development of gm crops (methods) against insect diversity
DESCRIPTION
My presentation Covers Insertion of Foreign gene into host plant from any other plant or organism to make plant resistance against insect pests attack or to increase plant productivity/shelf life is known as "Genetically Modified Plants" My presentation included 1. Methods to make GM crops A. Direct Gene Methods B. Vector Mediated Methods C. Intact plant Methods A. Direct Methods: i. Physical Methods ii. Chemical Methods Physical Methods: i. Micro-injection ii. Particle bombardment iii. Gene Gun Method iv. Laser Micro-Beam v. Electroporation Chemical Methods: i. Physico-chemical Uptake of DNA ii. Liposome Encapsulation iii. Silicon Carbide Fiber B. Vector Mediated Methods: i. Bacteria ii. Viruses C. Intact Plant i. Macro-Injection ii. Pollen Tube Pathway 2. Why Need to make GM Crops Increase Shelf Life, Productivity, make Resistance against insect pests etc 3. Risks/Side Effects of GM Crops 4. Released Varieties of GM Crops Cotton, Wheat, Rice, Papaya, Oil seeds 5. Resistance against Insect Diversity Mosaic Viruses, Bollworms, Ringspot Vrius etc 6. Questions TRANSCRIPT
PRESENTER SUPERVISOR
MUHAMMAD SAJID ASLAM
2009-AG-2138
DR. M. ALTAF SABRI
ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR
2nd Semester
M.Sc (Hons) Entomology
Development of
Genetically Modified Crops For
Resistance against Insect
Diversity
SEMINAR-720
CONTENTS Introduction to GM Crops Biological Requirements to Make GM Crops Methods to Make GM Crops Need of GM Crops GM Crops Released Traits of Different GM Crops Bt Cotton Varieties, Production Risks/ Side Effects References
GENETIC MODIFICATION OF PLANTSTransfer and stable integration of the genes (Desired) into the genome of a plant, from other plants or organisms.
BIOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS TO MAKE GM CROPS
Host Plant/Cells
Genes (Desired)
Vector Suitable
Method to introduce Foreign Gene
Procedure to select and Regenerate Transgenic Plant
METHODS TO INSERT GENE(S)IN PLANT
Physical
Chemical
Direct Gene
Transfer (DGT)
BiologicalVector
Medicated
Intact Plant
Direct Gene Transfer
Physical
Electro-poration Micro-injection Gene Gun Method Particle
Bombardment Laser Micro-beam
Chemical
Physico-chemical Uptake of DNA
Liposome Encapsulation Silicon Carbide Fiber
Vector
Mediated
Agrobacterium
tumefaciens / rhizogenes
Viral
DNA/RNA viral
Intact Plant
Pollen tube Pathway
Electro-poration in Tissue/Embryo
Macro-Injection
ELECTROPORATI
ON
• CREATION OF PORES IN PROTOPLAST MEMBRANE BY ELECTRICAL IMPULSES, TO INCREASE PLASMA MEMBRANE PERMEABILITY AND UPTAKE OF DNA, CONTAINED IN THE SURROUNDING SOLUTION.
• SUCCESSFULLY USED FOR
OBTAINING TRANSGENIC
TOBACCO, MAIZE AND
RICE.
DIRECT GENE
TRANSFER
Physical
Methods
Micro-
Injection
GENE GUN METHODIts very Simple Method Just load
foreign gene material into gene
gun and fire on the desired
tissues
PARTICLE BOMBARDMENT
Procedur
e
LASER MICRO-BEAM
DIRECT GENE
TRANSFER
Chemical
Methods
liposomes are small lipids bags, in which large number of plasmids are encapsulated. these liposome enters the cell (protoplast) by the process of endo-cytosis and lipase activity release in cytoplasm, for the integration of host genome.not commonly use.
Delivery of DNA in plant cell cytoplasm and nucleus by vortexing of suspension culture cells in a medium containing Silicon Carbide Fibers and Plasmid DNA.Simple and inexpensive method.
Silicon Carbide Fiber
Liposome Encapsulation
Plant cell protoplasts treated with PEG (Poly Ethylene Glycol), allowing uptake of DNA from the surrounding solution.Successfully used for obtaining transgenic Maize, Rice, Strawberry, Brassica, etc.
Physico-chemical Uptake of DNA
Transferring Gene from Agrobaterium to Plant Cell
Macro-Injection
Pollen Tube PathwayIntact Plant
Methods
WHY GM CROPSNeed of Genetically Modified Crops
to Improve Shelf Life Improve Nutrition Resistance Against
Herbicides Pathogens
Stress
CalgeneQuality & Shelf
Life
1995Freedom
IISquesh
Viral Resistan
ceAsgrow
CalgeneOil
Characteristics
Canola Laurical 1994
Tomato Flavr Savr
1994
MonsantoInsect
Resistance
CottonPotatoMaiz
BollguardNewleaf
Yeildguard1996-97
COMPANY
TRAIT CROPGM
CROPRELEASE DATE
Agro-evoMonsant
o
Herbicide
Resistance
CanolaInnovato
rReady
1995-96
Annu. Rev. Plant Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 1997. 48:297–326Copyright © 1997 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved, Plant Transformation 298-320
Reference
Bt PAPAYA
Bt POTATO
Cotton(BollGuard)
RICE (TT51)
MAIZE (Yeild Guard)
SWEET POTATOS
Resistance to Bollworms
Papaya Ring-sopt Virus
More Starch Production
More Beta-Carotene (Source of Vit. A)
Corn Borers (ECB, MSB)
Cucumber Mosaic Virus
Bt Crop Name
GM Traits
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops#Regulation
Reference
COTTON
4th Largest Producer over World
13th Ranked in World by Production/Acre
40,000 kg seed (Bt Varieties) IR-FH-901 IR-NIBGE IR-CIM-448 IR-CIM-443
8,000 Acres Punjab Areas:
Bahawalpur, Multan, Muzaffer Garh
Increase yield 23-28 Maunds/acre
White Gold PAEC
(2005)
2012: FAOSTATLint Production 22,15,000
TonnesSeed Production 1,29,555
Tonnes
Reference: Pakkissan
2011
3.4
-
20127,00,00
02.8
6,50,000
8
81
YEAR
82
3.22.6
FARMERS
%agePlanted
AreaTotal Area
Area Inc. (%)
2012 was Third year of bt cotton commercialization
*Area in Million Hectare
Reference(International Service for the Acquisition
of Agri.Biotec Application
Bt Cotton
PUNJAB SEED COUNCILPunjab Seed Council (PSC) approved 39 Varieties of
different crops
15- Bt Cotton 1- of each6- Rice
Sugarcane2- Wheat
Tomato2- Gram Potato3- Citrus Turnip4- Peach3- Flowers
1. FH-1182. FH-1423. VH-2594. BH-1785. CIM-5996. CIM-6027. IR-NIAB-824
8. IUB-2229. CEMB-3310.SAIBAN-
20111.SITARA
11M12.TARZAN-213.A-55514.KZ-18815. CA-
12
Bt Cotton
Crops Reference
Report by:The
Nation Newspap
er12-Dec-
2013
Rank Country 2009 2010 20111 China 6,377,000 5,970,000 6,588,950
2 India 4,083,400 5,683,000 5,984,000
3 United States 2,653,520 3,941,700 3,412,550
4 Pakistan 2,111,400 1,869,000 2,312,000
5 Brazil 956,189 973,449 1,673,337
6 Uzbekistan 1,128,200 1,136,120 983,400
7 Turkey 638,250 816,705 954,600
8 Australia 329,000 386,800 843,572
9 Turkmenistan 220,100 330,000 330,000
10 Argentina 135,000 230,000 295,000
— World 19,848,921 22,714,154 24,941,738
Source: UN Food & Agriculture Organization
Top 10 Cotton Producing Countries(in metric tonnes)
Soil Sterility and Pollution
Food Allergy Increase Body Toxicity Negative Reproductive
Effects
RISKS OF GM CROPS
Negative Effects To Digestive System
Loss of Natural Variety (Genes)
Loss of Natural Enemies (Due to Absence of their host)
REVIEW Introduction to GM CropsBiological Requirements
Methods to Make GM CropsDirect MethodVector Mediated
Need of GM CropsImprove QualityIncrease Resistance
GM Crops ReleasedTraits of Different GM CropsRisks/ Side EffectsReferences
Bidney D, Scelonge C, Martich J, Burrus M, Sims L, et al. 1992. Microprojectile bombardment of plant tissues increases transformation frequency by Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Plant Mol. Biol. 18:301–13
Birch RG, Bower R. 1994. Principles of gene transfer using particle bombardment. In Particle Bombardment Technology for Gene Transfer, ed. N-S Yang, P Christou, pp. 3–37. New York: Oxford Univ. Press
Birch RG, Bower R, Elliott AR, Potier BAM, Franks T, et al. 1996. Expression of foreign genes in sugarcane. In Proc. Int.
Soc. Sugarcane Technol. Congr.,Cartegena, Sept. 1995, 22nd, ed. JH Cock,T Brekelbaum, 2:368–73. Cali, Colombia: Tecnicana
Birch RG, Franks T. 1991. Development and optimization of microprojectile systems for plant genetic transformation. Aust.J. Plant Physiol. 18:453–69
Bourque JE. 1995. Antisense strategies for genetic manipulations in plants. Plant Sci.105:125–49
Bowen B. 1993. Markers for plant genetransfer. See Ref. 90, 1:89–123 Bower R, Birch RG. 1992. Transgenic sugarcane plants via microprojectile bombardment.Plant
J. 2:409–16 Bower R, Elliott AR, Potier BAM, Birch RG. 1996. High-efficiency, microprojectile-mediated
cotrans formation of sugarcane, using visible or selectable markers.Mol. Breed. 2:239–49 Buising CM, Benbow RM. 1994. Molecular analysis of transgenic plants generated by
microprojectile bombardment: Effect of petunia transformation booster sequence. Mol. Gen. Genet. 243:71–81
Cao J, Duan X, McElroy D, Wu R. 1992.Regeneration of herbicide resistant transgenic rice plants following microprojectile mediated transformation of suspension culture cells.
Plant Cell Rep. 11:586–91
References