Disaster Reduction Disaster Reduction ProgrammeProgramme in Myanmarin Myanmar

Dr. Toe Dr. Toe ToeToe WinWinAssociate ProfessorAssociate Professor

Civil Engineering DepartmentCivil Engineering DepartmentYangon Technological UniversityYangon Technological University

YangonYangonUnion of MyanmarUnion of Myanmar

Myanmar OverviewMyanmar Overview•• The Union of Myanmar is the largest The Union of Myanmar is the largest

country of Southcountry of South--East Asia located East Asia located between 9between 9 ˙̇ 3232’’ N & 28N & 28·· 3131’’ N Latitude and N Latitude and 9292·· 1010’’ E & 101E & 101 ˙̇ 1111’’ E Longitude. It has E Longitude. It has been administratively divided into 7 been administratively divided into 7 Divisions and 7 states. The divisions and Divisions and 7 states. The divisions and states have been divided into Districts states have been divided into Districts which in turn have been divided into which in turn have been divided into Townships.Townships.

•• Myanmar is regarded as an agriculture based Myanmar is regarded as an agriculture based country as it accounts for 40.2 percent of the country as it accounts for 40.2 percent of the GDP. GDP.

•• It has a tropical climate with three seasons It has a tropical climate with three seasons namely Rainy (midnamely Rainy (mid--May to midMay to mid--October), Winter October), Winter ( mid( mid--October to midOctober to mid-- February ) and SummerFebruary ) and Summer( mid( mid--February to midFebruary to mid--May ).May ).

•• There is large variation in average precipitation There is large variation in average precipitation as coastal areas receive average precipitation in as coastal areas receive average precipitation in the range of 4000 mm to 5600 mm while central the range of 4000 mm to 5600 mm while central dry zone receives precipitation in the range of dry zone receives precipitation in the range of 600mm to 1400mm.600mm to 1400mm.

Key Indicators of MyanmarKey Indicators of MyanmarIndicatorIndicator ValueValue

11 Total AreaTotal Area 676,578676,578kmskms22

22 CoastlineCoastline 2400kms2400kms

33 Number of DistrictsNumber of Districts 6767

44 Number of townshipsNumber of townships 330330

55 Estimated population(2006Estimated population(2006--07 )07 ) 56.52mn56.52mn

66 Percentage of population in rural Percentage of population in rural areasareas

7070

77 Population Density( sqPopulation Density( sq-- kmskms )) 7777

88 Percentage work force in Percentage work force in agricultureagriculture

64.164.1

99 Gross Domestic Product Gross Domestic Product ( 2005( 2005--06 at current 06 at current producers price )producers price )

12,286,765.412,286,765.4mnmn KyatsKyats

1010 Per capital GDP Product Per capital GDP Product (2005(2005--06 at current 06 at current producers price )producers price )

221,799 221,799 KyatsKyats

Intended PurposeIntended Purpose

•• To save the lives of To save the lives of humanbeingshumanbeings , animals, , animals, properties etc.properties etc.

•• To share experiences from Japan and ASEAN To share experiences from Japan and ASEAN countriescountries

•• To provide opportunities for young researchers To provide opportunities for young researchers to meet with their overseas peers and engage in to meet with their overseas peers and engage in intensive discussions.intensive discussions.

•• To wholesome development while building an To wholesome development while building an infrastructure for peace within human society.infrastructure for peace within human society.

•• Some Workshops in MyanmarSome Workshops in Myanmar

Relief and Resettlement Department

Capacity Building Needs for the Personnel and Institutions

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Department of Meteorology and HydrologyMINISTRY OF TRANSPORT

Myanmar

Cyclonic Storm “NARGIS”&

Storm Surge Prediction

Global Telecommunication System(GTS)

DEPARTMENT OF METEOROLOGY AND HYDROLOGY

Department of Meteorology and HydrologyDepartment of Meteorology and Hydrology

MyanmarMyanmar

Relief and Resettlement Department

Early Rehabilitation from Cyclone Nargis

Impact of Impact of Cyclone Cyclone NargisNargis

•• Cyclone Cyclone NargisNargis struck Myanmar on 2struck Myanmar on 2ndnd and 3and 3rdrd

May 2008 with wind speed of 120May 2008 with wind speed of 120--140 mph.140 mph.

•• Height of storm surge was 12Height of storm surge was 12--18 feet.18 feet.

•• The most affected areas were 7 townships in The most affected areas were 7 townships in AyeyawaddyAyeyawaddy division and 40 townships in Yangon division and 40 townships in Yangon division.division.

Damage and LossDamage and Loss

•• Death tollDeath toll 8453784537•• MissingMissing 5383653836•• InjuredInjured 1935919359•• Totally damaged housesTotally damaged houses 450000450000•• Partially damaged housesPartially damaged houses 350000350000•• Affected populationAffected population 2.4 million2.4 million•• Total damage andTotal damage and LossLoss 11 trillion (Kyat) 11 trillion (Kyat)

Basic Terms and Concepts in Basic Terms and Concepts in Disaster Management Disaster Management

Workshop on Disaster Risk Reduction

Mandalay Hotel, Mandalay, Myanmar23-25 September, 2009

Facilitator:Mr. Sudhir Kumar, Programme CoordinatorDaw Lat Lat Aye, Project CoordinatorAsian Disaster Preparedness Center (ADPC)

•• Agencies such as, Forest Department, Agencies such as, Forest Department, Department of Meteorology and Hydrology Department of Meteorology and Hydrology [DMH], Technological Universities [DMH], Technological Universities [Ministry of Science and Technology ] [Ministry of Science and Technology ] Irrigation Department, Relief and Irrigation Department, Relief and Resettlement Department [RRD], Fire Resettlement Department [RRD], Fire Services Department, Myanmar Services Department, Myanmar Engineering Society [MES] , Myanmar Engineering Society [MES] , Myanmar Geosciences Society [MGS] , Myanmar Geosciences Society [MGS] , Myanmar Information Management Unit [MIMU] and Information Management Unit [MIMU] and Asian Disaster Preparedness Center Asian Disaster Preparedness Center [ADPC] were involved.[ADPC] were involved.

Basic Definitions & TermsBasic Definitions & Terms

•• Learning Learning ObjectivesObjectives

At the end of this session, we should be able to define:

Disaster, hazard, risk, elements at risk, vulnerability, capacity, Disaster Management Cycle : Response, Relief, Rehabilitation, Reconstruction, Mitigation, Preparedness and Prevention, DM, DRR & CBDRR

HazardHazard

There is a There is a potential for potential for occurrence occurrence of an eventof an event

Phenomenon or situation, which has the potential to cause disruption or damage to people, their property, their services and their environment,

DisasterDisaster

The The serious disruptionserious disruptionof the functioning of of the functioning of society, causing society, causing widespread human, widespread human, material or material or environmental losses, environmental losses, which exceed the ability which exceed the ability of the affected people of the affected people to cope using their own to cope using their own resourcesresources..

An event, either man-made or natural, sudden or progressive, causing widespread human, material or environmental losses

VulnerabilityVulnerability

The condition or sets The condition or sets of of conditions that conditions that reducesreduces peoplepeople’’s s ability to prepare for, ability to prepare for, withstand or respond withstand or respond to a hazard to a hazard

CapacitiesCapacities

Those positive condition or abilities which increase a community’s ability to deal with hazards.

Risk Risk

The The probabilityprobability that a communitythat a community’’s s structure or geographic area is structure or geographic area is to be to be damaged or disrupteddamaged or disrupted by the by the impact of a particular hazard, on impact of a particular hazard, on account of their nature, construction, account of their nature, construction, and proximity to a hazardous area.and proximity to a hazardous area.

Hazard Vulnerability x Disaster Risk

Capacity

=

Elements at RiskElements at Risk

who and what can be damagedwho and what can be damaged•• peoplepeople (their lives& health)(their lives& health)•• household and community structureshousehold and community structures•• Community facilities & servicesCommunity facilities & services (houses, (houses,

access roads, bridges, schools, hospitals)access roads, bridges, schools, hospitals)•• livelihood & economic activitieslivelihood & economic activities (jobs, (jobs,

crops, livestock, equipment)crops, livestock, equipment)•• the environmentthe environment

Disaster ManagementDisaster Management CycleCycle

Disaster

RESPONSE/RELIEF

REHABILITATION

RECONSTRUCTIONPREVENTION

MITIGATION

PREPAREDNESS

Recovery PhaseRecovery Phase

.. Disaster impact

Reconstruction

Rehabilitation

Response / Relief

Preparedness

Mitigation

Prevention

Recovery phase

PreventionPrevention

Measures taken Measures taken to to avert a avert a disasterdisaster from from occurring, if occurring, if possible (to possible (to impede a hazard impede a hazard so that it does so that it does not have any not have any harmful effects).harmful effects).

MitigationMitigation•• Measures taken Measures taken

prior to the impact prior to the impact of a disaster to of a disaster to minimize its minimize its effectseffects(sometimes (sometimes referred to as referred to as structural and nonstructural and non--structural structural measures). measures).

Measures taken Measures taken prior to the impact prior to the impact of a disaster to of a disaster to minimize its minimize its effectseffects (sometimes (sometimes referred to as referred to as structural and nonstructural and non--structural structural measures).measures).

MitigationMitigation

Measures taken to Measures taken to avert a disaster avert a disaster from occurringfrom occurring, if , if possible (to possible (to impede a hazard impede a hazard so that it does not so that it does not have any harmful have any harmful effects).effects).

PreventionPrevention

PreparednessPreparedness

Measures taken in anticipation of a disaster to ensure that appropriate and effective actions are taken in the aftermath.

Prevent, reduce, transfer or live with disaster risk

Public safety, disaster resilience, sustainable development for all

Disaster Managementis the collective term for all activities that contribute to increasing capacities and will lead to reducing immediate and long-term vulnerabilities. It covers activities before, during and after a disaster.

Disaster Risk ReductionDisaster Risk Reduction

Is the Is the conceptual frameworkconceptual framework of of elements considered with the elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable broad context of sustainable development. development.

Community Based Disaster Risk Community Based Disaster Risk Reduction CBDRRReduction CBDRR

A process of disaster risk reduction in A process of disaster risk reduction in which which atat--risk communities are risk communities are actively engagedactively engaged in the in the identification, identification, analysis, treatment, monitoring and analysis, treatment, monitoring and evaluationevaluation of disaster risks in order to of disaster risks in order to reduce their vulnerabilities and enhance reduce their vulnerabilities and enhance their capacities. This means that people their capacities. This means that people are at the heart of decision making and are at the heart of decision making and implementation of disaster risk reduction implementation of disaster risk reduction activities. activities.

•• CycloneCyclone•• Drought / Dry zoneDrought / Dry zone•• EarthquakeEarthquake•• FireFire•• FloodsFloods•• Forest fire Forest fire •• Landslide Landslide •• Storm surgeStorm surge•• TsunamiTsunami

Country MRI TropicalCyclone

Earthquake Flood Landslide

Bangladesh 9 9 2 7 4

China 9 4 9 6 4

Colombia 9 0 9 5 5

India 9 6 9 8 4

Indonesia 9 0 9 5 5

Myanmar 9 6 9 6 5

Disaster

RESPONSE/RELIEF

REHABILITATION

RECONSTRUCTIONPREVENTION

MITIGATION

PREPAREDNESS

••We need to study the Potential of We need to study the Potential of these Hazardsthese Hazards

••We need to Identify what the Risks We need to Identify what the Risks we havewe have

••Study and ResearchStudy and Research••To Plan for the Effective Disaster To Plan for the Effective Disaster Management Development of Hazards Management Development of Hazards Maps for the Natural Disaster is first Maps for the Natural Disaster is first and foremost requirementand foremost requirement

Future PlanFuture Plan

••What Myanmar Engineering Society What Myanmar Engineering Society has done so farhas done so far-- We have Myanmar We have Myanmar Earthquake CommitteeEarthquake Committee

••We have developed , Earthquake We have developed , Earthquake Zoning Map with our limited Zoning Map with our limited resources ,but at least due to our resources ,but at least due to our devoted Geologist we have done it , devoted Geologist we have done it , this is just a First Generation Hazard this is just a First Generation Hazard Map. We need to do a lot.Map. We need to do a lot.

Myitkyina

MANDALAY

YANGON

Earthquake Earthquake Sources: Sources:

Active faults in Active faults in MyanmarMyanmar

TaungdwingyiEarthquake

22 September, 2003

00:46:54 MST6.8 on magnitude

Scale7 death, 42 Injure,

180 houses damaged, 182

Pagodas collapsed

••NDPCC had drafted the Action Plan on NDPCC had drafted the Action Plan on Disaster Risk Reduction , Preparedness , Disaster Risk Reduction , Preparedness , Relief and Rehabilitation.Relief and Rehabilitation.

••In response to the damage caused by In response to the damage caused by Cyclone Cyclone NargisNargis NDPCC issued a NDPCC issued a ““ProgrammeProgramme for Reconstruction of Cyclone for Reconstruction of Cyclone NargisNargis affected Areas and Implementation affected Areas and Implementation Plan for Preparedness and Protection from Plan for Preparedness and Protection from future Natural Disasters.future Natural Disasters.

••Natural and manNatural and man--made barriers and made barriers and shelters are planned to provide in shelters are planned to provide in hazardous area for safety from high hazardous area for safety from high winds , floods and storm surges . These winds , floods and storm surges . These may be natural barriers such as mangrove may be natural barriers such as mangrove forests , menforests , men--made high ground and made high ground and cyclone shelters.cyclone shelters.

••Now , the cyclone shelters of varying sizes Now , the cyclone shelters of varying sizes to accommodate 300,500 and 1000 to accommodate 300,500 and 1000 persons complete with utilities and persons complete with utilities and provisions have been planned and provisions have been planned and construction works are started and construction works are started and

••Ministry of Social Welfare , Relief and Ministry of Social Welfare , Relief and Resettlement with technical collaboration Resettlement with technical collaboration of Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre of Asian Disaster Preparedness Centre formulate the MAPDRR.formulate the MAPDRR.

••The MAPDRR has been prepared with The MAPDRR has been prepared with consultative and partnership approach. It consultative and partnership approach. It has identified projects and activities which has identified projects and activities which need to be taken to meet the HFA and need to be taken to meet the HFA and ASEAN Agreement on Disaster ASEAN Agreement on Disaster Management and Emergency Response Management and Emergency Response Commitments.Commitments.

••What we have and What we NeedWhat we have and What we Need••Codes and SpecificationsCodes and Specifications••Building CodesBuilding Codes••Building ByeBuilding Bye--LawsLaws••Are we focus on Disaster Risk Reduction?Are we focus on Disaster Risk Reduction?••Disaster Related Law and RegulationDisaster Related Law and Regulation••What other countries are doing.What other countries are doing.

••Educational InstitutionsEducational Institutions••Systems Systems ––••National Accreditation SystemNational Accreditation System••National Certification SystemNational Certification System••National Innovation System National Innovation System ––Research Research CentresCentres--IndustriesIndustries--InvestorsInvestors

••UniversitiesUniversities••Technological UniversitiesTechnological Universities••Research InstitutionsResearch Institutions

••Professional EngineersProfessional Engineers••National LevelNational Level••Regional LevelRegional Level••International LevelInternational Level

••Certification System for TechniciansCertification System for Technicians••National LevelNational Level••Regional LevelRegional Level••International LevelInternational Level

••Disaster Management related Acts Disaster Management related Acts ––National LevelNational Level

••Divisional and State ( Divisional and State ( egeg-- Shan, Shan, KachinKachin ,etc) Level,etc) Level

••Township LevelTownship Level••Building Rules and RegulationBuilding Rules and Regulation••Land use Rules and RegulationLand use Rules and Regulation

••We have Engineers , Technicians ,Rules We have Engineers , Technicians ,Rules and Regulations ,but one more most and Regulations ,but one more most important thing is Enforcementimportant thing is Enforcement

••Enforcement need inspection and nonEnforcement need inspection and non--partiality.partiality.

••Very first thing for the Disaster Risk Very first thing for the Disaster Risk Reduction is awareness of ALL. When I Reduction is awareness of ALL. When I say ALL, it means from the very top to say ALL, it means from the very top to local community.local community.

••We all must involved in this very We all must involved in this very important and Nobel Deeds for our important and Nobel Deeds for our country. country.

••Rapid UrbanizationRapid Urbanization••Urban easementUrban easement••Unsafe ConstructionUnsafe Construction••Frequent DisastersFrequent Disasters••Fixing ResponsibilitiesFixing Responsibilities••Transforming Technical Guidelines into Transforming Technical Guidelines into Legal ProvisionsLegal Provisions

••HighHigh--rise building construction were rise building construction were started in 2003 under Governmentstarted in 2003 under Government’’s s initiatives with the participation of initiatives with the participation of Developers.Developers.

••One or two HighOne or two High--rise buildings in Yangon rise buildings in Yangon before but due to Governmentbefore but due to Government’’s support s support many Highmany High--rise building Projects were rise building Projects were planned in Yangonplanned in Yangon

••For Quality control of these Projects the For Quality control of these Projects the committee was formed by Government in committee was formed by Government in AugustAugust--20032003 18.8.2007 60

18.8.2007 61

Two main bodies that provide housing for the public sector in Yangon are:

- Yangon City Development Committee (YCDC)which is responsible for administrating housing on private land

- Department of Human Settlement and Housing Development (DHSHD) which is responsible for administrating housing on public land

18.8.2007 622009/11/102009/11/10

Background of the Committee for Quality Control of High-Rise Building Construction Projects (CQHP)

-To get high – rise buildings of good quality with seismic resistant design , some technical problems need to be solved

-CQHP was commissioned in 2003 by government aiming to check the designs of High–rise buildings and give advice where necessary

-Committee defines that high – rise buildings are buildings having more than eight stories-The committee is constituted of eleven senior professional engineers who are from Ministries, from Myanmar Engineering Society and from Yangon Technological University and there are seven civil engineers, two electrical engineers, a mechanical engineer and an architect in the committee.

18.8.2007 632009/11/102009/11/10

Organization Chart of CQHP

Chairman (Civil Eng:)

Deputy Chairman(1)(Civil Eng)

Deputy Chairman(2)(Electrical)

Checkers & Office Staff Engineers

Secretary(2)(water &

sanitation Eng:)

Members(Electrical Eng:)

Member(Mechanical Eng:)

Members(water & sanitation

Eng:)

Seretary(1)(Civil Eng:)

Members(Civil Eng:)

Member(Architect)

18.8.20072009/11/102009/11/10 64

(a) To specify guidelines for the design calculations of the high-rise buildings that are to be built in Myanmar.

(b) To specify guidelines for the quality control of the high – rise buildings that are bound to be observed by the project superintendents and site engineers.

(c) To check that the design calculations submitted by the respective structural designer are in accordance with the CQHP's guidelines and that they are acceptable according to the international codes of practice and, if necessary, to give advice on how to perform the corrections.

(d) To go to the construction sites regularly (and necessarily) and to check whether or not they follow the CQHP's guidelines and to give advice on quality control.

(e) To cooperate with all other relevant departments and organizations to get high-rise buildings of good quality.

CQHP accomplishes its responsibilities hand in hand with DHSHD and YCDC.

Responsibilities of CQHP

••Myanmar is Earthquake prone CountryMyanmar is Earthquake prone Country••SagaingSagaing Fault is the source of past Fault is the source of past earthquakes in our historyearthquakes in our history

••SagaingSagaing Fault passing through most of our Fault passing through most of our major citiesmajor cities

••Cities are not like before, population is Cities are not like before, population is increasing and more concrete and increasing and more concrete and masonarymasonary buildings , if not well built ,it is buildings , if not well built ,it is danger for loss of lives.danger for loss of lives.

18.8.2007 65

••We have saying We have saying –– Earthquake does not kill, Earthquake does not kill, buildings kill.buildings kill.

•• In most of the past earthquake in In most of the past earthquake in developing countries, causalities are from developing countries, causalities are from lowlow--rise buildings as they are not well rise buildings as they are not well design and builtdesign and built

•• It is necessary to follow the proper design It is necessary to follow the proper design and construction practice in our building and construction practice in our building industry.industry.

18.8.2007 66

••Disaster awareness is important in Disaster awareness is important in Myanmar, we have all kinds of Disasters.Myanmar, we have all kinds of Disasters.

••Concerning Earthquake, we all should Concerning Earthquake, we all should learn and study ,how to mitigate learn and study ,how to mitigate earthquake disasterearthquake disaster

••Building in right way is the first step we Building in right way is the first step we need to followneed to follow-- in Nonin Non--Engineered Engineered buildings and Engineered buildingsbuildings and Engineered buildings

18.8.2007 67

••Myanmar has many Natural Hazards.Myanmar has many Natural Hazards.••Myanmar needs a lot of things to do.Myanmar needs a lot of things to do.••Now , we are aware of Disasters.Now , we are aware of Disasters.••For successful building of Resilience For successful building of Resilience Myanmar and her communities ,TechnoMyanmar and her communities ,Techno--Legal Regime must be setLegal Regime must be set--up .up .

Thank YouThank You