Main Characteristics• Composed of:

GASTRITIS

Gastritis is an inflammation of the lining of the stomach, and has many possible causes. The main acute causes are excessive alcohol consumption or prolonged use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Sometimes gastritis develops after major surgery, traumatic injury or burns

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Symptoms of gastritis vary among individuals, and in many

people there are no symptoms. The most common symptoms include:

Nausea Abdominal bloating Abdominal pain Vomiting Indigestion Burning or gnawing feeling in

the stomach between meals

or at night Hiccups Loss of appetite Vomiting blood or coffee

ground-like material Black, tarry stools

PREVENTION Avoid use of aspirin or NSAIDs if you are prone to

gastritis. 1) Avoid excessive consumption of alcohol.  2) Replace two or three large meals a day with small

meals every three hours or so  3) Avoid fast foods  4) Eat slow, chew thoroughly 5) Do chewing gum.  6) Stay away from foods that upset your stomach,

especially those heavily seasoned, spicy and fried food  7) Avoid using aspirin, ibuprofen and other irritating

foods

TREATMENTTreatment for gastritis usually involves: Taking antacids and other drugs to reduce stomach acid, which causes

further irritation to inflamed areas. Avoiding hot and spicy foods. For gastritis caused by H. pylori infection, your doctor will prescribe a

regimen of several antibiotics plus an acid blocking drug (used for heartburn).

If the gastritis is caused by pernicious anemia, B12 vitamin shots will be given.

Eliminating irritating foods from your diet such as lactose from dairy or gluten from wheat.

Once the underlying problem disappears, the

gastritis usually does, too.  You should talk to your doctor before stopping

any medicine or starting any gastritis treatment

on your own.

Mortality The mortality is dependent on the etiology of the gastritis.

Generally, most cases of gastritis are treatable once the etiology is determined. The exception to this is phlegmonous gastritis, which has a mortality rate of 65%, even with treatment.

Organization Massachusetts General Hospital 55 Fruit Street, Boston, MA 02114

617-726-2000 TDD: 617-724-8800 http://www.massgeneral.org/conditions/condition.aspx?id=182

Viral Gastroenteritis• Gastroenteritis is an

inflammation of the lining of the intestines caused by a virus, bacteria or parasites.

• Results in vomiting or diarrhea.• It is often called the "stomach

flu“.• Gastroenteritis, or inflammation of the

stomach and intestines. Gastritis is the irritation and inflammation of the stomach's mucous lining.

Rotavirus infants and young children under 5.Adenoviruses and astroviruses affect young children and sometimes adults.Noroviruses infect persons of all ages, including older children and adults.

Agent & Host• Rotaviruses; Noroviruses; Adenoviruses.• Anyone can get it.

• It spreads through contaminated food or water, and contact with an infected person. The best prevention is frequent hand washing.

• Close contact with infected persons.

Environment & Stimuli

Preventions, signs & symptoms• Frequent hand washing and disinfection. Rotavirus gastroenteritis

can also be prevented by vaccines.• Watery diarrhea and vomiting.• Headache, fever, and stomach ache.• Symptoms begin 1 to 2 days following infection, and may last for

1 to 10 days, depending on the virus.

Diagnosis, Treatment & CureBy a physician on the basis of the symptoms and medical examination.Rotavirus infection can be diagnosed by laboratory testing of a stool specimen.

Prevent severe loss of fluids (dehydration) by

taking fluids. Medications should be

avoided unless recommended by a

physician.

Mortality rate & OrganizationsPeople who died from gastroenteritis has more than doubled from 1999 to 2007. The death rate from almost 7,000 to over 17,000 per year. Viral gastroenteritis is the second most common illness in the U.S. (Centers for Disease

Control and Prevention) NIDDK 

National institute of diabetes and digestive and kidney diseases (also information in Spanish)http://www2.niddk.nih.gov/

Hepatitis CHepatitis C is a viral disease that leads

to swelling (inflammation) of

the liver.

Causes

Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV).

Signs and SymptomsHepatitis C infection usually produces no signs or symptoms during its earliest stages. When signs and symptoms do occur, they're generally mild and flu-like and may include:

Testing should be done among:

• Fatigue• Fever• Nausea or poor appetite

• Muscle and joint pains• Tenderness in the area of your

liver

• Individuals at high risk for infection.

• Children born to chronically infected mothers

• People who received blood, blood products, or transplanted organs prior to

1992• Persons with abnormal levels

of liver enzymes in the blood• Testing is recommended when

exposure to the virus is suspected.

DIAGNOSE

Patients who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may be candidates for a liver transplant.

People with hepatitis C should also:

Be careful not to take vitamins, nutritional supplements, or new over-the-counter medications without first discussing it with their health care provider.

Avoid any substances that are toxic to the liver, including alcohol. Even moderate amounts of alcohol speed up the progression of hepatitis C, and alcohol reduces the effectiveness of treatment.

Get vaccinated against hepatitis A and B.

Mortality

In a study in the journal Annals of Internal Medicine, U.S. Centers for Disease Control researchers analyzed causes of death on more than 21.8 million U.S. death certificates filed between 1999 and 2007. Rates of death related to hepatitis C, a viral infection that causes chronic liver disease, rose at an average rate of .18 deaths per 100,000 persons per year. More than 15,000 people died from hepatitis C in 2007. HIV-related death rates declined .21 deaths per 100,000 people per year — 12,734 people died from HIV in 2007. Rates of death related to a third infection, hepatitis B, remained more or less constant over the study period, falling .02 deaths per 100,000 people per year to just more than 1,800 deaths in 2007.

Organization that figths hepatitis c

http://www.hepcassoc.org/

WILSON’S DISEASE  Wilson's disease is named after Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson (1878–1937), the British neurologist who first described the condition in 1912

What is Wilson’s disease?

Wilson disease is a rare autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism.

 You need a small amount of copper from food to stay healthy. Too much copper is poisonous.

This can cause damage to your brain, liver, and eyes.

Symptoms

the most common one KAYSER-FLEISCHER RINGS

Symptons can appear in theages between 6-38

Hepatic Symptoms

·         Fatty liver·         Acute hepatitis·         Resembling autoimmune hepatitis·         Cirrhosis·         Acute liver failure

Neurological and PsychiatricSymptoms

Movement disorders (tremor, involuntary movements

Dysautonomia Migraine headaches Insomnia Seizures Depresion Psychosis Personality changes Neurotic behaviours

Diagnosis

24 hour urine test for copper Liver Biopsy Kayser Fleischer rings

TREATMENT

Wilson disease is a very treatable condition. With proper therapy, disease progress can be halted and oftentimes symptoms can be improved. Treatment is aimed at removing excess accumulated copper and preventing its accumulation. Treatment for Wilson disease is a lifelong process. Patients may become progressively sicker from day to day, so immediate treatment can be critical. Treatment delays may cause irreversible damage.

Help

http://www.wilsonsdisease.org/

References• Ghany MG, Strader DB, Thomas DL, Seeff LB. American Association

for the Study of Liver Diseases. Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update. Hepatology. 2009;49:1335-1374.

• Jou JH, Muir AJ. In the clinic. Hepatitis C. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:ITC6-1-ITC6-16.

• O'Leary JG, Davis GL. Hepatitis C. In: Feldman M, Friedman LS, Brandt LJ, eds. Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. 9th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2010:chap 79.

• Rosen HR. Clinical practice. Chronic hepatitis C infection.N Engl J Med. 2011 Jun 23;364(25):2429-38.

• http://articles.latimes.com/2012/feb/21/news/la-heb-hepatitis-c-hiv-deaths-20120221

• http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dvrd/revb/gastro/faq.htm• http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/243036.php• http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/gastroenteritis.html