be nature, a wind farm may exist too, but don't put
that in a nature reserve.” (N7)
“But I think a wind turbine, for example, is awfully ugly, but well,
of course they have a function. Just like a street lantern, I don't
like it either. But I am happy that they’re there in the evening
when I have to go outside with the dog. I think it's fine in
residential areas, but in nature you have to keep as much as
possible and not have to build or put down a lot of things that
aren't natural.” (N12)
4.4.3. Time Aspect Old Windmills
“About three centuries ago, the mills were far from romantic, it was
a hard life, it was a very hard life. [...]. People said, what an ugly
things, everywhere you look there are mills. What an
abominations.” (N1)
“You’re used to it, and it’s great because there are so many close
together. [...]. I think that the old mills also give a nostalgic image
[...].” (N2)
“My belief has always been that when they were built in 1738 there
were lots of protest as well, because it had lot’s of impact.” (N3)
“I think we appreciate what has become rare and what reminds us
of a past that has been left closed off.” (N3)
“I like the characteristics buildings in a landscape [...].” (N4)
“All those people that are swinging over the canals there, that is
fantastic. It gives such an old, authentic Dutch feeling.” (N7)
“I can see the beauty in that [the old mills], and the old culture.”
(N8)
“In my head it [old windmill] also fits better in nature than for
example a wind turbine. Well, a mill's a bit lower, of course. And it
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looks a little more cozy and homey. We've known them for a long
time. And wind turbines are those huge monsters. And it looks
awful. They have nothing cute to them. And do still think a
windmills are cute.” (N12)
New Wind Turbines
"But, one gets used to everything but that will take time. And I
would say, if it brings the energy we need, we can definitely deal
with its looks. [...] At first glance, I was surprised to see the turbines
but on the second day I didn’t even think of it anymore. I think it’s
like with everything: we need to learn to deal with it." (G6)
“But I also think that we will get used to it more. Probably, it’s still
new to us and we have to accept it because our energy needs to
come from somewhere." (G8)
"I just think in a few years, we will not notice them anymore. I think
of the big power lines that are also not pretty, but no one complains
about them. I think it will be similar. Only because they turn… I
don’t see the problem.” (G15)
5.4.3. Rational Reason Seeing the Purpose/Need for Wind Energy
"There are many who say that we are a health resort [Luftkurort]
and tourist magnet with the Titisee closeby. And now we place these
man-made structures into nature. On the one side, they are right.
On the other side, I also say that if the turbines are efficient and to
what they are supposed to do and other things which harm nature
and the environment can be abolished, why not? " (G5)
“But those high, enormous windmills. My sister-in-law has a
cottage in Zeeland and that's where those things are. It's not
really beautiful but I don't have any trouble with it. Let it do its
job. I prefer that to having earthquakes in Groningen. It's horizon
pollution, that's what they call it, but we have to get used to it.”
(N16)
“On the other side, we have to get our electricity from somewhere
and given that no one wants to renounce on things, we need to use
what is available to us.” (G11)
Comparison to Fossil Fuels
“But you can't close your eyes to the technology. And I'm fine with
wind turbines coming, too. It may be a horrendous sight, but it's
better than all those power stations.” (N11)
“Of course we can oppose the wind turbines but the alternative
would be to burn coal which causes CO2 emissions, or do we
have to do everything with gas? In fact, the wind turbine is even
more nature-friendly than solar panels.” (N15)
Comparison to Nuclear Power
“I personally worry about a smoke column of a nuclear power plant
more than a wind turbine in the forest.” (G5)
"On the other side, I have to say that I more than prefer ten wind
turbines over a nuclear power station. Because no matter what
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happens, they could be built back. Compared to nuclear energy, I
find wind energy to be more acceptable even though it hurts me a
little.” (G10)
"There’s always a reason against everything but I prefer to have
six wind turbines on the Sommerberg over a nuclear power station
on the French boarder. I think we have to find compromises or
decrease our energy consumption and that I don’t think will be
possible to achieve." (G11)
“We know that we need energy and I prefer that over nuclear power
plants. The consequences of an accident ther, would be so much
more severe. Compared to that, wind energy is much better." (G15)
Effects on Nature
"But in principle, I don’t find human made things bad if it serves a
purpose. Especially, it is not only for us humans but also for nature.
[...] But of course, with every advantage comes a disadvantage.
There we need to discuss about which things have more advantages
for people or disadvantages for nature or the other way around."
(G5)
"One has to become aware that one wind turbine clears out one
hectare of forest. That equation does not work for me given this is
an area with low levels of wind. [...] That is a huge intervention in
nature that is not justified by its output." (G9)
"For me it is most important that the investment of money and also
the interference with nature that is always connected with it, is in
relation to what it does. It must be worthwhile.” (G12)
“And if you put those big windmills in the sea, I think that is also
bad for life in the sea.” (N2)
Obtrusiveness
"What I find most pleasant is solar energy because aesthetically it’s
the most unobtrusive. Also, hydro-energy…" (G4)
"Like I said earlier, at first glance wind turbines are kind of
crushing, also because they have to be very high in order to be
efficient. Hydropower is often more hidden locally so that not
everyone sees it." (G5)
"Of course, water-wheel or water pump is not as present in the
landscape as wind turbines." (G5)
Efficiency
"For me it’s the most important thing to see them turning and see
that they do produce electricity. Then no one would complain
anymore – that would be the same for the ones proposed here
close to Eisenbach. If they really turn all the time and deliver the
power one hopes for, it will maybe take five years until everyone
accepts them anyway." (G5)
“However, it needs to be efficient. I’ve also heard of wind
turbines that were placed in locations that are not profitable and
needed to be powered in order to turn and evoke the image of
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being profitable. That would of course be non-sense!” (G11)
"For me the most important thing is that the strength of the wind
is high enough to ensure its rentability. […] So for me the most
important thing is that the interference in nature would not be
done for nothing but that the wind turbine actually contributes to
a greener future." (G12)
“What it is about is the efficiency. I don’t have anything against
wind energy per sé, we need everything. The problem at the moment
is that the government counts fully on wind energy and invests so
much money only in this. We have alternatives though: water, sun,
biogas. We have so many things we could use way more. But it’s
not good to put everything into the expansion of wind energy…”
(G13)
"As I said, I am not against using wind energy, but it needs to be
efficient. And it is not efficient in the Schwarzwald." (G13)
Choosing the Best Option
"Where wind energy makes sense, I'm welcoming it. [In the Black
Forest], in my opinion it does not make sense [...]. We are one of
the areas with the lowest levels of wind in Germany." (G9)
"I think that we should use the technique that is most suitable for
each place. In north Africa it makes sense to count on photovoltaic
stations or on wind energy in the north sea. But that does not mean
that every community shouldn’t make sure it is independent energy
wise, that can be with a biogas station or a small wind turbine."
(G10)
“I wouldn’t differentiate between them [renewable energies], I
think all of them are good if they are used efficiently. They should
be used in a healthy relation to each other. I think we should make
use of all the possibilities we have." (G11)
"I don’t have a preference. I think in each place you should use the
technology that is most sensible. Meaning, in the Sahara it would
be solar energy, at the North Sea it would be wind energy, and here
in the Black Forest it would be hydropower.” (G12)