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Ultra-Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice
Marko HännikäinenDepartment of Computer SystemsTampere University of Technology
(C) DACI Research Group - www.tkt.cs.tut.fi/research/daci/1
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Tampere University of Technology (TUT)Established in 1965
12,200 students (2007)
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DACI research groupDepartment of Computer SystemsFaculty of Computing and Electrical Engineering
Prof. Marko Hännikäinen, Prof. Timo D. Hämäläinen, Personnel ca. 30: researchers (PhD students) and research
assistants (MSc students)
Competence Wireless Sensor Networks Wireless LANs Web applications and services Multi-processor embedded system design methods
Outcome 1997-2008 200+ international publications 8 PhD theses, 50+ MSc theses
Major funding from subcontracted industry projects
(C) DACI Research Group - www.tkt.cs.tut.fi/research/daci/3
WSN research efforts by DACI
Large national industry and public funded projects 2000-2008
50 PY (researchers and research assistants) + supervision
Currently 10+ persons involved in WSN research
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Introduction to WSNs
Ultra-Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice
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Low-Energy Wireless Sensor Networks (1/2)WSN is a new topic in research and
development as the term is used today
WSN consists of a large number of nodes that organise autonomously
WSN nodes are resource constrained (limited computing, communication, and energy)
WSN targets at low price, small size with high embedding
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Low-Energy Wireless Sensor Networks (2/2)WSN applications are versatileMeasure environment
Control other systems
Identify, locate persons and assets
Transfer, save, and refine information
Main emerging standards are ZigBee(IEEE 802.15.4), (Ultra Low Power) Bluetooth, WirelessHart, 6LoWPAN, RFIDs, TinyOS, and Prorietary
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0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007
IEEE Hannikainen
2
4
51
N
IEEE articles containing ”Wireless Sensor Network”
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Julkaisuja/kpl
Comparison: 2006
Processor architecture: 100
Internet protocol: 221
Optimization algorithm: 469
Wireless network: 1694
in Practice
Ultra-Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks
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Low-Energy WSNs in Practice
1. WSN technologyGetting the core technology working
2. Design tools and infrastructure integration Integration and extending exiting
systems
Tools for design, simulation, diagnostics
3. Applications What can be done/should be done with
WSNs?
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WSN Technology
Ultra-Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice
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Building of a wireless sensor node (0)Wired starting point
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Physical sensors and interfaces
T
wire
Building of a wireless sensor node (1)Wireless
temperature sensor
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Physical sensors and interfaces
Radio Module
Sample & send
T
Building of a wireless sensor node (2)Ad-hoc mesh
protocols
Multi-hop routing
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Physical sensors and interfaces
Radio Module
Protocols
T
Physical sensors and interfaces
Radio Module
Protocols
Physical sensors and interfaces
Radio Module
Protocols
Building of a wireless sensor node (3)Embedded
applications
Measuring
Data processing (filtering, aggregating, compressing, ...)
Storing
Actuating
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Physical sensors and interfaces
Radio Module
Protocols
T
Applications
Physical sensors and interfaces
Radio Module
Protocols
T
Applications
Physical sensors and interfaces
Radio Module
Protocols
T
Applications
Building of a wireless sensor node (4)Gateways to
auxiliary hosts & networks
Interface to any new sensor element
Energy sources
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Gateways
Energysource
Physical sensors and interfaces
Radio Module
Protocols
T
Applications
Physical sensors and interfaces
Radio Module
Protocols
T
Applications
Physical sensors and interfaces
Radio Module
Protocols
T
Applications
Switch
Interface
TUTWSN node Node is an embedded system running
protocols and several applications Senses environment or controls other
devices
Different types and number of physical sensor attached to a node e.g. IR and piezo (motion detection), G-
3D sensor, humidity, temperature, GPS, luminance, CO2, magnetic, compass
Interfaces for RS232, I/O, Ethernet (TCP/IP), GPRS
TUTWSN is optimised for low power consumption - lifetime up to years with AA-batteries
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Applications
M2M
…
MAC
Routing
SensorAPI
Radios
Lum
inanne
Tem
pera
ture
Self
Dia
gnostics
Processors
SensorO
S
Hardware abstraction layer
Transfer
Tlux
Asset tr
ackin
g
PC
Sensors and actuators
CO2 G
Physical sensorsand interfaces
Radio Module
Protocols
T
Applications
TUTWSN research in brief
Dynamic autonomous mesh networking and data centric routing
TUTWSN research is not a single network – a family of platforms and protocols in modular HW/SW components
Implementable with commercial off-the-shelf components
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Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Gateway
Gateway
Node
Node
TUTWSN main features
Energy efficiency also in router nodes
Mutual mobility of nodes (fast neighbour discovery and re-routing)
Several gateways to/from other networks
Network is programmable and firmware can be updated on-the-field
Used in real application deployments
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Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Node
Gateway
Gateway
Node
Antenna
Transceiver
Battery
MCU
Temperature
sensor
Voltage regulation
Push button and
LED
TUTWSN hardware example
Battery
CR123A
Transceiver
nRF2401AMCU Core
Temp Sensor
DS620
MCU PIC18LF4620
ADC
RAM
FLASHEEPROM
2.25 V
Voltage
Converter
MAX1725
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• Does not place extensive functional and non-functional requirements on HW
• The features are achieved by algorithms
TUTWSN nodes
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2.4 GHz TUTWSN
Hop distance 100–300m
Avg. Power 150-500 uW
Sampling interval 30s–10 min
Lifetime up to 2 years (2xAA)
433 MHz TUTWSN
Hop distance 0.5 – 2 km
Avg. Power 2 mW
Sampling interval 30s – 10 min
Lifetime up to 1 year (2xAA)
Tools and infrastructure integration
Ultra-Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice
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TCP/IP
TUTWSN ethernet gateway Java Messaging
Service
XML
SQL/ODBC
XML messaging(SOAP)
DB JMS
TUTWSN GPRS gateway
Customer applicationservers
3rd party serviceintegration (e.g. Google)
TUTWSN application server
TCP/IP
TCP/IP sockets
Gateway Software(WSN & IP Proxy)
InternetDelivery
TUTWSN infrastructure
TUTWSN nodes
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Web Applications
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Application control
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100
1000
10000
0,1 1 10 100f btx (Hz)
Pm
(µW
)
= 20 s
= 100 s
= 500 s
T s
T s
T s
Design tools and simulations
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Database
Physical Deployment
Theoretical models
1rxm st tx btx rx brx
s btx
PP T E f E f
T f
Simulations
Diagnostics
Examples of realtime diagnostics
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Voltage / 5 days
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Single hop TX reliability (node to node)
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RF channel and TDMA slotscheduling
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Applications
Ultra-Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice
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Applications areas and drivers
WSN optimises current processes and enables new potential applications
Energy saving by the green movement From personal level to city-wide WSNs
Security Personal security, asset management,
security enhancing information
Fault and condition monitoring Home & industry
Environment monitoring Safe living surroundings, urban air quality
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TUTWSN application deploymentsMonitoring applications
Indoors & outdoors
Tracking applications
Person and asset tracking
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Frost and snow temp monitoring
Finnish Lapland, 07-08
Utilized by the Finnish Meteorological Institute’s Research Centre to verify satellite measurements
WSN monitors frost depth
snow depth
air, soil and tree trunks temperatures
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Example: TUTWSN at home
Ultra-Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice
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“20 minute” home WSN• According to
OnWorld,
WSNs reduce
installation
costs by up to
80%
• No dust,
paint, wires,
waiting
Ethernet Gateway Node
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Pushbutton
Green led
Ethernet port
Casing holder
Red led
AC -connector
37
Ethernet Gateway attached to ADSL modem
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Online web services
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Multipoint temperature inside fridge
Example
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Example
Conclusions and future work
Ultra-Low Energy Wireless Sensor Networks in Practice
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Challenges in WSN research and adoptionTwo fields of engineering:
computers and communications
Piece-wise solutions, lack of common interfaces
Lack of killer application & strong belief in killer application
Strong belief in the near future standard
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Cross-layer design
1
2
3
4
5
Delay
Mobility
Throughput
Security
EnergyAutonomy
Range
Reactivity
Availability
Scalability
Design time tailoring
Runtime configuration
Runtime adaptation
Temperature monitoring network
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Key topics for future research workMethods and tools for managing the
WSN design space Increased abstraction for efficient
integrationCross-layer design tools
Architectural compatibilityTCP/IP, XML, Web, SOA/SOAP, Java,
Mobile“Realistic” APIs
Physical deployments and pilotingRequired for technological development
and user acceptance(C) DACI Research Group - www.tkt.cs.tut.fi/research/daci/45
Conclusions summaryMoving from the potential enabling
technology phase into efficient adoption of the technology
Not the standard – the efficient utilization of standard components
Integration of WSN just in case for various purposes – without single killer application?
TUTWSN is available for co-operation research projects
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