It’s a Presentation on Diabetes Mellitus by

• AVIJIT ROY

• A chronic syndrome of impaired carbohydrate,

protein, and fat metabolism owing to insufficient

secretion of insulin or to target tissue insulin

resistance, characterized by polydipsia, polyuria and

polyphagia.

What is Diabetes Mellitus?

• TYPE1 DIABETES

Type 1 diabetes mellitus is characterized by loss of the insulin-producing beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas leading to

insulin deficiency. Type 1 diabetes can affect children or adults but was

traditionally termed "juvenile diabetes" because it represents a

majority of the diabetes cases in children.

CLASSIFICATION

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is characterized by insulin resistance which may be combined with relatively

reduced insulin secretion. At this stage hyperglycemia can be reversed by a variety of measures & medications

that improve insulin sensitivity or reduce glucose

production by the liver.

TYPE 2 DIABETES

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) resembles type 2 diabetes in several respects, involving a combination of

relatively inadequate insulin secretion and responsiveness. It occurs in about 2%–5% of all pregnancies and may improve or disappear after delivery. This is particularly problematic as

diabetes raises the risk of complications during pregnancy, as well as increasing the potential that the children of diabetic mothers will also become

diabetic in the future.

GESTATIONAL DIABETES

CAUSES OF DIABETES MELLITUS

•Type 1 diabetes is also partly inherited and then triggered by certain infections, with some evidence

pointing at Coxsackie B4 virus

•Type 2 diabetes is due primarily to lifestyle factors and genetics.

•

PATHOPHISIOLOGY

Insulin is the principal hormone that regulates uptake of glucose from the blood into most cells (primarily muscle and fat cells, but not central nervous system cells). Therefore deficiency of

insulin or the insensitivity of its receptors plays a central role in all forms of diabetes mellitus.

–

DIAGNOSIS

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by recurrent or persistent hyperglycemia, and is diagnosed by

demonstrating any one of the following

* Fasting plasma glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (126 mg/dL).

* Plasma glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL) two hours after a 75 g oral glucose load as in a glucose

tolerance test. * Symptoms of hyperglycemia and casual plasma

glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L (200 mg/dL)* Glycated hemoglobin (Hb A1C) ≥ 6.5%.

•

Insulin

MEDICATION

Medication may be 2 types

Oral medications

COMPLICATIONDiabetes doubles the risk of vascular problems,

including cardiovascular disease.Glycated hemoglobin is better than fasting glucose for determining risks of cardiovascular disease and

death from any cause.

REFERENCE

# "Diabetes Blue Circle Symbol". International DiabetesFederation. 17 March 2006.

http://www.diabetesbluecircle.org# a b c d e Wild S, Roglic G, Green A, Sicree R, King H (May 2004). "Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for 2000 and

projections for 2030". Diabetes Care 27 (5): 1047–53. doi:10.2337/diacare.27.5.1047. PMID 15111519.

# "Type 2 Diabetes Overview". Web MD. http://diabetes.webmd.com/guide/type-2-diabetes.

# "Other "types" of diabetes". American Diabetes Association. August 25, 2005. http://www.diabetes.org/other-types.jsp.

# "Diseases: Johns Hopkins Autoimmune Disease Research. Center”.http://autoimmune.pathology.jhmi.edu/diseases.cfm?

systemID=3&DiseaseID=23. Retrieved 2007-09-23.

MANAGEMENT

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which is difficult to cure. Management concentrates on keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal

("euglycemia") as possible without presenting undue patient danger. This can usually be with close dietary

management, exercise, and use of appropriate medications (insulin only in the case of type 1

diabetes mellitus. Oral medications may be used in the case of type 2 diabetes,

• •Polyuria

•Polydipsia•Polyphagia

•Obesity•Numbness of limbs

SIGN& SYMPTOMS

• FOODS TO BE TAKEN

CONCLUSIONFOODS NOT TOBE TAKEN

•Fruits & veg •High in fat

•High in sugar•Garlic, ginger

•Radish •High in salt

•Spinach •Low starchy carbohydrate foods

•

THANK

YOU