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1 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ALIMENTARY CANAL / GI TRACT & ACCESSORY ORGANS

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Page 1: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM · 2019-04-12 · 6 •Small Intestine: >Functions: –Chemical digestion –Absorption of nutrients >Regions: –Duodenum –Jejunum –Ileum >What enters the duodenum?

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DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

ALIMENTARY CANAL / GI TRACT     &    ACCESSORY ORGANS

Page 2: DIGESTIVE SYSTEM · 2019-04-12 · 6 •Small Intestine: >Functions: –Chemical digestion –Absorption of nutrients >Regions: –Duodenum –Jejunum –Ileum >What enters the duodenum?

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I. Digestive System Functions

> Ingestion ­

> Propulsion ­

> Digestion ­ breakdown of foodstuff

– Mechanical ­

– Chemical ­

> Absorption ­

> Defecation ­

the taking in of food

movement caused by force

intake of nutrients from food

elimination of indigestible waste

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• Oral Cavity: Mechanical & Chemical Digestion

> Teeth ­ mastication/chew food (mechanical breakdown)

> Tongue ­ mixes food with saliva & initiates swallowing– contains taste buds/taste receptors

> Salivary Glands ­ saliva is mixture of mucus & serous fluids– contains salivary amylase (chemical digestion)– moistens food and helps create a bolus– helps dissolve food so can taste it

> Epiglottis ­ blocks opening to trachea to allow food to enter into esophagus instead of air passageway

> Hard & Soft Palate ­ separates oral cavity & nasal cavity– when you swallow soft palate rises to close nasal 

passage

• Pharynx:  this is subdivided into three parts: > nasopharynx ­ respiratory passageway> oropharynx ­ most posterior part of oral cavity> laryngopharynx ­ most superior part of esophagus

II. Organs of the Alimentary Canal (GI tract)

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• Esophagus: muscular tube for transport (peristalsis)

• Stomach: Mechanical & Chemical digestion

> Regions:

– Cardia

– Fundus

– Body

– Pylorus

> Rugae ­ folds in the walls of the stomach

> Mucosa ­ line with simple columnar epithelium with millions of gastric pits creating gastric juice

– Mucous cells ­ produce alkaline mucus to protect walls

– Gastric pits (with glands)

« Chief cells ­ produce pepsinogens« Parietal cells ­ produce HCl« Mucous neck cells ­ produce acidic mucus (not sure of 

purpose)

> Sphincter muscles ­ on both ends of the stomach regulate entry and exit of food stuffs

– Cardiac Sphincter

– Pyloric Sphincter

> Stomach does aid in absorption of small amount of lipid soluble substances (aspirin, alcohol)

II. Organs of the Alimentary Canal (GI tract) cont'd

- produces chyme

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• Small Intestine:> Functions:

– Chemical digestion– Absorption of nutrients

> Regions:– Duodenum– Jejunum– Ileum

> What enters the duodenum?– Pancreatic juices (enzyme­rich & bicarbonate­rich)– Bile (from liver & gall bladder)

> Brush Border Enzymes– Produced by small intestine– Completes chemical digestion of carbs, proteins, & 

nucleic acids

> Structural modifications:  increases surface area

– Plicae circulares: Deep folds of mucosa« Force chyme to spiral through lumen...slowing 

movement & allows more time for nutrient absorption 

– Villi:  Finger­like projections of mucosa« Blood capillary network & lymphatic capillary (lacteal)

– Microvilli: Tiny projections of plasma membrane of mucosa cells

II. Organs of the Alimentary Canal (GI tract) cont'dMesentery

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• Large Intestine:> Functions:

– Water absorption– Elimination of indigestible 

material

> Regions:  – Cecum (appendix)

« Ileocecal Valve– Colon

« Ascending« Transverse« Descending« Sigmoid

– Rectum– Anal canal

> Defacation Reflex

II. Organs of the Alimentary Canal (GI tract) cont'd

« Internal Involuntary Sphincter« External Voluntary Sphincter

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> Mucosa ­ innermost layer–  epithelial tissue lined with 

goblet cells that produce mucus

> Submucosa ­ connective tissue containing...–  blood vessels, nerves, & 

lymphatic tissue

> Muscularis externa ­ layers of smooth muscle

> Serosa ­ outermost layer– peritoneum & mesentery

• From the esophagus            large intestine the wall of the GI tract is composed of the following tissues:

III. Layers of the Alimentary Canal (GI tract)

• Pancreas ­ flat gland that extends from the spleen to the duodenum

> Produces pancreatic juice– Emptied in duodenum – Alkaline solution– Consists of enzymes that aid in chemical  digestion of all 

categories of food:

« Proteases

« Pancreatic Amylase

« Lipases

« Nucleases

Proteins -> smaller peptides

Complex Sugars -> Dissacharides

Fats -> Glycerol & Fatty Acids

Cleaves nucleic acids (DNA/RNA)

IV. Accessory Digestive Organs

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• Liver ­ large organ with 4­lobes / located just under diaphragm

> Produces bile– a yellow­green substance containing bile salts, bile 

pigments, cholesterol, phospholipids, & electrolytes

> Bile salts help break large fat globules into smaller ones– helps increase surface area so lipases can break fat 

down at faster rate

> Exits the liver via hepatic ductEmulsification

IV. Accessory Digestive Organs cont'd

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• Gallbladder ­ small sac­like organ embedded on underside of liver

> Bile leaving liver backs up into gallbladder via cystic duct

> Bile is concentrated in gallbladder– Secreted into duodenum via 

common bile duct (when fatty foods are present)

• Salivary glands ­ Parotid, Sublingual, Submandibular

> Contains mucus which helps moisten food

> Contains salivary amylase which starts starch digestion

> Contains lysozyme and antibodies (protective function)

> Dissolves food chemicals (can taste food)

• Teeth ­ mechanical breakdown by mastication

IV. Accessory Digestive Organs cont'd

Oral Cavity

Stomach

Lumen of Small Intestine

Epithelium ofSmall Intestine

Carbohydrates

Proteins

NucleicAcids Fats/lipids

Salivary AmylaseStarch

PancreaticAmylase

disaccharides

brush borderenzymes

monosaccharides

Pepsin

Pancreatic Proteases

brush borderenzymes

amino acids

smallpeptides

Proteins

brush borderenzymes

PancreaticNucleases

DNA/RNA

nucleotides

PancreaticLipases

glycerol & fatty acids

Triglycerides/Fats

*All (except some lipids) absorbed in blood...to liver...to rest of body

*Some lipid breakdown products absorbed in blood, some in lymph...all end up in liver...then to rest of body

CHEMICAL DIGESTION & ABSORPTION

large polypeptides

Starch

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V. Metabolism: all chemical reactions that help maintain  life

A. Anabolism ­

B. Catabolism ­

1. Carbohydrate metabolism:         

2. Fat Metabolism:

3. Protein Metabolism:

reaction building molecules

reaction that breaks down molecules

> digestion = catabolic process> enzymatic breakdown of food via

hydrolysis

Metabolism by body cells