determination of toxic elements concentration and ... · determination of toxic elements...

JKAU: Eng. Sci., Vol. 22 No. 2, pp: 153-170 (2011 A.D./1432 A.H.)

DOI: 10.4197 / Eng. 22-2.8

153

Determination of Toxic Elements Concentration and

Radioactivity Levels in Fruit Juice in Jeddah,

Saudi Arabia

M.A. Enani and S.M. Farid

Department of Nuclear Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P. O.

Box 80204, Jeddah-21589, Saudi Arabia

[email protected]

Abstract. Fruit juices have become a significant component of the

diet of many households in Saudi Arabia. Essential minerals and trace

minerals present in fruit juices play an important role in human

growth and well being. A number of other chemical elements occur in

fruit juices, e.g., aluminum, cadmium, lead, tin, mercury and many of

them are toxic. In this study, three types of fruit juice (orange, apple,

mango) of 15 different brands available in the market in and around

Jeddah were analyzed for their contents of the toxic elements,

aluminum (Al), lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) using a Graphite Furnace

Atomic Absorption Spectrometer. The mean (±SD) elemental

concentration values in ppb of Al, Pb and Cd in apple juice are:

(144.00±12.51); (2.64±0.97) and (1.07±0.44) respectively. The mean

(±SD) concentration values in ppb of Al, Pb and Cd in orange juice

are: (122.20±11.36); (2.00±0.93) and (1.13±0.48) respectively.

Finally, the mean (±SD) concentration values in ppb of Al, Pb and Cd

in mango juice are: (115.28±10.84); (2.50±0.95) and (1.57±0.60)

respectively. These values are compared with tolerable daily intake

values and also with the corresponding values of different countries

available in the literature.

Knowledge of radioactivity levels in human diet is of

particular concern for the estimation of possible radiological hazards

to human health. A total of 86 fruit juice samples were analyzed for

radioactivity measurements. The mean radioactivity concentration

values in (Bq/l) in apple, orange and mango juice are : (17.66±2.95),

(19.85±3.15), (11.93±3.04) respectively. The reported values of

activity concentrations of different countries compare reasonably well

with the corresponding values obtained in the present study. The

M.A. Enani and S.M. Farid 154

levels of trace elements and radioactivity are acceptably low and pose

no threat to the health of the population. The sources of these

contaminants are unclear and merit further investigation.

Keywords: Atomic absorption spectrometer, fruit juice, toxic

elements, aluminum, lead, cadmium.

1. Introduction

Many current human health problems relate to diets. Trace heavy metals

are significant in nutrition, either for their essential nature or their

toxicity. The minerals that are considered essential in the human diet are

sodium, potassium, magnesium, iron, copper, zinc, manganese,

chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, nickel, silicon and boron. A number of

other chemical elements occur in food, e.g., aluminum, strontium, lead,

tin, mercury, cadmium and many of them are toxic. Toxic metals are

widely found in our environment. Humans are exposed to these metals

from numerous sources, including contaminated air, water, soil and food.

The compositions of various metals in different food types of various

countries have been the subject of many studies[1-3]

.

The future of any nation depends on the health, prosperity and

progress of the forthcoming generation. In the present era of

industrialization and development, one concern should be the health of

future generation. Children are the most vulnerable age group to any kind

of contamination in the food chain. Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd),

mercury (Hg), aluminum (Al) and lead (Pb) are widely dispersed in the

environment. These elements have no beneficial effects in humans, and

there is no known homeostasis mechanism for them[1]

. Although toxicity

and the resulting threat to human health of any contaminant are, of

course, a function of concentration, it is well-known that chronic

exposure to As, Cd, Hg, and Pb at relatively low levels can cause adverse

effects. Although some individuals are primarily exposed to these

contaminants in the workplace, for most people the main route of

exposure to these toxic elements is through the diet [1]

.Consequently,

information about dietary intake is very important to assess risks to

human health. To evaluate the health risks to consumers, it is necessary

to determine the specific dietary intake of each pollutant for comparison

with toxicologically acceptable levels[1,2]

.

Cadmium toxicity came in the headlines after “Itai-Itai” disease

was found to be caused by high intakes of cadmium in Japan [3]

. After

Determination of Toxic Elements Concentration… 155

the incident, there has been a growing interest in assessing the levels of

toxic heavy metals such as cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and

arsenic (As), in foods. When Cd is ingested in excess amounts, it induces

toxicity symptoms like gastrointestinal pains, nausea, respiratory distress,

diarrhea, impaired reproductivity, kidney damage and hypertension[4-6]

.

Cadmium in foods is mostly derived from various sources of

environmental contamination and naturally occurring elevated levels of

the metal in local soils[7,8]

.

Today almost everyone is exposed to environmental lead (Pb) [5]

.

Exposure to Pb and Pb chemicals can occur through inhalation, ingestion

or occasionally dermal contact. Lead exposure in the general population

(including children) occurs primarily through ingestion, although

inhalation also contributes to lead body burden and may be the major

contributor for workers in lead-related occupations[9]

. Ingested lead

accumulates in the different organs of the body. The adverse effects

associated with lead are under-development of central nervous system in

the fetus and newborn babies. It is especially dangerous because it can

damage the brain and peripheral nerves. Lead affects everyone, but

children are at high risk as they are still growing. This may disrupt the

function of mitochondria in the developing brain. It is important for

energy production within a neuron, and a change in their function may

damage the cell. Lead may also affect brain function by interfering with

neurotransmitter release and synapse formation[10]

. Exposure to lead has

been associated with reduced IQ, learning disabilities, slow growth,

hyperactive, antisocial behavior and impaired hearing. Lead is known to

damage the kidney, liver and reproductive system, basic cellular

processes and brain function[11]

.

Aluminum (Al) is widespread throughout nature, air, water, plants

and consequently in all food chain. During recent years, interest

concerning Al has considerably increased because of its potential toxic

effects [12]

. The possible connection between elevated tissue Al content

and problems such as osteomalacia and neurodegenerative disorders has

awakened interest in Al intake via diet, decreased renal function

increases human risk of Al-induced accumulation and toxicity. An

abundance of research has continued to link Al with Alzheimer’s

disease[12-15]

.


Natural radioactivity is present everywhere (and has been since the

formation of the earth). In fact, radioactivity is all around us – every

single one of us is being bombarded with naturally occurring radiation,

some of it in the ground, some of it from the outer space, and some of it

even in our bodies[16]

.

Foodstuffs are known to contain natural and man-made

radionuclides which after ingestion, contribute to an effective internal

dose. The naturally occurring radionuclides especially 40

K and the

radionuclides of 238

U and 232

Th series are the major source of natural

radiation exposure to man. It has been estimated that at least one-eighth

of the mean annual effective dose due to natural sources is caused by the

consumption of foodstuffs[17-19]

.

Man-made radionuclides, produced by human activities also

contribute to the environmental radioactivity, one of these important

radionuclides of environmental concern, is 137

Cs[20,21]

.

The worldwide average background dose for a human being is

about 2.4 millisievert (mSv)per year. This exposure is mostly from

cosmic radiation and natural radionuclide in the environment. This is far

greater than human-caused background radiation exposure, which in the

year 2000 amounted to an average of about 5 µSv per year from

historical nuclear weapons testing, nuclear power accidents and nuclear

industry operations combined, and is greater than the average exposure

from medical tests, which ranges from 0.04 to 1 mSv per year. The level

of natural background radiation varies depending on location, and in

some areas the level is significantly higher than average [22]

.

For contamination assessment of the foodstuff consumed by the

population, it is very important to know the baseline value, or the level of

radiation dose of both natural and synthetic radionuclides received by

them[19-21]

.

The present study was conducted to determine the contents of toxic

elements, namely Al, Cd and Pb, and radioactivity concentrations in fruit

juices of three different types (apple, orange and mango) available

commercially in and around Jeddah city. This work is a part of our

comprehensive program undertaken to determine toxic elements

concentration and radioactivity levels in foodstuffs in Saudi Arabia. The


results obtained are compared with the corresponding values of different

countries available in the literature.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1 Collection of Fruit Juice Samples

For the present study, commercially available fruit juice samples of

three different types (apple, orange and mango) of 15 different brands

were bought from different supermarkets in Jeddah City; the most

frequently consumed brands were selected. A total of 129 juice samples

were analyzed in the present study for the determination of toxic

elements in fruit juice. Out of 129 samples, 42 were apple juice samples,

45 were orange juice samples and 42 were mango juice samples. A total

of 86 samples were analyzed for radioactive measurements, out of which

28 were apple juice, 30 were orange juice and 28 were mango juice.

2.2 Reagents and Glass ware

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopic Standard solutions for Al, Pb

and Cd were purchased from Fisher Scientific Company, USA. Working

standard solutions were prepared by diluting the stock solution. All

solutions were prepared with double - distilled deionized water obtained

by filtering distilled water through a Milli- Q purifier system (Millipore,

Direct-Q 5, France) immediately before use. Samples were mineralized

with 68% nitric acid (HNO3) (Merck Suprapure) and vanadium pentoxide

(V2O5) (Merck, analytic grade). All glass ware (conical flask, volumetric

flask, watch glass, pipette, measuring cylinder, etc.) were of borocylicate

(England). All glass ware, before and after use, were washed with double

- distilled water, then soaked in nitric acid solution at 30% (v/v) during

24 h, rinsed several times in double - distilled de-ionized water and dried

in air. Items were kept in a clean place to avoid contamination.

2.3 Sample Digestion and Preparation of Analyte Solution for AAS

Prior to quantitation of analyte by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

it is usually necessary to destroy the organic matrix and bring the element

into clear solution. For this reason the juice sample was first digested

with chemicals where the organic matrix of juice was destroyed and left

the element into a clear solution. “Wet Digestion” method[9,10,12,14,15]

has

been used in the present study. All homogenized samples ( 5 ml ) were


treated with 1 ml of HNO3 and a few micrograms of V2O5 in a multiplace

mineralization block. Digestion was completed in 90 minutes at 1200

C.

When cool, the digest was diluted to a 10 ml volume with double -

distilled de-ionized water.

2.4 Apparatus and Calibration

We used the VARIAN Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption

Spectrometer (GFAAS), Model Spectra AA 30P, equipped with a

deuterium background corrector. The description of the machine and the

method to calibrate the GFAAS for determining the elemental

concentration were reported in our earlier paper[23]

. The sensitivity of the

GFAAS machine was also tested & reported earlier [23]

.

2.5 Measurement of Elemental Concentration in Fruit Juice Samples

Amount of 10 µl aliquot of each juice sample, obtained after wet

digestion was injected into the graphite tube of the AAS with the help of an

auto-sampler, and the elemental concentration was read from the output of the

printer connected to the computer associated with the GFAAS machine. Each

sample was repeated several times for each element and the average was

recorded. The concentration of Al, Pb and Cd were determined for each sample

of fruit juice.

2.6 Quality Control

The reliability of the method for estimation of Al, Pd and Cd

concentration in juice samples by AAS technique has been checked by

analyzing standard reference milk samples (A-11) obtained from

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Appropriate quality

assurance procedures and precautions were carried out to ensure

reliability of the results and were reported earlier[23]

. All samples were

carefully handled to avoid contamination. The recovery test of the total

analytical procedure was also carried out for some of the metals in

selected samples by spiking analyzed samples with aliquots of metal

standards and then reanalyzing the samples[12,14,15]

. Acceptable recoveries

of 91 and 93% were obtained for lead and cadmium respectively.

2.7 Measurement of Radioactivity in Fruit Juice Samples

The majority of radioactive isotopes encountered in foodstuffs emit

gamma-radiation. The energies of the gamma-rays are always

characteristic of the radioisotope concerned. All 86 juice samples were


measured by a gamma spectroscopy system, manufactured by Canberra

(USA) using a High Purity Germanium (HPGe) detector with 40%

relative efficiency. The detector was shielded by 10 cm lead on all sides,

with cadmium-copper in the inner sides. The system was equipped with

software for data acquisition and analysis. Spectrum analysis was

performed by the spectrum – AT iV.4.3 software. The counting time was

250,000 seconds and a background spectrum was also collected for the

same period of time and subtracted from sample spectra.

The detector was calibrated[16-21,24]

using a standard radioactive

source, 152

Eu (t1/2 =13.3 years) having activity 2371.7 Bq/ml mixed with

400 ml of juice sample in Marinelli beaker. The different gamma-ray

peaks were recorded for 250,000 s. The efficiency for each peak was

determined from the relation[16-21,24]

:

Efficiency = Full energy peak counts / Activity (Bq) × time × yield (1)

Energy vs. efficiency curve was drawn. The equation for the best fit of

the curve was determined and it was fed into a computer.

The equation for the curve can be given by

y = - 0.0395 x3 + 0.1382 x

2 - 0.167 x + 0.0834

R2 = 0.9967

The efficiency at any energy could be determined by this equation.

The beakers were completely filled, weighed, sealed, and aged 21

days before counting with gamma spectrometry, in order to ensure that

radioactive equilibrium was reached between radium and its short-lived

daughter products[16-18,24]

. The counting time for the samples and

background was 250,000 s. All measurements were made with the

samples in contact with the detector housing. The total count was

recorded for different isotopes. The same procedure was followed for

apple, orange and mango juice samples of different brands. The activity

of radioisotope (disintegration per sec., Bq) for the sample was calculated

from the relation[16-21,24]

:

yieldefficiencytime

countphotopeakenergyfullBqActivity

)( (2)


3. Results and Discussions

The results of our measurements of the elemental concentrations in

standard reference milk sample (A-11) obtained from IAEA were

reported earlier [23]

. The result agreed within 7% of the certified values.

The range of linearity of concentration versus absorbance graph is

of great importance in determining the elemental concentration of the

juice samples. The calibration graphs obtained for Pb and Cd were also

reported earlier[23]

. The calibration graph for Al is shown in Fig. 1.The

adjusted linear equation and correlation coefficients are:

Aluminum y = 0.0047 x + 0.198, R2 = 0.9979

Lead y = 0.0201 x + 0.037, R2 = 0.9931

Cadmium y = 0.0468 x + 0.439, R2 = 0.9567

Fig. 1 Concentration versus absorbance calibration curve for Al.


The observed correlation coefficients were also assessed using

student’s t– test at 5% level of significance. The result showed that there is a

significant correlation between the variables for each element under study.

The results of the present study for three toxic elements in fruit

juice are given in Table 1, where the mean concentration of each element

is shown for apple, orange and mango juice. The last column shows the

mean concentration value of each element in three types of juice samples.

The mean concentration of the Al is the highest followed by Pb and Cd.

Table 1. Mean concentrations of Al, Pb and Cd in apple, orange and mango juice samples.

There are wide variations in published data for the elemental

concentrations of contaminants in fruit juice of different

countries[6,9,12,14,15, 25-30]

. Some of the results are recorded in Table 2 for

apple juice for comparison with the present values. Table 3 shows the

comparison of the present values of orange juice with the corresponding

values of different countries. The concentrations of toxic elements in

mango juice are not available in the literature for comparison with the

present value. In general, our values compare well with the published

results of different authors.

Table 2. Comparison of the elemental concentrations of contaminants in apple juice with the

published values.

Elements

Concentration (µg/l)

Reference Al Pb Cd

Spain 58.4 15

Slovenia 437.00 28

Italy 2.50 -3.02 9

India 120 – 343 12

Canada 5.50 –

8.00

0.21 –

0.52

25

Iran 180 29

Nigeria 4.16 3.12 14

Saudi Arabia 149.76 2.74 1.11 Present study

Element Apple juice

(ppb)

Orange juice

(ppb)

Mango juice

(ppb)

Mean

(ppb)

Al 144.00±12.51 122.20±11.36 115.28±10.84 127.16±6.69

Pb 2.64±0.97 2.00±0.93 2.50±0.95 2.38±0.55

Cd 1.07±0.44 1.13±0.48 1.57±0.60 1.26±0.29


Table 3. Comparison of the elemental concentrations of contaminants in orange juice with

the published values.

Elements Concentration (µg/l)

Reference Al Pb Cd

Spain 250.61 15

China 8.00 24

Canada 3.60 – 4.94 0.10 -2.47 25

Australia 133.9 15,29

Brazil 20.3 3.90 26

Saudi Arabia 125.86 2.06 1.16 Present study

The daily intake of metals depends on both the concentration and

the amount of food consumed. The reported values of orange juice

consumption in USA and UK are respectively 20 liter per person a year

and 14 liter per person a year[28]

. The consumption of fruit juice in Spain

is 13.21 liter per person per year[15]

.

Assuming a value of 10 liter per person a year for fruit juice

consumption in Saudi Arabia, the daily intake of these metals are

determined and depicted in Table 4. The last column shows the tolerable

daily intake values as set by different international organizations[31-35]

. It

is evident that the daily intake of these metals is well below the

recommended/tolerable values.

Table 4. Comparison of daily intakes of toxic elements from 0.0274 l of fruit juice by Saudi

population with the recommended values from all food intake.

Element Apple juice

(µg/day)

Orange juice

(µg/day)

Mango juice

(µg/day)

Tolerable

intake

Al 4.10 3.45 3.35 5 – 10 mg

Pb 0.08 0.06 0.07 max 429 µg

Cd 0.03 0.03 0.05 Max 70 µg

A total of 86 fruit juice samples of 15 different brands were

analyzed for radioactivity measurements. The energy vs efficiency curve

of HPGe detector using 152

Eu standard source is shown in Fig. 2. Table 5

depicts the summarized results for activity concentrations (Bq/kg) for

three types of fruit juice studied. The mean activity concentration (Bq/l)

of three types of juice samples are given in Table 6. The highest value of

activity concentration was found in orange juice.


Table 5. Summary of the results for radioactivity concentrations in different fruit juice

samples.

Brand Name

Radioactivity (Bq/kg) for different type of fruit juices

Apple Juice Mango Juice Orange Juice

Afandi 20.2 12.4 27.8

Al-Marai 21.0 8.8 14.5

Al-Rabie 16.6 10.3 16.9

Al-Taif 15.9 15.1 18.5

Caesar 19.0 9.6 20.3

Ceres (South Africa) 13.8 16.3 18.0

Fawakeh 9.5 8.4 19.1

Florida - - 16.4

Karim 17.8 12.4 19.2

KDD (Kuwait) 18.6 10.5 17.7

Nada 15.1 7.7 20.6

Nadec 18.4 7.6 18.9

Najdiya 16.3 9.1 20.0

Original 19.0 14.6 23.7

Tropicana 16.3 14.7 17.5

Fig. 2. Efficiency calibration curve of HPGe detector using 152Eu standard source.


Table 6. The mean radioactivity concentrations of three types of fruit juice.

Fruit

Juice

No. of

Samples

Mean

Radioactivity

(Bq/l)

Standard

deviation

Median

(Bq/l)

Range (Bq/l)

Min – Max

Apple

Juice 28 17.66 2.95 18.51 9.88 – 21.84

Orange

Juice 30 19.85 3.15 19.47 14.93 – 28.63

Mango

Juice 28 11.93 3.04 11.13 8.06 – 17.28

All samples showed predominantly 40

K, a naturally occurring

radionuclide whose presence in food is normal. No samples has shown

the presence of 137

Cs which is also the case as reported by different

authors[16,19,36]

. This radionuclide is found in soil and vegetation which is

usually from radioactive fall out due to nuclear accidents or weapons test.

The presence of other radionuclides like Ac-228, Bi-212, Bi-214, Pb-212,

Pb-214 and Tl-208 were minimal or zero. Their concentration values

range from 0 Bq/l in most of the samples to 5.51 Bq/l in one apple juice

sample. These radionuclides are all daughters of 238

U and 232

Th.

The radioactivity concentrations in fruit juices obtained in the

present study are 8.06 – 28.63 Bq/l. For comparative purposes, the

activity concentrations in UK[ 33]

for beverages including fruit juice and

fruit drink were found to be 3.95 – 92.72 Bq/l while the activity

concentrations obtained by Yu and Mao[ 36]

in Hong Kong for water-

based fruit drinks were 0.6 – 61 Bq / l.

The average dose from all sources of natural radioactivity in the

UK ranges from 2.2 to 7.8 mSv/yr, depending on location, of which

about 0.3 mSv comes from natural radioactivity in food [37]

. The total

daily intake of the naturally occurring radioisotopes from typical Korean

foods was found to be 39.46 Bq/day. The total annual internal dose

resulting from ingestion of radioisotopes in Korean food was calculated

to be 109.83 µSv/yr [38]

. The committed effective dose received by

general public living in high-background radiation area of southwest

India due to the consumption of foods of different kinds was found to be

852.45 µSv/yr. The daily radionuclide intake by an adult in that area

through ingestion of of foods was found to be 127.71 Bq/day and daily

dose was calculated to be 2.33 µSv/day [39 ]

.

The total daily intake of the naturally occurring radioisotopes

determined in this study from fruit juice is 5.82x10-3

µSv/d. The total


annual internal dose resulting from ingestion of radioisotopes in fruit

juice is 2.12 µSv/yr, and the radioisotope with the highest daily intake

is 40

K .

An important limitation of this study is our inability in the

speciation of these metals and inaccessibility of the factories to

investigate the possible sources of these contaminants. However the

present study provides important data on metal pollution in fruit juice and

consumption of fruit juices of these brands pose no known threat to the

health of the population.

4. Conclusions

The present study was performed to determine the concentrations

of toxic elements – aluminum, lead and cadmium in fruit juice samples

collected from supermarkets in Jeddah and also to determine the

radioactivity concentrations in juice samples.

The mean elemental concentration values in ppb of Al, Pb and Cd

in apple juice are (144.00±12.51); (2.64±0.97) and (1.07±0.44)

respectively.

The mean concentration values in ppb of Al, Pb and Cd in orange

juice are (122.20±11.36); (2.00±0.93) and (1.13±0.48) respectively,

while those in mango juice are (115.28±10.84); (2.50±0.95) and

(1.57±0.60) respectively.

The mean radioactivity concentration values in (Bq/l) in apple,

orange and mango juice are (17.66±2.95), (19.85±3.15), (11.93±3.04)

respectively.

It is observed that the elemental concentration levels and the

radioactivity concentration values in fruit juice in Saudi Arabia compare

favorably with those reported elsewhere by different authors. It is evident

from the results obtained in this study that the levels of these toxic

elements and radioactivity in fruit juice consumed in the Kingdom are

acceptably low and pose no threat to the health of the population.

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank King Abdulaziz University,

Jeddah, Saudi Arabia for the financial support for this study ( Project #

115 / 428 ).


References

[1] Llobet, J.M, Falco, G., Casas, C., Teixido, A. and Domingo, J.L., Concentration of

arsenic, cadmium, mercury, and lead in common foods of Catalonia, Spain, J. Agric. Food

Chem., 51: 838-842 (2003).

[2] Leblanc, J.C., Malmauret, L., Guerin, T., Brodet, F., Boursier, B. and Verger, P.,

Estimation of the dietary intake of pesticide residues, lead, cadmium, arsenic and

radionuclides in France, Food Addit. Contam., 17: 925-932 (2000).

[3] Grawe, K.P., Thierfelder, T., Jorhem, L. and Oskarsson, A., Cadmium level in kidneys

from Swedish pigs in relation to environmental factors – temporal and spatial trends, Sci.

Total Envrion., 208: 111-122(1999).

[4] Wilhelm, M., Wittsiepe, J., Schrey, P., Budde, U. and Idel, H., Dietary intake of

cadmium by children and adults from Germany using duplicate portion sampling, Sci. Total

Environ., 285: 11-19 (2002).

[5] Dahiya, S., Karpe, R., Hedge, A.G. and Sharma, R.M., Lead, cadmium and nickel in

chocolates and candies from suburban areas of Mumbai, India, J. Food Comp. Anal., 18:

517-522 (2005).

[6] Onianwa, P.C., Lawal, J.A., Ogunkey, A.A. and Orejimi, B.M., Cadmium and nickel

composition of Nigerian foods, J. Food Compos. Anal., 13: 961-969 (2000).

[7] Ward, N.I., Trace elements. In Environmental Analytical Chemistry (F.W. Fifield Eds.)

Blackie, London (1995).

[8] Al-Saleh, I. and Shinwari, N., Report of the levels of Cd, Pb, and Hg in imported rice grain

samples, Bio. Trace Elem. Res., 83: 91-96 (2001).

[9] Coco, F.L., Monotti, P., Cozzi, F. and Adami, G., Determination of Cd and Pb in fruit

juices, Food Control, 17: 966-971(2006).

[10] Mo, S.C., Choi, D.S. and Robinson, J.W., A study of the uptake by duckwaeed of

aluminum, copper and lead from aqueous solution, J. Environ. Sci. and Health, 23: 139-156

(1988).

[11] US EPA, Cost and benefit of reducing lead in gasoline. Draft Final Report, Office of Policy

Analysis, US EPA 230-03-84-005, Washington, DC (1984).

[12] Tripathi, R. M., Mahapatra, S., Raghunath, R., Kumar, A.V and Sadasivan, S., Daily

intake of aluminum by adult population of Mumbai, India, Sci. Total Environ., 299: 73-77

(2002).

[13] Tokman, N., Akman,S. and Ozeroglu, C., Determination of lead, copper and manganese

by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry after separation/concentration using

water-soluble polymer, Talanta, 63:699-703(2004).

[14] Onianwa, P.C., Adetola, I.G., Iwegbue, C.M.A., Ojo, M.F. and Tella, O.O., Trace heavy

metals composition of some Nigerian beverages and food drinks, Food Chem., 66: 275-279,

(1999).

[15] Lopez, F.F., Cabrera, C., Lorenzo, M.L. and Lopez, M.C., Aluminum Content of

drinking waters, fruit juices and soft drinks: contribution to dietary intake, Sci. Total

Environ., 292: 205-213 (2002).


[16] Scheibel, V. and Appoloni, C.B., Radioactive trace measurements of some exported foods

from south Brazil. J. Food Comp. Annal., 26: 650-653 (2007).

[17] Asefi, M., Fathivand, A.A. and Amidi, J., Estimation of annual effective dose from 226

Ra and 228Ra due to consumption of foodstuff by inhabitants of Ramasar City, Iran, Iran J.

Radiat. Res., 3: 47-51 (2005).

[18] Hosseini, T., Fathivand, A.A., Barati, H. and Karimi, M. Assessment of radionuclides in

imported foodstuffs in Iran, Iran J. Radiat. Res., 4: 149-153(2006).

[19] Venturini, L. and Sordi G.A.A. Radioactivity and committed effective dose from some

Brazilian Foodstuffs. Health Phys., 76: 311-313(1999).

[20] Saleh, I.H., Hafez, A.F., Elanany, N.H., Motaweh, H.A. and Niam, M.A., Radiological

study on soil, foodstuffs and fertilizers in the Alexandria Region, Egypt, Turkish J. Eng.

Env. Sci., 31: 9-17(2007).

[21] Al-Masri, M.S., Mukallati, H., Khalil, H., Hassan, M., Amin, Y. and Nashawati A.,

Natural radionuclides in Syrian diet and their intake, J.Radioanal. Nucl. Chem., 260: 405-

412 (2004).

[22] Wikipedia, Background radiation, 2010 (http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ Background_radiation).

[23] Kinsara, A., Farid, S.M., Wajid, S.A. and Sadi, A., Longitudinal variation of trace

elements concentration in Human Milk in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, JKAU: Eng. Sci., 17:75-

94(2006).

[24] Nasreddine, L., Samad, D.E., Hwalla, N., Baydoun, R., Hamze, H. and Massin, D.P.,

Activity concentration and mean annual effective dose from gamma-emitting radio-nuclides

in the Lebanese diet, Radiot. Proct. Dosim., 25: 107-112(2008).

[25] Zhou, H. and Liu, J., The simultaneous determination of 15 toxic elements in foods.

Atomic Spectroscopy, 18: 115-121(1997).

[26] Dabeka, R.W., Mckenzie, A.D. and Lacroix, M.A.,Lead and cadmium levels in

commercial infant foods and dietary intake by infants 0-1 year old, Food Addi. & Contam.,

5: 333-338 (1988).

[27] Martin, G.J., Fournier, J.B., Allain, P., Mauras, Y. and Aguile, L., Optimization of

analytical methods for assessment of orange juices, Analusis ( Elsevier,Paris), 25: 7-14

(1997).

[28] Hickman, L., "It is OK to drink orange juice?" "The Guardian", January 10, 2006.

[29] Scancar, J., Stibilj, V. and Milacic, R., Determination of aluminum in Slovenian

foodstuffs and its leachability from aluminum – cookware, Food Chem., 85: 151-157

(2004).

[30] Tabrizi, A.B., Determination of aluminum and Zinc in foodstuffs and water samples, Food

Chem., 100, 1698-1703(2007).

[31] FAO/WHO, Report of the Joint FAO/ WHO Expert Committee on Food and Additives.

WHO Technical Report Series, 837,Geneva, WHO (1989).

[32] EC – European Council, Council Regulation EEC 2392/89. Official Journal of the

European Committees L261: 1-2(1991).

[33] MAFF – Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. Lead, Arsenic, Cadmium, Mercury

and other elements in Food. Food Surveillance Paper NO. 52 & 53, UK (1998).


[34] Food and Nutrition Board, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences.

RDA, 10th ed., Washington, D.C., National Academy Press (1989).

[35] NFA – National Food Agency of Denmark. Food monitoring in Denmark, Nutrients and

Contaminants Publication No. 187, Copenhagen: Ministry of Health (1990).

[36] Yu, K.N. and Mao, S.Y., Assessment of radionuclide contents in Food in Hong Kong.

Health Phys., 77: 686-690(1999).

[37] Food Standards Agency, Analysis of the natural radioactivity content of bottled

waters(2004) ( www.food.gov.uk/science/survillance/ fsis2004branch/fsis6704.

[38] Choi, M.S., Lin, X.J., Lee, S.A., Kim, W., Kang, H.D., Doh, S.H., Kim, D.S. and Lee,

D.M., Daily intakes of naturally occurring radioisotopes in typical Korean foods. J.

Environ. Radioactivity, 99:1319 –1323 ( 2008 ) .

[39] Shanthi , G., Maniyan, C.G., Raj, G.A.G. and Kumaran, J.T.T., Radioactivity in food

crops from high-background radiation area in southwest India. Current Sci., 97: 1331-1335

(2009).


إيجاد تركيز العناصر السامة والنشاط اإلشعاعي في عصير الفواكو بمدينة جدة بالمممكة العربية السعودية

سيد محمد فريد ومحمد عبدالصمد عناني ، النووية، كمية اليندسة، جامعة الممك عبدالعزيزقسم اليندسة

جدة ، المممكة العربية السعودية

أصبح عصير الفواكو عنصرًا لو أىميتو في غذاء العديدد .المستخمصكمددا أنيددا تعدددد مشددروبًا لدددو . مددن ارسددر فدددي المممكددة العربيددة السدددعودية

شددددعبية فددددي ىددددذا البمددددد، وتمعددددل المعددددادن ارساسددددية والمعددددادن دددد يمة ،الوجدددود فدددي عصددديرا الفواكدددو دورًا ىامدددًا فدددي نمدددو اإلنسدددان وصددد تو

عتبدددر عددددد مدددن العناصدددر الكيميا يدددة ارخدددر الموجدددودة فدددي عصدددير يو –الكددددددددادميوم –ارلمنيددددددددوم :مثددددددددل مددددددددن العناصددددددددر السددددددددامة الفواكددددددددو .والز بق وغيره –الخارصين –الرصاص

كددو واع مددن عصددير الفوافددي ىددذه الدراسددة، تددم ت ميددل ث ثددة أنددو وذلك لخمسة عشر منتج مختمف موجدود ( المانجوو التفاح، و البرتقال، )

: فدددي أسدددواق جددددة ومدددا وليدددا، وذلدددك لمعرفدددة وجدددود العناصدددر السدددامةارلمنيوم، الرصاص، والكادميوم وذلدك باسدتخدام مطيداف اصمتصداص

وكدددان متوسدددط قددديم التركيدددز (: الجرافيتدددي) الدددذري ذي الفدددرن الكربدددوني الرصداص، والكددادميوم و الجدزء مددن البميدون ليلمنيدوم، العنصدري بو ددة

؛ (45.84± 477.00): كالتدددالي( عمدددل التدددوالي)فدددي عصدددير التفددداح ومتوسدددددط قددددديم التركيدددددز العنصدددددري (0.77±:4.0)و (:>.0±5.97)و

بو دددة الجددزء مددن البميددون ليلمنيددوم والرصدداص والكددادميوم فددي عصددير (;0.7±4.46)و ،(6>.0±5.00)و، (44.69±455.50): البرتقدددددددددددال


±;448.5) :المددانجو فددي وأخيددرًا متوسددط قدديم التركيددز. عمددل التددوالي . عمل التوالي (0.90±:4.8 )و ، (8>.0±5.80)و، (7;.40

وكدذلك مدع ،وقد قورن ىذه القيم مع قيم ال ددود المسدموح بيدا .ىذا الب ثسياق القيم المماثمة في دول مختمفة في

شددعاعي فددي غددذاء اإلنسددان لددو إن معرفددة مسددتويا النشدداط اإلأىميددددة خاصددددة لتقدددددير المخدددداطر اإلشددددعاعية الم تممددددة عمددددل صددددد ة

عيندددة مدددن عصدددير الفواكدددو 9; ولقدددد تدددم ت ميدددل مدددا مجموعددد. اإلنسدددانو كددددان متوسددددط قدددديم تركيددددز النشدددداط . لقيدددداس النشدددداط اإلشددددعاعي بيددددا

: في عصدير التفداح، البرتقدال، والمدانجو( لتر/بيكرل)اإلشعاعي بو دة عمددددددددددددددددددددددل ) (6.07±6>.44)و، (6.48±8;.>4)و، (8>.±5...:4)

و كاند قديم التركيدزا النشدداط اإلشدعاعي التدي تدم ال صددول (. التدوالي .ارنة مع مثي تيا في دول مختمفةعمييا من ىذا الب ث معقولة بالمق

determination of toxic elements concentration and ... · determination of toxic elements...

Documents