decentralized wastewater treatment system and its legal

Yuji HIROSE Office for Promotion of Johkasou
Waste Management Division Environmental Regeneration and Material Cycles Bureau
Ministry of the Environment Government of JAPAN
Decentralized wastewater treatment system and its legal framework in Japan
March, 2020

Outline
History of Wastewater Treatment and development of measures
4. Overseas Promotion of Johkasou
3. Legal system and measures on Johkasou
Dr.Johkasou
General information on Johkasou

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures
History of domestic wastewater treatment in Japan
Rice/vegetables Rural areas Urban areas
Night soil
Scoop toilet
Figure 1. The night soil cycle during the Edo period
Figure 2. Night soil collection and transport during the Edo period
Supply food
Use as fertilizer
1

Sumida River (Tokyo) in ‘70s
Dohkai Bay (Kitakyushu) in ‘60s
Chofu Weir, Tama River (Tokyo) in ‘70
Water pollution in Japan during rapid economic growth
2

1. History of Wastewater Treatment and Development of Measures History of wastewater treatment and infectious diseases
Up to 1950s, night soil had been used as agricultural fertilizer and regarded as resource. From the late 1950s, night soil had become “waste” due to introduction of chemical fertilizers
and urbanization. Lack of night soil treatment facilities and hygienic treatment had become big problems.
Spread of infectious diseases had continued until the rapid economic growth period of 1970s.
3
Late 1950s to around 1970
Resolved by preventing the spread of
contaminated water
Water pollution is an environmental problem
Late 1970s/early 1980s Present day
Widespread use of flush toilets
4
Apresentador
P12 1930

5
(2017)
(2017)
(2017)
(2017)
Achievement of water quality standards related to domestic environmental standard (BOD or COD)
Apresentador
BODCOD 79%53%

Establishment of Environmental Quality Standards of Pollution Basic Environment Law
Establishment of Wastewater Standards Water Pollution Prevention Act
Nationwide uniform standards
Installation of Johkasou Johkasou Act etc. Domestic
Wastewater Measures
Notification, measuring and recording of wastewater, on-site inspection
→ Penalties, improvement orders and other administrative guidances
Investments, human resource developments, etc. for pollution prevention
Industrial Wastewater Measures
6
National Government
- Ordinance - Construction, Operation and Management of sewerage facilities
- Advice and guidance on Johkasou operation and maintenance
Local Government
Sharing Responsibility
o What is domestic wastewater? Domestic wastewater = Night soil (black water) + Graywater
Note: Graywater includes wastewater from baths, sinks, kitchens, washing machines, etc.
Treating night soil + graywater Public sewer systems, collective rural wastewater facilities, gappei-shori (current type) johkasou, community plants
Treating night soil only Tandoku-shori (old type) johkasou, scoop toilets
7
Apresentador
P23

Current johkasou Less impact
with low pollutant load
pollutant load
Without treatment
Public waterway
(1960s in Japan)
(Black water + Gray water)
water BOD 4g per person daily
discharged to public water
Old type Johkasou To treat black water only BOD 32g per person daily
discharged to public water New installation was
prohibited from 2001
Target 6.3 Halving the proportion of untreated wastewater
8

Current johkasou Less impact
with low pollutant load
pollutant load
Without treatment
Public waterway
(1960s in Japan)
(Black water + Gray water)
water BOD 4g per person daily
discharged to public water
Old type Johkasou To treat black water only BOD 32g per person daily
discharged to public water New installation was
prohibited from 2001
Our biggest challenge!!! Still, half the number of operating Johkasou is old type installed before 2001, harming the environment!! Shall be converted into current type.
Target 6.3 Halving the proportion of untreated wastewater
9
Why conversion is not proceeding expectedly? No incentive due to access to flush toilets. Individual cost burden is big.
Subsides has expanded not only to current type Johkasou itselt, but also to in-house piping works.

Conversion works
Right now old type Johkasou has a big possibility to harm the environment due to deterioration, damages and wastewater leakages.
Discharge of untreated wastewater
10

0
1.000.000
2.000.000
3.000.000
4.000.000
5.000.000
6.000.000
7.000.000
8.000.000
9.000.000
10.000.000
project implemented
Johkasou Act revised
Johkasou Act revised
There are still some 3.9 million Old Type Johkasou in Japan, treating nothing but night soil Encouraging the transition to Current Type Johkasou is a critical step in improving water quality
New installation of tandoku-shori johkasou prohibited except in
special cases Total number of
johkasou installed: 7,580,856
11
Johkasou Act enacted Old Type Johkasou:
3,921,343 (52% of total)
Current Type Johkasou: 3,668,513
established (for individuals)
Demarcation of wastewater treatment systems
Local governments are responsible for Master Plan of wastewater treatment scheme including this demarcation in each region.
12
End of FY2018 End of FY2017
Municipal sewage systems 10,074 10,031
Collective rural wastewater facilities, including Facilities for fishing villages Facilities for forestry villages Simple wastewater facilities
337 344
Johkasou 1,176 1,175 Municipal Johkasou Installation Program 83 84 Johkasou Installation and Maintenance Program 611 607 Other johkasou 482 484
Community plants, etc. 20 21 Total population served 11,608 11,571
Percentage of population served by wastewater facilities 91.4% 90.9% Percentage of population WITHOUT services 1,099 1,161
Total population 12,706 12,732
Population served by different wastewater treatment facilities (end of FY2016)
13
Apresentador
25 2625 25240.6

Johkasou are decentralized wastewater treatment devices that are designed for individual households or other structures and typically handled by the private sector
Johkasou have a combined purification structure capable of treating both night soil (black water) and domestic wastewater (gray water)
Johkasou setup Key features of johkasou
Utilizes the purification capacity of microorganisms to turn out treated water on par with water treated at municipal sewage treatment plants (BOD 20mg/L or less)
Low-cost equipment Efficient wastewater treatment equipment in hilly,
mountainous, and other rural areas Installation is quick, requiring only about a week Can be set up in a compact space (equivalent to just one
parking spot) Treated water is discharged on location, contributing to
sound water cycles and maintaining consistent river flow volume
Resistant to earthquakes, supporting swift recovery in the wake of a disaster
Size comparison (example)
14

Utilizing micro-organisms in the tanks to decompose pollutants and to purify wastewater. By combining anaerobic and aerobic treatments, performance is equivalent to sewage treatment plant
(BOD20mg/L or less). It can be installed in limited area with short construction period (one week for household).
Inflow
Discharge
Ammonia nitrogen NH4
→ N ↑
Circulating water

BOD <20mg/L
Moving Bed
Notas de apresentação
HCZ Next, I’d like to explain the inner structure of HCZ model. SSSS First, wastewater generated from kitchen, toilet, bath and laundry is inflow to the first chamber through the pipe. In the first chamber, dirt is separated into light and heavy, and middle liquid flow to the next chamber. In the Second chamber, anaerobic treatment is carried out by anaerobic bacteria. In the third chamber, organic substances are further decomposed by aerobic bacteria adhering the moving sponge media. In the fourth chamber, suspended solids in treated water are separated and settled at the bottom. And then settled suspended solids are transferred to the first tank by the airlift pump and stored there. Finally, only upper treated water in the forth tank is discharged after disinfection.

Depending on capacity, several numbers of above unit will be installed in parallel.
Each manufacture has product line-ups from 51 to several thousand persons. To cope with wastewater discharge fluctuation, this model has peak-cut, flow-rate adjustment function to treat
wastewater evenly in capacity terms during the day. Mainly for large size buildings such as condominiums, hotels, schools, shopping centers, etc. Other example
is for hospitals application in some overseas countries.
Inflow
17
domestic wastewater. Treatment of black water and gray water.
Combination of anaerobic and aerobic treatment. Comparable to sewage treatment plant in terms of BOD (20mg/l or less)
To get rid of ammonia nitrogen. Blower requires electricity.
Feature of Septic Tank Largely spread in developing countries.
Mostly treat black water only. In case of simply built by bricks, etc.,
wastewater seeps into the ground and pollutes underground water.
Treatment performance is poor due to anaerobic treatment only. BOD100mg/L or so. Cannot get rid of ammonia nitrogen.
2. Johkasou vs Septic Tank

There are 1,077,092 johkasou capable of turning out treated water with a BOD concentration of 20 mg/L or less, making up 84.6% of the total
The vast majority of johkasou are capable of maintaining a level of treated water quality on par with municipal sewage treatment plants
Survey of 1,273,945 johkasou built with a structural standard of BOD 20 mg/L or less Results of FY2016 BOD measurements as required by Article 11 of the Johkasou Act
Nearly 85% treat water to
BOD 20mg/L or less
2. General Information on Johkasou
19

Spray molding
Rotary Molding
Press molding
Apresentador
This pictures show main three manufacturing process of Johkasou. Capacity of Press molding produce more than 2000 units in a month. Spray molding and Rotary molding are produce several hundred units for middle size and Large size in a month. The tank is made of FRP.

©2018 Kubota Corporation All Rights Reserved. 23
Fabrication, Instruction and O&M
Fabrication
Installation
Maintenance
21
Apresentador
This show the flow sheet and pictures from the fabrication to the installation and maintenance. 572 It takes about 5-7days to install a small model of Johkasou, and it can normally be used in two weeks after the installation including the piping works. SWMOKJS After the installation, proper operation and periodical maintenance are necessary for the continuous treatment performance of Kubota Johkasou. Regarding the maintenance of Johkasou, Mr. Fuji from SWMO has been training the staff based on his lot of knowledges and experiences. And of course, we KJS also supports the maintenance service in Palau. Therefore, there are enough reliable maintenance services available in Palau.

©2018 Kubota Corporation All Rights Reserved. 24
Example of Installation period

42days
120days
It is possible to shorten the construction period compared with RC. ⇒Johkasou made of FRP is approx. 1/3 construction term compared
with the Johkasou made by RC, because FRP body are pre-fablicated at the factory.
Temporary Construction Digging work
22
Apresentador
This sheet shows the comparison of the installation period at site between Johkasou and usuall wastewater plant made by Rein forced concrete In case of tanks made by RC, concrete curing takes long time so by using FRP tanks, the installation time will become shorter. Comparing with RC tanks, installation of FRP tanks only takes 1/3 of time.
Chart1

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21
10
40
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3
14
7
1
14
7
Sheet1
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
FRP
RC

Restaurant(China:10m3/d)Hospital(Vietnam:250m3/d)
23
Factory (Vietnam:5m3/d)
Factory (Kenya:40m3/d)
⇒Articles in the Law Johkasou installationrelated to “Building Standard Law” Operation/maintenance of Johkasou Approval of Johkasou models Johkasou business for Installation and Operation/Maintenance Nationally qualified “Johkasou technicians” Miscellaneous and penalties
Promotion of human waste and gray water treatment by Johkasou for; - Conservation of water quality in public water area, preservation of the living
environment and improvement of public health
24
1960 to around 1980 With increasing population of flush toilet, rapid installation of tandoku (old type) johkasou to treat black water only
1983 Johkasou Act enacted (legislation introduced by a Diet member, came into force in 1985)
1987 National subsidy program for gappei (current type) johkasou (to treat both black and gray water) established
2000 Revised: New installation of tandoku-shori johkasou systems basically prohibited
2005 Revised: Stricter water quality management systems introduced, defining water quality conservation targets
Purpose of Johkasou Act
History of Johkasou Act
To promote the spread of gappei johkasou and the replacement of tandoku johkasou systems
During high economic growth period, water pollution accelerated.
3. Legal Systems on On-Site Treatment – Johkasou Act
General provisions (articles 1–4): Purpose/definitions
Johkasou installation (articles 5–7)
Johkasou operations/maintenance (articles 8–12)
Approval for types of johkasou (articles 13–20)
(Articles on construction standards)
Penalties (articles 59–68)
Approval for johkasou desludging vendors (articles 35–41)
(Articles on waste treatment and desludging)
Johkasou operators (articles 45–47)
Registration of maintenance and inspection vendors (article 48)
Ministry of the Environment
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure,
3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment
o Water discharged from gappei-shori johkasou must have a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) concentration of 20 mg/L or less
o (Influent BOD – effluent BOD) ÷ influent BOD ≥ 0.9 * Comparable to the treatment level of sewerage treatment plant
Technical standards for discharged water quality
(Johkasou Enforcement Ordinance Article 1-2)
The above regulations were created to reflect current technological standards in light of best available technologies (BAT) or best available techniques not entailing excessive costs (BATNEEC) according to the development and spread of johkasou.
Water quality standards (Article 4-1)
26
3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment

Installation notification (Article 5)

(Can issue administrative recommendations when necessary)
Johkasou Installation Procedure
27
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
In fl o w
r a ti o
Inflow Pattern Performance Evaluation Type Johkasou
Approval process for types of Johkasou (Johkasou Act Article 13) • Parties intending to manufacture Johkasou in production plants shall obtain approval from the
Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) for the type of Johkasou to be manufactured (does apply to test manufacturing).
• This process is subject to Performance Evaluation System.
Performance Evaluation Test
Approval by the Minister of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism
Model Approval by Johkasou Act
Put into Market
28
Apresentador
Graph1
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0
0
0
0
0
3
9
25
10
3
3
5
0
0
0
3
5
10
15
9
0
0

Time
Performance Evaluation System Utilizing Performance Evaluation System operated from 2000, manufacturers competed for compactness and higher performance.
To regulate water level at initial treatment to control flow capacity --- additional pump and maintenance of air-lift are necessary.
Bio-film filtration or Moving bed type for secondary treatment.
Solid-liquid separation by Bio-film or Moving bed plus automatic backwash. --- Blower equipped with valve change timer is necessary.
Requested by households with several Johkasou to ease the maintenance, compact Johakasou without flow-control/automatic backwash, with only one pipe from blower are on the increase.
Downsizing for home use and technology for higher treatment. Initial Type70% downsized-content Johkasou appeared.
Structural Standards for Johkasou Construction Minister (then) stipulated Structural Standards in1969 --- treatment methods and performance.
Structural Standard vs Performance Eveluation System
29
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
s u rf

Various Filter Materials
Graph1
Treatment process for 550 persons
BOD
T-N
20
20
20
/L)
Treatment process
1/2×Q 0.06×Q
Contact aeration
Separation-contact aeration
Sheet4
87.5%
Compared to Contact Aeration Tank, treatment by Moving Bed, Moving Carrier Filter or Aerobic Contact Filter Bed is more than double in terms of BOD Volumetric Loading. →Compact design→Smaller area & installation
cost
Nitrification with higher contact efficiency and also higher Oxygen supply. → Advance treatment (T-N<20mg/L)
31
Apresentador
Membrane unit
average pore size :0.2μm
Apresentador

Inspections and Maintenance 3. Legal Systems and measures on On-Site Treatment
33
Mosquitoes, flies, etc.
Water quality inspection
Transparency Biochemical oxygen demand
Document inspection Pre-usage maintenance inspection record
Because essential johkasou functions cannot be confirmed without actually using the equipment, inspections are carried out once those functions are generally up and running. Inspections focus on whether the johkasou is performing the expected treatment functions with the aim of rectifying any deficiencies as soon as possible.
Post-installation water quality inspection (Article 7)
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H19 H20 H21 H22 H23 H24 H25 H26 H27 H28 H29
All Johkasou
All JOhkasou
35
C o
v e
ra g
e ra
ti o
Coverage Ration of Legal Inspection for each Prefecture
36
Graph2

0.843
0.926
0.473
0.808
0.864
0.881
0.893
0.976
0.669
0.898
0.708
0.881
0.276
0.638
0.38
0.517
0.651
0.648
0.727
0.795
0.14
0.276
0.079
0.163
0.153
0.36
0.138
0.307
0.705
0.812
0.314
0.697
0.411
0.625
0.322
0.585
0.132
0.311
0.429
0.473
0.966
0.988
0.165
0.463
0.2
0.492
0.334
0.469
0.405
0.5
0.475
0.633
0.092
0.216
0.607
0.803
0.176
0.464
0.315
0.547
0.518
0.696
0.714
0.909
0.908
0.949
0.674
0.769
0.514
0.599
0.572
0.667
0.493
0.606
0.356
0.742
0.59
0.748
0.6758280766
0.7900541392
0.795
0.896
0.88
0.907
0.612
0.749
0.423
0.743
0.539
0.671
0.366
0.359
0.073
0.199
Municipalities shall, in line with their general waste treatment plans, collect and transport johkasou sludge (general waste) in a manner that poses no threat to the maintenance of healthy living environments or public health, and treat the sludge at a black water treatment facility
Johkasou desludging
facility
(Article 6-2 of the Waste Management and Public Cleansing Law)
Sludge collection, transport and treatment (Waste Disposal Act)
37
3. Legal Systems and Measures on On-Site Treatment

Johkasou construction company
Johkasou desludging company
Prefecture
38
Certified Johkasou Installer
Certified Johkasou Operator
National johkasou qualifications

Johkasou technicians should be equipped with extensive knowledge on not only wastewater treatment/johkasou, but also water environment conservation and public health.
Curriculums for johkasou operator and johkasou installation worker are as shown below.
Johkasou operator Johkasou installation worker Fundamental of johkasou 8 H Laws and regulations related with johkasou 4 H Structure and function of johkasou 22 H Introduction to installation of johkasou 4 H Operation and maintenance of johkasou 30 H Water quality management of johkasou 10 H Introduction to desludging of johkasou 2 H
Total 80 Hours
Fundamental of johkasou 8 H Laws and regulations related with johkasou 3 H Structure and function of johkasou 15 H Management of johkasou installation 8 H Introduction to O&M and desludging of johkasou 3 H
Total 37 Hours
40
For Johkasou Technicians by Japan Education Center of Environmental Sanitation (JECES)
MOE is hosting Seminars for Top Leaders and Regional Seminars for municipal governments, and Johkasou Forum for residents and stakeholders such as NPOs.

MOE
Grant
Individual share3/30
1/3(1/2) National
Eligible for support (40%)
Johkasou Installation Project (private installations) Subsidizes municipalities supporting their residents (private citizens) with johkasou installation
Johkasou Municipal Installation Project National subsidy program for municipalities taking the lead in installing johkasou systems. The municipality is responsible for operations and maintenance.
Measures to accelerate Johkasou installation and conversion of old types
41
Demerits of Johkasou Municipal Installation Increase of budget burden
on municipalities Increase of workload on
municipalities
Merits of PFI projects PFI operators are responsible for installation, operation and
maintenance. Municipalities can utilize private financing, technology and
know-how on business. Decrease of overall project cost and workload on
municipalities, and improvement of residential services.

Residents Municipality
Construction, O & M
Registration or approval

Residents Municipality
Construction, O & M
Monthly fee

46
Community cluster Johkasou – Shimabara City, Kyushu
Dissemination of Johasou is lagging behind in densely populated areas (higher building-to-land ratio) around commercial district. White areas in the map;
These areas should be developed with community cluster Johkasou together with subsidies to pipe lines.
1,700 residents in white area are without wastewater treatment service and community cluster Johkasou is more suitable and efficient.
44

Idea of community cluster Johkasou
45
Example of installation in public
road
Johkasou to be installed in lands owned by Shimabara City. The lands have been donated by residents or unnecessary lands generated from public works.
Examples
Total 201 municipalities as of December 2015
Municipality Subjects of Subsidy Amoung of Subsidy
Miei Town, Hokkaido Maintenance, Cleaning & Legal Inspection JY24,000 in case of 5 PE
Takasaki City, Gunma Prefecture Cleaning Max. JY15,000 in case of 5 PE
Shinagawa Ward, Tokyo Cleaning JY4,900 per 1m3 of sludge
Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture Maintenance, Cleaning, Legal Inspection & Electricity JY20,000 in case of 5PE
Togitsu Town, Nagasaki Prefecture Electricity JY1,000/month
46
Sheet1
Municipality
Takasaki City, Gunma Prefecture
Shinagawa Ward, Tokyo
Higashiomi City, Shiga Prefecture
Togitsu Town, Nagasaki Prefecture
&8&KFF0000&K01+000 ()
Sheet2
Sheet3
Conversion of old type to current type Johksou including in-house piping works. Streamlining of management utilizing Johkasou data base system.
Damaged upper side
Streamlinig of Johkasou managements by grasping operation & maintenance status more thoroughly!
Damages or wastewater leakages of old type (6,000 cases in 2016), harming water environment by discharging untreated wastewater.
Conversion of old type, deteriorated and harmful to the environment, is a MUST!
Old type removal Current type installation Piping works
Conversion works
Cloud server
47
Ac cu
m ul
at ed
n um
be r
4. Overseas Promotion for Johkasou 1 The number of Johkasou overseas installation has explosively increased for the past few years.
Johkasou makers request systematic promotion support from the Government for performance evaluation system and O & M management to popularize it overseas.
Ministry of the Environment (MOEJ) works in harmony with stakeholders to strategically promote circular industries overseas through standardization of Johkasou suitable to ASEAN countries, etc.
National Institute for Environmental Studies is doing a research project for fair treatment evaluation system establishment suitable to ASEAN countries to standardize Johakasou.
MOEJ hosts International Workshop on Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in Asia to share Japanese legal systems, regulations and experiences and to promote Johkasou.
MOEJ also hosts Johkasou Seminars and site surveys to further promote Johkasou to stakeholders of the counterparts and to support overseas business of domestic Johkasou related companies.
Main activities of MOEJ Johkasou Overseas Yearly Installation Number
Workshop in Tokyo Seminar in Nairobi Site survey
in Nairobi (from left to right)
48
6.451
12.846
23.269
0
5.000
10.000
15.000
20.000
25.000
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
4. Overseas Promotion of Johkasou 2 Top level promotions . JICA Trainings in Japan
High level Bilateral talk
With Housing and Urban Affairs Minister during Mahatma Gandhi International Sanitation Convention in IndiaOctober, 2018
Environmental policy dialogue
Agreed on mutual cooperation on Johkasou F/S during the 5th
Vietnam – Japan Environmental Policy Dialogue January, 2019
JICA Training
Johkasou test facility in National Institute of Environmental Studies February, 2019
Training for Malaysian representative
United States S 683units
Honduras S 1units
Mali S 1units
Nigeria S 16units
Libya M/L 3units
Palestine S 1units
Syria M/L 1units
Iraq M/L 1units
Oman S 42units S Small-scale ( 5 50 PE) 22,206 units M/L Medium/Large-scale ( 51 PE) 1,063 units
Total 23,269 units Source : Johkasou System Association
Myanmar S 349 M/L 191units
Thailand M/L 3units
M/L 1units
Pakistan S 4units
Panama M/L 1units
Grenada S 1units
Mauritius S 1units
Sri Lanka S 135 M/L 15units
Algeria M/L 4units
Palau S 6units
Hungary S 3units
Romania S 209units
Italy S 11units
Jordan S 6units
Iran S 1units
India M/L 44units
50

THANK YOU FOR YOUR KIND ATTENTION.
At kikuchi gorge,Kikuchi City,Kumamoto Prefecture
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decentralized wastewater treatment system and its legal

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