اهی آزمون داوطلبان وژیه مطلب ردک جزوه

گروه علمی و پژوهشی آرمان پژوهان 44679466660 - 67076646446

1 .2، طبقه 31آدرس: تهران، چهارراه ولیعصر، خیابان ولیعصر به سمت میدان ولیعصر، ابتدای خیابان بزرگمهر، پالک

اهی آزمون داوطلبان وژیه مطلب ردک جزوه

EPT, TOLIMO, MHLE, MSRT

«گروه آموزشی آرمان ژپواهن»



روشهای کلی پاسخگویی

صورت اجمالی و کلی بخوانید تا موضوع اصلی آن را متوجه شوید. نیازی به خواندن تمام ه متن را ب

جزئیات نیست و فقط باید درک کلی از متن بدست آورد.

نگاهی به سواالت بیندازید تا متوجه انواع سواالت شوید

بکشید هر سوال را جدا گانه بخوانید تا مورد سوال را متوجه شوید و زیر کلمات کلیدی خط

سپس بخشی از متن را که کلمات کلیدی را آنجا پیدا کردید مطالعه کنید. این کلمات ممکن است در

یکجا و یا در چند جای متن باشند.

.پس از تطابق کلمات یا اطالعات پاسخ صحیح را برای هر سوال انتخاب کنید

انواع سواالت

سواالتی راجع به ایده اصلی متن. 1

درباره نحوه چیدمان اطالعات در متن میباشد و معموال از یا گاهاً این سواالت در باره عنوان موضوع و

رود. و غیره بکار می , topic, title, main idea, best describe کلمات

باشد. پاسخ این سوال عموما در ابتدای متن می

باشد فقط چند خط اول را بخوانید داشته اگر متن شما یک پاراگراف سوالدر این

MAIN IDEA سواالت

?What is the topic of the passage انواع سواالت

What is the Subject of the passage?

What is the main idea of the passage?

What is the author’s primarily concerned?

Which of the following would be the best title?

پاسخ این سوال عموما در ابتدای پاراگراف می باشم کجا پیدا کنیم؟

خط اول هر پاراگراف رو بخوانید .1 چگونه پاسخ دهیم؟

بدنبال ایده اصلی هر خط باشید .2

سرعت نگاه اجمالی به سایر سطرها بیاندازید تا ایده اصلی را بهتر ه ب .3

درک کنیم

انتخاب کنیدپاسخهای نادرست را حذف کرده و منطبق ترین گزینه را .4



مثال:

می باشد. بنابراین میتواند موضوع اصلی باشد. reasoning“ و ”intelligence جمله اول این متن در رابطه با

با خواندن اجمالی سایر جمله ها نیز این موضوع تایید میشود. اکنون باید جوابهای داده شده را بررسی کرد و دید

که کدام گزینه به موضوع نزدیکتر می باشد:

اما چه کند ه جان دویی مطرح میست کا درباره تمایزی Bمی باشد، گزینه intelligenceفقط درباره Aگزینه

چگونگی تفاوت Dرا شامل میشود پس صحیح نیست، گزینه reasoningفقط Cد، گزینه گوی تمایزی را نمی

intelligence” و “reasoningرا مطرح می کند که با a sharp distinction …. Between

“intelligence” and “reasoning.” گزینهح تطابق دارد لذا پاسخ صحی D .می باشد

پاراگراف باشد بهتر است ابتدای هر پاراگراف خوانده شود یکاگر متن دارای بیش از و

The Passage:

In the philosophy of John Dewey, a sharp distinction is made between

“intelligence” and “reasoning.” According to Dewey, intelligence is the only

absolute way to achieve a balance between practicality and wisdom of life.

Intelligence involves “interacting with other things and knowing them,” while

reasoning is merely the act of an observer, “…a mind that beholds or grasps

objects outside the world of things….”

With reasoning, a level of mental certainty can be achieved, but it is through

intelligence that control is taken of events that shape one’s life.

The question:

What is the topic of this passage?

(A) The intelligence of John Dewey

(B) Distinctions made by John Dewey

(C) Dewey’s ideas on the ability to reason

(D) How intelligence differs from reasoning in Dewey's works.



مثال:

پاراگراف دارند بهتر است ابتدای تمام پارگرافها خوانده شوند تا ایده اصلی متن را متوجه شویم. اگر یکدر متنهایی که بیش از

nitrogen چراکه فقط راجع به صحیح نیست را انتخاب کنیم که Aبخواهیم پاسخ دهیم باید گزینه ولا پاراگرافبا خواندن تنها

fixation.گزینه میباشدC صحیح نیست چون نیزthe return of nitrogen to the air .فقط در پاراگراف دوم مطرح شده

Bاصال مطرح نشده. پاسخ صحیح گزینه The Effect of Nitrogen on plant Lifeنیز درست نیست زیرا Dهمچنین گزینه

دوم در پاراگراف denitrificationو دیگری nitrogen fixationمیباشد زیرا از دو مرحله نیتروژن یکی در پاراگراف اول

.مطرح شده است

. سواالتی درباره اطالعات خاص در متن 2

مثالها و یا جزئیات داده شده در هر پاراگراف می باشد.این سواالت درباره موارد خواص، توضیحات،

برای پاسخ به این سوال باید کلید واژه های داده شده در سوال و توضیحات در گزینه ها را با موارد مشابه در متن تطابق داد و

جمالت اطراف هر کلید واژه در متن گسترده خوانی شود.

The Passage:

Nitrogen fixation is a process by which nitrogen is continuously fen into biological circulation. In this

process, certain algae and bacteria convert nitrogen into ammonia (NH3). This newly created ammonia is

then for the most part absorbed by plants.

The opposite process of denitrification returns nitrogen to the air. During the process of denitrification,

bacteria cause some of the nitrates from the soil to convert into gaseous nitrogen or nitrous oxide (N2O). In

this gaseous form the nitrogen returns to the atmosphere.

The question:

What of the following would be the best title for this passage?

(A) The process of Nitrogen Fixation

(B) Two Nitrogen processes

(C) The Return of Nitrogen to the Air

(D) The Effect of Nitrogen on plant Life



مثال:

سواالت مربوط به جزئیات

سواالتانواع According to the passage…

It is stated in the passage…

The passage indicates that…

The author mentions that…

Which of the following is true….?

پاسخ این سواالت بر اساس کلید واژه ها، مترادف ها و توضیحات مشابه می باشد کجا پیدا کنیم؟

کلید واژه را انتخاب کنید .1 دهیم؟ پاسخ چگونه

کلید واژه را در متن پیدا کنید .2

آن قسمت از متن را با دقت مطالعه کنید)جمالت قبل و بعد از آن( .3

اطالعات را با گزینه ها تطابق دهید .4

مناسبترین گزینه را انتخاب کنید .5

The Passage:

Williamsburg is a historic city in Virginia situated on a peninsula between two rivers, the

York and the James. It was settled by English colonists in 1633, twenty-six years after the

first permanent English colony in America was settled at Jamestown. In the beginning the

colony at Williamsburg was named Middle plantation because of its location in the middle of

the peninsula. The site for Williamsburg had been selected by the colonists because the soil

drainage was better there than at the Jamestown location, and there were fewer mosquitoes.

The questions:

1. According to the passage, Williamsburg is located

(A) On an island

(B) In the middle of a river

(C) Where the York and the James meet

(D) On a piece of land with rivers on two sides

2. The passage indicates that Jamestown

(A) Was settled in 1633

(B) Was settled twenty-six years after Williamsburg

(C) Was the first permanent English colony in America

(D) Was originally named Milleepalntaion

3. The passage states that the name Middle plantation

(A) Is a more recent name than Williamsburg

(B) Derived from the location of the colony on the peninsula

(C) Refers to the middle part of England that was home to the colonists

(D) Was given to the new colony because it was located in the middle of several

plantations.



است که بین دو رود واقع شده شبه جزیرهابتدای متن به معنای در peninsulaمی باشد زیرا Dگزینه 3پاسخ صحیح سوال

ن است مطرح شده.آو در این گزینه نیز سرزمینی که دو رود در اطراف

(.the first permanent English colonyمی باشد زیرا مستقیما در متن آمده ) Cگزینه 2پاسخ صحیح سوال

اشاره به نامگذاری آن Williamsburg was named Middle plantation می باشد زیرا Bگزینه 1پاسخ صحیح سوال

بخاطر موقعیتش است.

سواالتی که اطالعات آنها در متن وجود ندارد.. 3

یند.آ می notیا exceptو با کلماتی مانند ست که یا در متن نیامده و یا غلط میباشندا این سواالت در باره مواردی

باشد. یک گزینه غلط است که پاسخ سوال می گزینه درست هستند و3برای پاسخ به این سواالت باید در ابتدا توجه داشت که

سواالت مربوط به جمالت غلط

?…Which of the following is not stated انواع سواالت

Which of the following is not mentioned…?

Which of the following is not discussed….?

All of the following are true except…..

…EXCEPT، NOTTRUE، NOT MENTIONED سواالتی که در آنها چگونه تشخیص دهیم؟

را پیدا کنید واژه ها کلید .1 چگونه پاسخ دهیم؟

در به دنبال آنها بگردید .2

.اطراف آنها را مطالعه کنید .3

.با گزینه تطابق دهید .4

گزینه های درست را حذف کنید .5



مثال:

The Passage:

In English there are many different kinds of expressions that people use to give a name

to anything whose name is unknown or momentarily forgotten. The word gadget is one

such word. It was first used by British sailors in the 1850’s and probably came from the

French word gachette, which was a small hook. In everyday use, the word has a more

general meaning. Other words are also used to give a name to something unnamed or

unknown, and these words tend to be somewhat imaginative. Some of the more

commonly used expressions are a what-dye –call- it, a what’s it, a thingamabob, a

thingamajig, a doodad, or a doohickey.

The question:

1. Which of the following is NOT true about the word “gadget”?

(A) It is used to name something when the name is not known.

(B) It was used at the beginning of the nineteenth century.

(C) It most likely came from a word in the French Language.

(D) Its first Known use was by British sailors.

2. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an expression for

something that is not known?

(A) A thingamabob

(B) A gadget

(C) A doohickey

(D) A what - is- it

a name to در خط دوم آمده Aسوال اول درباره گزینه ایست که درست نیست. یعنی سه گزینه درست وجود دارد. گزینه

anything whose name is unknown گزینهC در خط چهارم آمده came from the French. گزینهD در خط سوم

که در متن نیست پاسخ صحیح می باشد. Bبنابراین گزینه .first used by British sailors آمده



سواالت مربوط به مرجع ضمیر. 4

ست که ضمیر داده شده به آن بر می گردد.ا این سواالت درباره اسم، کلمه و یا اصطالحی

یا حتی در جمله قبل نیز باشد. ممکن است در همان جمله وپاسخ این سواالت عموما قبل از ضمیر بوده و

سوال شود مرجع بعد از آنها می باشد. there + to be: اگر در سوال از ضمایر 0نکته

: گاهی ممکن است در سوال مرجع یک کلمه و یا یک اصطالح پرسیده شود. روش پاسخگویی مشابه ضمایر 6نکته

ممکن است در جمله قبل و یا بعد از آنها باشد. می باشد ولی مرجع

مثال:

The Passage:

Carnivorous plants, such as the sundew and the Venus-Flytrap, are generally found in humid

areas where there is an inadequate supply of nitrogen in the soil. In order to survive, these plants

have developed mechanisms to trap insects within their foliage. They have digestive fluids to

obtain the necessary nitrogen from the insects. These plants trap the insects in a variety of ways.

The sundew has sticky hairs on its leaves; When an insect lands on these leaves, it gets caught

up in the sticky hairs, and the leaf wraps itself around the insect. The leaves of the Venus-Flytrap

function more like a trap, snapping suddenly and forcefully shut around an insect.

The question:

1. The pronoun “they” in line 5 refers to

(A) Humid areas

(B) These plants

(C) Insects

(D) Digestive fluids

2. The pronoun “it” in line 8 refers to

(A) A variety

(B) The sundew

(C) An insect

(D) The leaf

صحیح می باشد. پاسخ سوال دوم نیز قبل از آن بوده و با Bپاسخ سوال اول در جمله قبل می باشد و با توجه به مفهوم آن گزینه

صحیح است. Cتوجه به مفهوم آن گزینه

باید توجه داشت که در این نوع سوال میبایست معنی و مفهوم جمالت و یا حتی گاها پاراگرافی که ضمیر در آن آمده و نیز موضوع

بحث درک شود تا بتوان مرجع آن را مشخص کرد و به نوعی این سوال از دایره تکنیک خارج است.



سواالت استنتاجی .5

یند اطالعات، مثالها و توضیحاتی است که راجع به موضوع متن داده شده و معموال با کلماتی مانند آاین سوال مربوط به بر

implied ،inferred ،understood .و مانند آنها پرسیده میشود

نه با گزیبرای پاسخ به این سوال باید کلید واژه های داده شده در سوال را در متن پیدا کرد و اطالعات و توضیحات داده شده را

ها تطابق داد و گزینه ای که براساس نتیجه ای که از آنها میگیریم صحیح است را انتخاب کنید.

سواالت مربوط به استنتاج

.…It is implied in the passage that انواع سوال

It can be inferred from the passage that….

It can be understood that….

در قمت یا قسمتهایی از متن که مثالها و توضیحات آورده شده کنیم؟کجا پیدا

کلید واژه داخل سوال را انتخاب کنید .1 چگونه پاسخ دهیم؟

آن را در متن پیدا کنید .2

کنید مطالعهبا دقت آن جمله و جمله های اطراف را .3

آنچه که دریافت میشود را با گزینه ها تطابق دهید .4

به مفهوم بدست آمده انتخاب گزینه صحیح را با توجه .5

.کنید



مثال:

The Passage:

The Hawaiian language is a melodious language in which all words are derived from

an alphabet of only twelve letters, the five vowels A, E, I, O. U and the seven

consonants H, K, L, K, N, P, W.

Each syllable in the language ends in a vowel, and two consonants never appear

together, so vowels have a much higher frequency in the Hawaiian language than

they do in English.

This musical- sounding language can be heard regularly by visitors to the islands.

Most Hawaiians speak English, but it is quite common to hear English that is

liberally spiced with words and expressions from the traditional language of the

culture. A visitor may be greeted with the expression aloha, and may be referred to

as a malihini because he is a newcomer to the island.

This visitor may attend an outside luau where everyone eats too much and be invited

afterwards to dance the hula.

The question:

1. It is implied that a luau is

(A) A dance

(B) A feast

(C) A concert

(D) A language

everyone eats too much که در جمله آخر آمده و اشاره به غذای زیاد دارد luauپاسخ این سوال با توجه به کلید واژه

می باشد. Bگزینه



سواالت مربوط به معنی کلمه .6 این سواالت مربوط به تشخیص معنی یک کلمه یا یک عبارت و یا یک اصطالح خاص می باشد.

برای پاسخ به این سوال ضمن داشتن اطالعات واژگانی کافی می توان با در نظر گرفتن مفهوم کلی بخشی که کلمه در آن بکار

رفته و یا حتی از طریق نکات گرامری به معنی آن پی برد.

مثال:

به معنی اشتباه یا misبا توجه پیشوند 2می باشد. پاسخ سوال Cبه معنی زندگی گزینه vivبا توجه به پیشوند 1پاسخ سوال

می باشد. Dبه معنی صحبت کردن گزینه dicبا توجه به پیشوند 3می باشند. پاسخ سوال Cغلط گزینه

The Passage:

Ring Lardner himself was born into a wealthy, educated, and cultured family.

For the bulk of his career, he worked as a reporter for newspapers in South

Bend, Boston, St. Louis, and Chicago.

However, it is for his short stories of lower middle-class Americans that Ring

Lardner is perhaps best known. In these stories, Lardner vividly creates the

language and the ambiance of this lower class, often using the misspelled

words, grammatical errors, and incorrect diction that typified the language of

the lower middle class.

The question:

1. The word "vividly" in line 6 is closest in meaning to

(A) In a cultured way

(B) In a correct way

(C) In a lifelike way

(D) In a brief way

2. The word "misspelled" in line 7 is closest in meaning to

(A) Highly improve

(B) Vulgar

(C) Incorrectly written

(D) Slang

3. The word "diction" in line 8 is closest in meaning to

(A) Writing

(B) Sentence structure

(C) Form

(D) speech



نهاآفهرستی از پیشوندها و معانی

دایره تکنیک خارج بوده و باید دایره لغات قویی داشت.باید توجه داشت که نحوه پاسخ به این سوال از نکته:

A SHORT LIST WORD PARTS

PART MEANING EXAMPLE PART MEANING EXAMPLE

CONTRA (مقابل مخالف) Contrast DIC (گفتن) Dictate

MAL (بد) Malcontent DOMIN (کنترل کردن) Dominant

MIS (اشتباه) Mistake JUD (قضاوت کردن) Judgment

SUB (زیر) Subway MOR (میرا) Mortal

DEC (11) Decade SPEC (دیدن) Spectator

MULTI (زیاد) Multiple TERR (زمین) Territory

SOL (تک) Solo VER (چرخش) Divert

TRI (3) Triple VIV (زنده) revive



نمونه سواالت آزمون



آزمون اول

Passage 1

The reasons for the extinction of a species and for the rapid rates of change in our environment are

currently the focus of Line much scientific research. An individual species' susceptibility to extinction

depends on at least two things: the taxon (the biological group—kingdom, phylum, class, order, family,

or genus) to which a species belongs, and the overall rate of environmental change. Fossil evidence shows

that more mammals and birds become extinct than do mollusks or insects. Studies of the extinction of the

dinosaurs and other reptiles during the Cretaceous Period show that a changing environment affects

different tаха in different ways. Some may be dramatically affected, others less so.

The best way to answer the question of what causes an extinction is to combine fields of inquiry and a

variety of viewpoints. Using the fossil record and historical documentation, the different rates of the

extinction of various taxa and different responses to environmental change can be detected. Then the

evolutionary development of the different species can be compared, and traits that may be

disadvantageous can be singled out. Finally, researchers can use mathematical formulae to determine

whether a population is likely to adapt itself to the changing environment or disappear. Hopefully, as more

of this information is collected, specialists in different fields— e.g. physiological and behavioral ecology,

population ecology, community ecology, evolutionary biology and systematics, biogeography, and paleo

biology — will work together to make predictions about the broader changes that might occur in the

ecosystem.



1. Which of the following is the main topic of the passage?

(1) Assessment of the work of specialists concerned with ecology

(2) A discussion of possible causes of extinction, and of ways to make predictions about environmental

change

(3) The changing aspects of our environment

(4) A comparison of the extinction rates of different taxa

2. The word "susceptibility" in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(1) Insensitivity

(2) Receptiveness

(3) Immunity

(4) Vulnerability

3. It can be inferred from the passage that a significant event of the Cretaceous Period was

(1) The appearance of many taxa

(2) The dramatic effect of the dinosaur on the environment

(3) The extinction of birds

(4) The extinction of dinosaurs

4. According to the passage, the likelihood of a population becoming extinct can be

(1) Determined by mathematical formulas

(2) Lessened by the efforts of a few concerned specialists

(3) Unaffected by environmental change

(4) Almost impossible to ascertain

5. The word broader in line 14 is closest in meaning to

(1) Fatter (2) extra (3) wider (4) many



Passage 2

The appearance and character of a hardened lava field depend on numerous factors. Among the key

variables are the chemical nature of the Line magma and the degree of viscosity of the liquid rock once it

begins to flow.

Since the ultimate nature of lava is influenced by chemical composition, it is possible to predict certain

aspects of the final appearance of the field from a sample of the molten fluid. The main components of

lava are silica and various oxides, including those of potassium, iron, calcium, magnesium, sodium, and

aluminum. Magnesium and iron oxides are found in high concentrations in the dark-colored basic basalt,

while silica, soda, and potash preponderate in the lighter-colored, acidic felsite rocks.

The viscosity of the liquid rock helps to determine the appearance of the hardened field's surface. When

it issues, the lava is red- or even white-hot. It soon begins to cool, and the surface darkens and crusts over.

In extremely viscous flows, the underpart may yet be in motion as the surface solidifies. The crust breaks

up into a mass of jagged blocks of rock that are carried as a tumbling, jostling mass on the surface of the

slowly moving stream. When the stream eventually stops and hardens, the field is extremely rough and

difficult to traverse. On the other hand, highly liquid lava may harden with much smoother surfaces that

exhibit ropy, curved, wrinkled, and wavelike forms.

6. The degree of viscosity in newly issued lava is a critical determinant of

(1) The ultimate nature of the hardened lava field

(2) The chemical nature of the magma

(3) Whether the lava will be red or white-hot

(4) The viscosity of the liquid rock



7. The chemical composition of a hardened field

(1) has nothing to do with the viscosity of the liquid rock

(2) will cause the crusting phenomena common in hardened lava

(3) is important in shaping the ultimate appearance of the field

(4) depends upon the degree of viscosity of the original liquid rock

8. In line 8, the word issues most nearly means

(1) is dormant (2) heats up (3) traverses (4) comes out

9. If the hardened lava presents a smoother wavelike surface it is likely that

(1) it was not initially a highly liquid lava

(2) it results from a highly liquid lava

(3) its final form will be rough and difficult to traverse

(4) at issue, it was red-hot

10. The word "it" in line 8 refers to

(1) The viscosity (2) the liquid rock (3) the lava (4) the appearance



Passage 3

Birds that feed in flocks commonly retire together into roosts. The reasons for roosting communally are

not always obvious, but there are some likely benefits. In winter especially, it is important for birds to

keep warm at night and conserve precious food reserves. One way to do this is to find a sheltered roost.

Solitary roosters shelter in dense vegetation or enter a cavity - horned larks dig holes in the ground and

ptarmigan burrow into snow banks - but the effect of sheltering is magnified by several birds huddling

together in the roosts, as wrens, swifts, brown creepers, bluebirds, and anise do. Body contact reduces the

surface area exposed to the cold air, so the birds keep each other warm. Two kinglets huddling together

were found to reduce their heat losses by a quarter and three together saved a third of their heat. The

second possible benefit of communal roosts is that they act as “information centers.” During the day,

parties of birds will have spread out to forage over a very large area. When they return in the evening

some will have fed well, but others may have found little to eat. Some investigators have observed that

when the birds set out again next morning, those birds that did not feed well on the previous day appear

to follow those that did. The behavior of common and lesser kestrels may illustrate different feeding

behaviors of similar birds with different roosting habits. The common kestrel hunts vertebrate animals in

a small, familiar hunting ground, whereas the very similar lesser kestrel feeds on insects over a large area.

The common kestrel roosts and hunts alone, but the lesser kestrel roosts and hunts in flocks, possibly so

one bird can learn from others where to find insect swarms. Finally, there is safety in numbers at

communal roosts since there will always be a few birds awake at any given moment to give the alarm.

But this increased protection is partially counteracted by the fact that mass roosts attract predators and are

especially vulnerable if they are on the ground. Even those in trees can be attacked by birds of prey. The



birds on the edge are at greatest risk since predators find it easier to catch small birds perching at the

margins of the roost.

11. What does the passage mainly discuss?

(1) How birds find and store food

(2) How birds maintain body heat in the winter

(3) Why birds need to establish territory

(4) Why some species of birds nest together

12. The word “conserve” in line 3 is closest in meaning to

(1) retain (2) watch (3) locate (4) share

13. The author mentions kinglets in line 7 as an example of birds that

(1) protect themselves by nesting in holes

(2) nest with other species of birds

(3) nest together for warmth

(4) usually feed and nest in pairs

14. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the passage as an advantage derived by birds that

huddle together while sleeping?

(1) Some members of the flock warn others of impending dangers.

(2) Staying together provides a greater amount of heat for the whole flock

(3) Some birds in the flock function as information centers for others who are looking for food.

(4) Several members of the flock care for the young.

15. The word “they” in line 18 refers to

(1) a few birds (2) mass roosts (3) predators (4) trees



Passage 4

The changing profile of a city in the United States is apparent in the shifting definitions used by the United

States Bureau of the Census. In 1870 the census officially distinguished the nation's “urban” from its

“rural” population for the first time. “Urban population” was defined as persons living in towns of 8,000

inhabitants or more. But after 1900 it meant persons living in incorporated places having 2,500 or more

inhabitants. Then, in 1950 the Census Bureau radically changed its definition of “urban” to take account

of the new vagueness of city boundaries. In addition to persons living in incorporated units of 2,500 or

more, the census now included those who lived in unincorporated units of that size, and also all persons

living in the densely settled urban fringe, including both incorporated and unincorporated areas located

around cities of 50,000 inhabitants or more. Each such unit, conceived as an integrated economic and

social unit with a large population nucleus, was named a Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA).

Each SMSA would contain at least (a) one central city with 50,000 inhabitants or more or (b) two cities

having shared boundaries and constituting, for general economic and social purposes, a single community

with a combined population of at least 50,000, the smaller of which must have a population of at least

15,000. Such an area included the county in which the central city is located, and adjacent counties that

are found to be metropolitan in character and economically and socially integrated with the county of the

central city. By 1970, about two-thirds of the population of the United States was living in these urbanized

areas, and of that figure more than half were living outside the central cities. While the Census Bureau

and the United States government used the term SMSA (by 1969 there were 233 of them), social scientists

were also using new terms to describe the elusive, vaguely defined areas reaching out from what used to

be simple “towns” and “cities”. A host of terms came into use: “metropolitan regions,” “polynucleotide

population groups,” “conurbations,” “metropolitan clusters,” “megalopolises,” and so on.

16. What does the passage mainly discuss?



(1) How cities in the United States began and developed

(2) Solutions to overcrowding in cities

(3) The changing definition of an urban area

(4) How the United States Census Bureau conducts a census

17. The word “distinguished” in line 2 is closest in meaning to

(1) Differentiated (2) removed (3) honored (4) protected

18. According to the passage, why did the Census Bureau revise the definition of urban in 1950?

(1) City borders had become less distinct.

(2) Cities had undergone radical social change.

(3) Elected officials could not agree on an acceptable definition.

(4) New businesses had relocated to larger cities.

19. The word “those” in line 6 refers to

(1) Boundaries (2) persons (3) units (4) areas

20. Which of the following is NOT true of an SMSA?

(1) It has a population of at least 50,000

(2) It can include a city's outlying regions.

(3) It can include unincorporated regions.

(4) It consists of at least two cities.



:دوم آزمون

Passage 1

The period of the American Revolution was a time of contrasts in American fashion. In urban centers,

women enjoyed a wide Line range of expression in the fashions available to them, even though shortages

might force a young lady to wear an outfit made from the bright red uniform of her British beau. The

patriots, however, tended to scorn fashions frivolous in time of war. In remote areas, patriotic groups led

boycotts of British goods and loomed their own woolen cloth.

In selecting clothes, stylish American ladies depended on "fashion babies"—foot- (high dolls illustrating

the latest Paris styles. This infatuation with the fashion trends of the "continent" remained intact well into

the twentieth century. Indeed, even today, New York's fashion industry has not fully escaped the tyranny

of French design.

Mourning garments were almost impossible to obtain since black cloth had to be imported from England;

black arm bands were introduced as a substitute. Gauze, indispensable for petticoats, aprons, and ladies'

headgear, was also in short supply. There was also a taste for outlandish accessories and fanciful detailing:

feathers in hats, elaborate buttons, and gaudily patterned fabrics. These excesses were called "macaroni"

and are immortalized in the song Yankee Doodle.

1. Which of the following is the most appropriate title for this passage?

(1) A Revolution in Fashion

(2) Clothing Shortages of the Revolution

(3) Clothing Styles in Revolutionary America

(4) Conflict in the Fashion Industry



2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage about people's attitudes toward fashion?

(1) They varied according to political beliefs.

(2) They were determined mainly by geography

(3) They corresponded to a person's social standing.

(4) They were a matter of personal taste.

3. Which of the following can best be said about the Paris fashion industry?

(1) It has come to the forefront only recently, compared to New York.

(2) It has long exerted a powerful influence on American fashion.

(3) It retains its taste for gaudy, "macaroni" type excess.

(4) It is unable to break free from New York's influence.

4. Black armbands were worn to show

(1) the tyranny of Paris fashions

(2) imported cloth from England

(3) fanciful detailing

(4) mourning

5. It can be inferred from the passage that "macaroni"

(1) was so named because of its resemblance to the continent of Europe

(2) was a very short-lived and ill-conceived fashion trend

(3) had a more mundane application to petticoats and aprons

(4) was not the fashion style of avowed patriots



Passage 2

The first two decades of this century were dominated by the microbe hunters. These hunters had tracked

down one after another of the microbes responsible for the most dreaded scourges of many centuries;

tuberculosis, cholera, diphtheria. But there remained some terrible diseases for which no microbe could

be incriminated: scurvy, pellagra, rickets, beriberi. Then it was discovered that these diseases were caused

by the lack of vitamins, a trace substance in the diet. The diseases could be prevented or cured by

consuming foods that contained the vitamins. And so in the decades of the 1920's and 1930's, nutrition

became a science and the vitamin hunters replaced the microbe hunters. In the 1940's and 1950's,

biochemists strived to learn why each of the vitamins was essential for health. They discovered that key

enzymes in metabolism depend on one or another of the vitamins as coenzymes to perform the chemistry

that provides cells with energy for growth and function. Now, these enzymes hunters occupied center

stage. You are aware that the enzyme hunters have been replaced by a new breed of hunters who are

tracking genes ― the blueprints for each of the enzymes ― and are discovering the defective genes that

cause inherited diseases ― diabetes, cystic fibrosis. These gene hunters, or genetic engineers, use

recombinant DNA technology to identify and clone genes and introduce them into bacterial cells and

plants to create factories for the massive production of hormones and vaccines for medicine and for better

crops for agriculture. Biotechnology has become a multibillion-dollar industry.

In view of the inexorable progress in science, we can expect that the gene hunters will be replaced in the

spotlight. When and by whom? Which kind of hunter will dominate the scene in the last decade of our

waning century and in the early decades of the next?



I wonder whether the hunters who will occupy the spotlight will be neurobiologists who apply the

techniques of the enzyme and gene hunters to the functions of the brain. What to call them? The head

hunters. I will return to them later.

6. What is the main topic of the passage?

(1) The microbe hunters

(2) The potential of genetic engineering

(3) The progress of modern medical research

(4) The discovery of enzymes

7. Which of the following can be cured by a change in diet?

(1) Tuberculosis (2) Cholera (3) Cystic fibrosis (4) Pellagra

8. How do vitamins influence health?

(1) They are necessary for some enzymes to function.

(2) They protect the body from microbes.

(3) They keep food from spoiling.

(4) They are broken down by cells to produce energy.

9. In the third paragraph, the author compares cells that have been genetically altered by bio

technicians to

(1) gardens

(2) factories

(3) hunters

(4) spotlights



10. The phrase "occupy the spotlight" in line 18 is closest in meaning to

(1) receive the most attention

(2) go the furthest

(3) conquer territory

(4) lighten the load

Passage 3

Teachers who promote reflective classrooms ensure that student s are fully engaged in the process of

making g meaning. They organize instruction so that students are the producers, not just the consumers,

of knowledge. To best guide children in the habit s of reflection, these teachers approach their role as

that of "facilitator of meaning making."

In the role of facilitator, the teacher acts as an intermediary between the learner and the learning,

guiding each student to approach the learning activity in a strategic way. The teacher helps each student

monitor individual progress, construct meaning from the content learned and from the process of

learning it, and apply the l earning to other contexts and settings. Learning becomes a continual process

of engaging the mind that transforms the mind.

Unfortunately, educators do not often ask students to reflect on their learning. Thus, when students are

asked to reflect on an assignment, they are caught in a dilemma: "What am I supposed to do? How do

l 'reflect'? I've already completed this assignment! Why do I have to think about it anymore?"

In response to our questions, students who are in experienced with reflection offer simple answers such

as "This was an easy assignment!" or "I really enjoyed doing this assignment." If we want students to

get applying past knowledge to new situation s, thinking about thinking (metacognition), and remaining



open to continuous learning-we must teach them strategies to derive rich meaning from their

experiences.

11.The major concern in reflective classes is .......................

1(the topic

2) consuming knowledge

3) organization of materials

4) meaning

12.The major role of the teacher is.................

1)to promote thinking

2) giving lectures

3) giving assignments

4) to know the students

13.The teacher is supposed to ................

1) provide the input

2) be the mediator

3) teach non stop

4) be an observer

14.In reflective classrooms students .............

1)only learn new things which are not relevant to their life

2) are prepared to apply their l earning in new contexts

3) are on l y monitored by the teacher

4) are taught to become blind followers of their teachers



15.Students who are not familiar with the process of reflection .......

1)are always more successful

2) can solve any problem

3) can read between the lines

4) lack the power of making interpretations

Passage 4

Theories about how brain works remain a topic of debate. It is agreed, though, that the

hippocampus, a part of the brain, is undeniably important for memory. When we expe1ience

something, the information is sent via our senses to the hippocampus, where it is processed. Scientists

believe that brain cells called neurons first transform the sensory stimuli we experience into images in

our immediate memory. Then, these images are sent to the hippocampus and stored temporarily in

short-term memory. In the hippocampus, information is organized, and it is during this process that

parts of the image of our experience fade away. Finally, certain information is then transferred to long-

term memory in a section in the frontal lobe of the brain known as the cerebral cortex. Scientists think

this process may happen while we are sleeping, but exactly how the information is transferred from

one area of the brain to another is a mystery.

16- The passage is mainly about...........................

1)how to improve memory

2)why some of the information in short-term memory fades away

3)how human brain processes and stores information

4)the importance of neuron s in transferring sensory stimuli

17- According to the passage, scientists agree that....................................



1) all the information is transferred to long-term memory

2) neurons send the information to long-term memory

3) hippocampus is not important for memory

4) the hippocampus is important in processing information

18-According to the passage, scientists......................

1) know that information is sent from the l on g-term memory to hippocampus

2) have discovered why some of the information is lost in hippocampus

3) are not sure how information is transferred from one area of the brain to another

4) still debate whether the hippocampus is important for memory 84- The

19 - word 19-"it" in line 3 refers to ................................

1) information

2) hippocampus

3) sense

4) processed

20- According to the passage, while we are sleeping information is transfer red

1) from sensory mem01y to short-term memory

2) to an area called the cerebral cortex

3) to long-term memory in an un structured way

4) in the form of colorful picture s which then fade away

اهی آزمون داوطلبان وژیه مطلب ردک جزوه

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