development of farming systems models integrating jatropha curcas in various agricultural systems

DEVELOPMENT OF FARMING

SYSTEMS MODELS INTEGRATING

JATROPHA CURCAS IN VARIOUS

AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS

Presentation of completed research projects

OVCRE, February 22, 2011

FEEDSTOCK

PRODUCTION

Germplasm Management,

Varietal improvement, seed

technology

Development of

production systems

Soil Fertility management

Pest and diseases

management

Flowering and fruiting

physiology

Post Production

management

Technology promotion

PROCESSING AND

UTILIZATION

Mechanical processing

Enzymatic processing

Processing of by-

products

Waste management

MARKET DEVELOPMENT

Product development

and promotion

Establishment of the

value chain

GOALS

Rural employment

Income generation

Energy

independence

Cleaner

environment

SOCIAL ECONOMICS POLICY ENVIRONMENTAL

Capacity development

FRAMEWORK FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF JATROPHA CURCAS

FOR BIODIESEL

OBJECTIVES

to develop and determine the technical and

financial feasibility of production system models

that integrate Jatropha curcas in agroforestry,

plantation forestry, and agricultural system, as

well as in the rehabilitation of degraded lands

without sacrificing overall farm productivity and

income and at the same time providing

environmental services.

To design and evaluate agroforestry and agricultural

systems for smallholder farmers in the Philippines that

incorporate Jatropha curcas;

To determine the potential of Jatropha curcas in the

revegetation and/or rehabilitation of abandoned mine

sites and lahar devastated areas; and;

To develop appropriate silvicultural and agronomic

practices for Jatropha curcas integrated in various

agroforestry and agricultural production systems for

smallholder farmers;

OBJECTIVES

COMPONENTS

• Ex-Ante Assessment of the Production, Promotion

and Development of Jatropha curcas for Biofuel

• Integrating Jatropha curcas in Developing

Sustainable Agroforestry Systems in the Philippines

• Development of Farming Systems Model Integrating

Jatropha curcas in various Agricultural Systems

• Plantation Establishment of Jatropha curcas in

Lahar-laden and other Marginal Areas in Central

Luzon

• Establishment of Mychorrizal Jatropha Plantations

for Biofuel and as Rehabilitation crop in Abandoned

Mine Sites in the Philippines

INTEGRATING JATROPHA CURCAS IN

DEVELOPING SUSTAINABLE

AGROFORESTRY SYSTEMS IN THE

PHILIPPINES

WM Carandang, A Castillo, LU Dela cruz,

AF Gascon, RF Paelmo, MLQ Sison, DA Racelis,

RG Visco

Planting Jatropha at top UP Land Grant Real, Quezon on October 3-5, 2007

Block Depth(cms)

pH(%)

N(%)

Avail P(ppm)

Exch K

(me/100g)

CEC

(me/100g)

BD(g/cc)

B1 0-15 4.5 5.08 0.23 0.88 0.12 25.9 0.78

B1 15-30 4.5 4.33 0.19 0.80 0.14 24.6

B2 0-15 4.7 4.63 0.21 0.80 0.17 24.2 0.77

B2 15-30 4.6 3.99 0.16 0.8 0.12 23.0

B3 0-15 4.5 5.14 0.23 1.3 0.27 36.3 0.67

B3 15-30 4.5 4.51 0.18 0.8 0.16 28.6

B3a 0-15 4.9 1.10 0.04 0.8 0.10 17.6 0.87

B3a 15-30 4.9 0.65 0.04 0.8 0.04 22.0

Initial analysis of soils collected from the U.P. Land Grant

experimental area.

AGROFORESTRY SCHEME

• pure Jatropha plantation

•3X3, 3x2 and 2x2 m.

•Sloping Agricultural Technology (SALT 1)

• 4X2, 4X1.5 and 4X1 m

•Tree-based Short Rotation Forestry Species Intercrop

• 2X2, 4X2

The agroforestry

system with

Jatropha was

established but the

Jatropha was not

able to perform

better due to

excessive rains

and strong winds.

DEVELOPMENT OF PRODUCTION MODELS


VARIOUS AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS

JNM Garcia, MB Brown, RL Limosinero, E

Racelis, P Rocamora, VT Villancio, K Engay




Planting configuration of bioenergy-based

farming systems with coconut + Jatropha

curcas

Planting configuration of

bioenergy-based farming

systems with coconut +

Jatropha curcas

Coconut - 4m X 15m, 166 palms per hectare

5m X 15m, 133 palms per hectare

6m X 15m, 111 palm per hectare

Jatropha - 2m X 3m, 1,333 plants per hectarex

x x x x

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Planting configuration of

bioenergy-based

farming systems with

coconut + Jatropha

curcas

Coconut - 6mX6m X 24m, 111 palms per hectare

5mX6m X 24m, 133 palms per hectare

Jatropha - 2m X 3m 1,333 plants per hectarex

6m

6m

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

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x x x x x x x x

Jatropha curcas was planted on July 30-

31, 2007 while Coconut was planted on

October 11, 2007. Tip pruning was also

done on October 11, 2007

Jatropha curcas as of

January 23

• Height – 90-114 cm

• diameter –

3.5-3.8 cm

• branches –

2.5 branches

• inflorescence-

2.2-2.8 per plant

Treatment Seed yield

(kg/ha)*

Seed yield

(kg/ha)**

M1 (4x 5m) 19.7 325

M2 (5x 5m) 21.2 375

M3 (6 x 15 m) 18.0 320

M4 (5x6x24 m) 34.7 463

M5 (6x6x24 m) 33.7 451

Seed Yield of Jatropha under different coconut

planting configuration. Los Baños, Laguna. 2008-

2009

*As of April 2008

** as of May 2009

Coconut was damaged by pest and replanted October 2008




Integrating various agricultural crops with

Jatropha curcas

Jatropha plant spacing

• 2X3 meters

• 2X2X4 meters

• 1X6 meters

Intercrops • Pineapple

•Papaya

•Arrowroot

•Turmeric

•Sweet potato

Planted

Jatropha = august 3-4

Papaya = Sept 21

Pineapple = Sept 24

Turmeric = Sept 25

Sweet potato = Sept 27

Soil sampling = Sept 27,Oct 16

Tip pruning = Oct 17

1st data gathering = Dec 20

2nd data gathering= Jan 23

Harvest sweet Potato = Feb 5-6

Common pests observed

• mites

• mealy bugs

• thrips

Plant Height

0.00

20.00

40.00

60.00

80.00

100.00

120.00

140.00

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Month

PLan

t hei

ght (

cm)

2m x 3m (S1)

1m x 6m (S2)

2m x 2m x 4m (S3)

Diameter

0.00

1.00

2.00

3.00

4.00

5.00

6.00

Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Month

Dia

met

er (c

m)

2m x 3m (S1)

1m x 6m (S2)

2m x 2m x 4m (S3)

Plant height of

jatropha plants

different planting

configuration.

Pasong Quipot,

Los Baños,

Laguna. 2008.

Plant diameter

of jatropha

plants different

planting

configuration.

Los Baños,

Laguna. 2008.

Treatment Seed Yield

(kg/ha)*

Seed Yield

(kg/ha)**

S1 (2 x 3 m) 69.0 725

S2 (1 x 6 m) 56.5 624

S3(2x2x4 m) 25.7 320

Jatropha Seed Yield per hectare from various

planting configuration. Los Baños, Laguna.

2008-2009

*As of April 2008

** as of May 2009

Tuber yield (t/ha) of sweet potato and Turmeric

under different planting configutation of Jatropha.

Los Baños, Laguna. 2008

Treatment Sweet potato tuber yield (t/ha) Turmeric

yield

(t/ha)Marketable Non-

marketable

Total

S1 (2 x 3 m) - - - -

S2 (1 x 6 m) 13.3 0.23 13.5 3.3

S3 (2x2x4 m) 13.8 0.48 14.3 2.7

Impact of Jatropha curcas on the Underground

Biodiversity of Various Production Systems

Pila

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

B N-f (B) N-f (D) P R F ALo

g n

o.

of

ce

lls

/g d

ry s

oil

Old Jathropa

Young Jathropa

Unplanted

Microbial population in newly established and

mature Jatropha plantation, Pila, Laguna

B - Bacteria

N-f (B) - N-fixer (Burk's)

N-f (D) - N-fixer

(Dobereiner's)

P - Pseudomonas

R - Rhizobia

F - Fungi

A - Actinomycetes

Fort Magsaysay(Nursery)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

B N-f (B) N-f (D) P R F ALo

g n

o.

of

ce

lls

/g d

ry s

oil Rhizosphere

Soil

Microbial population in rhizosphere

and soil planted to Jatropha in

Fort Magsaysay, Nueva Ecija

B - Bacteria

N-f (B) - N-fixer

(Burk's)

N-f (D) - N-fixer

(Dobereiner's)

P - Pseudomonas

R - Rhizobia

F - Fungi

A - Actinomycetes

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

sp

ore d

en

sity /100g

O

DW

so

il

1 2 3 4 5 6

Jathropha

Control

Comparative

spore density of

VAM from

Jatropha and

non- Jatropha

plantations in

different areas

under various

production

systems

1=Nakar, 2=UP Land Grant, 3=Infanta, 4= Pila,

5=Quirino and 6= Fort Magsaysay)

Field lysimeter set-up

Whole field

One Replication

Individual drum set-up

Soil 1 – Luisiana Soil Series

F1 (fertilizer 1) – Control

F2 (fertilizer 2) – Biofertilizer

F3 (fertilizer 3) – Organic

F4 (fertilizer 4) – Inorganic

F5 (Bare soil)

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

4

4.5

Soil

Org

anic

Matter

Conte

nt (%

)

1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5

1 2

Soil and fertilizer treatment combination

Fig. 2. Soil organic matter (SOM) content (%) as affected by

different soil and fertilizer treatment combination planted to jatropa.

Plantation Establishment of Jatropha

curcas in Lahar Laden and Other Maginal

Areas of Central Luzon

Tomas D. Gajete, Mario B. Agustin, Nenita E. Dela Cruz, Marilyn G. Patricio, Aurea C. Roxas, Maria Excelsis M. Orden, Elizabeth N. Farin (RMTU)

Biophysical characterization

Depth of lahar

deposit-0.80 m

Depth of lahar

deposit->1.7 m

Main Treatment (Fertilizer level, kg NPK/ha)

• control

• 15-15-15

• 30-30-30

Sub-treatment (planting distance)

• 3m x 3m

• 3m x 3.5m

• 3.5m x 3.5m

• Plants that were not

applied with fertilizer have

poor growth.

• However, plants that were

fertilized with 15-15-15

and 30-30-30 kg NPK per

hectare showed promising

growth and establishment

in lahar.

>1.7 m lahar deposit

1.3 m lahar deposit

■ 0-0-0 3x3

■ 0-0-0 3x3.5

■ 0-0-0 3.5x3.5

■ 15-15-15 3x3

■ 15-15-15 3x3.5

■ 15-15-15 3.5x3.5

■ 30-30-30 3x3

■ 30-30-30 3x3.5

■ 30-30-30 3.5x3.5

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan.

cuttings

seedlings

Nu

mb

er

of

me

aly

bu

g c

olo

ny p

er

10

sa

mp

le p

lan

ts

Fert Level 3X3 3X3.5 3.5X3.5 MEAN

No fert 232 294 385 292

15-15-15 632 758 804 732

30-30-30 948 1176 1,235 1120

Mean 604 742 796 714

Annual cumulative seed yield (kg/ha) of two-year old

jatropha in Lahar,

Component 4.5

Establishment of Mycorrhizal Jatropha

Plantations for Biofuel and as

Rehabilitation Crop in Abandoned Mine

Sites in the Philippines

Asuncion K. Raymundo, Nelly S. Aggangan,

Nina M. Cadiz, Nelson M. Pampolina, Famela J.

Bonsol (Lab Tech), Arlene Llamado (PhD

Student)

Field Site:

Abandoned minewaste

dumpsite in Barangay

Capayang, Mogpog,

Marinduque

Overlooking Mogpog National

Comprehensive High School

and Elementary School

Communities

Addition of lime in mine soil

significantly increased:

•stem diameter by 40%

•root dry weight by 97%

•leaf dry weight by 42%

•stem dry weight by 262%

•total dry weight by 50%

relative to the unlimed

counterpart

•Mykovam plus lime and

compost gave heaviest total

biomass

Leaf dry wt (g/plant)

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

0

Stem dry wt (g/plant)

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14 Root dry wt (g/plant)

0

1000

2000

30004000

5000

60007000

80009000

Block 1 Block 2 Block 3 Block 4

0.8 ppm Cd 1.2 ppm Cd1.6 ppm Cd

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200


36 ppm Cu 54 ppm Cu72 ppm Cu

Initial estimated aerobic count of Cd, Cu, Pb and

Zn - resistant bacteria from Mogpog soil

0100

200300

400500

600700800

9001000


85 ppm Pb 128 ppm Pb170 ppm Pb

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1800


140 ppm Zn 210 ppm Zn280 ppm Zn

Population of heavy metal resistant bacteria varied in each of the blocks.

Soil from block 1 gave the lowest number of heavy metal resistant bacteria

Soil from block 3 gave the highest heavy metal resistant bacteria.

Initial estimated aerobic count of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn - resistant

bacteria from rhizosphere of Jatropha 3-mos after outplanting

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

T1-J T2-J T3-J T4-J T5-J

12 ppm Cd

1.6 ppm Cd

12 ppm Cd

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000


36 ppm Cu

54 ppm Cu

72 ppm Cu

85 ppm Pb

128 ppm Pb170 ppm Pb

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000


0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000


140 ppm Zn210 ppm Zn280 ppm Zn

Cd, Cd, Cu and

Pb resistant

bacterial counts

were highest in

Treatment 4

T4= 4 Jatropha + 2

narra + 2 anchoan +

2 banaba


bacteria from rhizosphere of Narra 3-mos after outplanting

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

T2-N T3-N T4-N T5-N

1.2ppm Cd

1.6ppm Cd

12ppm Cd

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

T2-N T3-N T4-N T5-N

140ppm Zn

210ppm Zn

280ppm Zn

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

T2-N T3-N T4-N T5-N

36ppm Cu

54ppm Cu

72ppm Cu

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

T2-N T3-N T4-N T5-N

85ppm Pb

128ppm Pb

170ppm Pb From the

rhizosphere of

narra, there

were much

higher levels

of bacteria in

Treatments 4

and 5 where

there were

more types of

trees planted

around.

T4= 4 Jatropha + 2 narra + 2 anchoan + 2 banaba

T5= 2 Jatropha + 2 narra + 2 anchoan + 2 banaba + 2 alibangbang


bacteria from rhizosphere of Anchoan 3-mos after outplanting

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

T3-An T4-An T5-An

85ppm Pb

128ppm Pb

170ppm Pb

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

T3-An T4-An T5-An

1.2ppm Cd

1.6ppm Cd

12ppm Cd

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

T3-An T4-An T5-An

36ppm Cu

54ppm Cu

72ppm Cu

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

60000

70000

80000

90000

100000

T3-An T4-An T5-An

140ppm Cu

210ppm Cu

280ppm Cu

With anchoan,

there were higher

counts with

Treatment 4 than

Treatment 5.

T4= 4 Jatropha + 2 narra + 2 anchoan + 2 banaba

T5= 2 Jatropha + 2 narra + 2 anchoan + 2 banaba + 2 alibangbang

A Socio-economic and Policy Analysis on the

Promotion and Development of Jatropha as a

Viable Biofuel Feedstock

Nena O. Espiritu, Leni N. Garcia, Ma. Cynthia S.

Casin, Aresna B. Palacpac, Eumelia B. Corpuz

• LGU-led Jatropha production, promotion and

development project

• Private-led Jatropha production, promotion and

development project

Modes of Jatropha Project Implementation :

Schemes for Government Lands

Joint Venture Agreement with the PhilForest Corp for public

lands

Production/Growership Contract

Nursery Establishment: seedlings/planting materials are

sourced by the LGU in their regular budget allotment; labor

requirements like nursery maintenance are provided by the

regular staff JPMO while harder activities are contracted

out on a pakyaw or per unit basis

All other inputs like fertilizer, herbicides and other

chemicals are provided by the JPMO.

LGU-led Jatropha production, promotion

and development project

Production/Growership Contract

Plantation Establishment:

Jatropha outplantings and

maintenance are contracted on a

per hectare basis

LGU-led Jatropha production, promotion and

development project

Schemes for private land

Lease Agreement

• LGU leased the land of individual farmer through a

MOA. From nursery up to plantation establishment

and development, planting materials and all other

inputs are provided by the LGU for one production

period.

• Starting from the first harvest, the farmer will start

amortizing the production cost payable in three years:

“Plant Now Pay Later”

• In this scheme, the farmers are guaranteed with a

market and fair price for their Jatropha seeds.

LGU-led Jatropha production, promotion


Schemes

Leased Agreement - private investor lease a parcel of

land at an agreed price and for a fixed period of time;

developed the Jatropha plantation through hired labor

Private-led Jatropha production, promotion


Joint Venture Agreement

MOA; 10 years

Expenses for Jatropha plantation development

and maintenance are shouldered by the investor

Proceeds of yearly production will be shared as

follows: 30% amortization for development; 35%

land owner; and 35% investor share

After loan payment, proceeds will be shared

equally

Upon expiration of the contract, the land together

with the improvements will be turned-over to the

owner

Private-led Jatropha production, promotion


Private-led Jatropha production, promotion and

development project

Schemes

Lease Agreement of public(upland,untenured, and

open access) lands

Lease contract between the private investor and

the PhilForest Corp; issued a tenurial instrument

called EPIL Agreement ( Economic Productivity out

of Idle Lands) which has a tenure of 25 years

renewable for another 25 years, when appropriate.

Some perceptions

There is positive/favorable attitude of both the farmers and project implementers in venturing into Jatrophaproduction.

There is positive perception; farmers/project implementers are optimistic that Jatropha could help improve the lives and well-being of those involved in the project.

Income derived from Jatropha although representing only a small percentage of the household’s aggregate income has a great potential to alleviate poverty in the countryside.

Jatropha projects has also great employment potential especially for women.

Will lands devoted for food production be

converted into Jatropha production?

According to Jatropha farmers/planters:

47 % said No; lands for food crop production will not be

converted into Jatropha production

16% said Yes; 37 % said they do not know.

There will be no conversion of lands in favor of Jatropha

production due to the following reasons:

Only idle/vacant lands will be used; if area is suited for

food crops, they will not shift to Jatropha

Food crops are still their priority because food crops can

be readily sold and can answer daily food needs of the

family; Jatropha can be intercropped

Will lands devoted for food production be

converted into Jatropha production?

According to Jatropha project implementers:

67% said No; farm lands will not be converted to Jatropha

production.

27% said Yes; there is a possibility that farm lands will be

converted to Jatropha production

Farm lands devoted to food production will not be diverted

to Jatropha production because of the following:

Jatropha will only be planted in areas unproductive

to food crops and idle lands

Farmers are used to planting food crops hence

planting these crops will always be given top priority

SUMMARY

• monocropping of jatropha is not a viable alternative

for smallholders.

• intercropping Jatropha with agricultural crops such

as sweet potato , turmeric, and other shade tolerant

crops has potential

• the promise of the Jatropha-coconut planting,

another crop combination for the promotion of

bioenergy cropping systems remains to be seen.

• underground biodiversity of Jatropha is rich. It even

stimulates the VAM fungi sporulation and root

colonization under field conditions.

• In marginal areas such as lahar-laden soil

conditions, Jatropha plants survived, but needs

fertilizer to stimulate growth. Similar pests and

diseases were observed affecting the plant in its

seedling stage.

•In abandoned mine sites, application of lime and VAM

improved the performance of Jatropha and forest

trees. Diversity of microorganism is also promoted

with diversification

•Heavy metal concentrations, could be translocated in

different parts of the Jatropha plant, i.e. roots and

stem. With this, lime and Mykovam were applied to

reduce its effect.

•Ex Ante analysis of the prospects of Jatropha

indicated that planting of Jatropha will yield

promising results through providing employment to

rural areas.

•Analysis also showed that Jatropha production will

not threaten food security.

• much concern is raised in terms of its marketing

and skeptical attitude of some producers in terms

of its profitability.

• Food, Feed, Fuel Complementarity

• Research and development

• Land use and conversion

• Income and employment

• Government intervention and energy independence

• Business models and Equity

• Jatropha beyond biofuels

DIRECTIONS

There is hope on Jatropha beyond biofuels

development of farming systems models integrating jatropha curcas in various agricultural systems

Documents