deliverable 3.3 aquaspace tool to support msp€¦ · annex iii summarises experiences of using the...

AquaSpace 633476 D3.3

AQUASPACE Ecosystem Approach to making Space for Aquaculture

EU Horizon 2020 project grant no. 633476

Deliverable3.3AquaSpacetooltosupportMSP

Revisedmanual(2ndedition)forAquaSpacetool(version2)

Lead Beneficiary Thünen Institute Deliverable authors A. Gimpel, S. Töpsch, V. Stelzenmüller (Thünen

Institute), M. Gubbins, A.G. Murray, R. Watret (MSS), I. Galparsoro, A. Murillas, K. Pınarbaşı

(AZTI), D. Miller (JHI), D. Brigolin, R. Pastres, E. Porporato (Bluefarm), G. Roca Carceller, N. Marba

(CSIC), M. Moraitis, N. Papageorgiou (UoC) Deliverable version 1.0

Type of deliverable GIS AddIn & Manual Dissemination level Public

Delivery date in DoW 2017/31/08 Actual delivery date 2018/30/04

Reviewed by Paul Tett (Coordinator)

The research leading to these results has been undertaken as part of the AquaSpace project (Ecosystem Approach to making Space for Aquaculture, http://aquaspace-h2020.eu)

and has received funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 Framework Programme for Research and Innovation under grant agreement n° 633476.

Horizon 2020


Change log Version Date Author Reason for change 0.1 02/02/2017 AG Initial draft 0.2 08/31/2017 AG Revised based on input from co-authors 1.0 10/20/2017 AG Incorporates coordinator’s comments 1.0 04/30/2018 AG Revised based on project reviewer‘s comments


CONTENTS EXECUTIVESUMMARY.....................................................................................................................ISOFTWAREAVAILABILITYANDSYSTEMREQUIREMENTS...............................................................IICITATIONANDCOPYRIGHT............................................................................................................III1. MANUALUSERGUIDE........................................................................................................12. THEAQUASPACETOOL:RATIONALEANDBACKGROUND..................................................23. THEAQUASPACETOOL:CONCEPT,INDICATORSANDTERMINOLOGY..............................4

3.1. AquaSpacetoolconcept..........................................................................................43.2. AquaSpacetoolindicators.......................................................................................5

3.2.1. Generalsiteinformation.........................................................................................63.2.2. Indicators.................................................................................................................7

3.2.2.1Inter-sectorialeffects.............................................................................................83.2.2.2Environmentaleffects..........................................................................................123.2.2.3Economiceffects..................................................................................................153.2.2.4Socio-culturaleffects............................................................................................19

4. AQUASPACETOOLOUTPUTS............................................................................................215. USERMANUAL..................................................................................................................26

5.1. TheAquaSpacetool:abriefinsight.......................................................................265.1.1. AquaSpacetoolcomponents.................................................................................265.1.2. Processview..........................................................................................................28

5.2. Installationguide...................................................................................................295.2.1. Quickstartguide...................................................................................................305.2.2. InstalltheAquaSpacetoolfiles.............................................................................315.2.3. Clipyourdataset...................................................................................................325.2.4. Customizationoptions...........................................................................................33

5.3. Toolapplication.....................................................................................................385.3.1. Createinteractionmatrix......................................................................................385.3.2. Addyoureconomicinput......................................................................................405.3.3. Performsiteassessment.......................................................................................415.3.4. Scenariobuilding...................................................................................................42

REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................44ABBREVIATIONS............................................................................................................................47ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSANDDISCLAIMER....................................................................................48ANNEXIAQUASPACETOOLMETADATA.......................................................................................49ANNEXIICALCULATIONOFINPUT-OUTPUTTABLESUSINGTHELEONTIEFMODEL.....................54ANNEXIIICASESTUDYEXPERIENCES............................................................................................55

Casestudyspecifications..........................................................................................................56Scenarioassessment.................................................................................................................59Overallcasestudyfindings.......................................................................................................60StrengthsandweaknessesoftheAquaSpacetool...................................................................61DevelopmentoftheAquaSpacetool:Lessonslearned............................................................62


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EXECUTIVESUMMARY

AquaSpaceaimstodeliverthesciencebasetoidentifythepotentialforaquaculturetoexpandinEuropeandtosupportthecorrespondinglicensingprocessinthecontextofIntegratedCoastalZoneManagement(ICZM)orMarineSpatialPlanning(MSP).

TheAquaSpacetoolisdesignedtoallowforaspatialrepresentationofopportunitiesandrisksofa proposed aquaculture activity at a specific marine location in a multi-use context. Specifically,opportunitiesrelatetosocio-economicassessmentsoftheaddedvalueofanactivity,foodsecurityorexpected revenues; while risks relate to an evaluation of combined environmental effects of theplannedactivityandtheadditionalpressurecontributionsofanewaquacultureactivitytotheoverallhumanpressuresinamanagementarea.

TheAquaSpacetoolisoneofthefirstGeographicInformationSystem(GIS)-basedspatialplanningtoolsthatallowsforaspatialexplicitandintegratedassessmentofindicatorsreflectingtheeconomic,environmental, inter-sectorial and socio-cultural risk and opportunities for proposed aquaculturesystems, based on a bottom-up approach. Tool outputs (i.e. AquaSpace tool Assessment Report)comprisedetailedreportsandgraphicaloutputswhichcan facilitateplanningtrade-offdiscussionshenceallowingkeystakeholders(e.g.industry,marineplanners,licensingauthorities)toproactivelycommunicateeffectsofalternativescenariosandtakemoreinformed,evidence-baseddecisionsonproposedaquaculture.

Suchatransparentvisualisationtechniquefacilitates i)aneffective implementationofMSPforaquaculture,enabledbyusingspatiallyexplicitmethodsandtools,ii)the implementationofaspatiallyexplicit (GIS-based)multi-usecontext,addressing the functionality forcumulative riskassessmentsandconflictanalysis,and iii) the implementationofanEcosystemApproach toAquaculture (EAA),explicitlyconsideringeconomicandmarketissues.Thisintegratedapproachwillsupportthelicensingprocessandfacilitateinvestments.

ThisreportprovidesaguideforusersoftheAquaSpacetool.Introductorysections2-3explaintherationaleforthetoolandprovidethebackgroundknowledgeneededtouseit.Section4describesthetooloutputs.Section5isausermanual.AnnexIgivessourcesforinformationneededtousethetool.AnnexIIIsummarisesexperiencesofusingthetoolin6casestudies.


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SOFTWAREAVAILABILITYANDSYSTEMREQUIREMENTSNameofsoftware:AquaSpacetool-aGISAddInDevelopers:AntjeGimpel,SandraTöpsch,VanessaStelzenmüllerEmail:[email protected]:2017OperatingSystem:MicrosoftWindows7,Windows8/8.1(32or64bit)orWindows10Processor/CPU:2.7GHzIntelCorei5processororequivalent(4cores)(hardwarebelow/abovewill

increase/decreasetoolruntimes)SystemRAM:4GBtotalminimum,16GBrecommendedWindowsFeature.NETFramework:.NET4.6FrameworkESRIArcGIS:ArcGISDesktopBasic,StandardorAdvanced+ExtensionSpatialAnalystPythonEnvironment:StandardPythonlibrary32bitofArcGISinstallation10.3andhigherProgramsize:1.7MB;GDB400MBAvailability:https://gdi.thuenen.de/geoserver/sf/www/aqspce.htmlCost:nil


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CITATIONANDCOPYRIGHTCopyright2017ThünenInstituteofSeaFisheriesRECOMMENDEDCITATION---------------------Gimpel,A.,Stelzenmüller,V.,Töpsch,S.,Brigolin,D.,Galparsoro,I.,Gubbins,M.,Marba,N.,Miller,D.,Moraitis,M.,Murillas,A.,Murray,A.G.,Papageorgiou,N.,Pastres,R.,Pinarbasi,K.,Porporato,E.,Roca,G.,andWatret,R.2017.AquaSpacetooltosupportMSP.ThünenInstitute,HamburgandAquaSpaceproject(H2020no.633476),Oban.Deliverable3.3.Pdfobtainablefromhttp://www.aquaspace-h2020.euGimpel,A.,Stelzenmüller,V.,Töpsch,S.,Galparsoro,I.,Gubbins,M.,Miller,D.,Murillas,A.,Murray,A.G.,Pinarbasi,K.,Roca,G.,andWatret,R.(2018).AGIS-basedtoolforanintegratedassessmentofspatialplanningtrade-offswithaquaculture. ScienceoftheTotalEnvironment,627:1644-1655.DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.133ThistoolisaresultofAquaSpace(EcosystemApproachtomakingSpaceforSustainableAquaculture)project,fundedbytheEuropeanUnionundertheH2020Programme(grantagreementno.633476).LICENSE--------TheAquaSpacetoolisavailableviatheAquaSpaceRedminewebsite:http://free-redmine.saas-secure.com/projects/aqua.PermissionisgrantedbyregisteringfortheAquaSpaceRedminewebsite(https://gdi.thuenen.de/geoserver/sf/www/aqspce.html).TheAquaSpacetoolistobeusedforscientificpurposesonly.TheAquaSpacetoolisfreeofcharge.Redistributionisnotpermitted.Modificationinsourceandbinaryformsiscurrentlynotpermitted.Pleasecontactus,ifnecessary,forfutherinformationregardingthedevelopmentofthetool.DISCLAIMERofWARRANTY----------------------THISSOFTWAREISPROVIDEDBYTHECOPYRIGHTHOLDERSANDCONTRIBUTORS"ASIS"ANDANYEXPRESSORIMPLIEDWARRANTIES,INCLUDING,BUTNOTLIMITEDTO,THEIMPLIEDWARRANTIESOFMERCHANTABILITYANDFITNESSFORAPARTICULARPURPOSEAREDISCLAIMED.INNOEVENTSHALLTHECOPYRIGHTHOLDERORCONTRIBUTORSBELIABLEFORANYDIRECT,INDIRECT,INCIDENTAL,SPECIAL,EXEMPLARY,ORCONSEQUENTIALDAMAGES(INCLUDING,BUTNOTLIMITEDTO,PROCUREMENTOFSUBSTITUTEGOODSORSERVICES;LOSSOFUSE,DATA,ORPROFITS;ORBUSINESSINTERRUPTION)HOWEVERCAUSEDANDONANYTHEORYOFLIABILITY,WHETHERINCONTRACT,STRICTLIABILITY,ORTORT(INCLUDINGNEGLIGENCEOROTHERWISE)ARISINGINANYWAYOUTOFTHEUSEOFTHISSOFTWARE,EVENIFADVISEDOFTHEPOSSIBILITYOFSUCHDAMAGE.


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1. MANUALUSERGUIDE

ItisthepurposeofthismanualtoguidetheuserthroughtheapplicationoftheAquaSpacetool.This document compliments the online support at https://free-redmine.saas-secure.com/projects/aquaandshouldthereforebeusedinconjunctionwiththewebsite.Whereastheonlinesupportprovidesaccess toallAquaSpacetool files, technicaldocumentsandmanuals/videoinstructionsfacilitatingtheinstallationandtestingoftheAquaSpacetool,thismanualprovidesfurtherinformation,explanationandkeyreferencestothetoolfunctionsincluded.Furthermore, itdescribesthepreparatorywork,sequenceofstepsandrelatedtaskstheusershouldundertaketoapplythetool.

Thismanualaimstoprovideclearanduser-friendlyinstructionsabouttheterminologyused,theconceptoftheAquaSpacetool,andthetool’sfunctionsandindicatorsforaholisticecosystem-basedOpportunityandRiskAssessmentthatappliestheEAAtoMSP.Moreover,itincludessuggestionsforsuccessfulcompletionofsuchanassessment.

It is highly recommended to read through the AquaSpace tool description and backgroundinformationBEFOREstartingwiththesetupofthetool.Belowissomeguidanceforusingthemanual:

1. The rationale for thedevelopmentof theAquaSpace tool is given in THEAQUASPACETOOL:RATIONALEANDBACKGROUND.

2. Theconcept,toolindicatorsandterminologyusedthroughoutthemanualisdescribedinTHEAQUASPACETOOL:CONCEPT,INDICATORSANDTERMINOLOGY.

3. PotentialAquaSpacetooloutcomesandtheirinterpretationaredescribedinAQUASPACETOOLOUTPUTS.

4. Technical guidelines, installation and update procedures, first test runs and scenariobuildingareexplainedinUSERMANUAL.

5. DetailedinformationaboutthedataunderlyingtheAquaSpacetool,theiroriginandkeyreferencesaregiveninANNEXIAQUASPACETOOLMETADATA.

6. The broader applicability of the AquaSpace tool (including first experiences) isdemonstratedinANNEXIIICASESTUDYEXPERIENCES.

7. Wherelimiteddatamaymakeitdifficulttocompleteactionsdescribedinthemanual,itmay be helpful to complement desktop data collationwith expert and/or stakeholderworkshops.Thesecanbeusedtoobtaininformationthatmaynotbereadilyavailable,pool knowledgeandexpertiseanddiscusselementsof riskanduncertaintyassociatedwithanassessmentbasedonlimiteddata.

8. Thetoolcanbeusediterativelytocompareasetofspatialmanagementscenarioswithaquaculture(e.g.varyingfarmlocations,speciesorproductionquantities).


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2. THEAQUASPACETOOL:RATIONALEANDBACKGROUND

ThecentralgoaloftheEUHorizon2020projectAquaSpaceistoprovideincreasedspaceofhighwaterqualityforaquaculturebyadoptinganEcosystemApproachtoAquaculture(EAA)tosupportMarineSpatialPlanning(MSP)andtodeliverfoodsecurityandincreasedemploymentopportunitiesthrougheconomicgrowthwithalong-termview.

AneffectiveimplementationofMSPforaquacultureisenabledbyusingspatiallyexplicitmethodsandtools.StudieswithintheAquaSpaceprojectrevealedaneedfortoolsallowing:

• The implementationof anecosystemapproach incorporating the functionality required tosupportanEAAimplementationandexplicitlyconsideringeconomicandmarketissues.

• TheimplementationofaspatiallyexplicitGeographicInformationSystem(GIS)-basedmulti-usecontext,addressingthefunctionalityforcumulativeriskassessmentsandconflictanalysis.

• Theintuitivedesignoftheinterface,whichismeanttobeend-userdriven,allowingindustryandpolicy-makerstomakemoreinformed,evidence-based,decisions.

OnepromisingsolutionidentifiedduringacomprehensivegapanalysisinGimpeletal.(2016)wastodevelopatoolthatcouldbeusedtosupportanOpportunityandRiskAssessment.Suchatoolwouldallowforaspatial representationofall risksandopportunitiesofaproposedaquaculturesite inamulti-usecontext(Fig.1).TheAquaSpacetoolwasdevelopedasaGISAddinunderArcGIStoallowuserstocomparerisksandopportunitiesoveranumberofpotentialsites.Itincludesfunctionsthatenable theuser to assess the spatially explicit performance (under different aquacultureplanningscenarios)ofinter-sectorial,environmental,economicandsocio-culturalindicators.

Figure1:1stvisionoftheAquaSpacetool,visualisingopportunityandriskcategorieswhichshouldbeincludedwhenassessingspatialmanagementoptionsforaquaculture.

Thus,riskindicatorsreflectforinstancethespatialconflictpotentialbetweenhumanuses,habitatvulnerabilities or combined environmental effects of proposed aquaculture activities, direct and


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indirecteconomiccostsorvisualimpacts.Incontrast,indicatorsreflectingopportunitiesofaplannedaquaculturesitecomprisetotalexpectedrevenuesorsynergypotentialwithothersectors(Gimpeletal.,2016).

To promote tool exchange and its general applicability, theAquaSpace tool comeswith aGISGeodatabase(GDB)whichalreadyintegratesseveraldatasetsataEuropeanscale.Reflectingtheneedforspatialexplicitassessmentapproachestobeeasytoaccess,theAquaSpacetoolaimsfurthertofacilitatetheintegrationofspatiallayersgeneratedbyothermodelsandtools.Inotherwords,itcanbealsoregardedasanArcGISbasedplatformthatbringstogetherspatialoutputsfrommodels,whichcanproduceadataformatthatcanbeimportedintoArcGIS.

Figure2:OpenGeospatialConsortiumWebFeatureServiceInterfaceStandard(WFS)provideaninterfaceallowingrequestsforgeographicalfeaturesacrossthewebusingplatform-independentcalls.Inthefuture,theAquaSpacetoolwilldirectlybelinkedtoWFStorequestrequiredgeodata.

Inordertoholddownmaintenancecostsofgeodata,theAquaSpacetoolhasbeendevelopedintheGISenvironmenttobe linkedwithopenGeospatialConsortiumWebFeatureService InterfaceStandard(WFS)thatprovidesaninterfaceallowingrequestsforgeographicalfeaturesacrossthewebusingplatform-independent calls.Nevertheless,WFS requestor rather response still needs ahighamountoftimeloadingthedata,whichslowsdowntoolperformance.Infuture,dataexchangemightspeedup.Previously,theintegratedAquaSpacetoolGDBfillthosegaps.ItscontentisexplainedfromascientificviewinAquaSpacetoolindicatorsandfromatechnicalperspectiveinANNEX:AQUASPACETOOLMETADATA.

TheAquaSpace tool isequippedwithanend-userdriven interfaceandan interactivemenu. Itallowsthevisualizationofareasofconstraint(e.g.priorityshipping lanes)andofpotentialsynergy(i.e.co-location),definedbyan interactionmatrixwhichcanbemodifiedaccordingtouserneeds.Further,thetoolenablestheusertoexplorearangeofoptionstoidentifypotentialsitesandassesstheopportunitiesandrisksofseveralscenariosatonce.Tooloutputscomprisedetailedreportsandgraphical outputs which should facilitate planning trade-off discussions hence allowing keystakeholders(e.g.industry,marineplanners,licensingauthorities)totakemoreinformed,evidence-baseddecisionsonproposedaquaculturedevelopmentsandtheassociatedrisksandopportunities.

Thetool’ssocio-economicdimensionwillincreasetheacceptanceofthesenewdevelopmentsbylocalcommunitiesandsociety-at-large(Ramosetal.,2014;Stelzenmülleretal.,2017).Environmentalassessments will contribute to the implementation of the Integrated Maritime Strategy and itsenvironmentalpillar,theEUMarineStrategyFrameworkDirective(Gimpeletal.,2013;Stelzenmülleretal.,2014;Gimpeletal.,2016).Integratingindicators,supportingtheassessmentofinter-sectorial


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effects,enablesauthoritiestoaccountfortheprinciplesofgoodMSPpracticeasrequiredbytheEUMaritime Spatial Planning Directive (Gimpel et al., 2016). Ultimately, this integrated assessmentapproachcouldsupportthelicensingprocessandfacilitateinvestments(Stelzenmülleretal.,2017).

3. THEAQUASPACETOOL:CONCEPT,INDICATORSAND

TERMINOLOGY

3.1. AquaSpacetoolconceptTheAquaSpacetoolcanbethoughtofasaspatiallyexplicitCost-BenefitAnalysis.Givenasetof

planningalternatives,suchasdifferentfarmlocations,itwillallowtheassessmentofthestrengthsandweaknessesofeachalternative.ThetoolisusedtodetermineoptionsthatareinformedbytheEcosystem Approach to Aquaculture, and which allow achievement of opportunities (sustainabledevelopment)whilstpreventingrisks(totheenvironment).Thetoolisalsodefinedasasystematicprocess for calculatingandcomparingopportunitiesand risksofadecision,policy (withparticularregardtogovernmentpolicy)or(ingeneral)project(Davidetal.,2013).

Broadly,aneconomicCostBenefitAnalysis(CBA)hastwomainpurposes:

• Todetermineifaproposeddevelopmentisasoundinvestment(justification/feasibility).• Toseehowaparticulardevelopmentoption(orscenario)compareswithalternateprojects

(ranking/priorityassignment)(CA.GOV,2017).

IntheAquaSpacecontext,theAquaSpacetoolCBAalso:

• Allows for a spatial representation of opportunities and risks (incl. environmental) of aproposedaquaculturesiteinamulti-usecontext(supportinganEAA).

TheAquaSpacetoolisaGISAddInthatwasimplementedunderArcGIS10.3andwasdevelopedbycombiningtheGISmodelbuilderandpythonscripts.ItrunswithArcGIS10.3andnewerversions.Itcomprisesfunctionsthatenabletheusertoassessthespatialexplicitperformanceofinter-sectorial,environmental,economicandsocio-culturalindicatorsfordifferentaquacultureplanningscenarios.Therefore,theuser’sinputdefinesthestudyarea(country),theportfromwhichaquaculturebusinessshould be transacted, the culture species, the corresponding culture system, the compilation ofconstraining,conflictingorsynergistichumanusesandtheaquaculturelocationstobetested.Whiledoingso,theuserisdirectedtoactinasustainableway,beingawareofe.g.theecologicalfootprintofaspecificaquacultureoritsinteractionwithotherhumanactivities.Consequently,theAquaSpacetoolestimatesallopportunitiesandrisksbasedoninter-sectorial,environmental,economicandsocio-culturalindicators(Fig.3).Tooloutputs(i.e.AquaSpacetoolAssessmentReport)areprovidedinpdf-format.Theyofferatransparentsummaryofalltoolruns(i.e.scenarios)andtherespectiveindicatorvalues.Theygivegeneralsite information (e.g.species,waterdepth,waterquality), inter-sectorialeffects(e.g.spatialconflictpotential,diseasespread),environmentaleffects(e.g.degreeofexposure,cumulativepressures,distancetowastedisposalsites)andeconomicandmarket issues(economicperformance, effectiveness and efficiency). Further, the report includes mappings and graphics,enablingtheusertoproactivelycommunicateopportunitiesandrisks.Suchatransparentinformationpolicycanbuildstakeholderssupport,whichiscriticaltothesuccessfulestablishmentofaquacultureandongoingoperations.


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Figure3:AbriefinsightintheAquaSpacetool,(fromlefttoright)givinganoverviewabouti)allspeciesconsidered,ii)dataandinformationAquaSpacetoolassessmentsarebuiltonandiii)(additional)site-specific information received by applying the AquaSpace tool functions (Economic performance =Revenue,AddedValue(AV);Economiceffectiveness=ReturnonFixedTangibleAssets,Opportunitycosts; Economic efficiency = Net Present Value; Economic impact = (In)Direct impact on the AV,(In)Direct impactonemployment; IMTA= IntegratedMulti-TrophicAquaculture,UNCLOS=UnitedNationsConventionoftheLawOftheSea).

3.2. AquaSpacetoolindicatorsThis sectionprovides further informationabout theAquaSpace tool indicators (i.e. countedor

measuredvariables).Moreprecisely,itdescribeshowtheparameters,underlyingthetoolfunctionsanddefiningtheultimateindicatorvalues,weredetermined(incl.scientificbackgroundinformationrelatedtothis).Detailedinformationaboutthesourceofthedata(inraw,uninterpretedform),creditsandhowthedatahavebeenprocessedaregiveninANNEXIAQUASPACETOOLMETADATA.Mostofthedatasetsarealreadyimplementedinthetool(e.g.environmentaldata),othersaredependingontheuserinput(e.g.productioninkg,AnnexI).

Thissection(3.2)isstructuredaroundtheAquaSpaceAssessmentReport(describedinsection4,AQUASPACETOOLOUTPUTS),whichguidestheuserthroughtheresultsofusingthetool.Thissectionalsoexplainshowtheresultswerecomputed.


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3.2.1. GeneralsiteinformationThefirstinformationgiveninthereportaretheuserIDandthedateofassessment.Thesitetested

isprovidedwithasitenumber,whichisascendingthroughoutthetoolapplication.Allinformationislistedinthreecolumns:i)indicatorname,ii)indicatorvalueandiii)indicatordescription.

The first part of the report includes general site information,which is crucial to get an initialoverviewofthesitetobetested,thespeciestobetested,theculturesystemandaquaculturerelatedinformationaboutthesurroundedarea/thetestsite’ssurroundingsuchaswaterdepthandquality.Indicatorsincludedreadasfollowed:

• Sitespecificinformationo Ecosystem(country;marineorfreshwater)o Waterdepth(m)o Waterquality(levelofbackgroundpollution)

• Managementinformationo UNCLOSareao Conservationarea

• Aquaculturespecificinformationo Aquaculture(finfish,shellfishoralgae)o Speciestobecultivated(speciesname)o Culturesystem(cage,longline,bottom,trestles;culturesystemsizeinm³/ha)o Stockingdensity(perm³/ha)o Productioncycle(years)o Production(tons)

Based on the user input a (case study) area is chosen, data sets are clipped (to improve theperformance of the tool) and a specific aquaculture site is zoomed in on. Further, the user inputpolygon is buffered by a species-specific environmental footprint. Assuming a precautionaryapproach,theenvironmentalfootprintofshellfish(longline)isdeterminedtobe50m(Chamberlainetal.,2001)whilethatforfinfishaquacultureissetat800m(Hall-Spenceretal.,2006;Marbàetal.,2006;Holmeretal.,2008;Sanz-Lázaroetal.,2011).

Sitespecificinformationprovidedinthereportincludetheecosystemtobeassessed(currently,toolapplicationisrestrictedtothemarineenvironment),thewaterdepth(1*1kmrasterlayer)andthewater quality,which is basedondistance of the aquaculture site towaste disposal sites (e.g.coastaldischarge).Thewaterquality indicator isparameterizedbyexpertopinion,assumingthatadistance> 1.8km indicates a low risk of pollution and therefore ahighwater quality (3 = high), adistanceof<1.8kmindicatesmediumwaterqualityandadistanceof<100mindicatesalowlevelofwaterquality(1=low)(MaritimeSafetyQueensland,2017).

Management information provided in the report includes information about various areas inwhichuseislimitedbytheUnitedNationsConventionontheLawoftheSea(UNCLOSarea).Specifiedforthislegalindicatorareanabbreviationofthecountrynameandtheareatobeassessed.Thoseincludei)‘internalwaters’,whichcoversallwaterandwaterwaysonthelandwardsideofthebaseline.Thecoastalstateisfreetosetlaws,regulateuse,anduseanyresource.Foreignvesselshavenorightofpassagewithininternalwaters;ii)‘territorialwaters’,whichareoutto12nauticalmilesfromthebaseline, thecoastal state is free to set laws, regulateuse,anduseany resource;or iii) ‘exclusiveeconomiczones’(EEZs),whichextendfromtheedgeoftheterritorialseaoutto200nauticalmilesfrom thebaseline.Within this area, the coastalnationhas soleexploitation rightsoverall naturalresources(UN,2017)).Informationaboutconservationareasindicate,iftheuserinputoverlapswithai)NationalPark,ii)Natura2000sites;oriii)OSPARMPAs(OSPAR,2017).


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Aquaculturespecificinformationprovidedinthereportincludetheoptiontheuserhaschosenregardingtheaquaculturetypetobeassessed(finfish,shellfishoralgae),thespeciestobecultivatedand the culture system (cage, longline, bottom, trestles). Here, further particulars can be madeaccordingtothecagesizeinm³,thestockingdensityperm³,theproductioncycletheuserwanttoassess inyearsandtheamountofproduction inkg/tons.Adetailedexample for theGermancasestudyisgiveninthesubsequentsub-sectiondealingwithindicators(EconomicEffects).

Figure4:Exemplifiedassessmentanddeterminationoflocalwaterqualityclosetoaquaculturesite,which is defined based on background pollution. This information is derived using a distancecalculationintheGISlayer“wastedisposal”.

3.2.2. IndicatorsThe second part of the report includes information about the intersectorial, environmental,

economicandsocio-cultural indicators implemented,whicharecrucial toevaluatethetrade-offofsitestestedandtointerprettheresults.Indicatorsincludedreadasfollowed:

• Inter-sectorialeffectso Spatialinteractionmatrix*o Spatialconflictpotential(highestconflictscorewithotherhumanuses)*o Spatialsynergypotential(highestsynergyscorewithotherhumanuses)*o Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture potential (IMTA; Yes or No, recommended

IMTAspecies)o Riskofdiseasespread(basedonminimumdistancebetweenaquaculturesites)

• Environmentaleffectso Aquaculturesuitability(lowtohigh)o Waveheightspecificexposureofthesite(m)o Currentvelocity(m/s)o Sedimenttypeo Chlorophylla(mg/m³;surface)o Temperature(°C)o Salinity(PSU)o Nitrogen(mol/LNO3;surface)o Phosphorus(mol/LPO4;surface)o Cumulativepressure(1-8;8=highmagnitude)


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o Habitatvulnerability(1-3,3=highlyvulnerable)• Economiceffects

o Economicperformance(revenue,addedvalue)o Economiceffectiveness(benefits,returnonfixedtangibleassets,opportunitycost)o Economicefficiency(netpresentvalue)o Economicimpact(inducedimpact,indirectimpact)

• Socio-culturaleffectso VisualImpact(landscape,seascape,distancetopopulatedareas)o Culturalheritage(shipwrecks,archaeologicalsites,distancecalculation)o Tourism

*in combination with Fisheries, Ocean energy, Platforms, Cables, Pipelines, Sediment extraction,Marinetraffic,Wastedisposal,MarineProtectedAreas(MPA).

3.2.2.1Inter-sectorialeffectsThe calculation of spatial conflict potential and spatial synergy potential depends on user

specifications.Theuserhascompletedaninteractionmatrixtodefinespatialconstraints(score6),conflicts(score2-5)andopportunities(i.e.spatialsynergypotentialduetoco-location;score1)beforetestingscenariosforaquacultureinawiderMSPcontext(LeeandStelzenmüller,2010;Gimpeletal.,2013). In order to incorporate the high variability of MSP implementation processes in differentregions, the input is kept flexible. Whereas sites designated for marine conservation (Boyd andService,2014)orwastedisposalmightconstituteaconstraint,incontrast,windenergydevelopmentcanofferapossibilityforspatialsynergieswithaquaculture(Gimpeletal.,2015).Also,theplanningfornewaquaculturesitesmightbeconstrainedby important fishinggrounds (Stelzenmülleretal.,2013).Thoseareasshouldbehighlightedasaconflict,wheremanagementmeasuresneedtobebasedon trade-off assessments (e.g. opportunity costs). The AquaSpace tool offers the opportunity todistinguish between high intensity fishing effort (‘Fisheries q3’) andmedium to low fishing effort(‘Fisheries’)percountrywhencompletingtheinteractionmatrix.Conflictscorescanbedefinedbasedonexpertknowledge,orextractedfromthe literature(LeeandStelzenmüller,2010;Gimpeletal.,2013).

Table1:Interactionmatrixbasedonuserinputtodefineconstraints,conflictsandopportunities(i.e.synergies).ExamplefortheGermancasestudyaquaculturewithDicentrarchuslabrax.

AquacultureFisheries(q3) 5Fisheries 2Oceanenergy 1Platforms 6Cables 5Pipelines 5Sedimentextraction 5Marinetraffic 6Wastedisposal 6MarineProtectedAreas(MPAs) 6Tourism 3

AquaSpace 633476 AquaSpace tool manual

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Table2:MatrixofpotentialconflictsdevelopedbyLeeandStelzenmüller(2010).Noconflict=0;mutuallyexclusive=5.RedrawnfromGimpeletal.(2013).

Aquaculture Fisheries Offshorewindfarm

Platforms(oil,gas)

Cables Pipelines Sedimentextraction

Marinetraffic

MPAs Wastedisposal

Aquaculture - Fisheries 5 -

OffshoreWindfarm 2 2 - Platforms(oil,gas) 4 5 5 -

Cables 0 2 2 1 - Pipelines 0 2 3 2 4 -

Sedimentextraction 5 1 5 5 5 5 - Marinetraffic 5 2 5 5 0 0 2 -

MPAs 4 5 5 5 3 3 5 4 - Wastedisposal 5 3 5 5 2 2 5 1 5 -


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Further,thehighestconflictscoreofaquaculturewithotherhumanactivitiesisindicatedinthereportunderspatialconflictpotential.Conflictscorescanbedefinedbasedonexpertknowledge,orextractedfromtheliterature(LeeandStelzenmüller,2010;Gimpeletal.,2013)aspresentedintable2.Incontrast,thespatialsynergypotentialcanbedisplayed.Spatialco-locationsofmarineareasmightbecomeincreasinglyimportantinthefuture,inthelightofsustainabledevelopmentinthealreadyheavilyusedoffshoremarinerealm.InapplicationsoftheAquaSpacetool,differentspatialco-locationscenariosforthecouplingofoffshoreaquacultureswithe.g.windfarmscanbeevaluatedinordertosupportefficientandsustainablemarinespatialmanagementstrategies.Both,spatialconflictsandsynergiesaredefinedwiththeaidoftheinteractionmatrix,whichisexplainedintheUserManualsubsection:Createinteractionmatrix.

Independentof this interactionmatrix, species-specific areas suitable for an IntegratedMulti-TrophicAquaculture(IMTA)potentialareindicated.IMTAsystemscombineaquaculturespeciestorecycleeffluentdissolvedandparticulatenutrientsfromahighertrophic-levelspecies(fish)tonourishextractive, lower trophic-level species, such as filter feeders (mussels, oysters), polychaetes, seacucumbersand/orseaweed (Neorietal.,2007;Gimpeletal.,2015;Troelletal., in review).Thesesystemsaimatbalancednutrientbudgetsandminimizethewasteproductionoriginatingfromfedaquaculturespeciesthroughthefilteringcapacityofotherextractivespeciesclearingthewater(Troelletal.,2009).Moreover,byusingnutrientlossesofhighertrophic-levelspeciesasfeedingproducts,IMTAcouldprovideadditionaleconomicbenefits(Neorietal.,2007;Gimpeletal.,2015).AccordingtoBrigolinetal.(2009),foreachtonoffarmedmusselharvestedperyear0.008tnitrogen(N;excretedindissolvedinorganicform)isimmediatelyavailableforphytoplanktonuptake:thisamountmorethancompensatestheNexportedasharvestedmussel(Tab.3).Suchbenefitscanbeusedbyco-locatingfinfishandshellfish farms.Therefore, theAquaSpace toolbufferspolygonsofexistingaquaculturesitesby200m,indicatingareasattractiveforsuchanapproach.

Table 3: Estimated nutrient fluxes through an offshore mussel (Mytilus galloprovincialis) farm.Assumedare600tfarmedmusselsharvestedperyear.

Nitrogen Phosphorusintroduced(atseeding) 0.8 0.07

ingested 16 2removed(byharvesting) 3.36 0.3

released(asexcretion,faecesandpseudo-faeces) 12 1.5inparticulateform 1.5

indissolvedinorganicform 4.8

Beingpartofinter-sectorialeffects,theriskofdiseasespreadshouldbeassessed.Riskofinfectiondecreases with distance from source, and modelled kernels of infection risk are widely used inmodellingspreadofbothterrestrial(Keelingetal.,2001)andaquaticanimaldiseases(Kristoffersenetal.,2009).PatternsofdeclineriskhavebeenassessedforInfectiousSalmonAnaemiaVirus(ISAV),CardiomyopathySyndrome(CMS)andPancreasDisease(PD)(Kristoffersenetal.,2009;Aldrinetal.,2010). Sea lice infestation pressure has been shown to declinewith distance aswell (Salama andMurray,2011;Middlemasetal.,2013;Shephardetal.,2016).Basedonthis,averagedistanceshavebeenextractedfortheAquaSpacetool.Precautionaryassumptionscapturethebasicnatureoftheriskinteraction,averagedoverdifferentsitesandseasons,andsocanbeusedforstrategicplanning.Thefactorsbehindriskarei)theamountofpathogenproduced,ii)therateofdecayofpathogensandiii) thedistancetheyaretransportedatagivenconcentrationgiventhisdecayrate (Murrayetal.,2005):


11

AconcentrationCxofexponentiallydecayingpathogen(atratek)afteraspecifictimetcanbecalculatedas:

!" = %&'( 1 ,

whereBisthesizeofthepathogensourcenormalisedtoastandardsource.

Table4:DecayrateexamplesfromSpanishandGermancasestudies.Decayratesarehereconsideredasfast(f),moderate(m)orsimplyunknown(?).Wheredecayisfastitmaybeapproximatedbyk=0.1,formediumk=0.05.Uncertainty(confidence)ishighforallcaseshere,butranksfrom1=highto3=veryhigh.

Host Pathogen Decay ConfidenceGermany SeaBass

DicentrarchuslabraxNodavirus form 2Vibrio f 1Pasturella f 1

MusselsMytilussp.

Marteiliamaurini m 2Picarnolikevirus form 2Vibrio f 1

Spain OysterOstreaspp.Crassostreaspp.

BonamiaOsterae,B.exitiosa m 2Marteiliarefringens m 2Perkinsusmarinus ? 3Microcytosmackiini ? 3OysterHerpesvirus f 1

Aspecific timet’ foraparticularproportiontobereached(say10%ofan indexconcentrationwhereB=1)canbecalculatedas:

+, = -.(!"%)/(−3)(2),

Assumingatidalcurrentdisplacementisa12/p (Anon2000)andtheresidualcurrentvelocityisb,thedistancecanbecalculatedas:

D, =t7

π + bt,3 ,

wheretxistheminimumoft’or12hours.

Soforatidalamplitudea,aresidualcurrentb,andapathogendecayratekwecancalculatethetime required for pathogens to decay to a given proportion of their initial concentration that isconsidered to represent a level of risk of relevance to planning (Tab. 5). ACx of 0.1 indicates forinstancefarmsthatarehighlyinteracting,aCxof0.01indicatesadistancewhichshouldbekeptatfirebreakseparationfornotifiablediseasespread.Akof0.1indicatesarapiddecay,whilearateofk=0.01indicatedaslowdecay(Tab.5).Acurrentvelocityaindicatesshorttermcurrentsof50and25cms-1andthelongtermadvectionbvaluesof1oreven2.

AfinalfactoristherelativesizeofthesourceofinfectionB,thefarmbiomass(SalamaandMurray,2011). In Scotland for instance median consented biomass of farms is about 900 tonnes so forsimplicityB=F/900,whereFistheconsentedfarmbiomassintonnes.Sheddingwillalsobealteredbyprevalenceof infectionandsheddingofpathogens(Urquhartetal.,2008;Gregoryetal.,2009),


12

which can be included as variation in B if greater knowledge of specific pathogens dynamics isavailable.

Table5:PathogenspecificdistancesatwhichconcentrationofexponentiallydecayingpathogenCx(atratek)existswithatidalcurrentdisplacementaandresidualcurrentvelocitydisplacementb.Fforconsentedfarmbiomassintonnes;F=0.5,1or2.

Cx k a b F0.5 F1 F2 0.05 0.1 50 1 7.71 7.96 8.21 ISAV0.05 0.1 25 1 4.27 4.52 4.77 ISAV0.01 0.1 50 2 9.70 10.19 10.69 precautionaryISAV0.1 0.01 50 1 12.67 15.17 17.66 sealice0.1 0.01 25 1 9.23 11.73 14.22 sealice0.05 0.01 50 2 23.46 28.45 33.44 precautionarylice0.01 0.01 50 2 35.05 40.04 45.03 ultraprecautionary

Allowing for these uncertainties a worked example is provided for German sea bass farms(expectedtobeover2000tonnesbiomass).Assuminga5%decayperhourfornodavirus(insteadofthe10%forISAV),thendistancesofinteractioncouldrangefrom4.1km(a=25,b=0.5ifbothresidualand tidal currents areweak andwith aCx = 0.05) to 14.5km (a = 25,b = 2 andCx = 0.01) for aprecautionarylimitunderstrongtidalandadvectioncurrents.ThemaindriverofuncertaintyistheappropriatecurrentregimeforthesouthernNorthSea.

3.2.2.2EnvironmentaleffectsInformation about environmental effects provided in the report ismostly depending on data

alreadyincorporatedintheAquaSpacetool.Datagivinginformationabouttheaquaculturesuitabilityof a site were extracted from theWATER tool (Where Can Aquaculture Thrive in Europe), whichspecifies the performance of key species, such asMediterraneanmussel or Atlantic salmon, as afunction of environmental data (i.e. sea surface temperature, dissolved oxygen, current speed,chlorophyllaconcentration,depth)(Boogertetal.,2017).

Inorder toshowthedegreeofexposureata testedsite, thesignificantwaveheight (inm) isoutput. Further indicators include current velocity inmeters per second (m/s) and the sedimentsensitivity,classifiedonthebaseofthesedimenttype,i.e.rocks(5),mixedsediment(4),coarse&gravel (3), sand (2) andmud (1).Minimum,meanandmaximumvaluesaregivenpergrid cell forindicatorsusefultoassessthegrowthperformanceofaspecies, i.e.chlorophyllaconcentrationatsurface(mg/m³),temperature(°C)andsalinity(PSU),andforindicatorsusefultoassesstheimpactfrom/on the environment, i.e. nitrogen (mol/L) at surface, and phosphorus (mol/L) at surface.Unfortunately,adequatedataaboutplasticmarinedebrisorParticulateOrganicCarbon(POC)werenotavailableatEuropeanscale.

For theoutcomeofanecosystem-basedMSPprocess tobesustainable,all currentand futurehumanactivitiestogetherwiththeirassociatedpressuresonkeyecosystemcomponentshavetobeincluded.Theassessmentofcumulativepressuresrequiresasoundknowledgebaseofthecomplexspatialandtemporalrelationshipsbetweenhumanactivitiesandthesensitivityoftheenvironment(Stelzenmüller,2008;Stelzenmülleretal.,2010;Stelzenmülleretal.,2018).Inordertoaccountforapotentialfutureshiftinsuchpressures(introducingaquaculturesitesontopofotherpressuresfromotherhumanactivities)theAquaSpacetoolaccountsforcumulativepressuresaffectingtheintegrityofthemarinehabitat.FollowingtheapproachdescribedinElliot(2002);UNEP/GRID-Arendal(2002);Gimpel et al. (2013) all human activities occurring on a large scale in European waters were


13

categorised into generic pressure categories comprising abrasion (fisheries, aggregate mining),alteration (marine transport, aggregatemining, aquaculture finfish, aquaculture shellfish, tourism,waste disposal), contamination (pipelines, marine transport, platforms, tourism, waste disposal),enrichment(aquaculturefinfish,wastedisposal),extraction(fisheries,aggregatemining),obstruction(pipelines, platforms, windfarms), siltation (aggregate mining, tourism, waste disposal), andsmothering(pipelines,cables,platforms,windfarms).Assigningascoreof1toeachpressurecategory,the cumulativepressure indicator reflects a sumofpressure categories foundateach culture sitetested(1–8;8=highmagnitudeofpressure). Inaddition,weusedaDPSI (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact)conceptualmodelanddefinitions (Fig.5) to illustratethepathwaysofeffectsshowingthelinksbetweendriversofhumanactivities(Driver)andtheirrespectivenormalizedpressures(Pressure)occurringintheEuropeanwaters(Elliot,2002;UNEP/GRID-Arendal,2002).

Figure 5: Driver Pressure State Impact (DPSI)model visualising the allocation of human activities(Drivers) topressurecategories (Pressure)havinganeffectonthestateof thestateof themarinehabitats(State)andthereforeanimpactontheecosystemassessed(Impact).RedrawnfromGimpeletal. (2013).*Wastedisposal includescoastaldischarge,dredgedumpingandmunitionsdumpingsites.

Inorder toaccount forcumulativeenvironmentaleffectsand the riskof impactonecosystemcomponents, essential but highly sensitive benthic habitats were scored for their vulnerability toaquaculture (habitat vulnerability). Those scores (1- 3, 3 = highly vulnerable), combinedwith therespectiveEUNIScodeofthesehabitats,weremodifiedfromAlkizaetal.(2016)andincorporatedintheAquaSpacetoolassessment(Tab.6).Allofthosehabitatshavebeenratedbyexpertknowledgeasbeing incompatiblewithaquaculture.Asmentionedbefore, eachplanning site isbufferedbyaspeciesspecificenvironmentalfootprint.ThustheAquaSpacetoolhelpspreventthedestructionofhighlyvulnerablehabitats.


14

Table6:Habitatvulnerabilitytoaquacultureactivity.ThehabitatsarealreadylinkedtoEUNIScoding.Vulnerabilityscoresrangefrom1-3,with3=highlyvulnerable.TablemodifiedfromAlkizaetal.(2016).

Habitat EUNIScode

Vulnerabilitytoaquaculture

Infralittoralrockandotherhardsubstrata A3 2AtlanticandMediterraneanhighenergyinfralittoralrock A3.1 1Highenergyinfralittoralseabed 1Highenergyinfralittoralmixedhardsediments 1AtlanticandMediterraneanmoderateenergyinfralittoralrock A3.2 2Moderateenergyinfralittoralseabed 2Moderateenergyinfralittoralmixedhardsediments 2AtlanticandMediterraneanlowenergyinfralittoralrock A3.3 3Lowenergyinfralittoralseabed 3Lowenergyinfralittoralmixedhardsediments 3Siltedkelponlowenergyinfralittoralrockwithfullsalinity A3.31 3Circalittoralrockandotherhardsubstrata A4 2AtlanticandMediterraneanhighenergycircalittoralrock A4.1 2Highenergycircalittoralseabed 2Highenergycircalittoralmixedhardsediments 2Verytide-sweptfaunalcommunitiesoncircalittoralrockormixedfaunalturfcommunitiesoncircalittoralrock

A4.11orA4.13

3

Spongecommunitiesondeepcircalittoralrock A4.12 2AtlanticandMediterraneanmoderateenergycircalittoralrock A4.2 2Moderateenergycircalittoralseabed 2Moderateenergycircalittoralmixedhardsediments 2Faunalcommunitiesondeepmoderateenergycircalittoralrock A4.27 2AtlanticandMediterraneanlowenergycircalittoralrock A4.3 2Lowenergycircalittoralseabed 2Lowenergycircalittoralmixedhardsediments 2Brachiopodandascidiancommunitiesoncircalittoralrock A4.31 2Faunalcommunitiesondeeplowenergycircalittoralrock A4.33 2Infralittoralcoarsesediment A5.13 2Circalittoralcoarsesediment A5.14 2Deepcircalittoralcoarsesediment A5.15 2DeepcircalittoralSeabed 2Infralittoralfinesandorinfralittoralmuddysand A5.23or

A5.242

Infralittoralfinesand A5.23 2Infralittoralmuddysand A5.24 2Circalittoralfinesandorcircalittoralmuddysand A5.25or

A5.262

Circalittoralfinesand A5.25 2Circalittoralmuddysand A5.26 2Deepcircalittoralsand A5.27 2Infralittoralsandymudorinfralittoralfinemud A5.33or

A5.342

Infralittoralsandymud A5.33 2Infralittoralfinemud A5.34 2


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Habitat EUNIScode

Vulnerabilitytoaquaculture

Circalittoralsandymudorcircalittoralfinemud A5.35orA5.36

2

Circalittoralsandymud A5.35 2Circalittoralfinemud A5.36 2Deepcircalittoralmud A5.37 2Infralittoralmixedsediments A5.43 2Circalittoralmixedsediments A5.44 2Deepcircalittoralmixedsediments A5.45 2Deepcircalittoralmixedhardsediments 2Seagrassbeds A5.53 3Posidoniabeds A5.535 3Seagrassbedsonlitoralsediments A2.61 3Maerlbeds A5.51 3

3.2.2.3EconomiceffectsTheAquaSpacetoolprovidesageneraleconomicviewoftheaquacultureactivityaccordingtothe

future productivity andmarket expectations. Economic analyses are conducted in different stepsproviding both direct assessment and economic impact assessment. The assessment procedure isexplainedandexemplifiedbelow.Directassessmentcomprisesaquantitativeassessmenttoevaluatethedirecteconomicperformanceofanaquacultureactivity,andaqualitative(i.e.rating)assessmentof its effectiveness and its efficiency. This rating stage is very relevant when trying to comparebetweentwoormoreaquacultureactivities.Indirectorinducedassessmentcomprisesanestimationoftheimpact(i.e.economy-wideeffects)onothersectors(relatedtoaquaculture)afterintroducingaproductionchange,i.e.anewproductionattachedtotheaquaculturesites.

Based on AquaSpace tool functions, the potential economic performance of the aquacultureactivity(i.e.thecontributionoftheplannedaquaculturesitetothelocaleconomy)isassessedintermsoftheeconomicviability.Theeconomicindicatorsare:

=.?= = @ABC?D+EB. ∗ GHA3=+@AED=(4),

JK = =.?= − E.+=AG=CEH+=H.CB@=AH+E.L=M@=.N=N(5),

whereAVistheAddedValueandintermediateoroperatingcostsaree.g.fuelandfeedingcosts.

Theeconomiceffectiveness(i.e.theextenttowhichthespecificeconomicobjectivessettledforthisactivityareachieved) ismeasured (basedonAquaSpace tool functions) through the followingindicators:

=N+G=.+(6),

whereROFTAistheReturnonFixedTangibleAssets(aquacultureattractivenessorreturnoftheinvestmentinaquaculture)andProfitisexpressedas:

RABSE+ = JK − A=GHE.E.LDBN+N(7),

withremainingcostsase.g.salariesandwages.

W@@BA+?.E+XDBN+ = JY< −


16

whereAER is the Annual Equivalent Rate of a potential investment (potential revenue that isforfeitedbynotdevelopinganalternativetotheaquacultureactivity).

FurthertheeconomicefficiencyisrepresentedbytheNetPresentValue(NPV)andaccountsfortheresourcesemployedandresultsachievedwithatimehorizonof5and10years(assessedbasedonanAquaSpacetoolfunctions):

[RK = JK 9 ,(]^

(]_

whereTisthenumberofyearstoconsiderwhencalculatingtheNPV.IfNPV>0,theaquacultureisconsideredasprofitableactivity.

Finally,thesocio-economicinduced(directandindirect)impactontheproductionandtheAVisassessedusingregionalinput-outputmultiplierswhichaccountforthecommoditiesproducedbyeachindustryandtheuseofthesebyotherindustriesandusers(basedonAquaSpacetoolfunctions).Whilethe calculation of Input – Output Tables using the Leontief model is described in Annex II, theindicatorsarelistedbelow:

T.C?D=CCEA=D+EG@HD+B.@ABC?D+EB. = J ∗ `T(10),

T.C?D=CE.CEA=D+EG@HD+B.@ABC?D+EB. = J T − J &_ − T ∗ `T(11),

T.C?D=CCEA=D+EG@HD+B.+ℎ=JK= `EHLB.H-cH+AEMdE+ℎAH+EBJK/RABC?D+EB. ∗ J ∗ `T(12),

T.C?D=CE.CEA=D+EG@HD+B.+ℎ=JK= `EHLB.H-cH+AEMdE+ℎAH+EBJK/RABC?D+EB. J T − J &_ − T ∗ `T 13 ,

whereJisthetechnicalcoefficientsmatrix,`Tthedirectimpact(e.g.revenues),and(T − J)&_theLeontiefinversematrix.

Table 7: Input for a production increase per region, based on regional input-output models andexemplifiedforGermany,Greece,Italy,SpainandUk.Inputparameterswillbeofferedbyrequest.

INTERESTRATES

INDUCEDDIRECTIMPACTONPRODUCTION

INDUCEDINDIRECTIMPACTONPRODUCTION

TOTALIMPACT

INDUCEDDIRECTIMPACTONADDEDVALUE

INDUCEDINDIRECTIMPACTONADDEDVALUE

GERMANY 0.07 0.26 0.45 1.45 0.16 0.27GREECE -0.02 0.24 0.35 1.35 0.15 0.22ITALY 1.71 0.35 0.67 1.67 0.19 0.36SPAIN 0.00 0.49 0.9 1.94 0.21 0.39UK 0.32 0.56 0.98 1.98 0.12 0.21


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Table8:Economic(Impact)AnalysisexemplifiedbyaplannedaquaculturewithEuropeanSeabassinGermany.Detailsspecifiedasfollowed:1Investmentonequipment(percage/trestle/longline);

2Otherinvestments(excl.Equipment,landfacilitiesandproperties);

3Investmentonlandfacilities;

4Investment

onproperties;5Marketvalueculturespeciesperton;

6Averageno.ofdaysatsea/culturesite;

7AveragefuelcostsEuro/km;

8Annualexpenditureon

wages/salaries;9Intermediatecostsvariable(e.g.juveniles/seeds/food);

10Othercosts(variable);

11Annualrateoncapitalresources(%);

12Intermediate

costsfixed(e.g.insurance/maintenanceandrepairship);13Othercosts(fixed).Aquaculture-specificinformationmodifiedfromEbeling(2016).Interest

ratesforGermanytakenfromIMF(2017).

Description Unit Quantity Price/Unit Totalvalue

Productioncycle years 1

Productiondensity tons/m³orha 0.01255

Cagesize/area m³/ha 8960

Productionquantity tons 4000

Distance(example) km 31.48

Numbercages/longlines quantity 36

Investmentcages/longlines1 Euro 1173000 42,228,000.00€

Otherinvestments2 Euro 19000000 19,000,000.00€

Costs/landfacilities3 Euro 1500000 1,500,000.00€

Costs/property4 Euro 1272452.5 1,272,452.50€

Revenues

Grossrevenue5 tons 4000 5500 22,000,000.00€

Variablecosts

Fuel(0.55Euro/litre;4.58Euro/km)6,7 daysatsea/y 53 15284.85232 15,284.85€

fuelcostsEuro/km 4.58

Wages8 Euro 399960 399,960.00€

Intermediatecosts(e.g.juveniles/seeds/food)9 Euro/ton 2070.00 8,280,000.00€

Othercosts(variable)10 Euro 481428.75 481,428.75€

Interestonoperatingcapital(in%)11 % 9176673.60 0.07 642,367.15€

Totalvariablecosts 9,819,040.75€


18

Description Unit Quantity Price/Unit Totalvalue

Fixedcosts

Intermediatecosts(e.g.insurance/maintenanceandrepairship)12 Euro 48125 48,125.00€

Othercosts(fixed)13 Euro 3482352.5 3,482,352.50€

Interestonproperty 1272452.5 0.07 89,071.68€

Interestonfixedcapital(withoutproperty) 3530477.50 0.07 247,133.43€

Totalfixedcosts 3,866,682.60€

Totalcosts 13,685,723.35€Netreturn 8,314,276.65€

ECONOMICASSESSMENT

Revenue Euro 22,000,000.00€Profit Euro 8,314,276.65€

Addedvalue Euro 13,671,875.00€RoFTA(ReturnonFixedTangibleAssets) % 0.13

Opportunitycost % 0.05NPV(NetPresentValue) Euro -9,643,842.66€

ECONOMICIMPACT

Induceddirectimpactonproduction Euro 5,829,059.83€Inducedindirectimpactonproduction Euro 2,631,102.56€

Totalimpact Euro 31,930,800.00€Induceddirectimpactonaddedvalue Euro 3,470,864.68€

Inducedindirectimpactonaddedvalue Euro 5,912,907.91€


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3.2.2.4Socio-culturaleffects

Toaccountforspatialexpressionsofsomesocio-culturaleffectsandimpactsofaquaculture,the

AquaSpace tool enables inputs relating tovisual impacts. In particular, theeffects consideredarethose relating to the visibility of aquaculture sites and infrastructure, and its contribution to the

characteristicsofthelandscapes/seascapes.

The analysis of visibility of aquaculture sites is a requirement in best practice for assessing

potentialvisualimpactsonlandscapesandseascapesinseveralcountries(e.g.UK;ScottishNatural

Heritage (2011)).Theoutput fromtheanalysisenables thedeterminationof theextentof surface

featuresvisibletoone,orasetofobservers.Suchfeaturescanbeindividualfishcages,infrastructure

(e.g.feedersystems),individualaquaculturesites,orthecumulativeeffectsofmultipleaquaculture

sites.

Theoutputsarereportedas:

i. mapsofvisibilityoffeatures,andestimatesofthenumberoffeaturesvisiblefromanygivenpointinapre-selectedviewingdistance(e.g.numberoffishcagesoraquaculture

sitesvisiblefromanyspecifiedlocation);

ii. estimatesoftheextentoftheareafromwhichsuchfeaturesarevisible.

TheinputdatafortheAquaSpacetoolcanbeusedtotakeaccountof:

i. the geographic extent of views of individual ormultiple fish cages, at the level of theindividualcagesoraquaculturesiteasawhole;

ii. theproportionsofviewsoccupiedbyindividualaquaculturesites,fromspecificsitesofimportance (e.g. designated viewpoints, visitor attractions, sites of significant cultural

heritage).

Thesedataenableconsiderationofthepotentialsignificanceonthelandscapeofexpanding,or

reducing, theextentofaquaculture,andwithrespecttootherspatiallyrepresenteddata,suchas:

designatedareas,existing landuses, landscapecharacter,andvisual receptors (i.e. fromwhatand

wherearepeopleexposedtofeaturesinaview),suchasviewpoints,transportroutes,settlements,

andprominenttopographicfeatures.

Itisimportanttodistinguishbetween:(i)Thevisibilityofparticularsitesfromspecifiedlocations

(e.g.properties,settlements,transportroutes,viewpoints),includingoffshoreroutesifappropriate.

(ii)Therelativevisibilityofseascapesfrom'all'locations(inrealityasubset)bothonshoreandoffshore

whichprovidesameansofconsideringwherethereare'hotspots'andgapsfromwherefeaturesmay

bevisible.

Thevariablesinthevisibilityanalysiscanbesettorepresentthedetailsofthedimensionsand

typesofaquacultureinfrastructurewhichwouldbeappropriatetodevelopmentsconsistentwiththe

useoftheAquaSpaceTool.Suchvariablesaretheviewingdistanceandtheheightofthestructures,

guidesforwhichareprovidedintable9.

Outputs fromdata layer canalsobe imported into theAquaSpaceVirtualReality toolset. This

enablespolicy,industryandpublicstakeholderstointerpretaquaculturedevelopmentswithrespect

to visual indicators of landscapes, or site landscape and seascape features (e.g. aquaculture,

renewableenergy,leisure,transport)(SeeAquaSpacefactsheetonVirtualSeascapes).


20

Table9:Examplesofvisibledistancetothehorizonfordifferentheightsofobjectorobserver(MillerandMorrice,2002).Inthethreelastrows,theobserverissupposedtobeinWales.

Heightofobserver(m)

Heightofobject(m)

Distance(nm) Distance(km) Example

1.8 100 25.1 46.4 Man-madestructure1.8 50 18.6 34.4 Man-madestructure1.8 1.8 5.9 10.9 Twoobserversofequal

heightandelevation

1.8 0 3 5.5 Observeronbeach1085 0 72.8 134.9 TopofMt.Snowdon892 0 66 122.3 TopofCadairIdris311 0 39 72.2 TopofMynyddCaregog

Informationisalsoprovidedonsitesofinterestfortheirsignificanceorcontributiontoculturalheritage.Thesesites,suchasshipwrecks,areanalysedusingadistance-basedfunctionsimplementedintheAquaSpacetool.

Anotherindicatorwhichreflectssocio-culturalimpactsisbasedonspatiallyexplicitinformation

about areas used for recreational activities. The ‘tourism’ indicator is parameterised using thedistancetoall featuresrelatedtorecreation(i.e.shortdistance=high impact, longdistance= low

impact).TheAquaSpacetoolispre-populatedwithdataaboutbathingsites,withflexibilitytoinclude

otherdatawhichareofimportanceatacasestudylevelcanbeincorporated(seeUserManualsection

onCustomizationoptions).Suchdataisnotavailableformanyareas(e.g.theGermancasestudy),but

isextensiveinothers(e.g.forScotlandavailabledataincludedivesites,historicMPAs,sailingareas

forcruising,racing,andsailing,andanchoragesites).


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4. AQUASPACETOOLOUTPUTS

Thevisualisationoftooloutputsisprovidedbyapdf-formattedreport,generatedforeachtool

run(Fig.6),whichcontainschartsfacilitatingthecomparisonofdifferentscenariosassessed(Fig.7)

atspecificsites(Fig.8).

Figure6:ExtractoftheAquaSpaceAssessmentReport(Bluemussel,scenario16). Thevisualisationoftooloutputsisensuredonthebasisofapdf-formattedreport,generatedforeachtoolrun,provided

withcharts(Fig.7)andamap(Fig.8).

Inordertodescribeselectedtooloutcomes,figure7visualisesgraphsshowingtheenvironmental

indicatorsAquacultureSuitability,WaterDepth,andWaveHeightspecificExposureofthesite,whichmightgetrelevantforstakeholdersrequiringspatialexplicitinformationinsearchofsuitablesitesfor

their culturing speciesaswell as for theiraquaculture type-specificequipment.Whileaquaculture

suitabilitywashighestinthe2ndscenarioassessed,ashallowwaterdepthmightbepreferredasgiven

in the5th scenarioassessed.Moreover, theslightestwaveheightspecificexposureof thesitewas

giveninthe3rdand5

thscenarioassessed.


22

Figure7:VisualisationofselectedenvironmentalindicatorsAquacultureSuitability,WaterDepth,andWaveHeightExposureforeachof5sites,whichcouldhelpstakeholdersassessingequipmentneededforaquacultureateachsites.

Thereportmapcanbedesignedindividually.Inordertodefinethebackgroundlayer,theusercan

choosefromallmaplayersavailable.Figure8presentsanexample,whereacumulativepressurelayer

wasselected.Thenumberofscenarioswhichcanbeassessedisnotlimited.Nevertheless,incaseof

calculatingmorethanfivescenariossimultaneously,thetooloutputsacsvfile(Tab.10).Asshown

below,10scenarioswerecalculatedfordemonstrationpurposeinapplicationoftheAquaSpacetool.

Allindicatorswhichcanvaryinbetweenthosescenarioswillbelisted.

Suchatransparentvisualisationtechniquefacilitates i)aneffective implementationofMSPfor

aquaculture,enabledbyusingspatiallyexplicitmethodsandtools,ii)the implementationofaspatiallyexplicit (GIS-based)multi-usecontext,addressing the functionality forcumulative riskassessments

and conflict analysis, and iii) the implementationof an ecosystemapproach, explicitly considering

economicandmarketissues.Thelatterallowsformoreinformed,evidence-baseddecisions,which

gainsonsignificance,especiallyforindustry:

Aquaculturecompaniesfaceconsiderablechallengesandtakeonconsiderableriskinestablishing

andoperatinganaquaculturesite.Gainingandmaintainingstakeholdersupportbydemonstrating

economicbenefitsonaproactiveandperiodicbasiscanhelplimitoverallprojectrisks(Plumstead,

2012). Outputs of an economic impact analysis are typically used to demonstrate the economic

importanceofaquacultureoperationsto:

• Decisionmakersthatgenerallyapproveaquacultureoperations.• Communitystakeholdersthatcancontrolandapprovetheissuanceofpermits.• OtherstakeholderssuchasNGOs(andothernon-profitorganizations)thatwanttoensure

thataquacultureoperationsbenefitlocalcommunities.


23

Figure 8: AquaSpace tool outputmap for bluemussel (scenarios 15 – 30), the case-specific portselected(Hörnum/Sylt),areasofconstraint,synergyandconflict,managementboundaries,areasof

aquacultureproductionandacumulativepressuremap,selectedmanuallyasbackgroundmapforthe

AquaSpacetoolmapoutput.TheAquaSpacetoolcanbeappliedforanunlimitedamountofscenarios.


24

Table10a:ExemplifiedoutputfileinCSVformatgivinganoverviewaboutindicatorsassessedduringAquaSpacetoolapplication(part1).Indicatorsusefultoassessthegrowthperformanceofaspecies(i.e.chlorophyllaconcentrationatsurface,temperatureandsalinity)arenotincluded(AV=AddedValue,IMTA

=IntegratedMulti-TrophicAquaculture,NPV=NetPresentValue,RoFTA=ReturnonFixedTangibleAssets).

Scenario(site

number)

IMTApotential

Riskofdiseasespread

Spatialconflict

Spatialsynergy

Aquaculturesuitability

Cumulativepressure

Currentvelocity

Habitatvulnerability

Nitrogen Phosphorus Sedimentsensitivity

Waterdepth

Waterquality

Waveheightexposure

1 0 1 5 0 5 2 0.19 2.08 0.1 2 -23.11 3 1.17

2 0 1 2 1 5 4 0.25 1.71 0.1 2 -21.83 3 1.95

3 0 1 2 1 5 4 0.16 0.43 0.1 2 -22.22 3 2.01

4 0 1 5 1 5 4 0.15 0.32 0.1 2 -29.53 3 2.01

5 0 1 5 1 5 4 0.18 0.15 0.08 2 -42.2 3 1.98

6 0 1 5 1 5 4 0.16 0.2 0.07 2 -45.38 3 1.87

7 0 1 5 1 4 4 0.6 0.2 0.07 1 -41.71 3 1.84

8 0 1 5 1 4 4 0.21 0.18 0.18 1 -41.39 3 1.8

9 0 1 5 1 5 4 0.19 0.16 0.31 2 -42.33 3 1.81

10 0 1 5 1 5 4 0.6 0.17 0.05 2 -39.65 3 1.91

11 0 2 5 1 5 4 0.37 0.1 0.05 1 -41.41 3 1.85

12 0 1 2 1 5 4 0.24 0.1 0.05 2 -39.26 3 1.78

13 0 3 2 1 5 4 0.17 0.32 0.1 2 -38.83 3 1.82

14 0 1 2 1 5 4 0.17 0.69 0.1 2 -30.48 3 1.86

15 0 1 2 1 5 4 0.15 1.17 0.1 2 -33.08 3 1.88


25

Table10b:ExemplifiedCSVfilegivinganoverviewaboutindicatorsassessedduringAquaSpacetoolapplication(part2).Indicatorsusefultoassessthegrowthperformanceofaspecies(i.e.chlorophyllaconcentrationatsurface,temperatureandsalinity)arenotincluded(AV=AddedValue,IMTA=IntegratedMulti-

TrophicAquaculture,NPV=NetPresentValue,RoFTA=ReturnonFixedTangibleAssets).

Scenario(site

number)

AV(inmio)

Induceddirectimpactonproduction(inmio)

Inducedindirectimpactonproduction(inmio)

InduceddirectimpactonAV(inmio)

InducedindirectimpactonAV(inmio)

NPV Opportunitycosts

Profit(inmio)

Revenue(inmio)

RoFTA Culturalheritage

Tourism Visualimpact

1 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0545 8.32 22.00 0.1299 132 0

2 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0544 8.31 22.00 0.1298 139 0

3 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0537 8.27 22.00 0.1292 210 0

4 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0537 8.26 22.00 0.1291 208 0

5 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0536 8.26 22.00 0.1290 204 0

6 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0533 8.24 22.00 0.1287 226 0

7 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0531 8.23 22.00 0.1286 234 0

8 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0530 8.22 22.00 0.1284 245 0

9 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0532 8.24 22.00 0.1287 204 0

10 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0538 8.27 22.00 0.1292 162 0

11 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0536 8.26 22.00 0.1291 158 0

12 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0536 8.26 22.00 0.1291 134 0

13 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0538 8.27 22.00 0.1293 120 0

14 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0540 8.28 22.00 0.1294 89 0

15 13.67 5.72 2.57 3.52 5.94 -29.62 0.0542 8.30 22.00 0.1297 81 0


26

5. USERMANUAL

Thisusermanualdescribesthepreparatorywork,sequenceofstepsandrelatedtasksthatthe

user should undertake to apply theAquaSpace tool. It assumes a knowledgeof the tool concept,

functionalityandoutputsdescribed inprecedingsections.Themanualdescribeshowto install the

toolandhowtouseit.

5.1. TheAquaSpacetool:abriefinsightThe AquaSpace tool enables the user to assess individual marine site locations planned for

aquaculture in termsof essential biological, ecological, economic,physical and social aspects. It is

implementedasanAddInforArcGISDesktop(from10.3.1andArcGISBasicwithSpatialAnalyst).The

initial installation of the AquaSpace tool is a manual process of copying/pasting of file packages

provided.Allstepsarepreciselydescribedunder=>InstalltheAquaSpacetoolfiles.

ImportanttomentionisthattheAquaSpacetoolcomesinitiallywithanEU-widedatapackage,

providedasfileGDB10.3.ImplementedarebasicsettingsfortestrunsatGermancasestudylevel,

allowingthecheckiftheinstallationprocedurewasperformedproperly.Ensuingfromthat,theuser

can customise the tool settings individually and even replace datasets. Those procedures are

explainedunder=>CustomizationoptionsbutrequireaminimumofArcGISusageskills.Registervia

https://gdi.thuenen.de/geoserver/sf/www/aqspce.html) to get access to comprehensive video

instructionsforinstallationprocessandusageofthetool-providedonline(https://free-redmine.saas-

secure.com/projects/aqua).

5.1.1. AquaSpacetoolcomponentsThe user receives via => https://gdi.thuenen.de/geoserver/sf/www/aqspce.html access to the

AquaSpaceRedminewebsite,whereallAquaSpacetool files, technicaldocumentsaswellasvideo

instructionsareprovided,facilitatingtheinstallationandtestingoftheAquaSpacetool.Thecurrent

statusoftechnicaldocumentationcanbefoundunder=>Documents.Inaddition,userrequests(in

particularregardingtoolbugs,datahintsorsupportrequests)canbeplacedunder=>NewIssue.

Thetooliscomposedof:

• Themxd(ArcGISformat)project• Thetoolbar• TheGeodatabase(GDB)

TheArcGISmxdfilevisualisesthespatialextentofthetoolintermsofabackgroundmap(esribg

map),alldatasetsrequiredtorunthetoolandtherespectivesymbology(Fig.9).Therefore,itensures

thecorrectsymbolisationandpaths’availabilitywhenusingthetool.


27

Figure 9: The AquaSpacemxd, including the table of contents (left), the AquaSpace toolbar (top,highlightedinyellow)andtheArcGIScatalogwindow(right),showingtheAquaSpaceGeodatabase

(GDB). TheAquaSpace siting tool (highlighted in yellow at the bottom right) is available from the

AquaSpacetoolbarandfacilitatesthesiteselection.

TheArcGIStoolbarallowstheusertoselectthecountrytobestudied,whichlimitsthespatial

extentofthedataprocessedandspeedsuptheassessmentprocess.Iftheuserfavoursanotherextent

thantheoneoncountrylevel,hecandefineitmanually(byzoominginorout)usingtheblue‘Transfer

extent’buttonwhenthedesiredextentisadjusted.Next,theuserhastodefineaportfromwhich

location the aquaculture site should bemanaged and supplied. Theport is used as a baseline for

economic, distance-based calculations. The species can be chosen subsequently and forms the

baselineintermsofsuitableareatobeassessed.Inordertodefinethatlayer,whichshouldbevisible

inthefinalresultmapasbackgroundlayer,theusercanchooseoneofallmaplayersavailable.Finally,

theusercanstartselectingtheparticularlocationsthatwillbeconsideredinthecalculationsforthe

aquaculturespecieshewantstoassess.Ifdifferentinteractionscombinationsshallbeevaluatedper

modelrun,theusercandefinevaryingscoringsbyusingthepurplebuttonopeninguptheinteraction

matrixtool(Fig.10).

Figure10:TheAquaSpacetoolbar,simplifyingtheselectionoftheextent(Country),theharbourfromwhichtheaquaculturesitewillbesupplied(Port),theaquaculturespeciestobeassessed(Species),

thebackgroundlayerwhichshallbehighlightedintheresultmap(MapLayer),themanuallydefined

extent (bluebutton), the siting tool (SiteLocation)and the Interactionmatrix tool (purplebutton)

(fromlefttoright).

TheGDBtemplatecontainsalltherequiredfeatureclasseswithtableschemesasimplemented

andappliedbytheAquaSpacetool.ForeachGDBitemmetadatahavebeenacquiredthatdescribe

the item itself (featureclassorGDBtable)aswellas thecontentofeachfieldof tablescheme. In


28

ArcGIS themetadatacanbeviewedvia theuser interfaceby selecting=> Itemdescription froma

layer’s => propertiesmenu. It can also be accessed from ArcMap, CatalogWindow => right click

desiredfeatureclass=>Itemdescription(Fig.11).

Figure 11: Arc Map catalog window with the AquaSpace Geodatabase (left). Metadata can beexaminedviatheitemdescription,hereexemplifiedbythecumulativepressureslayer(right).

5.1.2. ProcessviewEachtoolsection(e.g.UserInput)addressesonespecificprocessstepasshowninfigure12.The

users inputdefines the studyarea (country), theport fromwhichaquaculturebusiness shouldbe

transacted, theculturespecies, thecorrespondingculturesystem,thecompilationofconstraining,

conflictingorsynergistichumanusesandtheaquaculturelocationstobetested.Whiledoingso,the

userisdirectedtoactinasustainableway,beingawareofe.g.theecologicalfootprintofaspecific

aquaculture or its interaction with other human activities. Consequently, the AquaSpace tool

estimatesall opportunities and risksbasedon inter-sectorial, environmental, economicand socio-

culturalindicators.Tooloutputs(i.e.AquaSpacetoolAssessmentReport)areprovidedinpdf-format,

whosedesignofferatransparentsummaryofalltoolruns(i.e.scenarios)andtherespectiveindicator

values.Givenaregeneralsite information(e.g.species,waterdepth,waterquality), inter-sectorial

effects(e.g.spatialconflictpotential,diseasespread),environmentaleffects(e.g.degreeofexposure,

cumulativepressures,distancetowastedisposalsites)andeconomicandmarket issues(economic

performance, effectiveness and efficiency). Further, the report is equipped with visualisation

techniques likemappingandgraphics,enablingtheusertoproactivelycommunicateopportunities

and risks. A transparent information policy builds stakeholders support, which is critical to the

successfulestablishmentofaquacultureandongoingoperations.


29

Figure12:AquaSpacetoolconceptualoverview.Theusersinputdefinesthestudyarea(e.g.country),the port from which aquaculture business should be transacted, the culture species, the

correspondingculturesystem,thecompilationofconstraining,conflictingorsynergistichumanuses

and the aquaculture locations to be tested.Next to general input data (e.g.management areaor

culturesystemtobeassessed),inter-sectorial,environmental,economicandsocio-culturaldataare

processed.

5.2. InstallationguideAquickstartguidetoinstallthescripts,addtheGDBandconnectalltherequiredprocessingand

storagepathsfortheAquaSpacetooltoworkcorrectly isgivenunderQuickstart.Subsequently,a

detailedworkflowisgivenwithsupporttoinstallallfilesneededtorunthetool(InstalltheAquaSpace

toolfiles),clippingcasestudydatasets(Clipyourdataset)customisationprocedures(Customization

options),createaninteractionmatrix(Createinteractionmatrix),addyoureconomicinputdata(Add

your economic input) and how to perform the site assessment (Perform site assessment) with

differentscenarioevaluations(Scenariobuilding)(Fig.13).


30

Figure13:VisualisationoftheAquaSpacetoolinstallationandapplicationprocess.

5.2.1. Quickstartguide

1.PartofAquaSpacetoolInstallation

• Check the AquaSpace tool system requirements carefully, see [[http://free-redmine.saas-secure.com/documents/83]]

• Watch the video of installation process, see [[http://free-redmine.saas-secure.com/documents/85]]

• Get the latest version under => News, consider your ArcGIS version and follow theinstallation/updateinstructionscarefully,incaseyouhavequestionspleasedonothesitate

toplaceyoursupportrequestunder=>Newissue• Watch the video for AquaSpace tool usage, see [[https://free-redmine.saas-

secure.com/documents/91]]

• TestyourlocalinstallationbyatestrunusingthedefaultGDB(Germancasestudy)simplybystartingtheAquaspace_pro.mxdfileunder=>C:\arcgis_addin\AquaSpace\Data,ifyougetanerror or warning, please check the track list under issues [[https://free-redmine.saas-

secure.com/projects/aqua/issues]]andplaceanewissuehereincaseyoucouldnotfindthe

supportyouneed

2.PartofGDBDataAdjustmentsforyourAquaSpacecasestudyarea

• Clipyourcountrydataset/casestudyarea:thisstepisrecommendedincasethereisnocase study area listed under prepared country datasets, see: [[https://free-redmine.saas-

secure.com/news/46]]. In this context, by offering an EU-wide data package we aim to

minimizetheusereffortofdataharmonizationanddataadding.ButforArcGISperformance

issues it is highly recommended to clip your country/ case study data set, see video

instructions [[http://free-redmine.saas-secure.com/documents/82]]. This step is completed

assoonasyourclipresultisstoredunder=>C:\arcgis_addin\AquaSpace\Dataandisrenamed

bythestandardecba_tool_data0.gdb• Add your own data to the AquaSpace GDB, see [[https://free-redmine.saas-

secure.com/documents/92]]

• Createyourindividualinteractionconflictmatrix,seeToolusecase:createinteractionmatrix• Now you are ready for using the AquaSpace Tool for your case study, please go to Tool

application


31

5.2.2. InstalltheAquaSpacetoolfiles

1.StorethedownloadedfilesonyourPC

• AquaSpaceToolexpectsthefollowingstoragepath=>C:\arcgis_addin\AquaSpace.Differentstoragepathswouldrequiremoreadjustingconfigurationworkatthetoolinstallation.

• Go to => C:\arcgis_addin\AquaSpace\AquaSpaceTool anddouble-click the “AquaSpaceToolEsriAddinfile”

2.AdjustthePCPythonLibrary

• BackupthecurrentPythonInstallation=>C:\Python27\ArcGIS10.3–copyfolder(thisavoidslosingtheoriginalscriptsthatcomewithArcGIS)andnameitArcGIS10.3_ESRI

• In C:\Python27 overwrite the ArcGIS10.3 folder with the new folder “ArcGIS10.3” PLEASENOTE both installation procedures for python library transfer – one for ArcGIS 10.3 and

anotherforArcGIS10.4-dependingonyourlocalArcGISversion

3.AdjustArcGISMapStyle

• TransfertheLegendItem“IMTA“fromthesourcefile=>ArcGISMapStyleToCopy_IMTA.style(“Style Manager“: „Styles“ / “Add Style to list“) to your personalized ArcMap Style =>

C:\Users\\AppData\Roaming\ESRI\Desktop10.3\ArcMapwith copy&pasteby

usingtheArcMapStyleManager(menu“Customize“=>“StyleManager“)(Fig.14)

4.AddtheAquaSpacetoolbartoyourmxd

• Open “Aquaspace_pro_raster.mxd”. The layer data sourceswill be invalid for Constraints,ConflictsandSynergies(Fig.15;thosewillre-connectedunderCreateinteractionmatrix)

• Choosethetoolbarvia=>Customize=>Toolbars=>“AquaSpace”• Draganddropthetoolbaronthetopofyourmxd

Figure14:VisualisationoftheAquaSpacetoolinstallationfolders.


32

Figure15: TheAquaSpacemxdwith invalidConstraints,ConflictsandSynergies-layers (back),mxdwithvalidlayersdefinedmanuallyatcasestudylevel(front).

5.2.3. ClipyourdatasetItishighlyrecommendedtoclipyourindividualcountry’sdataset(ifitisnotprovidedonlineyet)

inordertomaximisethetool’sprocessingefficiencyoftherelevantoutcomesandguaranteethetool

runiscomplete.

1.GotoC:\arcgis_addin\AquaSpace\Data

• Openthemxdfile,pickacountrylistedbytheAquaSpaceTool,closemxd(thechosenspatialextent iswritten to theGDB). Inorder for this process towork andnoerrormessages to

appeartheusermustmakesurethatallESRIproductsthatcouldpossiblyaccessfilecontent

oftheAquaSpaceGDBareclosedinordertoavoiddatalocks.

2.GotoC:\arcgis_addin\AquaSpace\AquaSpaceTool\Install

• Double-clickthe„clip.py“pythonscript,afterafewsecondsyouwillbepromptedtoinputanamefortheGDBcopyyouwillbecreatingbyapplyingthepythonscript.Thescriptruntakes

some time to run fully. The processing duration depends on the size of the EEZ area, for

exampleGDBorSpaintakesmorethan30minutestogetclipped.

3.GobacktoC:\arcgis_addin\AquaSpace\Data

• SaveacopyofC:\arcgis_addin\AquaSpace\Data\ecba_tool_data0.gdb intotothe„backup“folder C:\arcgis_addin\AquaSpace\Data\backup (the copy remains there as your recovery

dataset;also,usethisfolderforfutureGDBupdatesbyWP3)

• DeleteC:\arcgis_addin\AquaSpace\Data\ecba_tool_data0.gdb• RenameyourGDB inArcCatalog (copycreatedbyclip.py) into„ecba_tool_data0.gdb“ (the

mxdfileandthetoolfunctionsexpectthisGDBname)


33

5.2.4. CustomizationoptionsWP3deployedtheAquaSpacetoolwithanEUwidevectordatasetinESRIFileGDB10.3format.

The aquaculture suitability layer already implemented are coming from two different sources: i)

suitabilityvectorlayerforthetestrunsatGermancasestudyscaleandii)suitabilityrasterlayerat

Europeanscale (identified inWP2 inapplicationof theWATER tool) for individual casestudy runs

(Boogertetal.,2017).Ifbothdatasetsavailableareconsideredtobeinsufficient,itispossibletoadd

iii)yourownsuitabilitylayers.

Thefollowingtableprovidestheoverviewwhereandtowhatextentthetoolcanbecustomised.

Datadeliveredcanbeexchanged,butpleasebeawarethatare-projectionofraster,datarenaming

and GDB-import needs to be done according to the instructions listed subsequently and the

preconditionsdefinedintable12.

Table11:Overviewwhereandtowhatextentthetoolcanbecustomised.

Dos Don’ts GDB Renamedatasetsorfeatureclasses

mxd mxdAddindividualfisheryclassifications Renamealayerasprovidedwiththe

AquaSpacetoolAddindividualtourismpolygons Changethepositionofalayerbeyond

thelayergroup

Addindividualsuitabilityrasterlayers Addfurtherlayers(notvisibleinthereport)

Changethepositionofalayer(butstaywithinthelayergroup)

Changethesymbologyofalayer(willinfluencetheproperoutputofthereportmap/legend)

Customizedisplayeddefaultvaluesofeconomicinputparameters(useofmodelbuilderrequired)

1.Addindividualfisheryclassifications

• Open “Aquaspace_pro_raster.mxd”. The layer data sourceswill be invalid for Constraints,ConflictsandSynergies(Fig.15;thosewillre-connectedunderCreateinteractionmatrix)

• IntheTableofContents(LayerGroup“Intersectorial”),doubleclickthelayer=>“Fisheries”inordertoopentheLayerProperties.Choosethetab“Symbology”

• SelectShow:“Quantities”andchoosetheValue:“EU_landing”underFields• Select“Classify”andchooseMethod:“Quantile”andClasses:“4”(Fig.16)• Please take down the value of the 3rd quantil (highlighted in blue in Fig. 16), close the

Classificationwith“Ok”andclosetheLayerPropertieswith“Ok”


34

Figure16:VisualisationoftheLayerPropertiestab“Symbology”andtheClassificationschemetobeselectedfor“Fisheries”.

• IntheTableofContents(LayerGroup“Intersectorial”),doubleclickthelayer=>“Fisheriesq3”inordertoopentheLayerProperties.Choosethetab“Definitionquery”

• PleasetypeinDefinitionQuery:“EU_landing>=yourq3value”(examplehighlightedinblueinFig.16)andclosetheLayerPropertieswith“Ok”

• Nowtwolayershavebeencreatedforfisheries:ahighintensityfisherieslayer(fisheriesq3)andalayerintegratingtheremainingfishingintensity.Thosecanbeindividuallyscoredinthe

interactionmatrix.

• Please note, that provided fisheries data can be replacedwith individual fisheries data (ifavailable)

o Consult the data scope und GDB Scheme for whether/ how your data cover theAquaSpacedatamodelrequirements

o MatchyourdatatoAquaSpacetooldataentities,plan&preparethedataimporttotheAquaSpaceGDBregardingnecessaryfields,fieldvalues,GeographicCoordinate

System(GCS)

o Integrate your individual fisheries polygon in the tool application step Createinteractionmatrix

2.Addyourownlayersto(e.g.totheTourism-layer)oftheAquaSpacetool

• ConsultthedatascopeundGDBSchemeforwhether/howyourdatacovertheAquaSpacedatamodelrequirements

• MatchyourdatatoAquaSpacetooldataentities,plan&preparethedataimportregardingnecessaryfields,fieldvalues,GCS

o TheTourismlayerrequiresforinstancetheGCS:“WGS84”,theFields:“T_name”and“T_description”andtheFieldvalues:

• UsetheArcGIStoolboxtool“Append“(Fig.17)toloadthedataandfilltheGeodatabase(GDB)template. For more information on this tool read the online documentation resource:

http://help.arcgis.com/EN/arcgisdesktop/10.0/help/index.html#//001700000050000000


35

Figure17:TheArcGIStool“Append”(under=>Toolbox,DataManagementTools,General)appliedtoincludecasestudy-specifictourismdata.

3.AddyourownsuitabilityrasterlayerstotheAquaSpacetool

• ChecktheAquaSpacetooldatarequirementscarefully,seetable12• BackupyourlatestGDBifnecessary(noneedtobackupthetool)• DeletethecurrentsuitabilitymaprastersintheGDB• Open“Aquaspace_pro_raster.mxd”• AddtheGCS“ETRS_1989_LAEA”toArcMap’sfavouriteslist

o Tableof contents:open thedata framepropertiesby context-menu (mouse right-click)on“Layers”(upmostitem)

o RegistertabCoordinateSystemo Viathelistedfolder“Layers”expanded,clickon“ETRS_1989_LAEA”andusebutton

“AddtoFavorites”(Fig.18)

Table12:Overviewofdataaspectsrequiredandadjustedasprecondition.

Rasterdata ToolexpectationGeographicCoordinateSystem(GCS) ETRS_1989_LAEA,WKID:3035

NamingofrastersintheGDB

ImporttherasterdataintoGDBwith:

• spec_blue_mussel• spec_european_oyster• spec_atlantic_salmon• spec_european_seabass• spec_mediterranean_mussel• spec_pacific_oyster


36

Figure18:Visualisationofthere-projectionoftheAquaSpacemxdproject.

• SwitchovertoArcToolboxandopenTool“ProjectRaster”(location:DataManagementTools:ProjectionsandTransformation:Raster; this toolenablesre-projection, renaminganddata

loadingatonce;Fig.19)

• Fillthetoolaccordingtothepicture,forthe“OutputCoordinateSystem”neededyouhavenowaccesstoyourGCSfavorites:“ETRS_1989_LAEA”;thesuitabletransformationalgorithm

fromsourceprojectiontotargetprojectionwillbechosenautomaticallybyArcMap

• CloseArcMapwithoutsaving


37

Figure19:Visualisationofthetool“Projectraster”,appliedtore-projectaraster.

• Alternatively,thebatchmodusisoffered,seeArcGISdocumentationforthe‘Projectraster’tool(Fig.20)

• Re-open“Aquaspace_pro_raster.mxd”inordertocheck/replace/repairbrokenrasterdatasources

Figure20:Preconditionsdefinedforthere-projectionofarasterusingthebatchmodusofthe‘ProjectRaster’tool.


38

5.3. Toolapplication

5.3.1. Createinteractionmatrix

• Openthemxd:ThelayerdatasourceswillbeinvalidforConstraints,ConflictsandSynergies(Fig.15;wewillre-connectthesenow)

• Change the view of the table of contents to “list by source”, right click on the“conflictmatrix_table”andchoose=>Editfeatures=>StartEditing

• Chooseyourindividualinteractionscoringincolumn=>CONFLICT_SCORE

o AnexamplefromtheliteratureisgiveninIndicators=>Inter-sectorialeffects=>Table1

o Two layers are provided for interactions with fisheries: high intensity fisheries“Fisheriesq3”,andtheremainingfishingintensity“Fisheries”

o Ifyouprovideindividualfisheriesdatatodefinespatialconstraintsforhighintensityfisheries,setthetablecolumnfor“Fisheriesq3”onvalue

o If you provide individual fisheries data to define spatial conflicts for fisheries ingeneral,setthetablecolumnfor“Fisheries”onvalue

• Stopediting=>StopEditing,saveyourchangesmadetotheinteractionmatrixandclosetheeditor

• Usethepurplebutton(figuredastoothedwheel)intheAquaSpacetoolbar(Fig.10)toopentheInteractionmatrixmodel(Fig.21).Choosea=>ModelRunID(e.g.yourname)andload

the=>conflictmatrixtableasedited

Figure21:AquaSpace“CreateInteractionMatrix”model.


39

• If individualfisheriesdataareavailable(see=>Customizationoptions),thepolygoncanbeselectedunder=>SpatialConstraintsFisheries

• Please insert a conflict score for your individual fishery layer under => CSFishPolygon(Remember:spatialconstraints/mutuallyexclusive=score6, lowtoveryhigh likelihoodof

conflict=score2-5andsynergypotential=score1). IFNOT,pleaseleavethisrowasit is

(C:\arcgis_addin\AquaSpace\Data\ecba_tool_data0.gdb\Fisheries_empty)

• Push“Ok”tocreateyourpersonalInteractionmatrix(Fig.22

Figure22:PersonalInteractionMatrixsuccessfullyinstalled.

• Repairbrokenlinks(invalidforConstraints,ConflictsandSynergies;Fig.15)byreferencingtoyourgenerateddatavialayerpropertiesasnowtherewillbearelevantdatasourcetolinkto

(Fig.23)

o Rightclickon“Constraints”intheTableofcontents,=Properties,=>Sourceo SetData Sourceanddirect the link to yourpersonally createdandnamedconflict

matrix

o Clickok.PleaserepeatthesameforConflictsandSynergies.


40

Figure 23: Adjust the layer properties of Conflicts, Constraints and Synergies by pointing to yourpersonallycreatedInteractionmatrix.

5.3.2. Addyoureconomicinput

• Openthemxdtodefinegeneraleconomicvaluesforyourcasestudytobetested• Changetheviewofthetableofcontentsto“listbysource”,rightclickonthe

“economic_input_figures”(Fig.24)andchoose=>Editfeatures=>StartEditing

• Putitthevaluesrequestedincolumn=>VALUE

o Anexampleforallinputvalues(inEuro)canbefoundunderIndicators=>Economiceffects=>Table8

o Inputvaluesnotavailable(suchasInvestments)requireavalueof0o Inputfactorsandquantifier(in%)canbefoundunderIndicators=>Economiceffects

=>Table7

• Stopediting=>StopEditing,saveyourchangesmadetotheinteractionmatrixandclosetheeditor


41

Figure24:TheAquaSpaceEconomicinputtable.ValuestakenfromtheGermancasestudy.

5.3.3. PerformsiteassessmentTheAquaSpaceAquaSpace toolbar simplifies toperforma siteassessment. Follow the toolbar

inputsfromlefttoright(excl.thepurplebutton‘createinteractionmatrix’,thiswasdoneinchapter

5.3.1)andmakeyourchoices(whichneedtoberenewedforeachtoolrun)regarding:

• Theselectionoftheextent(Country)=>selectionisoptional,youcanalsozoomintothemxdtochooseyourfavouredsite

• Theharbourfromwhichtheaquaculturesitewillbesupplied(Port)=>selectionrequired• Theaquaculturespeciesyouwanttoassess(Species)=>selectionrequired• Thebackgroundlayerwhichshallbehighlightedintheresultmap(MapLayer)=>selection

optional

• Theextentdefinedfortheassessment(bluebutton)=>selectionrequired• Theprovisionofsitestobeassessedusingthesitingtool(SiteLocation;Fig.25)

o Choosea=>ModelRunID(e.g.yourname)o Choosea=>Productioncycle(years)o Choosea=>Productiondensity(tons/m³ortons/ha)o Choosea=>Cagesize(m³)orArea(ha)o Choosea=>Productionquantity(tons)o Clickonthefeaturesetofthespeciesyouwanttoassessandclickapointonthemap

todefinethesitetobeassessed

o Click“Ok”


42

Figure25:TheAquaSpacesitingtool(SiteLocation),availablefromtheAquaSpacetoolbar(Fig.10)facilitatesthesiteassessmentusingtheAquaSpacetool.

5.3.4. ScenariobuildingAsmentionedinsection4,thenumberofscenarioswhichcanbeassessedisnotlimited.Instead

ofclickingonepointonthemap,theuserdefinesseveralpoints(Fig.8).

Thevisualisationoftooloutputsforuptofivescenariosisensuredonthebasisofapdf-formatted

report,generatedforeachtoolrun(Fig.6),whichisprovidedwithadditionalchartsfacilitatingthe

comparisonofdifferentscenariosassessed(Fig.7)atspecificsites(Fig.8).Incaseofcalculatingmore

thanfivescenariossimultaneously,thetoolemitsacsvfile(Tab.10).Basedonthis,scenarioscanbe

comparedindividually(Fig.26).


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Figure 26: Spatially explicit performance of inter-sectorial, environmental, economic and socio-culturalindicatorsfor15differentaquacultureplanningscenarioswithM.edulis.Shownarepotentialtrade-offsinbetweentheAquaSpacetoolindicatorsbycomparingdatanormalisedinapplicationofa

z-transformation. Indicators required merely to assess the growth performance of a species (i.e.

chlorophyllaconcentrationatsurface,temperatureandsalinity)arenotincluded(AV=AddedValue,

IMTA= IntegratedMulti-TrophicAquaculture,NPV=Net PresentValue, RoFTA=Returnon Fixed

TangibleAssets).


44

REFERENCES Aldrin,M.,Storvik,B.,Frigessi,A.,Viljugrein,H.,andJansen,P.A.2010.Astochasticmodelforthe

assessmentoftransmissionpathwaysofheartandskeletonmuscleinflammation,pancreas

diseaseandinfectioussalmonanaemiainmarinefishfarmsinNorway.Preventive

VeterinaryMedicine,93:51-61.

Alkiza,M.,Galparsoro,I.,Uyarra,M.C.,Muxika,I.,andB