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Energy in Thermal Conversion Energy in Thermal Conversion Nikolai DeMartini The Forest Based Biorefinery, 37 May 2010

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Page 1: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Energy in Thermal ConversionEnergy in Thermal Conversion 

Nikolai DeMartini

The Forest Based Biorefinery, 3‐7 May 2010

Page 2: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

IntroductionIntroduction

• Many mass and energy balances aroundMany mass and energy balances around various ”scenarios” for the biorefinery

• All scenario’s have technical challenges and• All scenario s have technical challenges and there are nth plant assumptions

E di ib i f d• Energy, distribution of energy needs, reduction in carbon footpring all variables that h ld b id dshould be considered

Page 3: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Overview• Opportunities• Energy use in Finland• Energy use in Finland• Energy distribution in pine & birch• ”Minimum” value of ligninMinimum  value of lignin• Example: energy use in BL gasification to liquid fuels

• Example: pyrolysis and catalytical hydrogenation of pyrolysis oilG l t i t ti• General comments on integration

• Well to wheel analysis

Page 4: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Opportunities in EnergyOpportunities in Energy

• Increasing world‐wide energy demandg gy• Increasing pressure for reduced CO2 emisisonsFinland not only has the possibility to produce more bio‐energy, but more importantly has the potential to export more of the technology to produce itproduce itKnowledge based economyThis is a growth industry – existing technologies g y g ghave not been proven/optimized for biomassEntrepreneurial opportunities

Page 5: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Energy Use in Finland 2008Energy Use in Finland 2008

• TotalNatural  Total• 1.45x1018 J/y

• Chemical 

Olja22,9 %

Vindkraft0,1 %

Naturgas10,9 %

Oil22.9%

Gas10.9%Wind 

0.1%

energy bound in tree growth Nettoimport 

Träbaserade bränslen21,9 %

Import 

Tree based combustion 21.9%

in Finland• ~9x1017 J/y (100 Mm3 500

av el3,3 %

Kärnkraft

Vattenkraft4,4 %

Electricity3.3%Water power

4.4%Nuclear (100 Mm3, 500 

kg/m3, 18 MJ/kg)

Kärnkraft17,4 %

Kol10,3 %

Övriga2,9 %

Torv5,9 %

Peat5.9%

Coal10.3%

Nuclear17.4%

Other2.9%

Page 6: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Chemical composition of pine (Pinus sylvestris) and birch (B t l d l ) % d b t(Betula pendula), % dry substance

100 % Extractives < 5%< 5%

80 % Lignin

< 5%

20-25%25-30%

< 5%

60 %Hemicelluloses

d ti

30-35%25-30%

40 %and pectins

0 %

20 %Cellulose

40%40%

0 %

Pine Birch

Page 7: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Approx. Lower Heating Values of Biomass Components

Component Heating ValueComponent Heating Value (MJ/kg)

Carbohydrates 13 6Carbohydrates 13.6Softwood lignin 26.9Hardwood lignin 25.1Resins, fatty acids 37.7

Page 8: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Pine BirchPine

Extractives 3 % %Extractives

BirchLHV 18 MJ/kg LHV 17 MJ/kg

29 %42 %

3 % 6 %

Lignin

Extractives

24 %35 %

3 % 7 %

Lignin

29 %

21 %Hemicellulose

34 %27 %Hemicellulose

40 % 30 %Cellulose 40 % 32 %Cellulose

Mass Energy Mass Energy

Page 9: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Fractionation followed by ConversionFractionation followed by Conversion

Harvesting + preparation

CelluloseProcessing Materials, 

chemicals fuels

Solid Bi Hemicellulose

Processing

chemicals, fuels

Materials, h i lBiomass Hemicellulose

Materials

chemicals

P i

These scenarios alternative 

Lignin Fuels/ChemicalsProcessing

Heat & Energy

energy needed

Heat & Energy for Process

Page 10: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

700160Minimum Value of Lignin –M t i l E

600

120

140

lacemen

)

Materials vs. Energy

400

500

100

120

on oil rep

ton)

($/barrel)

*LHV 25.8 MJ/kg lignin

300

400

60

80

nin ba

sed 

$/metric  t

rice fo

r oil 

20040

60

alue

 of Lig (

Spot pr

0

100

0

20

Fuel Va

okt 28, 1995 jul 24, 1998 apr 19, 2001 jan 14, 2004 okt 10, 2006 jul 06, 2009 apr 01, 2012

Lindgren, Karen. Potential lignin applications beyond energy 2nd Nordic Wood Biorefinery Conference. Helsinki, Finland Sept. 2‐4, 2009.

Page 11: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Example – BL Gasification to Liquid lFuels

• Energy from BL used to supply the pulp mill withEnergy from BL used to supply the pulp mill with electricity and steam

• Modern stand alone pulp mill is capable ofModern stand alone pulp mill is capable of producing excess energy in the recovery boiler

• BLG to liquid fuels would result in an export of• BLG to liquid fuels would result in an export of energy from the mill

• In future BLG to liquid fuels may make sense• In future BLG to liquid fuels may make sense relative to biomass gasification in this sense –combust biomass in biomass boiler and gasify BLcombust biomass in biomass boiler and gasify BL

Page 12: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

SteamTurbine

Bark Biomass

Syngas recycle

Fusel Oil

ctricity

Syngas to Synthesis235.4 MWt (67%)

15.2 MWe

Air Separation

MeOH synthesis

ZnO guard bed

Boiler

Woo

d

Power

Steam

Syngas purge for inerts

O2 N2

CO2 toPulp mill

Elec

O2

Supply

BLG1

Syngas compression to 

~60 bar

BLG2

CCC1

CCC2

DME synthesis

Solvent Stripper

Pulp Mill

BL Storage Rectisol 

– CO2

removal

Water‐

MeOH/DME distillation

d

BLG3

BLG4

CCC3

CCC4Lo‐Sulfur

Stripper

DME168 MWt

GL Storage

WL bb

Rectisol –H S/COS

WaterGas shift reactor

Product storage

Lo‐SulfurWhite Liq.

Green Liq.

Solvent Stripper

S rich solvent + tars

S rich gasClean gas

t(48%)

For BL to FTD33% di lscrubber 

for Sulfur capture

H2S/COS removal

High‐SulfurWhite Liq.

StripperRegen. solvent

BLG: black liquor gasification(950 °C, 32 bar, 4 units – 33% capacity each)CCC: counter current condenser

33% diesel17% naphtha

1430 metric tons/d Bone dry Pulp

CCC: counter current condenser(~29 bar, ~225 °C)BLin

350 MWt

Ekbom, et al. (2003); Larson, et al., (2006)

Steam also produced, but not enough for mill w/o boiler

Page 13: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Integration Example: Impact of Gasifier d lPressure on Steam Production in Cooler 

Page 14: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Scale for FinlandScale for Finland

• If all of the BL in Finland was gasified theIf all of the BL in Finland was gasified, the analysis by Ekbom et al. (2003) estimates that ~50% of Finland’s transportation fuels could50% of Finland s transportation fuels could be replaced (based on 1999 fuel consumption and 2000 BL production)and 2000 BL production)

• Technology not yet proven

R b il i Fi l d l i l• Recovery boilers in Finland are relatively new

Page 15: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Economy of ScaleEconomy of Scale

Feedstock to Liquid Liquids Capacity Capital IntensityFeedstock to Liquid Transporation Fuels

Liquids Capacity(barrels/d diesel equiv.)

Capital Intensity($/ barrel/d)

Petroleum refining ~150 000 15 000Gas to liquid fuels ~100 000 to 150 000 25 000 to 50 000Gas to liquid fuels 100 000 to 150 000 25 000 to 50 000Coal to liquid fuels ~100 000 to 150 000 50 000 to 70 000BL/Biomass to liquidf l

~1 000 to 7 000 60 000 to 150 000fuels

Larson, E.D.; Consonni, S.; Katofsky, R.E.; Iisa, K.; Frederick, W.J. Jr. A cost‐benefit assessment of gasification‐based biorefining in the Kraft pulp and paper industry Vol 1 Main Report Final Report DE FC26 04NT42260 21 Dec (2006) 152 ppthe Kraft pulp and paper industry. Vol. 1: Main Report. Final Report DE‐FC26‐04NT42260, 21 Dec (2006), 152 pp.

Page 16: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

BLGasification Combined CycleGenerationkWh/ADt

ConsumptionkWh/ADt

SaleskWh/Adt

/ fNew pulp mill w/ pressurized gasification

High Temp 2100 1050 1050

Low Temp 2100 920 1180

New pulp mill w/ RB

Conventional RB 1450 700 750

High power to heat RB 1700 730 970High power to heat RB 1700 730 970

Pulp Mill producing  ~450 000 ADt/a → 70 Mwe gas turbine (GE6FA)~1 600 000 ADt/a → 250 Mwe gas turbine (GE7FA)~1 600 000 ADt/a → 250 Mwe gas turbine (GE7FA)

Poor turndown so need natural gas to substitute for syngas when production dropsFor gas valves on gas turbines (~500 °C is upper limit) so some gas cooling necessaryNa+K is manufacturer specific ~0.1 ppm in the syngas

Grigoray, M.Sc. LUT 2009; Vakkilainen et al. Pulp Pap Can, 2008

Sulfur ~10‐20 ppm depending on flue gas emissions control

Page 17: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Black Liquor Gasification – Current Status

MTRI f 600 °C 3• MTRI steam reformer, 600 °C, 3 atm– Norampac, Trenton, ON, June 2003

d /d– 100 tds/day

– This technology is no longer pursued

• Chemrec DP‐1: 30 bar; 950 °C; O2‐blown – Kappa Kraftliner in Piteå, Sweden (2005)Kappa Kraftliner in Piteå, Sweden (2005)

– 20 tDS/24h (3 MWth)

Bioraff 24 November 2009

Page 18: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Possible Mill DemonstrationPossible Mill Demonstration

• Domsjö Fabriker Örnsköldsvik SwedenDomsjö Fabriker, Örnsköldsvik, Sweden– Sulfite biorefinery producing specialty cellulose, lignin (lignosulfonate), ethanol( g )

– Plan to gasify 1100 t dry solids/day sulfite liquor

– Plan to use syngas to produce methanol (up to 450 tons/d) and/or dimethyl ether (DME) (up to 300 tons/d)

i i l f 0 $ f h– Decision on approval of a 70 M$ grant from the Swedish Energy Agency to be made by EU by the end of 2010of 2010

Page 19: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Thermal Conversion Routes w/o Fractionation

Oil to a Harvesting + Gas/Diesel

Pyrolysis

petroleum refinery

Pyrolysis Oil(acidic, high O2 content)

Hydrotreating

Catalytic

preparation

Gasification

Trasnport

Solid F l

+O2, hvGasification

CO, CO2, H H O

Fuels (MeOH, DME, FT)

Catalytic Upgrading

Gas cleaning, WGS, CO2removal CO, H2

Gasification

Fuel

Combustion

H2, H2OElectricityGas Turbine

removal

(alone or co‐combustion w/ coal)

CO2, H2O + heatSteam turbine

Electricity

IndustryIndustry, household, electric vehicles

Page 20: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Example – Pyrolysis of PoplarExample  Pyrolysis of Poplar

100% of Energy In 60% of Energy In

Jones, SB; Holladay, JE et al. Production of Gasoline and Diesel from Biomass via Fast Pyrolysis, Hydrotreating and Hydrocracking: A Design Case. PNNL DOE Contract DE‐AC05 76RL 01830

Page 21: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

BtL via pyrolysis + gasificationBtL via pyrolysis + gasificationAdvantage is transportation of biomass and larger scale of Gasification +  Fischer‐Tropsch 

Pyrolysis

PyrolysisPyrolysis

G ifi ti

y y

Gasification + Fuel Synthesis

PyrolysisPyrolysis

PyrolysisPyrolysis

Pyrolysis

Page 22: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

IntegrationIntegration

• Gasification to Liquid Fuels/Chemicals→ userGasification to Liquid Fuels/Chemicals → user for steam produced from syngas cooling and catalytic processescatalytic processes

• Pyrolysis to liquid fuels → hydrogen source, refiner for bio oilrefiner for bio‐oil

• Integration improves the economy of the i l ll lcomparatively small scale

Page 23: DeMartini Energy in Thermal Conversion 2010 - Åbo …web.abo.fi/.../DeMartini_Energy_in_Thermal_Conversion.pdf · Introduction • Many mass and ... potential to export more of the

Well‐to‐Wheel Analysis11 % 11 % 11 %

10 % 9 % 9%10%

12 %

9 %

6%

8 %

10 %

4 %

6 %

0 %

2 %

DME di l GH2 FC h b M OH LH2 FC h b EtOH di l FTD di l

Ekbom T ; Lindblom M ; Berglin N ; Ahlvik P Technical and commercial feasibility study of black liquor gasification with methanol/DME

DME diesel‐hyb

GH2 FC‐hyb MeOH diesel‐hyb

LH2 FC‐hyb EtOH diesel‐hyb

FTD diesel‐hyb

Ekbom, T.; Lindblom, M.; Berglin, N.; Ahlvik, P. Technical and commercial feasibility study of black liquor gasification with methanol/DME production as motor fuels for automotive uses – BLGMF. (ALTENER programme of the European Union, Contract No. 4.1030/Z/01‐087/2001), (2003)Ahlvik, P., Brandberg, Å., Hådell, O., Gustafsson, P., “Well‐To Wheel Efficiency for alternative fuels from natural gas or biomass” Swedish National Road Administration, Vehicle Standards Division October 2001

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Challenges• Batteries & Fuel Cells

– More environmentally benign batteries with adequate performanceF el cells that can handle more rob st f els– Fuel cells that can handle more robust fuels

– In long term could significantly alter electricity/fuels consumption• Catalysis

Pyrolysis oil upgrading (both post or in situ)– Pyrolysis oil upgrading (both post or in‐situ)– Pyrolysis + in‐situ chemical processing

• Materials– High temperature corrosion (oxidizing and reducing gas atmospheres)High temperature corrosion (oxidizing and reducing gas atmospheres)

• Gas turbines– For lower heating value syngas

• Process IntegrationProcess Integration– Maximize heat integration & use of existing infrastructure– Process integration when proceeded by some fractionation

• Installation and maturationInstallation and maturation