document resume ce 001 483 hayes, anne c.; and others · document resume ed 092 753 ce 001 483...

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 092 753 CE 001 483

AUTHOR Hayes, Anne C.; And OthersTITLE Revisions and Update of Traffic Safety Manpower

Training Prograa Development Guide, Final Report.INSTITUTION Ohio State Univ., Columbus. Center for Vocational and

Technical Education.SPONS AGENCY Department of Transportation, Washington, D.C.

National Highway Safety Bureau.PUB DATE Jan 74NOTE 90p.; For related document, see CE 001 482

EDRS PRICE MF-$0.75 HC-$4.20 PLUS POSTAGEDESCRIPTORS Accident Prevention; *Administrator Guides;

Bibliographies; *Job Training; *Manpower Development;Manpower Utilization; Program Development; ProgramGuides; Questionnaires; Safety; *Safety Education;Surveys; Traffic Accidents; Traffic Control; *TrafficSafety; Vehicular Traffic

IDENTIFIERS *Highway Safety

ABSTRACTThe Center for.Vocational and Technical Education

conducted a project entitled "Revision and Update of Traffic SafetyManpower Training Program Development Guide.° The purpose of theproject was to develop a guy (3 entitled HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETYMANPOWER FUNCTIONS GUIDE thi., provided an organizational schemaillustrating the functions essential to be performed and theinterrelationship of these functions to carry out highpay trafficsafety programs. A review of literature and a bibliography arereported. The data collection procedure involved conducting on-siteinterviews with persons performing the identified traffic safetyfunctions. Major conclusions reached regarding the project were: (1)Non-environmental traffic safety program objectives can be achievedthrough an adequate supply of competent manpower performing theidentified functions. (2) Functions required in one functional areaare similar or identical to functions within other areas, thus withminiaua training, individuals could perform in several functionalareas. (3) There is a variety of traffic safety related functionsbeing performed in numerous agencies and organizations under avariety of job titles. (Author)

rJcr%

REVISION AND UPDATE OF TRAFFICSAFETY MANPOWER TRAINING PROGRAMDEVELOPMENT GUIDEAnne C. HayesRonald D. Daugherty

Niall V. CorwellSamuel C. Reed

DOT HS-115-3-647

The Center for Vocational and Technical EducationThe Ohio State University1960 Kenny RoadColumbus, Ohio 43202

January, 1974

Final Report

PREPARED FOR:

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATIONNATIONAL HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETYADMINISTRATIONWASHINGTON, D.C. 20590

V S DERARTmENT DA HEALTH,EDUCATION A WELFARENATIONAL INSTITUTE OF

EOUCATIOHTms ooCumE Nil HAS BEEN DEPWODUCE0 iXACTLY AS R EcEivEo r roomINC PERSON OR ORGANISATION ORIGINAT,NG .1 POINTS OF VIEW OT OPINIONSST ATER DO NOT NECESSA,HL Y REFIRESENT OFFICIAL NATIONAL INSTITUTE orEDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY

Final ReportContract DOT-1!S-115-3-647

The contents of this report reflect the viewsof The Center for Vocational and TechnicalEducation which is responsible for the factsand the accuracy of the data presented herein.The contents do not necessarily reflect theofficial views or policy of the Department ofTransportation. This report does not consti-tute a standard, specification or regulation.

U.S. Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic Safety Administration

Washington, D.C. 20590

I. Report No.

TECHNICAL REPORT STANDARD TITLE PAGE.-

2, Government Ace:rsoton No. 3. R tiicipiel , ,n 00109 Mn.

& IHIcandSubtilleREVISION AND UPDATE OF TRAFFIC SAFETYMANPOWER TRAINING PROGRAM DEVELOPMENTGUIDE

7. Aui lioIclHayes, Anne C.Daugherty, Ronald D.

9. Petforining Oeganization Name and Address

The Center for Vocationaland Tecnical Education

1960 Kenny RoadColunth u_s_,_Clhicl___.432 1-O-

7. Sponsoring Agency Name and Addresr.

U.S. Department of TransportationNational Highway Traffic SafetyAdministration

Wash'ngtonsD.L.__20590

Corwell Niall V.Reed, Samuel C.

5. Report Date.

January 19746. Performing Drawn:omen Code

8. Performing Oigam)ation Report No.

10. Work lloni no.

- ..

15, Supplementary Notes

11. Co Oroct et Grant N. J.

DOT-H.S.115-3-64713. Type: ol Repot, and Period Cowered

Final ReportApril 1, 1973 -February 1.974

14. Sponsoring Agency Code

16. Abstract

The Center for Vocational and Technical Education conducted a pro-ject entitled "Revision and Update of Traffic Safety Manpower TrainingProgram Development Guide." The purpose of the project was to developa guide entitled Highway Traffic Safety Manpower Functions Guide thatprovided an organizational schema illustrating the functions essentialto be performed and the interrelationship of these functions to carryout highway traffic safety programs. A review of literature and abibliography are reported. The data collection procedure involvedconducting on-site interviews with persons performing the identifiedtraffic safety functions.

Major conclusions reached regarding the project were:1. Non-environmental traffic safety program objectives can be

achieved through an adequate supply of competent manpowerperforming the identified functions.

2. Functions required in one functional area are similar oridentical to functions within other areas, thus with minimumtraining, individuals could perform in several functionalareas.

3. There is a variety of traffic safety related functions beingperformed in numerous agencies and organizations under avariety of job titles.

17 Key Words

Highway traffic safetyManpower development

18. Distribution Statement

19. Security Closed. lel this report)

Unclassified20, Security Classif. (of this page)

Unclassified21. No, of Pages

91

22. Price

Form DOT F 1700.7 1 4-69)

REVISION AND UPDATE or TRAFFICSAFETY MANPOWER TRAININGPROGRAM DEVELOPMENT GUIDE

FINAL REPORT

Anne C. HayesRonald D. DaughertyNiall V. CorwellSamuel C. Reed

The center for Vocational and Technical EducationThe Ohio State UniversityColumbus, Ohio 43210

January 1974

PREFACE

The Center for Vocational and Technical Education conductedfor the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, U.S.Department of Transportation, a study entitled "Revision and Up-date of Traffic Safety Manpower Training Program DevelopmentGuide." The purpose of the project was to identify and describehighway traffic safety functions within the current NHTSA high-way traffic safety program standards.

This publication serves as the final technical report. Theliterature reviewed, the procedure and methodology employed inconducting the project, and the findings, conclusions and recom-mendations resulting from the project endeavors are reported.

A second document, Highway Traffic Safety Manpower FunctionsGuide,* contains a synthesis of information resulting from thisT7. The guide identifies and describes the major manpowerfunctions in highway traffic safety aimed at achieving a commongoal--reducing deaths, injuries, and property damage.

The project was directed by Ronald Daugherty, AssociateDirector of Resource Development at CVTE. Project associatedirector was Anne C. Hayes, and Niall V. Corwell served as theproject graduate research associate. Samuel C. Reed was a pro-ject technician and Pauline Frey was the project secretary.George Palmer of NHTSA served as contract technical manager (CTM).Kendrick Spooner, Northern Colorado State University and RichardCoatney, research and development specialist at CVTE, served asconsultants for designing the survey instruments.

The names of NHTSA program area consultants and on-sitetraffic safety specialists who contributed information and datacontained in the guide appear in Appendix A of this report.

Robert E. TaylorDirectorThe Center for Vocationaland Technical Education

*This publication is available from the National TechnicalInformation Service as follows: Daugherty, Ronald D., Anne C.Hayes, Niall V. Corwell and Samuel C. Reed. Highway TrafficSafety Manpower Functions Guide. Washington, D.C.: NationalHighway Traffic Safety Administration, 1974.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

PREFACE i.

LIST OF FIGURES

INTRODUCTION .. 1

REVIEW OF LITERATURE 5

Highway Safety Literature in General 5

Literature Applicable to HighwayTraffic Safety Program Areas

Literature Related to SurveyInstrument Development 9

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM 11

Project Purpose 11Project Objectives 12

ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING THE STUDY 13

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY 15

METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES 17

Task I: Initiate the Project andConduct Literature Search 17

Task II: Interview NHTSA ProgramSpecialists. 21

Task III: Plan and Prepare forOn-Site Interviews 22

Task IV: Interview On-Site Consultants 23Task V: Prepare the Guide 23

FINDINGS 27

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 41

Summary 41Conclusions 42Recommendations 43

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTID)

Pa9,e

APPENDIXES

A. NIITSA SURVEY INSTRUMENT # 1 47

B. LETTER TO NIITSA PROGRAM SPECIALISTS 53

C. LIST OF NHTSA PROGRAM SPECIALISTSAND ON-SITE HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETYSPECIALISTS INTERVIEWED 57

D. ON-SITE SURVEY INSTRUMENT #2 67

E. PROJECT CORRESPONDENCE 77

F. LETTER TO NUTSA PROGRAM SPECIALISTS- -CRITIQUE GUIDELINES 81

REFERENCES 85

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Pa9e

1 Project Plan 18

2 Distribution of On-Site SpecialistsInterviewed by NHTSA Field Regions 25

3 Highway Traffic Safety ManpowerFunctions Guide Table of Contents 28

4 Highway Traffic Safety FunctionalAreas and Related Functions 31

5 interrelationship of Highway TrafficSafety Administrating Functions 33

6 Interrelationship of Examining, Inspecting,and Patrolling Functions 34

7 Interrelationship of Coding, Processing,Recording, Reporting, and AnalyzingFunctions 35

8 Interrelationship of DispatchingFunctions 36

9 Interrelationship of Teaching, GuardingCrossings, Patrolling, and ReportingAccident Data Functions 37

INTRODUCTION

In the past decade a major problem has been evolving on thetrafficways of America. Statistics show that more than 55,000people are killed and an additional two million injured on ourstreets and hi0,ways each year. Property damage due to highwayaccidents exceeds $19.4 billion annually (National Safety Coun-cil, 1973). Mc, growing concern of the American society isillwatrated uy the National Highway Safety Act of 1972.

Highway safety program standards, as promulgated by thesecretary of the U.S. Department of Transportation, evolvedfrom these major pieces of highway traffic safety legislation.The standards have fluctuated and have numbered as many aseighteen, Highway Safety Program Manuals (Federal Highway Admin-istration, 1972). The most recent proposed revision set fortheight standards for highway traffic safety (National HighwayTraffic Safety Administration, 1972b). Once these safety stand-ards were established, administrators of highway traffic safetyprograms realized a lack of trained manpower to .implement thesestandards. The study Safety Specialist Manpower (Booz, et al.,1968) , conducted for the U.S. Department of Transportation,dealt specifically with anticipated manpower needs in the areaof highway traffic safety. The study was made pririr to thefull establishment and understanding of the original sixteensafety standards. Nevertheless, this four-volume report hasserved as a benchmark reference for manpower studies, projec-tions, and recommendations made during the past few years.

Another study, The Feasibility of Establishing HighwaySafety Manpower Development and Research Centers at University-Level Institutions, conducted by Stanford Research Institute(1969), also provided some insight into the manpower needs andthe corresponding training needs necessary for manpower devel-opment in the area of highway traffic safety. This study alsoserves as one of the foundation studies to be considered forhighway traffic safety manpower development and educationalefforts.

Both of the earlier manpower studies in highway trafficsafety were deficient in information regarding highway trafficsafety occupations requiring less than a baccalaureate degree.In response to this need for technical manpower information inthe traffic safety area, a project (FH-11-7507) was initiatedby The Center for Vocational and Technical Education (CVTE),in fiscal year 1970. The purpose of this study was to examine

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closely the earlier manpower studies in highway traffic safetyand to collect information from each of the original sixteenhighway safety program standard areas, the literature, and otherresources deemed useful for developing curricula and instruction-al materials and programs for highway traffic manpower training.

The project entitled "Expansion of Vocational-TechnicalSchool Programs to Accommodate Highway Safety Manpower Needs,"(Daugherty, et al., 1971a.) resulted in a final report and apublication entitled Highway Safety Occupational Program Development Guide (Daugherty, et al., 1971b). This guide was develi-oped to serve five purposes:

1. To acquaint educators with an occupational field inwhich there exists a severe manpower shortage.

2. To identify sources of curriculum materials and refer-ences for program development in the areas of traffisafety occupations.

3. To highlight some existing educational programs thatlare providing traffic safety manpower.

4. To suggest some alterations to existing occupationalpreparation programs for the purpose of training peoplein the function of traffic safety.

5. To encourage the development of new programs for train-ing people in new and emerging traffic safety occupa-tions.

Some of the recent developments and changes in highway traf-fic safety have been so rapid that a need exists for an updatedprogram development guide to encompass the realignments and re-visions of the highway traffic safety program standards. Theoriginal Highway Safety Occupational Program Development Guidedealt only with technical-level manpower training, whereas therevised guide was expanded to encompass professional and mana-gerial functions supporting the implementation of the highwaytraffic safety program standards.

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA),sponsored a project with CVTE to identify highway traffic safetyfunctions within the current status of their highway safety pro-gram standards. The end product of the project was to consistof a Highway Traffic Safety Manpower Functions Guide. The guiderepresents a first attempt to provide an organTia-Ernal schemathat illustrates the functions essential to be performed tocarry out highway traffic safety programs. An attempt also wasmade to identify the interrelationships between the functionscontained within each functional area. All aspects' of highway

2

safety excluding the environmental standards are incorporatedwithin the guide.

The guide will be of value to a great variety of personnelinvolved in all of the diverse areas of highway traffic safety.Professional and managerial personnel such as state program admin-istrators and local administrators and supervisors should findthe guide useful when planning and determining the scope of workand functions to be performed in accomplishing the goals of high-way safety. Community colleges, vocational-technical schoolsand other agencies and institutions concerned with manpower devel-opment for highway traffic safety functions will find the guidevaluable in the design and development of curriculum. This guidealso should grove valuable to agencies and groups involved inthe various functional areas of highway traffic safety by por-traying the overall field in a functional setting and by iden-tifying the place and interrelationships of the different unitsin this setting. Career counselors serving youth and adults willfind the information contained in the guide beneficial when ex-ploring potential career opportunities within the wide gamut ofhighway traffic safety.

3//

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Much has been written concerning manpower in highway traf-fic safety, some of which deals with job specifications or per-formance criteria. A review of the more current key literaturewas made to form an jnformation base for conducting the studyand to supplement the findings to be incorporated into the High-way Traffic Safety Manpower Functions Guide. All the materialswere examined with reference to the current status of highwaysafety and to determine the appropriateness of content for in-clusion in the guide.

As information was accumulated and examined by the projectstaff, materials were allocated into one of three categories:(1) highway safety literature in general, (2) literature appli-cable to any combination of one or more of the highway safetyprogram areas, and (3) literature related to survey instrumentdevelopment.

Highway Safety Literature in General

The National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act of 1966(Public Law 89-563) and the National Highway Safety Act of 1966(Public Law 89-564) remain the current legislation underlyingall highway safety activities at the federal, state, and locallevels. The present eighteen safety program standards resultedfrom those laws, and standards in the Highway Safety ProgramManuals (FHA, 1969), volumes one through eighteen were reviewed.By comparing the existing safety program standards to the pro-posed eight new program areas, the staff was able to recognizeadditions and deletions of highway traffic safety functions inthe transition from the existing standards to the proposed pro-gram areas.

Section 106(a) of the National Traffic and Motor VehicleSafety Act of 1966 states that the secretary of transportationis authorized to make grants to nonprofit organizations and tostate and interstate agencies who will conduct research anddevelopment endeavors and training programs.

One such NHTSA-sponsored manpower development study wasconducted by Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Inc., (1968). Thisreport consists of a comprehensive inventory of all existingstate highway traffic safety positions at that time and posi-tions projected for the future. The study translates all

5

position titles into thirty-six composite occupations based onsimilar training requirements. These occupations were studiedin order to determine which highway traffic safety Functions andwhich additional related functions could be included in the hand-book. The staff also studied the job descriptions listed undereach occupation, both for content and comparison to current jobdescriptions collected from highway traffic safety specialistsin the field.

The 1969 "Lanford Research Institute study, The Feasibilityof Estab) ishinq Hivhway Safet Manpower Development and ResearchCenters at Ultrirsity Leve Institutions, provides some insightinto the manpower and training needs in the areas of highwaytraffic safety at the university level.

Another major publication reviewed was the Highway SafetyOccupational Opportunities, prepared by the Highway Users Fed-eration for Safety and Mobility for the National Highway SafetyBureau (1970). Each safety specialty explored included the fol-lowing categories:

1. Job description

2. Nature of the work

3. Qualifications

4. Education and training

5. Working conditions

6. Opportunities for advancement

7. Service to society

8. Employment outlook

9. Unique characteristics of the job

The study describes highway safety career opportunities by jobtitles and is based primarily upon the original sixteen safetyprogram standards.

The Highway Safety Occupational Program Development Guide(Daugherty, et al., 1971b), prepared by CVTE contains jobdescriptions, manpower requirements, existing programs, andtraining programs in many of the areas of highway safety. In-formation from the development guide in certain areas was ex-tracted and specialists who had participated in the developmentof the guide were consulted in order to enhance expertise inparticular areas of highway safety.

6

The U.S. Department of Transportation, (NHTSA, 1972b) pro-posed a research study for the purpose of identifying trafficsafety functions within the eight proposed standards consistingof the following areas:

1. Program Administration and Evaluation

2. Traffic Laws and Regulations

3. Vehiel Requirements

4. Traffic Safety Education

5. Driver Licensing

6. Police Traffic Services

7. Traffic Courts and Adjudication Systems

8. Emergency Medical Services

The Highway Safety Program Management publication (Automo-motive Safety Founcation, 1968) provided information related toplanning, developing, and implementing statewide traffic safetyprograms. The material was devoted to organizational structureand the details that an organization and management need toachieve.

Annual highway safety work plans 1973-74 from states ofMichigan (Highway Safety Planning, 1973), Texas (Office of Traf-fic Safety, 1973), and Washington (Washington Traffic SafetyCommission, 1973) were reviewed for manpower information andprojected needs in highway safety.

To keep abreast of current trends in highway safety, theNational Safety Council's monthly publication, Traffic Safety;NHTSA's bi-weekly publications, Highway Safety Literature andthe Highway User were consistently reviewed. Accidents Facts,1973 Edition (NSC, 1973) was reviewed to obtain up-to-datehighway accident figures. The most recent issues of the U.S.Department of Transportation's annual reports under the NationalTraffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act and the National HighwaySafety Act were reviewed for data related to the area of man-power for highway safety.

Literature Applicable to HighwayTraffic Safety Program Areas

There were many publications reviewed that did not fall intothe category of "highway safety literature in general." These

7

include more specific publications that were applied to partic-ular program areas.

In the area of traffic records systems, the Georgia TrafficRecords Study prepared by the Traffic Institute, Northwestern Uni-versity (1969), was reviewed. Information was extracted concern-ing planning, operation, and utilization of traffic records sys-tems.

The Police Alcohol Training Project Technical Report, Mich-igan State University (Carnahan, 1972), Alcohol and AlcoholSafety Curricu)um Manuals (NHTSA, 1972a,b,c), Basic T5ITIFIg Pro-gram for Breath Examiner Specialists (NHTSA, 1971,a,b,c) andPublic Information Programs on Alcohol and Highway Safety (Swine-hart and Grimm, n.d.) provided information on current alcoholcountermeasures programs in the United States.

In pupil transportation, NHTSA's The Selection and Trainingof School Bus Drivers (n.d.), Pupil Transportation Safety ProgramPlan (19731); the National Highway Safety Bureau's School BusSafetyOperator Age in Relation to School Bus Accidents (1969);the Ohio State Department of Education's Ohio Pupil Transporta-tion Laws and Regulations (1970), and Ohio's School Bus DriverTraining--Basic Course Learner's Manual (1963); were reviewed forInformation pertinent to the functional area of pupil transpor-tation. The School Bus InsEection and Maintenance Guide (1970),was reviewed for functional information.

In driver licensing, several state information booklets andpamphlets were reviewed, both for informative and comparativereasons. NHTSA's Basic Training Program for Driver LicenseExaminers (1971d,e,f), and Driver License Examiners Supervisor(1973f,g,h), were surveyed for identification of licensing func-tions. The California Driver Improvement Manual (Division ofDriver's Licenses, n.d.), and the Basic Program for Driver Im-frovement Analyst (NHTSA, 1973c,d,e) provided insight into theunction of driver improvement analysis.

State agencies in Ohio, California, and South Dakota pro-vided information for the use in writing functional descriptionsfor motor vehicle registration and inspection.

In traffic safety education, several publications were re-viewed. Among them were An Evaluation of Driver Education,(McGuire and Kersh, 1969), and Basic Driver Education, (Bonner,Gutshall, and Kenel, 1966). These books covered not only statesupported driver education, but also provided information oncommercial driving schools. Training programs reviewed fortechnical input consisted of Introduction to Teaching--DriverEducation Teaching Assistant's Program (Department of Industrial

8

Education, 1973), A Resource Curriculum in Driver and TrafficSafety Education (Education Manpower Development Division, 1970),Driver Education for the Handicapped (Safety Center, 1971), andDriver Improvement ProgramDefensive Driver's Manual (MSC, 1971).

Informational booklets received from manufacturers of vari-ous speed detection devices were reviewed. These were the onlyproduct promotional-type materials from manufacturers that wereexamined.

The annual report, Judicial Administration in the Courts,State of Washington (TheTrace of Administrator for the Courts,1972), A Report of the Status and Potential InTlications of De-criminalization of Movira Traffic Violations (NHTSA, 1973a) ,

and Manual of Rules and Procedures--Oklahoma Traffic Court(Roberts, et al., n.d.1 were examined for information regardingthe court systems.

A textbook for emergency medical personnel, Emergency Vic-tim Care (OSDE, 1972), provided information and photographs con-cerning the emergency medical services. It was prepared for thestate of Ohio by the Ohio Trade and Industrial Education Service.Basic Training Course--Emergency Medical Technician -- Ambulance(NHSB, 1970), Dispatcher (NHTSA, 1972h), and Communications- -Guidelines for Emergency Medical Services (U.S. Department ofTransportation, 1972) were used extensively in the emergencymedical services section. They were prepared specifically forNHTSA.

The Accident Investigation Technician Instructor TrainingInstitute (NHTSA, 1973b) materials were studied to determinefunctions to be performed in this area.

The Police Traffic Services Supervisory Level Training Pro-grams (NHTSA, 1973i,j,k) and the Police Traffic Services BasicTraining Programs (NHTSA, 1972f,g) were reviewed for informationapplicable to the functional area of police traffic services.

The functional area of pedestrian safety materials reviewedconsisted of ::he American Automobile Association's PedestrianSafety Program Series (1965), 10 Traffic Safety Guides (Crabtree,1970), and A Teacher's Guide for the Safest Route to School Pro-ject (AAA, n.d.).

Literature Related to Survey Instrument Development

The following literature was reviewed for information re-lating to the development of survey instruments.

9

Developing Vocational Instruction (Mager and Beach, 1967)provided insight into data necessary to collect for writing jobdescriptions and conducting a task analysis. Only specific sec-tions were applicable to the project.

Insight into planning surveys, questionnaire constructionand design and interviewing practices were gained through SurveyResearch (Backstrom and Hursh, 1963). The authors provided astep-by-step outline for field survey research.

Procedures and practices for conducting analysis of manpoweroccupations were reviewed in the Handbook for Analyzing Jobs(U.S. Department of Labor, 1972). This publication provided amore detaiied analysis procedure than was required for projectendeavors.

Personnel Management and Industrial Relations (Yoder, 1962)1provided insight into defining the function-task approach usedin writing the functional area descriptions contained in the guide.

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STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

The highway traffic safety problem is manifested in partthrough the lack of adequately trained and deployed manpowerto achieve program objectives. To describe the manpower needswithin the field of highway traffic safety, several approachesare available and necessary to exemplify the various dimensionsto be considered in supplying these needs. An approach lackingin the literature was one that described the functions needingto be performed by people to carry out stated highway trafficsafety objectives and programs. Another approach that hasreceived little attention is the interrelationship between thefunctional performance by individuals within the field of high-way traffic safety.

The need to describe functions and to show an inter-relationship between these functions constituted a problemof sufficient magnitude to warrant NHTSA to set a priorityon the problem and establish it in their 1973-74 program ofwork.

Project Purpose

The NHTSA contracted with CVTE for the purpose of updatingand revising materials within the Highway Safety OccupationalProgram Development Guide (Daugherty, et al., 1971b). Thisrevision included the identification of highway traffic safetyfunctions as prescribed within one or more of the eighteenhighway traffic safety program standards administered by NHTSAor the new program areas as proposed in the "Highway SafetyProgram Standards," (NHTSA, 1972d). This project focusedon (a) delineating functions to be performed in connectionwith each identified traffic safety functional area, (b)

describing performance of each function, (c) indicating con-tribution of each function to highway safety, and (d) pro-viding job titles and agencies in which the function isperformed. A series of on-site interviews was conductedwith identified specialists to determine the scope and natureof each function. The project reflected the manpower functionsfrom the technical level through the professional and manageriallevels. The project goal was to collect data from which todepict descriptions of highway traffic safety functions asopposed to conducting a large-scale job analysis survey.

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Project Objectives

The major objectives for the project were to:

1. Identify the functions within each of the highwaytraffic safety program standards that must be per-formed to implement the standard.

2. Delineate functions to be performed within eachidentified highway traffic safety area by conductinga series of on-site interviews for the purpose ofdetermining function descriptions, scope of workperformed, nature of work, and contribution tohighway safety.

3. Conduct a search of existing highway traffic safetyliterature to assist in identifying and describingexisting highway traffic safety functions and require-ments.

4. Identify and describe managerial and professionallevel functions.

5. Produce a Highway Traffic Safety Manpower FunctionsGuide and a final project report to be submitted toNHTSA upon project completion.

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ASSUMPTIONS UNDERLYING THE STUDY

The project staff made the following assumptions in con-ducting this project.

1. The project staff could achieve the objectives withthe assistance of selected NHTSA program specialistsand ::onsultants; by conducting selected on-siteinterviews, reviewing literature, and analyzing infor-mation provided by each of these sources.

2. The data gathered on highway traffic safety in thevarious geographical regions throughout the UnitedStates would, to a large degree, be applicable to thedescription of functions contained within the guide.

3. The consultants, NHTSA program area specialists, andon-site specialists identified to provide data areknowledgeable in their designated area of specializa-tion.

4. The NHTSA program specialists knew and recommendedon-site specialists across the nation who are per-forming one of the most exemplary jobs in the iden-tified functional areas.

5. The individuals or programs identified for the projectstaff as being exemplary for their respective areawould exemplify the performance of all functionsessential to a comprehensive highway traffic safetyprogram, excluding those primarily involved withenvironmental factors.

6. The interpretation of the performance described byor being performed by the individuals interviewedwas in fact an accurate and complete account of func-tions being performed at a near optimum level ofcompetence.

7. Each function consists of a series of activities androles of a similar nature or integral in relationshipbut which may or may not constitute a full-time jobor, in some instances, may not even require a majorportion of the time spent in a full-time job.

13

8. The functions identified as being performed by thespecialists interviewed and observed are not necessarilyperformed nationwide by specialists with the same orsimilar job titles or agency affiliation.

9. Certain rather discrete functions could be identifiedand described that when considered in total wouldcomprise the total performance by manpower necessaryto carry out a comprehensive highway traffic safetyprogram.

14

LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

Certain limitations have been identified by the projectstaff.

1. The data used in this study were obtained from aliterature search, and interviews of on-site special-ists. Interviewees were a highly selected populationidentified by NHTSA program area specialists. Furtherdata collected were primarily limited to manpowerfunctions identified by.NHTSA program area specialists.

2. A number of the on-site specialists identified asperforming a designated function were not in actualityperforming the functions for which they were beinginterviewed.

3. More on-site specialists identified by NHTSA programarea specialists as performing a designated functionwere involved with federally sponsored projectsthan had been anticipated by the project staff.

4. This manpower study was limited to non-federal levelfunctions performed in highway traffic safety.

5. In most instances, only one on-site specialist wasinterviewed for each highway traffic safety function.

6. The scope of highway traffic safety functions waslimited to the current eighteen highway safety programstandards excluding the environmental standards aspromulgated by the NHTSA and as they are currentlybeing performed in the various states.

7. The on-site interviews for the functions were con-ducted primarily in metropolitan areas since theindividuals identified by NHTSA program area special-ists were performing in these situations.

METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES

The methods and procedures were selected to achieve theproject objectives in the most efficient and effective mannerpossible within the limits of available resources and time.The series of p::ogrammed activities aimed at achieving theproject objectives were listed in the project plan (Figure 1).The scope of th.l.se activities was reflected in the five majortask areas: (1) initiate the project and conduct literaturesearch, (2) interview NHTSA program specialists, (3) plan andprepare for on-site interviews, (4) interview on-site special-ists, and (5) prepare the guide. The procedures employedin performing these tasks are discussed in the followingsections.

Task I: Initiate the Project and Conduct Literature Search

This initial phase of the project was primarily concernedwith planning. During this period, the project staff (projectdirector, two graduate research associates, a research tech-nician, and a secretary), developed the detailed preliminaryplan consisting of the project objectives, project plan des-cription, time line and PERT chart. These items were sub-mitted to the Contract Technical Manager (CTM) for review.Two members of the project staff met with the CTM in Washing-ton, D.C., on April 24, 1973, to discuss possible modificationsof the project plan. The final plan was subsequently preparedand adopted.

During this planning period, the project staff alsoarranged and conducted a two-day workshop for the purpose ofdeveloping a survey instrument to be used to interview NHTSAprogram specialists within the offices of Standards Developmentand Implementation, State and Community Comprehensive Programs,and Alcohol Countermeasures, in Washington, D.C. This surveyinstrument was designed to aid the project staff and programspecialists in identifying traffic safety functions. Asecond use of the instrument was to aid in identifying those-specialists performing functions in an exemplary fashion withineach program area. Dr. Kendrick Spooner, University ofNorthern Colorado, and Dr. Richard Coatney, CVTE EvaluationDivision, participated with project staff in this workshopand assisted in the development of the traffic safety special-ties survey instrument #1. The project staff subsequentlyrevised and finalized the NHTSA survey instrument #1 (Appendix A).

17

Figure 1

PROJECT PLAN

Dates Activity Activity Description

TASK I: INITIATE THE PROJECT AND CONDUCT LITERATURE SEARCH

April 2, 1973 1. Began project.

April 16, 1973 2. SubmiLted preliminary plan consisting of project ohjecti:es. project plan descrip-tion, time line, and PERT chart.

April 18, 1973 3. Identified consultants to assist in designing Survey InstrumeLt /1 for use ininterviewing NHTSA program specialists.

April 20, 1973 4. Began literature search.

April 24, 1973 S. met with CTM in washington, D.c., to preview project plan.

April 26, 1973 6. Began workshop to design Survey Instrument 11.

April 27, 1973 7. Completed workshop for Survey Instrument li.

April 30, 1973 8. Subm..tted final project plan.

May 7, 1973 9. Revised and finalized Survey Instrument 11.

TASK II: INTERVIEW NHTSA PROGRAM SPECIALISTS

May 21, 1973 10. Began interviewing NHTSA program specialists in Washington, D.C.

Nay 22, 1973 11. Completed interviewing NHTSA program specialists in Washington, D.C.

May 30, 1973 12. Completed identification of traffic safety specialists by NHTSA program areaspecialists.

May 31, 1973

June 1, 1973

June 8, 1973

June 11, 1973

1 11ne 13, 1973

TASK III: PLAN AND PREPARE FOR ON-SITE INTERVIEWS

13. Began work session for developing Survey Instrument 12 for interviewing trafficsafety specialists.

14. Completed work session for developing Survey Instrument 12 for interviewingtraffic safety specialists.

15. Completed listing of functions within each of the traffic safety program standards.

16. Completed listing of available traffic safety specialists provided by NHTSAprogram specialists.

17. Field tested Survey Instrument 12 for interviewing traffic safety specialists.

Project Plan Cont.

uates Activity Activity Description

June 18, 1913 18. Completed 40.ftlopment of Survey Instrument 12 for interviewing traffic safetyspecialists.

June 21. 1973 19. Began on-site interviews with traffic safety specialists in Columbus. Ohio.

June 26. 1973 20. Began staff travel arrangements for conducting on-site interviews.

TASK IV: INTERVIEW ON-SITE SPECIALISTS

July 5, 1973 21. Began conducting on-site interviews out-of-state.

July 9, 1973 22. Began analyzing interview data.

TASK V: PREPARE THE GUIDE

July 15, 1973 23. Began draft of Hi hg Traffic Safety Manpower Functions Guide.

July 31. 1913 24. Net with CTM in Washington to discuss project progress to date.

October 5. 1973 2S. Began final technical report.

October 10, 1973 26. Met with CTM in Columbus to review project progress to date.

21. Provided CTM with initial draft of guide materials.

October 28, 1973 28. Completed conducting on-site interviews with traffic safety specialists.

November 2, 1973 29. Provided NUTSA program specialists with initial drafts of functional descriptionsfor critiquing.

December 1, 1973 30. Began revision of draft of guide.

December 27, 1973 31. Took revised draft of Introduction, Table of Contents, and Pupil Transportationsection to NHTSA-CTM for review.

December 28, 1973 32. Agreed upon project extension data via telephone--NHTSA-CTM with project director.

January 8, 1974 33. Revised Pupil Transportation and Administration sections submitted to NHTSA-CTM for review.

34. NHTSA -CTM to give back reviews on functional areas proposed, on introductionto guide, and on title of guide.

35. Revised Project schedule submitted to NHTSA-CTM.

Project Plan Cont.

Dates Activity Activity Description

January 16, 1974 36. Revised Driver Licensing, Emergency Medical Services. and Vehicle Registrationand Inspection sections submitted to N9TSA-CTM for review

37. NHTSA-CTM ,:eview of January B materials due to project director.

January 23, 1974 38. Revised Accident Investigative, Traffic Records. an Police Traffic Servicessections given to NNTSA-CTM for review.

39. NHTSA-CTM review of January 16 materials due to project dir.:tor.

January 30. 1974 40. Revised Pedestrian Safety and Introduction to Guide sections submitted toNHTSA-CTM for review.

January 30, 1974 41. NHTSA-CTM review of January 23 materials due to project dire-t.tor.

42. Sent draft of final technical report to NHTSA-CTM for review.

February 6, 1974 43. Revised Driver and Traffic Safety Education, Traffic Court System. Appendices,and Bibliography and draft of completed guide given to NNTSA-CTM for review.

44. Completed Literature Search

45. NHTSA-CTM review of January 30 materials due to project director.

February 8, 1974 46. Met with CTM in Washington, D.C. for final review of draft materials to beincluded in guide.

February 12, 1974 47. NHTSA-CTM reviw of February 6 materials due to project director.

February 15, 1974 40. Prepared 5uide and final technical report in camera-ready form.

February 28, 1974 49. Sent copies of guide and final technical report to NHTSA-C110, and contractsoffice.

Februarl,' 28, 1974 SO. Completed project.

The project staff also initiated the literature searchthrough the Education Research Information Center (ERIC),the Mechanized information Center (MIC), the National TechnicalInformation Services (NTIS), and the U.S. Department of Trans-portation Library, for the purpose of identifying relatedhighway traffic safety research, information, and trainingmaterials. A number of publications in the area of surveyresearch were reviewed at this time for the purpose of assist-ing in the development and use of interview methods to be usedin gathering proj.:ict data.

The project t:taff reviewed the Federal Register (NHTSA,1972d) on highway traffic safety and other related literaturein anticipation of interviewing NHTSA program specialists.The staff al :o examined recent literature on interviewingtechniques as reflected in the section "Review of Literature."

Task II: Interview NHTSA Program Specialists

The project staff, consisting of a three-member team,visited NHTSA headquarters in Washington, D.C., on May 21and 22, 1973, to meet with NHTSA program specialists. Thesespecialists were designated by the CTM to serve as consul-tants. Each NHTSA program specialist was requested to assistthe project staff to: (1) interpret his designated area ofthe eighteen NHTSA traffic safety programs, (2) identifyand define traffic safety functions within one of the eighteentraffic safety program areas, (3) specify at least two personsperforming each identified traffic safety function in anexemplary fashion, and (4) arrange on-site interviews witheach of the traffic safety specialists (Appendix B).

The project staff met individually with twenty NHTSAprogram specialists (Appendix C) during the two-day session.In addition to assisting the project staff in obtaining nec-essary project information, the NHTSA program specialistsprovided the staff with a variety of traffic safety relatedpublications and other literature containing additional datafor project use. Correspondence was carried out with twoadditional NHTSA program specialists to obtain further infor-mation related to the program areas of Traffic Codes and Lawsand Traffic Court and Adjudication Systems.

As a result of the Washington interviews, approximatelyfifty-four specialists performing functions related to high-way traffic safety were identified. Analysis further revealedthat NHTSA program specialists had been unable to identifyvarious on-site specialists performing technical-level func-tions in the field but had provided the project staff with the

21

names o highway traffic safety administrators in the variousstates who could assist in this identification. In the courseof contacting the on-site administrators, project staff mem-bers were able to locate persons performing the trafficsafety functions that they had identified.

As the project staff continued their reviews and researchin highway traffic safety literature it beclme apparent thathighway traffic safety functions in addition to those identifiedby the NHTSA pr-gram specialists were involved. As thesefunctions and the individuals performing them were identified,they were ad(Ae6 to the project listing of highway trafficsafety functions to be explored for possible inclusion in theguide.

Task III: Plan and Prepare for On-Site Interviews

The design and development of survey instrument #2 forinterviewing on-site specialists was undertaken during thisperiod. The preliminary survey instrument #2, developed bythe project staff, was tested by conducting simulated inter-views with highway traffic safety specialists in Columbus,Ohio. As a result of these interviews the project staff,with assistance from Richard Coatney of the CVTE EvaluationDivision, revised and finalized the instrument by: (1) addingseveral questions to increase the scope of the instrument;and (2) rearranging the order of questions with a view towardachieving an organized sequence (Appendix D).

A concurrent activity during this time and immediatelyfollowing the Washington, D.C., interviews with the NHTSAprogram specialists consisted of planning and preparing forthe on-site interviews with each identified traffic safetyspecialist. The project staff tabulated, reviewed, and class-ified the data as a result of the Washington interviews.This data provided information identifying highway trafficsafety functions and specialists performing each function.The identified highway traffic safety specialists werethen listed according to the ten NHTSA field regions. InJuly the CTM contacted the NHTSA Regional Offices to informthem of the project staff's plans to contact on-site special-ists within federal, state, and community agencies in eachof their respective regions.

Geographical regions were assigned by the project staffto staff members--Anne Hayes, Niall Corwe3l, and Sam Reed--whowere responsible for, conducting interviews with the on-sitespecialists. Each staff member was responsible for: (1) con-tactii:j all on-site specialists to be interviewed in the assigned

22

region(s) (Appendix E); (2) notifying and providing each NHTSAregional office with a listing of specialists to be interviewedand dates for the interviews within their respective regions(Appendix E); (3) preparing the necessary interview and travelschedules; and (4) conducting the interviews with each on-sitespecialist.

Throughout the entire project, the project staff conductedthe review of the literature and the gathering of relevanthighway traffic safety data. Extensive use was made of theERIC system for the purpose of identifying information relevantto the project.

Task IV: interview On-Site Consultants

When notified by the CTM in July that the NHTSA regionalrepresentatives had been informed of the plans for collectingdata, the project staff began conducting interviews with theon-site specialists.

When conducting interviews the project staff, in mostinstances, were provided with an opportunity to observe thefunction being performed in actual field settings. Consequently,project staff have traveled in emergency medical vehiclesin Florida, participated in helicopter traffic patrols in Ohio,witnessed alcohol countermeasure squads making arrests inLouisiana and California, and observed the traffic court insession in Oregon. These activities are indicative of thehigh degree of cooperation and support afforded the projectstaff by on-site specialists in this phase and indeed, through-out the entire project.

As a result of on-site interviews with administrativelevel specialists, further additional functions were identified.A total of ninety-seven on-site specialists each performinga particular highway traffic safety function, were interviewedin seventeen states. This distribution of on-site specialistsinterviewed involved all ten NHTSA field regions (Figure 2).Documentary materials were gathered through interviews andliterature reviews to describe each function. The projectstaff completed all on-site interviews with highway trafficsafety specialists on October 28, 1973.

Task V: Prepare the Guide

As the data on each highway traffic safety function wascollected it was analyzed for relevancy for guide content.Initial draft descriptions of functions were prepared by the

23

project staff. These functional descriptions were categorizedinto eleven functional areas defined as a cluster of functionsaimed at achieving a common goal in highway traffic safety.These functional areas proved to be the most logical groupingsfor the data contained within the guide.

When the majority of the initial draft descriptions of thehighway traffic safety functions were completed, the CTMmet with the project staff at CVTE in Columbus, Ohio, onOctober 10, 1971, for the purpose of reviewing the initialdrafts provided tne CTM at this time, discussing the projectprogress to date, and finalizing plans for completion of theproject.

During rovember, 1973, initial draft descriptions of eachfunction were distributed to the NHTSA program specialists whoserved as original consultants at the initiation of the project.These persons were asked to critique the draft descriptions for:

a. Completeness of content

b. Relevance of functional description

c. Up-to-dateness of material

d. Representativeness of the specialty

e. Comprehensiveness of the description

f. Accuracy of generalities made from data collectedon-site (Appendix El

The final phase of the project consisted of revising thedraft materials to be included in the guide.

Subsequent meetings between the CTM and project directorwere held for the purpose of reviewing the descriptive write-ups for each functional area. These reviews served to insurethe appropriateness of each identified function and technicalaccuracy of the description content. Suggested revisions wereincorporated into the guide as deemed appropriate.

24

r-"--

:-) X

12" itj,"(` *

,4t7.......

IX

Fiure 2

DISTRIBUTION OF ON-SITE SPECIALISTS INTERVIEWED

BY NHTSA FIELD REGIONS

FINDINGS

In recent years, the functions of manpower within highwaytraffic safety have changed to accommodate the new developmentsoccurring within the field. The emphasis placed on the eighteenhighway traffic safety program standards and the passage of thehighway safety acts of 1966 and 1972 were mlinly responsible forthis activit1'. To meet this change in the manpower role, a studywas conducted to identify and describe highway traffic safetyfunctions from the technical level through the administrativeand professional levels, and to show the interrelationships be-tween these functions.

Descriptive data for each function were gathered from aliterature search, through conducting interviews with NHTSA pro-gram specialists, and by interviewing on-site specialists per-forming within an identified functional area. An analysis ofthe data resulted in th° following findings:

1. A publication describing the synthesized data and entitledHighway Traffic Safety Manpower Functions Guide was thefinal project outcome. The content of this guide is re-flected in Figure 3.

2. The review of literature revealed that little has beenwritten describing the occupational schema and interrela-tionships of manpower performance functions within thearea of highway traffic safety. A large majority of admin-istrators contacted through this project indicated a needfor such information.

3. The process of interviewing NHTSA program specialists forthe purpose of delineating the safety functions within theeighteen highway traffic safety program standards provedsatisfactory in that fifty-four functions were identified.The secondary purpose of assisting the project staff inidentifying those persons performing each function in anexemplary fashion resulted in a partial listing of indi-viduals performing primarily in administrative and manager-ial capacities. Identification of technical level per-sonnel proved to be the most difficult. Those individualswere subsequently identified by the on-site administrativeand managerial persons. This resulted in several on-siteinterviews being conducted at a single site and in theinformation obtained reflecting the policies and proceduresof a limited number of highway traffic safety organizationsand agencies.

27

Figure 3

HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY MANPOWERFUNCTIONS GUIDE

Table of Contents

PREFACE

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

LIST OF FIGURES

INTRODUCTION

HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY PROGRAM ADMINISTRATIONIntroductionAdministratingPlanningProviding LiaisonProviding Public InformationEvaluating

TRAFFIC RECORDS SYSTEMIntroductionAdministrating Traffic Records SystemsCoding Traffic Records DataAnalyzing Traffic Records

DRIVER LICENSINGIntroductionAdministrating Driver Licensing ProgramsAutomobile Driver License ExaminingMotorcycle Operator License ExaminingProcessing LicensesAnalyzing Drivers for Improvement

MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATION AND INSPECTIONIntroductionAdministrating Motor Vehicle

Registration and InspectionMonitoring Motor Vehicle Inspection StationsInspecting Motor Vehicles and MotorcyclesMotor Vehicle Registration and Title ProcessingRecording and Maintaining Records

DRIVER AND TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATIONIntroductionAdministrating Driver and TrafficSafety Education Programs

Training Highway Safety Instructional PersonnelTeaching Automobile Driving SafetyTeaching Motorcycle SafetyTeaching Bicycle and Pedestrian Safety

28

PEDESTRIAN SAFETYIntroductionAdministrating Pedestrian Safety ProgramsGuarding Pedestrian Crossings

TRAFFIC COURT SYSTEMSIntroductionAdministrating Adjudication SystemsAdjudication of Traffic OffensesProsecuting/Defending Traffic Court CasesProbating Traffic Offenders

ACCIDENT INVLSTIGATIONIntroductionAdministrating Accident InvestigationIdentifying, Collecting, and RecordingTraffic Accident Data

Reporting Traffic Accident DataReconstructing Traffic Accidents

POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICESIntroductionAdministrating Police Traffic ServicesPolice Radio DispatchingPolice Traffic PatrollingAlcohol Breath Analysis

PUPIL TRANSPORTATIONIntroductionAdministrating Pupil Transportation ProgramsServicing, Maintaining, and Repairing

School BusesInspecting School Bus ComponentsScheduling and Routing Pupil TransportationOperating Pupil Transportation Vehicles

EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICESIntroductionAdministrating EMS Program AdministrationDispatching EMS VehiclesProviding EMS Care

BIBLIOGRAPHYFunctional Area BibliographyGeneral Bibliography

REFERENCES CITED

29

4. The process of obtaining NHTSA clearance to conduct inter-views with on-site specialists proved to take more time thanhad been anticipated or alloted. This delay in gainingclearance resulted because of bureaucratic procedures andpriorities beyond the control of the project staff.

5. The project staff began with an initial listing of somefifty-four manpowel: functions identified by the NHTSA pro-gram specialists during the May interviews and this listingeventually increased to ninety-seven. The approximatey 80percent increase resulted largely from the project staffliterature search and on-site interviews with administra-tive level consultants who identified additional functions.The resulting eleven functional areas consist of the follow-ing:

Program AdministrationMotor Vehicle Registration and InspectionDriver LicensingTraffic RecordsPupil TransportationDriver and Traffic Safety EducationPedestrian SafetyPolice Traffic ServicesAccident InvestigationTraffic Court SystemsEmergency Medical Services

The data for each function was analyzed and synthesized andthe eleven functional areas were subsequently divided intoforty-five manpower functions (see Figure 4). Among these,several functions appear to be similar or interrelated be-tween functional areas (Figures 5-9).

6. The on-site interview technique employed to obtain theinformation for describing each function proved successful.This technique enabled the project staff to discuss in depththe information relevant to the guide and also provided forfirsthand observation, in most cases, of the function as itwas being performed. The interviews yielded information on(a) job functions being performed, (b) contributions thefunction was making to highway traffic safety, (c) changesthat have occurred and are occurring with the performanceof the function, (d) the organizational structure withinwhich the function was performed, (e) manpower developmentpublications related to the function, and (f) job titlesunder which function was being performed.

7. Each of the ninety-seven highway traffic safety specialistsidentified and interviewed was located in a metropolitancity.

30

IAdministratingl

I I

I

Planning

_

i

1

ProvidingLiaison

1 ProvidingPublicInformation 1

Administrat-ing TrafficRecordsSystems

CodingTrafficRecords Data

AnalyzingTrafficRecords

Figure 4

HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETYFUNCTIONAL AREAS AND RELATED FUNCTIONS

HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY

Licensing

dministratingrivericensingrograms

AutomobileDriver LicenseExamining

MotorcycleOperatorLicenseExaminin

ProcessingLicenses

1

Driver anaTraffic safetyEducation

AdministratingMotor VehicleRegistrationand Inspection

MonitoringMotor VehicleInspectionStations

1

InspectingMotor Vehiclesand Motor-cycles

M motor Vehicle 1

Registrationand TitleProcessing

Evaluating ;Analyzing Recording andl1 1 !Drivers for Maintaining I

co, i

i; Improvement RecordsI-,

II

dministratingDriver & Traf.Safety Educa-tion Programs J

PedestrianSafety

1

Administratingpedestrian:SafetyErograms

Training High-way SafetyInstructionalPersonnel

TeachingAutomobileDrivingSafety

I

TeachingMotorcycleSafety

!Teaching!Bicycle andPedestrian;safety

kuardingPedestrianCrossing

Figure 4 (Continued)


lAdministratir!Adjudication[Systems

Adjudicationof TrafficOffenses

ProsecutingDefendingTraffic CourtCases

1 ProbatingTrafficOffenders

fAccident

Investigation

AdministratingAccidentInvestigation

I

Identifying.Collecting sRecording TrafAccident Data

1

ReportingTrafficAccidentDataL___

ReconstructingTrafficAccidents

.1111m,

Police TrafficServices

j

AdministratingPolice TrafficServices

--]

Police RadioDispatching

Police TrafficPatrolling

Alcohol BreathAnalysis

ITransportationPupil

..IM

1

Administrating'PupilTransportationPrograms

Servicing,MaintainingRepairingSchool Buses

InspectingSchool BusCowonents

1

1

!Schedulingand RoutingPupilTransportation

q;;;;;ing

'Transportation'Vehicles

Emergency1 Medical

Services

r

AdministratingEMSPrograms

A

DispatchingEMSVehicles

ProvidingEMS Care

IProgramAdministration

Figure 5

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF HIGHWAY TRAFFICSAFETY ADMINISTRATING FUNCTIONS


Administrating

Planning

ProvidingLiaison

?rovidingPzblic:nfnrnation

Evaluating

[

Traffic RecordsSystem

4

Administrat-ing TrafficRecordsSystems

DriverLicensing

AdministratingDriverLicensingPrograms

Motor VehicleRegistration

AdministratingMotor VehicleRegistrationand Inspection

Driver anaTraffic SafetyEducation

-1AdministratingDriver & Traf.Safety Educa-tion Programs

PedestrianSafety

=strating,Pedestrian -4..oaitetyprograms

I Traffic CourtSystems

Administrating-Adjudication

Systems

AccidentInvestigation

AdministratingWiLCCidentInvestigation

Police Traffic Pupil MedicalServices Transportation

EmergenCy

1-.

Services

1 I

i.:,d'r.istrafingi. I

Administratingi Administrating:

i1Services -IwTransportationi

Pupil1- Police Traffic

programs1--- zn-,is

Programs

1

1

DriverLicensing

AutomobileDriver LicensExamining

MotorcycleOperatorLicenseExamining

Figure 6

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF EXAMINING, INSPECTING,ANn PATROLLING FUNCTIONS

1 HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY

Motor VehicleRegistration& InspeQltion

InspectingMotor Vehiclesand Motor-cycles

I


1


PupilTransportation

Servicing,Maintaining &RepairingSchool Buses

Inspectingw School BuS

Coutponents

OperatingLAI1Pupil

TransportationswVehicles

Figure 7

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF CODING, PROCESSING, RECORDING,REPORTING AND ANALYZING FUNCTIONS

1 HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY'

[Traffic Records

System

CodingTrafficRecords Data

AnalyzingTrafficRecords

DriverLicensingg

ProcessingLicenses

1

J Analyz-ng

Drivers forImprovement

Motor VehicleRegistration

/nsmection

1 aft

1

1

Traffic CourtSystems

Pi Administrating1 AdjudicationSystems

1 Adjudicationof Traffic

1

1

Offenses

1

1

Motor VehicleRegistrationand TitleProcessing

1

1

1

Recording andMaintainingRecords

L


Identifying,Collecting &Recording Trefccident Data

Reporting _TrafficAccidentData

I

ReconstructingTrafficAccidents

1Police Traffic

Services


.14p Alcohol BreathAnalysis


AdministratinAccidentInvestigation dg.

Figure S

INTERRELATIONSHIP OF INVESTIGATINGAND DISPATCHING FUNCTIONS



Police Radio7

Dispatching

PupilTransportation

EmergencyMedicalServices

sli

1Scheduling and1 4 DispatchingRouting Pupil 1- EMSTransportation) Vehicles

I

'M.

Figure 9

INTERRELATIONSHIPS OF TEACHING, GUARDINGCROSSINGS, PATROLLING, AND REPORTING

ACCIDENT DATA FUNCTIONS


[--

Driver andTraffic Safetyaucaticn

,t4 -_ead=rg

re-.:erorian-;afaty

1

r

1 Guarding;- - 4.1 P-,..deszrian

I

I Crossing


1

ReportingTrafficAccidentData

PupilTransportatic,n

-111-

I

I

I

I

Police Traffic I

Patrolling t- -1-)

I *3

I

....... 4-.4.

Servicing,Maintaining 6RepairingSchool Buses

I

f

-4111

1 Operat_ng

L PupilTransportationVehicles

EmergencyMedicalServices

I

ProvidingEMS Care

I

1

I

I

I

1

8. The majority of on-site specialists interviewed were em-ployed within the civil service system.

9. Certain functions were found not common to all of thegovernmental agencies having a common name nor to occupa-tions described by the same job title.

10. Identical or very similar highway traffic safety functionswere being performed in different locations under a varietyof functional descriptions or job titles. This may be aresult of tradition, protection of "territory," differentneeds being fierved, bureaucratic structure of the civilservice system in which highway traffic safety personnelperform.

11. Various highway traffic safety specialists interviewed didnot view themselves as being highway traffic safety z.pecial-ists but as individuals employed by an organization or agency.This was primarily the case with individuals performingfunctions within the functional areas of traffic court sys-tems and pupil transportation.

12. The process of delineating a function from a task proved tobe a most difficult endeavor. There was a fine line ofdistinction between a function and a task when reporting thedata. In the process of delineating a function from a taskit became apparent that in various instances the terms wereinterchangeable.

A major function within one functional area became a taskperformed within one or more functions described withinother functional areas. The project staff, therefore, com-posed working definitions for use in writing the guide.A functional area was defined as a cluster of functionsaimed at achieving a common goal in highway traffic safety.A function was defined as a group of specific tasks, actions,or roles performed by one or more individuals in order tofurther specific objectives of highway traffic safety. TheHighway Traffic Safety Manpower Functions Guide was thusdeveloped. Sections by functional area cons riTed of anintroduction and function description.

13. When organizing the functions within each functional areait proved difficult to establish priorities of functionson the basis of the (a) importance of the function to high-way traffic safety programs, (b) level of the manpower effort,(c) time required for the performance of the function, and(d) criticalness of the function to the overall highwaytraffic safety program.

38

14. It was not feasible to categorize the functions accordingto either the eighteen program standard areas or the eightproposed program areas. This was caused by the lack offunctions being clearly specified within each program stand-ard, the duplication of similar or related functions withintwo or more program standard areas, and the fact that theproject scope did not include the environmental standards.Thus, the resulting categories consist of eleven functionalareas containing forty-five functions. It was further rec-ognized that this categorization into functional areas wasnot the only possible means of classifying the functionsbut it proved to be the most feasible for the material andinformation contained within the guide.

15. More than half of the highway traffic safety specialistsinterviewed expressed a need for specialized training pro-grams and for curriculum training materials such as courseoutlines and instructor manuals related to their particularareas of interest in highway safety.

16. A high degree of interest in this study existed among high-way safety specialists throughout the country. This wasevident from the extremely cooperative response receivedby the project staff,from the more than 120 requests forfurther data on the project and for copies of the HighwayTraffic Safety Manpower Functions Guide.

39 /q0

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The project "Revision and Update of Traffic Safety Man-power Training Program Development Guide" was conducted byCVTE. The purpose was to establish an occupational schemathat described the functions and their interrelationshipsthat must be performed by manpower in order to accomplish theobjectives of the highway traffic safety program as requiredthrough the eighteen safety program standards of NHTSA.

The procedure and methodology employed to identify theforty-five highway traffic safety functions consisted of(1) interviewing NHTSA program specialists; (2) interviewingon-site highway traffic safety program personnel at theadministrative, professional, and technical levels; and (3)conducting a review of the highway traffic safety literature.On-site specialists performing the identified highway trafficsafety functions were identified for the project staff byprogram specialists and on-site program administrators.Subsequently, a total of ninety-seven on-site specialistswere interviewed in field settings to determine the functionsthey performed in carrying out their portion of the highwaytraffic safety program. The on-site specialists representeda cross-section of state and local personnel in seventeenstates within all ten NHTSA field regions.

The analysis and classification of the data resulted ina publication entitled Highway Traffic Safety Manpower FunctionsGuide. This guide consists of descriptions of forty-fivefunctions within the eleven designated functional areas of(a) Program Administration, (b) Traffic Records, (c) DriverLicensing, (d) Motor Vehicle Registration and Inspection,(e) Driver and Traffic Safety Education, (f) Pedestrian Safety,(g) Traffic Court Systems (h) Accident Investigation, (i)Police Traffic Services, (j) Pupil Transportation, and(k) Emergency Medical Services. The descriptive content ofeach function focuses on (a) delineating highway traffic safetyfunctions, (b) describing performance of each function, (c)

indicating contribution of each function to highway trafficsafety, and (d) providing examples of job titles and agenciesih which the function was performed.

The information contained within the guide should proveof value to personnel involved in the diverse areas of highway

41

traffic safety and to individuals exploring potential manpoweropportunities in the area of highway traffic safety.

Conclusions

Based upon the findings of the project, the followingconclusions seem warranted:

I. The accomplishment of nonenvironmental highwaytraffic safety program objectives can be achievedthrough an adequate supply of manpower, competentlyperforming the forty-five functions identified anddescribed in the Highway Traffic Safety ManpowerFunctions Guide.

2. Within these forty-five functions identified, therewere a variety of situations where the functionrequired in one functional area was similar oridentical to the function required in one or moreother functional areas. Individuals performing inone of these functions could perform a similarfunction within another functional area with littleor no additional training. Further, the trainingof individuals for similar functions in differentfunctional areas may be accomplished through thesame of similar programs.

3. Based upon the analysis of literature it was deter-mined that a fine line of distinction existed betweena function and a task. The terms at times were usedinterchangeably when describing performance as itrelated to a function.

4. It appeared that the variety of highway trafficsafety related functions were greater than is gen-erally realized as no one person, agency, or publi-cation was able to provide the project staff with acomplete listing of functions.

5. Since the majority of on-site specialists interviewedwere employed within the civil service system,this (a) may eliminate truly functioning careerladders and lattices being developed for highwaysafety personnel, and (b) may not give individualsrecognition or credit for training or performancecompetences within highway traffic safety.

6. To avoid the information obtained from reflectingpolicies and procedures of a limited number of high-way traffic safety organizations and agencies,

42

several persons performing similar or like functionswithin a variety of geographic locations should beinterviewed, or an alternate method such as thedelphi technique for obtaining data should be employed.

7. Since persons performing functions do not view them-selves as being highway traffic safety specialiststhen efforts should be made to emphasize the inter-relatedness of all functions with the overall highwaytraffic safety effort.

Recommendations

In light of the findings and conclusions of the projectinvestigation, the following recommendations were made:

1. Every effort should be made to insure that thisproject would eventually result in the publicationof a Highway Traffic Safety Manpower Functions Guideto satisfy a need voiced by a wide T5ii57Eignicsafety specialists across the nation.

2. The description of similar functions such as dis-patching, analysis of records, and inspecting vehicles,warrant further study into performance commonalitiesexisting between each.

3. Future methodologies and procedures should not incor-porate a dependence on NHTSA personnel to fulfillthe scope of work (i.e., providing clearance to workwithin regions, attending meetings, and reviewingmaterials), as they were unable to do so within theagreed upon time specifications within this project.

4. A further study should be undertaken to identify andcatalogue the training programs and curriculummaterials currently available for manpower develop-ment at the state and local levels in the elevenhighway traffic safety functional areas describedin the guide. This study also should result in anassessment of the need for additional manpower train-ing programs and curriculum materials in each func-tional area.

5. An effort should be made to gather and compile thosetask analyses existent for the forty-five highwaytraffic safety functions identified in this study.

6. Additional literature and informational programsidentifying career opportunities in all areas of

43

highway traffic safety should be devolot.,od and madeavailable to potential students, school counselors,and parents. Specifically, a series of careerguidance booklets b4sed on the results of this projectshould be made available to interested parties.

7. Consideration should be given to the establishment ofa national highway traffic safety repository orresource: eent,'Jr (perhaps with regional subdivisions)whero -arc..rs involved in any and all areas of highwaytraffic satety can turn for information, guidance,

,datc:rials, data on ongoing and proposedpr,:ur-:r3, manpower training programs, management-1-.vc.3 seminars, bibliographies, and other highwaytra'ic safety miscellanea.

8. Etate and national education advisory committeesshould include highway traffic safety representatives.These committees should have data indicating manpowerneeds, forecasts, and current training capacitiesfor highway traffic safety occupations.

9. In states where highway traffic safety manpower needsare greatest, highway traffic safety authorities andeducators should be drawn together to develop state-wide plans for highway traffic safety manpower devel-opment.

10. Additions or revisions should be made in the Dictionaryof Occupational Titles to identify the occupationswithin the highway traffic safety area. This shouldaid in standardizing the occupational classificationswithin the highway traffic safety work force.

11. Additions or revisions in the U.S. Office of EducationOccupational Codes list should identify the occupa-tions within the highway traffic safety areas. Thiswould aid in the annual reporting of manpower trainingwithin the highway traffic safety area and theacquisition of data necessary for manpower development.

44

APPENDIXES

4/5-ly &

APPENDIX A

NHTSA Survey Instrument #1

NHTSA SURVEY INSTRUMENT ll

Consultant

Title

The purpose of this interview is to identify the traffic

safety speitliii.!: contained within the current traffic safety

program. In regard to this interview, a traffic safety specialty

is def:re z.s a particular activity or job element performed

within .1 occupation and directly related to highway traffic

safety, e.g., breath analyzing, vehicle inspecting, and crash

investigating.

I. What traffic safety specialties are required to facilitate

this traffic safety program?

48

NIEI'SA SURVEY I.4.:;TRUMENT #1

Specialty Consultant Interviewer Date

2. Is this specialty known by any other names?

No Yes Name(s)_--

3. Has this specialty resulted from the proposed 1972 NHTSASafety Standards or was it an existing specialty?

New Existing

4. flow important is this specialty in meeting the purpose(s)of the safety program?

High Average Low----

Comments:

5. What effect does/will this specialty have on highway safety?

Major Average Low--__

Comments:

6. At what level do you see this specialty being performed."(

Administrative Professional Technical---- _--,_

Managerial Skilled Unskilled

49

7. Under what job title(s) is this specialty now beingperformed?

8. Is this specialty a full time job for a person?

Yes No

9. Should this specialty be combined with other specialties?

Yes --Which? No

10. Is there a shortage of qualified personnel to perform thisspecialty?

Yes --Estimate No_ -11. Does this specialty require a license or certification?

Yes --Name No ---_

,.,,,...,.

12. 4ow should the record-keeping system for this specialtyrelate to other information systems, i.e., driver'slicensing, motor vehicle registration?

5C

13. Can you name some recent manpower development publica-tions that deal with this specialty?

Note: Is there a need for additional publications?

Comments:

14. Is this specialty uniform in all states?

Yes No

Comments:

15. Should this specialty be included in a "Model TrafficOrdinance" (to be developed and adopted by the statelegislatures)?

Yes ----

Comments:

No 11.11.110

16. What persons/agencies are responsible for establishing thisspecialty when not in existence?

111

53.

17. What person/agency is charged with the responsibility forevaluation and updating this specialty/standard on federal,state, or local level?

18. Can you give me the names and job titles of two individualswho perform this specialty in an exemplary fashion and couldbe made available to us for interviews in the near future?*

Name Name

Title Title

Location Location

*Could you assist our staff in contacting and arranginginterviews in the future with these specialists? Canyou obtain clearance?

19. Do you have any additional comments?

52

APPENDIX B

Letter to NHTSA Program Specialists

*

/ha&

Vettr

THE CENTER FOR VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Phone 1614) 486-3655 THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY1960 KENNY ROADCOLUMBUS, OHIO 43210

May 15, 1973

letter is to Lr:,! er May 22, andi9lj, whtn the 1.1*()iect k::1r rot. Vocational

4na Techhieni EJ..zcat.ios wil. Le in for the purposeof meetin with you as the jfi:,',A represt:ntative who has beendesif;nated by the Contract Technical Ranacer, George Palmer,to serve as a consultant to the project, "hevision and Updateof TrafVic Safety Manpower Y.rocram Development Guide." Wewould like f.,;, rtilest that e1::; :11'.'A :ohuul'.ant be preparedto as5ist Lae project si.h.f42 (%) iLterpreting his desig-nated area of the current stalu:: tj,t, ;;EWA safety programs

idehtifying and defininc s!.:*e:y upecialties withineh of the 4rekis which prirrmi::0 to enforre the currentstatus of the 'ocan, at least two specificpersons in each traffic sa'.'ety spccia.....4 who are performing eachof these specialties in an exemplary hion, and (d) assistingthe project staff in arranging interviews with each of the traf-fic: safety specialists.

We also request that ycL, allocate r-Jac day to be arrangedlater in the summer in which you will be available, if necessary,to meet with our staff in 'hio, order to contiuueplanning interviews with traf;:ic safety specialists.

Your hssistance in regard to tnis project will be greatlyappreciated. If you have any questions please contact us at(6i4) 466-3655, or contact George Palmer, HWISA.

Sincer0y,

2\.

Pfn i.,auehertyA4sistant 'Director. for FieldServices & Special Projects

HI)/ ptEnclosure54

KEY qUE;;TION:;

Vor the purpose or this interview, a tratric sarety spccialtyis defined az a particular activity or job element perrormedwithin an occupation and directly related to highway trarriczafcty, e.g., breath analyzing, vehicle inspecting, and crashinvestigating.

A key question will be: What traffic safety specialties arerequired to '-aciilLate this traffic safety program; and foreach specialty identified, questions similar to the followingwill be asked:

What effect (does/will) this specialty have onhighway safety?

At what level do you see this specialty beingperformed?Administrative Professional TechnicalManagerial Skilled Unskilled

Can you name some recent manpower development publicationsthat deal with this specialty?

Can you give me the names and job titles of two indi-viduals who perform this specialty in an exemplaryfashion and could be made available for us to inter-view in the near future?

Name Name

Title Title

Location Location

*Could you assist our staff in contacting and arranginginterviews in the future with these specialties? Canyou obtain clearance?

55/52

APPENDIX C

List of NHTSA Program Specialistsand On-Site Highway Traffic

Safety Specialists Interviewed

NHTSA PROGRAM SPECIALISTS INTERVIEWED

George D. BrandtHighway Safety ManagementSpecialist

Office of StandardsDevelopment andImplementation

Lewis S. Bucha!onHighway Safety ManagementSpecialist


Alfred Crancer, Jr.Operations Research AnalystOffice of Alcohol Counter-measures

Charles M. FeatherstoneProgram CoordinatorOffice of Standards

Development andImplementation

Dwight H. FeeProject ManagerOffice of AlcoholCountermeasures

Paul F. FishHighway Safety ManagementSpecialist

Office of AlcoholCountermeasures

William S. FoulisSafety Program SpecialistOffice of AlcoholCountermeasures

Richard FrederickHighway Safety ManagementSpecialist


58

George H. JonesProgram OfficerOffice of State and CommunityComprenensive Programs

A. Dewey JordanHighway Safety ManagementSpecialist


Roger A. KurrusHighway Safety Management

SpecialistOffice of StandardsDevelopment andImplementation

A. James LatchawHighway Safety Management


Dr. Dawson A. MillsChief, Rescue and EmergencyMedical Services Division


Dr. Nevil L. MooreHighway Safety Management


Walter J. NorbetTeam Leader--Traffic Laws

and AdjudicationOffice of Standards

Development andImplementation

Richard H. SmithComputer System AnalystOffice of Accident Investigation

and Data Analysis

David H. SouleHighway Safety Management

SpecialistOffice of Standards

Development andImplementarAon

Harold B. ThursbyHighway Safety Management


Marvin H. WagnerHighway Safety ManagementSpecialist


C. Robert WrightChief, Program Review DivisionOffice of State andCommunity ComprehensivePrograms

Richard A. YoungHighway Safety ManagementSpecialist


59

ON-SITE HIGHWAY TRAFFIC SAFETY SPECIALISTS

PROrRAM ADMINISTRATION

James ArnoldExecutive Assistant and

Program ManagerState Traffic Safety ProgramAustin, Texas

Ronald BosDeputy Directcr.Office of Highway Safety

PlanningLansing, Michigan

William BrickerDeputy CommissionerDepartment of Motor VehiclesGlen Burnie, Maryland

Thomas R. KrycinskiChief, Program Planning and

DevelopmentOffice of Highway Safety


Thomas 0. ReelChief, Program LiaisonOffice of Highway Safety


Edmond R. RicherChief, Highway Safety GroupHarrisburg, Pennsylvania

J. D. Wright, J:.DirectorGovernor's Highway Safety

CommissionTallahassee, Florida

TRAFFIC RECORDS SYSTEM

John BradyStatisticianNew York Department of

Motor VehiclesAlbany, New York

Frank J. ConleyDirector of Program

DevelopmentNew York Department of


60

Robert GrossoTraffic Records SpecialistNew York Department of


Harvey KlingFatality File AnalystLouisiana Highway SafetyCommission

Baton Rouge, Louisiana

Fidelis NewcombTraffic Records SpecialistNew York Department of


Josette SnowdonPrincipal Statistics ClerkNew York Department of

Motor Vehicic-sAlbany, New Yo!k

John W. Theriot, Jr.Specialist, Computer SystemsLouisiana Hitjhway Safety

CommissionBaton Rouge, Louisiana

Raymond WardTraffic Records SpecialistNew York Department of


DRIVER LICENSING

Mary D. CollinsClerk TypistDepartment of Motor VehiclesSacramento, California

Alfred MorenAssistant ManagerDivision of Driver's

LicenseDepartment of Motor VehiclesSacramento, California

Owen V. OwensManagerDivision of Driver's

LicenseDepartment of Motor VehiclesSacramento, California

George A. LaPrathDriver's License ExaminerDivision of Driver's LicenseDepartment of Motor VehiclesSacramento, California

Hisa SakumaRegistration AssistantDivision of Driver's LicenseDepartment of Motor VehiclesSacramento, California

H. L. ShonkMotor Cycle License ExaminerOhio State Highway PatrolColumbus, Ohio

MOTOR VEHICLE REGISTRATIONAND INSPECTION

Elmer BrownRegistrar of Vehicles and

VesselsDepartment of Motor VehiclesSacramento, California

Dennis Eisnach, CaptainOffice of Motor Vehicle

InspectionPierre, South Dakota

Thelma K. MarchiCashier. ClerkDepartment of Motor VehiclesSacramento, California

Garry SwansonInspector, Motor Vehicle

Inspection StationsSouth Dakota Highway PatrolShelby, South Dakota

61

John ZeiszlerManagerZeiszler's Service StationPierre, South Dakota

DRIVER AND TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

Dudley AndryExecutive DirectorMetropolitan Safety CouncilNew Orlean:;, Louisiana

John CarmichaelDean of Instructional

ResourcesEssex County CollegeNewark, New Jersey

Larry L. CathellSupervisorState Department of

EducationColumbus, Ohio

Wesley Colgan, Jr.Coordinator, Driver

EducationSanta Rosa City SchoolsSanta Rosa, California

Thomas W. DonaldAdministrator's AideLos Angeles Public SchoolsLos Angeles, California

Gwen FinleyTeaching Assistant-Driver

EducationAustin High SchoolHouston, Texas

Donald LaFondCoordinator, Safety EducationMaryland State Department

of EducationBaltimore, Maryland

62

Robert E. GustafsonAssociate ProfessorMichigan State UniversityEast Lansing, Michigan

Jackie HawkinsTeaching Assistant-Driver

EducationWaltsip High SchoolHouston, Texas

Leslie V. HawkinsTeacher EducatorTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas

Kent JesseeInstructor, Motorcycle SafetyCentral Missouri State

UniversityWarrensburg, Missouri

Byron G. Jones, Jr.Driver Training TeacherSanta Rosa City SchoolsSanta Rosa, California

Letha JonesTeaching Assistant-Driver

EducationRobert E. Lee High SchoolHouston, Texas

David KraemerDriver Education TeacherSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois

Howard KruegerInstructor, Vehicle

inspectionSouth Dakota State Highway

PatrolBurke, South Dakota

Larry LindauerTraffic safety Research

CenterSouthern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois

Fit. Long School Safety OfficerLaAsing Police DepartmentEast Lansing, Michigan

Leonard J. ManwaringDriver Education TeacherSanta Rosa City SchoolsSanta Rosa, California

John O'BrienTraining OfficerDepartment of Motor VehiclesSacramento, California

Philip J. O'LearySupervisor, Safety and

Traffic ProgramsMichigan Department of

EducationLansing, Michigan

Hubert J. PazDriver Improvement AnalystDepartment of Motor VehiclesSacramento, California

Marge PeckTeacher EducatorNorth Shore Driving SchoolChicago, Illinois

E. M. RandolphPolice LieutenantNew Orleans Police DepartmentNew Orleans, Louisiana

Donald RectorSupervisor of Traffic and

Safety EducationLos Angeles Public SchoolsLos Angeles, California

Warren RumsfieldPresidentNorth Shore Driving SchoolChicago, Illinois

Robert I. SchultzDriver Education TeacherSanta Rosa City SchoolsSanta Rosa, California

Richard ShellAdministrative AssistantNorthmont Local School DistrictEnglewood, Ohio

Lois SmithPublic School TeacherDes Moines Public SchoolsDes Moines, Iowa

Ralph J. StrotherSupervisor, Traffic Services

TrainingDepartment of EducationRaleigh, North Carolina

Jack WeaverTeacher EducatorTexas A&M UniversityCollege Station, Texas

63

PEDESTRIAN SAFETY

Frances B. LongCrossing Guard CoordinatorLos Angeles Police DepartmentLos Angeles, California

Woodrow W. SmithTraffic SupervisorLos Angeles Public SchoolsLos Angeles, California

Gonzalo C. TalamantesSchool Crossing GuardLos Angeles Police DepartmentLos Angeles, California

TRAFFIC COURT SYSTEM

Philip AbrahamJudgeMultnomah County CourthousePortland, Oregon

Wesley D. CarterCourt AdministratorMultnomah County CourthousePortland, Oregon

Dale W. ConnProsecutorMultnomah County CourthousePortland, Oregon

Margaret GroomeProbation CoordinatorAlcohol Safety Action

ProjectNew Orleans, Louisiana

Harvey HarrisonAdministrator for Lower CourtsTemple of JusticeOlympia, Washington

Robert J. HoganChief, Adjudication DivisionNew York Department of


Duane ScottTraffic Court AdministratorTemple of JusticeOlympia, Washington

Partick LeahyChittenden County State

AttorneyBurlington, Vermont

ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

Jack HollandPatrol OfficerOhio State Highway PatrolElyria, Ohio

64

Harry L. MeyersohnSupervisor of TrainingDade County Public SafetyMiami, Florida

POLICE TRAFFIC SERVICES

Linda BuczekEnforcement CoordinatorAlcohol Safety Action


James CallasSergeant, Sheriff's

DepartmentAlcohol Safety Action

ProjectCity of Industry, California

Harry CarpenterPatrolman, Traffic DivisionColumbus Police DepartmentColumbus, Ohio

Dan ChunAlcohol Safety Enforcement

OfficerAlcohol Safety Action


Jean CraigCoordinator, Medical and

Social ServicesAlcohol Safety Action


Dave DaileySergeantColumbus Police DepartmentColumbus, Ohio

Kathleen DelpitSocial WorkerAlcohol Safety Action


Paul GabelPatrolman, Traffic DivisionColumbus Police DepartmentColumbus, Ohio

Bob LadnerAlcohol Safety Enforcement

OfficerAlcohol Safety Action


William LoveProject DirectorAlcohol Safety Action


Delmar WoganPatrolman, Traffic DivisionColumbus Police DepartmentColumbus, Ohio

PUPIL TRANSPORTATION

Manford L. CombsChief, Pupil TransportationState Department of EducationColumbus, Ohio

Joseph ConitiaPupil Transportation SupervisorParma City School DistrictParma, Ohio

65

Joyce EadsBus DriverUpper Arlington School

DistrictArlington, Ohio

Victor LahmanPresident, Hamilton County

Bus ServicesCincinnati, Ohio

Herman MassieSupervisorState Department of

EducationColumbus, Ohio

Thelma O'DonnelTransportation SupervisorCenterville, Ohio

John RochesterSupervisorState Department of EducationColumbus, Ohio

John ThomePresident, EcotranCleveland, Ohio

Alfred WaibelMaintenance SupervisorColumbus Board of EducationColumbus, Ohio

EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES

J. A. Dowling, Jr.Chief, Rescue-First AidDepartment of Public SafetyJacksonville, Florida

Robert FittsEmergency Medical TechnicianUniversity HospitalJacksonville, Florida

James F. HallLieutenant, Fire DivisionDepartment of Public SafetyJacksonville, Florida

Robert L. KotsisLieutenant, Fire DivisionDepartment of Public SafetyJacksonville, Florida

66

Robert OrrColonelOhio National GuardWorthington, Ohio

V. L. MichealExecutive DirectorFlorida Seven County EMC

ProjectJacksonville, Florida

Herbert E. RamsdellEmergency Medical TechnicianUniversity HospitalJacksonville, F.;_oilda

John M. Waters, Jr.DirectorDepartment of Public SafetyJacksonville, Florida

APPENDIX D

On-Site Survey Instrument #2

Specialty:

Prof. Address:

SURVLY INSTRUMENT #2

On-Site Interviews

Interviewer:

Date:

Consultant: Region:

Phone No.:

1. Briefly give us a job summary of your specialty:

66

IDENTIFICATION

1. Is this specialty known by any other name(s)?

No Yes Names

2. Is this specialty a full time job for a person?

No . Yes Comment:

3. Are there any new or additional specialties to be performedin conjunction with this specialty?

No

List:

Yes

4. Should this specialty be combined with other specialties?

No Yes Which?

5. At what level do you see this specialty being performed?

Administrative Professional Managerial_--- --Skilled Unskilled Technical_--Comments:

6. What manufacturing associations, trade unions, professionalsocieties, or other agencies are concerned or involved withthis specialty?

69

NATURE OF SPECIALTY

1. What special contribution could/does this specialty make to:

a. Crash reporting system:

b. Highway safety:

2. Does the record-keeping for this specialty relate to otherinformation systems, i.e., driver's licensing, motor vehicleregistration?

No Yes How does it relate?

3. How hay this specialty changed since its inception?

4. How will this specialty change in the near future (next fewyears)?

5. Are there any particular hazards, special difficulties, orspecial physical requirements involved in performing thisspecialty?

70

TASKS

1. What is needed to facilitate the performance of thisspecialty?

2. Where can a job description that covers this specialty beobtained?

Could you assist us in obtaining a copy of the job description?

No Yes

3. Please desclibe briefly a typical day's routine, specifyingall job functions;

71

PERSONAL

1. What is your job title?

2. How long have you performed this specialty?

3. What was your last job?

Did it help prepare you for your present job?

No Yes Comments:

4. What is the job title of your immediate supervisor?

5. Does his job involve any safety specialties other than yours?

No Yes Which?

6. What are the job titles of your subordinates?

7. With what safety specialties are they involved?

8. Does anyone serve as a partner or co-wcwker wAth you in yourspecialty?

No Yes Comments:

72

TRAINING

1. Have you received any training that has helped you performthis specialty?

No Yes Training:

2. Can you name some recent manpower development publicationsthat deal with this specialty?

No Yes List:

3. Is there a shortage of personnel to perform this specialty?

No Yes Your estimate:

(Cal what did you basc, your estimate)?

4. What actions are being taken to remedy this (Question 13)situation?

5. Are there opportunities for advancement in this field or intorelated fields?

No Yes Comments:

73

6. What "special" training, such as schooling, apprenticeship,or related experience, is required to perform this specialty?

7. Does this specialty require a license, certification, ordegree?

No Yes: Type:

74

ADDITIONS

1. Do you have any additional comments?

W76,

APPENDIX E

Project Correspondence

V/IIIIIIIIIIIIMIIII\----it- THE CENTER FOR VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION1

immod6..milik S Phone (614) 486-3655 THE OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY1960 KENNY ROADCOLUMBUS, OHIO 43210

With reference to our recent telephone conversation,this will confirm as the date I willvisit with you for the purpose of gathering data to assistin the development of the Traffic Safety Specialties Hand-book.

The Center for Vocational and Technical Education, TheOhio State University, is under contract with the Departmentof Transportation to develop the Traffic Safety SpecialtiesHandbook. The handbook will describe the various safetyspecialties required to facilitate highway traffic safety.

I will plan to arrive in onAt this time, I would like to complete an interview ques-tionnaire with you and, if possible, spend part of the daypersonally observing you and the various functions relatingto your specialty of

Enclosed is a synopsis of the interview schedule whichwill be used in connection with my on-site visit.

If you have any questions concerning the interview,please contact me at (614) 486-3655. Your cooperation inthis matter is very much appreciated.

pfEnclosure

78

Sincerely,

October 4, 1973

Region III, NIITSARoom 817Baltimore, MD 21201

Dear

EXAMPLE

I will be in Region III for the purpose of interviewing, state supervisor of pedestrian safety,

Baltimore; and deputy commissioner,Department of Motor Vehicles, Glen Burnie, on October 23,1973. These persons have been identified by the NHTSA staffin Washington as possible consultants for the project,"Revision and Update of Traffic Safety Manpower DevelopmentGuide," which is in progress at The Center under contractwith NHTSA.

If you would like any further information, please con-tact me at (614) 486-3655, extension 362.

Sincerely,

Anne C . HayesResearch Associate

ACH/Pf

79/e0

APPENDIX F

Letter to NUTSA Program SpecialistsCritique Guidelines

tglik r_

THE CENTER FOR VOCATIONAL AND TECHNICAL EDUCATION

Phone 1614) 486-3655 THE 01110 STATE UNIVERSITY1960 KENNY ROAOCOLUMBUS, OHIO 43210

DATE: November 2, 1973

TO:

FROM: Project Staff, The Center forVocational & Technical Education

SUBJECT: Critique of Draft Materials forTraffic Safety Specialties Handbook

Acting on information obtained from you in the course ofoul: OhTSA interviews in May, last, the project staff intervieweda number of on-site traffic safety specialists throughout thecountry. The purpose of the interviews was to obtain detailedinformation on each specialty under field conditions. The pro-ject staff prepared descriptions of each specialty and wouldagain like Lo avail of your expertise in your area of special-ization, as per our contract with NHTSA.

Would you please critique the attached material accordingto the following directions:

I. Review each specialty description and attach yourwritten comments according to the following criteria:a. Completeness of contentb. Relevance of functional descriptionC. Up-to-dateness of materiald. Representativeness of the specialtye. Comprehensiveness of the descriptionf. Accuracy of generalities made from data

collection on site

2. Prepare your comments prior to the project staff meet-ing with you in Washington, D.C., on November 14-15,1973, at which time we can discuss the critique.

3, Plt:aso be prepared to suggest the name (s) of a personfamiliar with highway safety who might serve on aSecond review panel to further critique the cont(!ntsfor the handbook.

02

November 2, 1973

Your suggestions, comments, and criticisms will be greatlyappreciated.

The project staff wish to avail of this opportunity tothank you again for your assistance in May and we will be look-ing forward to working with you and obtaining all your sugges-tions.

If you have any questions, please contact the NHTSA ContractTechnical Manager, George Palmer, or call Anne Hayes, The Centerfor Vocational and Technical Education, at (614) 486-3655, ext.362.

pfEnc.

8 3/ky

REFERENCES

REFERENCES

American Automobile Association. A Teacher's Guide for theSafest Route to School Project. Washington, D.C.: TrafficEngineering and Safety Department.

. Pedestrian Control Through Legislation and Enforce-ment. War.;%)ington, D.C.: Traffic Engineering and SafetyDepartment, 1965.

. The Young Pedestrian. Washington, D.C.: TrafficEngineering and Safety Department, 1965.

Automotive Safety Foundation. Highway Safety Program Management.Washington, D.C.: Automotive Safety Foundation, August,1968.

Backstrom, Charles and Hursh, Gerald D. Survey Research. Evans-ton, Northwestern University Press, 1963.

banner, J. Gutshall, R.; and Kenel, F. Basic Driver Education.Danville, Ill.: The Interstate Printers and Puhlishers,Inc., 1966.

Booz, Allen and Hamilton, Inc. Salety,Speeialist Manpower, 4vols. Washington, D.C.: The National Highway TrafficSafety Administration Bureau, U.S. Department of Transpor-tation, 1968.

Carnahan, James E. Police Alcohol Training Project TechnicalReport. Lansing, Michigan: Highway Traffic Safety Center,Continuing Education Service, Michigan State University,1972.

Crabtree, M. Elizabeth. 10 Traffic Safety Guides. Washington,D.C.: American Automobile Association, 1970.

Daugherty, Ronald D.; Brooks, W. Kerr:: and Hyder, Carroll R.Expansion of Vocational-Technical Programs to AccommodateHighway Safety Manpower Requirements. Columbus, Ohio: TheCenter for Vocational and TechnMTEducation, 1971.

86

Highway Safety Occupational Program Development Guide.Columbus, Ohio: The Center for Vocational and TechnicalEducation, July, 1971.

Department of Industrial Education. Introduction to Teaching,Driver Education Teaching Assistants Procram. CollegeStation, Texas: Texas A & M University, 1973.

Division of Driver's Licenses. California Driver ImprovementManual. Sacramento, Calif.: Department of Motor Vehicles.

Education and Manpower Development Division. A Resource Curric-ulum in Driver and Traffic Safety Education. Washington,D.C.: Automotive Safety Foundation, 1970.

Federal Highway Administration. Highway Safety Program Manuals,Vols. 1-18. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Trans-portation, 1969.

Highway Safety Planning. State of Michigan's Annual HighwaySafety Work Plan for 1973-74. Lansing, Mich.: MichiganDepartment of State Police, 1973.

Mager, Robert F. and Beach, Kenneth M. Jr. Developing VocationalInstruction. Palo Alto, Calif.: Fearon Publishers, 1967.

National Highway Safety Board. Basic Training Program forEmergency Medical Technician -- Ambulance, Course CoordinatorOrientation Program. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1970a.

. Basic Training Program for Emergency Medical Techni-cian-- Ambulance, Course Guide. Washington, D.C.: U.S.Government Printing Office, 1970b.

. Basic Training Program for Emergency Medical Techni-cianAmbulance, Instructor's Lesson Plans. Washington,D.C.: U.S. Government Printins Office, 1970c.

National Highway Safety Bureau. School Bus Safety--OperatorAge in Relation to School Bus Accidents. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Department of Transportation, 1969.

. Highway Safety Occupational Opportunities. Washing-ton, D.C.: Highway Users Federation for Safety and Mobility,1970.

87

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. A Report of theStatus and Potential Implications of Decriminalization ofMoving Traffic Violations. Springfield, Va.: NationalTechnical Information Service, May, 1973a.

. Accident Investigation Technician Instructor TrainingInstitutes, 2 vols. Springfield, Va.: National TechnicalInformation Services, 1973b.

. Alcohol and Alcohol Safety, A Curriculum Manual forElement,iry Level, 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart-ment of Transportation, 1972a.

. Alcohol and Alcohol Safety, A Curriculum Manual foiJunior High Level, 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart-ment of Transportation, 1972b.

Alcohol and Alcohol Safety, A Curriculum Manual forSenior High Level, 2 vols. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart-ment of Transportation, 1972c.

Basic Trainin7 Program for Breath Examiner Specialist,Course Guide. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government PrintrnyOffice, 1971a.

. Basic Training Program for Breath Examiner ,Specialist,Instructor's Lesson Plans. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Govern-ment Printing Office, 19711x

. Basic Training Program for Breath Examiner Specialist,Student Study Guide. Washington, D.C. U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1971c.

. Basic Program for Driver Improvement Analyst--CourseGuide. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transporta-tion, June, 1973c.

. Basic Training Program for Driver Improvement Analyst--Instructor's Lesson Plans. Washington, D.C.: U.S.Government Printing Office, 1973d.

. Basic Training Program for Driver Improvement Analyst--Student Study Guide. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1973e.

88

. Basic Training Program for Driver License Examiner.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 1971d.

. Basic Training Program for Driver License ExaminerInstructor's Lesson Plans. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Depart-ment of Transportation, 1971e.

. Basic Training Program for Driver License ExaminerTrainee Study Guide. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Departmentof Transportation, 1971f.

. Basic Training Program Driver License Examiner Super-visors Course Guide. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1973f.

. Basic Training Program Driver License ExaminerSuper:isbrs Instructor's Lesson Plans. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973g.

basic Training Program Driver License Examiner Super------Viiors Trainee Study Guide. Washington, D.C.: U.S.

Government Printing Office, 1973h.

Federal Register, Vol. 37, No. 150, August 3, 1972d.

. "Highway User," bi-weekly. Washington, D.C.: U.S.Department of Transportation, no date.

. Police Traffic Services BasicInstructorisLessonPlans.Washington,Government Printing Office, I972f.

. Police Traffic Services Basic Training Program, Stu-dent Study Guide. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Print-ing Office, 1972g.

. Police Traffic Services Supervisory Level TrainingProgram, Course Guide. Washington, D.C.: U.S. GovernmentPrinting Office, 1973i.

. Police Traffic Services Supervisory Level TrainingProgram, Instructor's Lesson Plans. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Government Printing Office, 1973j.

. Police Traffic Services Supervisory Level TrainingProgram, Student Study Guide. Washington, D.C.: U.S.Government Printing Office, 1973k.

Pupil Transportation Safety Program Plan. Washington,D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, 19731.

89

Sixteen Highway Safety Standards. Washington, D.C.:U.S. Department of Transportation, 1967

. The Selection and Training of School Bus Drivers.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Transportation, no dal:e.

. Training CourseEmergency Medical Technician--Dis-patcher. Washington, D.C.: Superintendent of Documents,U.S. Government Printing Office, November, 1972.

National. Safet,y Council. Accidents Facts, 1973 Edition. Chicago,Ill.: National Safety Council.

. Driver Improvement Program--Defensive Driver'sManual. Chicago, Ill.: National Safety Council, 1971.

"Traffic Safety," monthly. Chicago, NationalSafety Council, no date.

Office of Traffic Safety. Texas Traffic Safety Prqgram AnnualWork Plan for Federal Fiscal Year 1974. Austin, Texas,1973.

Ohio State Department of Education. Emergency Victim Care.Columbus, Ohio: Trade and Industrial Education Service,Instructional Materials Laboratory, The Ohio State Univer-sity, 1972.

. Ohio Pupil Transportation Laws and Regulations.Columbus, Ohio: Ohio Department of Highway Safety, 1970.

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