david ambrose term project presentation: the "abc" particle physics simulator

Upload: david-black

Post on 07-Apr-2018

218 views

Category:

Documents


0 download

TRANSCRIPT

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    1/17

    P a r t i c l e P h y s i c s S i m u l a t o r s

    U s e d e x t e n s i v e l y b y e x p e r i m e n t a l n u c l e a r a n d h i g h - e n e r g y p h y s i -

    c i s t s i n b o t h d e t e c t o r d e s i g n a n d s t u d y

    S i m u l a t e p a r t i c l e t r a j e c t o r i e s t h r o u g h d e t e c t o r a p p a r a t u s , i n c o r -

    p o r a t i n g r e l e v a n t p h y s i c s p r o c e s s e s

    C a n d e t e r m i n e c o m p l i c a t e d d e t e c t o r p e r f o r m a n c e ( e . g . e c i e n c y ,

    a c c e p t a n c e ) w h e r e n o t a n a l y t i c a l l y p o s s i b l e

    G r e a t t o o l f o r l e a r n i n g p a r t i c l e p h y s i c s !

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    2/17

    \ A B C " P h y s i c s S i m u l a t o r - G o a l s

    A p p r o x i m a t e p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s c o m m o n t o m o s t p a r t i c l e s i n t r a n s -

    p o r t t h r o u g h m e d i a :

    { c u r v a t u r e i n m a g n e t i c e l d s

    { p a r t i c l e d e c a y

    { m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g

    { e n e r g y l o s s

    M o d u l a r i z e c o d e t o a c c o m m o d a t e a d d i t i o n a l u s e r - d e n e d p r o c e s s e s ,

    i f d e s i r e d

    R e a d i n p u t f r o m c o m m a n d - l i n e o r s c r i p t l e s , a v o i d i n g n e e d t o

    r e c o m p i l e

    G e n e r a t e g r a p h i c a l d i s p l a y t o v i s u a l i z e a p p a r a t u s a n d p a r t i c l e t r a -

    j e c t o r i e s

    O u t p u t s p e c i c \ d e t e c t o r h i t " d a t a f o r q u a n t i t a t i v e a n a l y s i s ( e . g .

    w i t h p l o t t i n g p a c k a g e )

    K e e p c o d e c o m p a c t a n d s i m p l e e n o u g h s o a u s e r c a n r e t r i e v e , c o m -

    p i l e , a n d b e r u n n i n g t h e s i m u l a t o r i n 5 m i n u t e s !

    { a v a i l a b l e o n \ w w w r e l . p h . u t e x a s . e d u " i n :

    / P u b l i c / S t u d e n t s / a m b r o s e / a b c

    { c o n s i s t s o f s i n g l e h e a d e r l e , n i n e \ C " r o u t i n e s , s e v e r a l e x a m -

    p l e s c r i p t s , a n d t h e M a k e l e

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    3/17

    \ A B C " - O u t l i n e o f c o d e

    C o m m a n d

    D i s p l a y

    G e n e r a t o r

    U t i l i t i e s

    O u t p u t

    P h y s i c s

    -

    -

    ? ?

    ?

    6

    H

    H

    H

    H

    H

    H

    H

    Hj

    T h e C o m m a n d s u b r o u t i n e r e a d s a n d l i s t s d a t a ( e . g . o b j e c t s , p a r -

    t i c l e s , a n d o t h e r d e n i t i o n s ) a n d s e t s p r o c e s s a g s .

    D i s p l a y o p e n s t h e g r a p h i c s w i n d o w a n d d r a w s t h e a p p a r a t u s ,

    a l l o w i n g t h e u s e r t o a d j u s t v i e w a n g l e s , s c a l e s , a n d t o g g l e s e t t i n g s

    ( a x e s , c o l o r , p e r s p e c t i v e ) .

    T h e G e n e r a t o r r o u t i n e p r o d u c e s p a r t i c l e s f r o m a p r e - d e n e d l i s t

    o f i n t i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s , a n d \ s w i m s " t h e t r a c k s t h r o u g h t h e d e t e c t o r .

    P a r t i c l e s i n t e r s e c t i n g d e t e c t o r o b j e c t s p r o d u c e h i t s w h i c h a r e s e n t

    t o s t a n d a r d O u t p u t .

    P h y s i c s r o u t i n e s a p p l y p h y s i c a l p r o c e s s e s ( e . g . e n e r g y l o s s , d e c a y )

    t o t r a c k s , u p d a t i n g t h e c u r r e n t s t e p o r p r o d u c i n g n e w p a r t i c l e s .

    T h e U t i l i t i e s r o u t i n e c o n t a i n s v a r i o u s f u n c t i o n s u s e d b y t h e o t h e r

    r o u t i n e s , s u c h a s v e c t o r r o t a t i o n s , l i n e - o b j e c t i n t e r s e c t i o n , a n d r a n -

    d o m n u m b e r g e n e r a t i o n .

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    4/17

    \ A B C " - D a t a I n p u t

    D e n e c o l o r s f o r t h e D i s p l a y r o u t i n e ( 0 , 1 ) :

    c < n u m > < r e d > < g r e e n > < b l u e >

    D e n e p a r t i c l e d a t a ( w i t h o p t i o n a l d e c a y m o d e s ) :

    p < n u m > < n a m e > < c o l o r > < c h a r g e > < m a s s > < c

    0

    > < d e c a y >

    . . . < m o d e > < b r a n c h >

    D e n e m a t e r i a l s u s e d f o r o b j e c t s :

    m < n u m > < n a m e > < A > < Z > < >

    D e n e u n i v e r s e ( o b j e c t 0 ) :

    u < c o l o r > < m a t > < x ( m i n , m a x ) > < y ( m i n , m a x ) > < z ( m i n , m a x ) >

    O b j e c t d a t a :

    o < n u m > < n a m e > < s h a p e > < c o l > < m a t > < d e t > < B

    t y p

    >

    . . . < p o s ( x , y , z ) > < s i z ( 1 , 2 , 3 ) > < r o t ( ; ; ) >

    I n i t i a l c o n d i t i o n s f o r t h e G e n e r a t o r r o u t i n e :

    g < n u m > < p r t > < f l a g > < p o s ( x , y , z ) > < m o m ( x , y , z ) > < p >

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    5/17

    \ A B C " - S c r i p t F i l e s

    D e f a u l t l e a b c : s i s r e a d u p o n s t a r t u p , w h i c h c o n t a i n s t y p i c a l p a r -

    t i c l e s a n d m a t e r i a l s :

    # D e f i n e c o l o r s : ( c o l o r 0 p r e - d e f i n e d a s b l a c k o r w h i t e )

    # n u m r e d g r n b l u

    c 0 1 1 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

    c 0 2 0 . 0 1 . 0 0 . 0

    c 9 8 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 # b l a c k

    c 9 9 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 # w h i t e

    # D e f i n e p a r t i c l e s :

    # n u m / n a m e c o l c h r g m a s s ( G e V ) l i f e ( m ) d e c a y

    p 0 1 p h o t o n 0 1 + 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0

    p 0 2 n e u t r i n o 0 2 + 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0

    p 1 8 s i g m a + 0 3 + 1 . 0 1 . 1 1 8 9 3 7 0 . 0 2 4 0 2

    0 0 1 0 0 9 0 . 5 1 6 4 # p p i 0

    0 0 1 1 0 8 0 . 4 8 3 6 # n p i +

    p 1 9 s i g m a 0 0 4 + 0 . 0 1 . 1 1 9 2 5 5 2 . 2 e - 1 1 1

    0 0 1 6 0 1 1 . 0 # l a m b d a g a m m a

    # D e f i n e m a t e r i a l s : ( m a t e r i a l 0 p r e - d e f i n e d a s v a c u u m )

    # n u m / n a m e A Z d e n ( g / c m 2 ) r a d ( c m )

    m 0 1 a i r 1 4 . 6 1 0 7 . 3 0 1 . 2 0 5 e - 3 3 0 4 2 3

    m 0 2 h e l i u m 4 . 0 0 0 0 2 . 0 0 0 . 1 2 5 7 5 5 . 0

    m 0 6 l e a d 2 0 7 . 1 9 8 2 . 0 1 1 . 3 5 0 . 5 6 0

    m 0 7 u r a n i u m 2 3 8 . 0 3 9 2 . 0 1 8 . 9 5 0 . 3 2 0

    # I n p u t e x p e r i m e n t s c r i p t s :

    i e x a m p l e

    S c r i p t l e s m a y c a l l o t h e r s c r i p t l e s ( u p t o 3 d e e p ) . T h e l e

    e x a m p l e : s p r o v i d e s a t e m p l a t e f o r c r e a t i n g n e w a p p a r a t u s .

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    6/17

    D i s p l a y R o u t i n e

    T h e d r a w i n g r o u t i n e p e r f o r m s a n E u l e r r o t a t i o n a n d t r a n s l a t i o n

    o f o b j e c t f r a m e c o o r d i n a t e s t o t h e l a b f r a m e , a n d t h e n a s e c o n d

    r o t a t i o n t o t h e v i e w f r a m e , a p p l y i n g o p t i o n a l p e r s p e c t i v e u s i n g

    v i e w f r a m e z - p o s i t i o n a n d v i e w d i s t a n c e ( d

    v

    ) :

    x

    v

    0

    = x

    v

    d

    v

    d

    v

    z

    v

    ; y

    v

    0

    = y

    v

    d

    v

    d

    v

    z

    v

    T w o o b j e c t s ( b o x , c y l i n d e r ) a r e d e n e d . E a c h o b j e c t n e e d s t h r e e

    f u n c t i o n c a l l s :

    i ) d r a w i n g f u n c t i o n

    i i ) p o i n t l o c a t i o n ( i s p o i n t i n s i d e o r o u t s i d e ? )

    i i i ) l i n e i n t e r s e c t i o n o n o b j e c t

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    7/17

    G e n e r a t o r R o u t i n e

    I n i t i a l i z e r s t s t e p w i t h i n p u t p o s i t i o n / m o m e n t u m . I f p s e l e c t e d ,

    v a r y m o m e n t u m m a g n i t u d e w i t h n o r m a l d e v i a t e . I f g e n e r a t o r a g

    s e t , f o r c e d e c a y .

    L o o p o v e r t r a c k s f r o m c u r r e n t t o t o t a l n u m b e r . S w i m t r a c k s u n t i l

    m o m e n t u m f a l l s b e l o w t h r e s h o l d , o r d e c a y o c c u r s :

    { F i l l i n i t i a l s t e p d a t a , d e t e r m i n e o b j e c t l o c a t i o n

    { C h o o s e s t e p s i z e f r o m o b j e c t e l d s t r e n g t h a n d r a d i a t i o n l e n g t h

    X

    0

    { T a k e t r i a l s t e p , c h e c k i n g f o r i n t e r s e c t i o n w i t h n e w o b j e c t o r

    e x i t o f c u r r e n t o n e , a n d t r u n c a t e

    { A p p l y p h y s i c s p r o c e s s e s t o n a l s t e p p o i n t :

    c u r v a t u r e i n m a g n e t i c e l d

    m u l t i p l e s c a t t e r i n g

    e n e r g y l o s s

    p a r t i c l e d e c a y ( a d d n e w t r a c k s t o q u e u e )

    { O u t p u t p o s i t i o n / m o m e n t u m t o s t d o u t i f e n t e r i n g o r l e a v i n g

    d e t e c t o r o b j e c t a n d l l h i t a r r a y f o r D i s p l a y

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    8/17

    R a n d o m V a r i a b l e G e n e r a t i o n

    U n i f o r m v a r i a b l e s c h o s e n w i t h < m a t h : h > f u n c t i o n :

    d o u b l e d r a n d 4 8 ( )

    N o r m a l v a r i a b l e s c h o s e n u s i n g t w o u n i f o r m d e v i a t e s ( r

    1

    ; r

    2

    ) a n d

    t h e B o x - M u l l e r m e t h o d N u m e r i c a l R e c i p e s ( 7 . 2 . 1 0 ) ] :

    r

    n

    = s i n ( 2 r

    1

    )

    q

    2 l n r

    2

    r

    n

    = + r

    n

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    9/17

    A p p l y i n g M a g n e t i c F i e l d s

    I n u n i f o r m , s t a t i c B - e l d s , c h a r g e d p a r t i c l e s f o l l o w h e l i c a l p a t h s

    w i t h a r a d i u s o f c u r v a t u r e :

    a

    c p

    ?

    z B

    ) p

    ?

    p e r p e n d i c u l a r m o m e n t u m

    D e n i n g \ d i p o l e " o b j e c t s w i t h u n i f o r m B a l o n g z - a x i s , s t e p c o -

    o r d i n a t e s a n d m o m e n t a a r e r o t a t e d t o o b j e c t f r a m e , s e p a r a t i n g

    p

    ?

    a n d p

    k

    . F i n a l s t e p p e r p e n d i c u l a r p o s i t i o n a n d m o m e n t u m a r e

    a d j u s t e d t o f o l l o w c u r v a t u r e , t h e n r o t a t e d b a c k t o l a b f r a m e .

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    10/17

    A p p l y i n g P a r t i c l e D e c a y

    F o r p a r t i c l e w i t h m a s s a n d e n e r g y ( m ; E ) , t h e d i l a t e d l i f e t i m e i s

    ( =

    0

    ; = E = m ) , a n d s u r v i v a l p r o b a b i l i t y o v e r ( t = t

    2

    t

    1

    )

    o b e y s P o i s s o n s t a t i s t i c s w i t h ( y = 0 ; = t = ) :

    P ( y ) =

    y

    y !

    e

    = e

    t =

    A u n i f o r m d e v i a t e ( r

    p

    ) i s c h o s e n a n d , i f ( r

    p

    > P ( y ) ) , a d e c a y i s

    g e n e r a t e d .

    T h e p a r t i a l d e c a y r a t e f o r m a s s m ( i n r e s t f r a m e ) i n t o n b o d i e s i s

    a f u n c t i o n o f t h e m a t r i x e l e m e n t M a n d p h a s e - s p a c e d

    n

    :

    d =

    2

    4

    2 m

    j M j

    2

    d

    n

    ( P ; p

    1

    ; p

    2

    ; : : : ; p

    n

    )

    A p p r o x i m a t e d b y i g n o r i n g M a n d c h o o s i n g d

    n

    o v e r u n i f o r m

    p h a s e - s p a c e , t h e n b o o s t i n g b a c k t o l a b f r a m e .

    F o r t w o - b o d y d e c a y , n a l - s t a t e m o m e n t a a r e p r e - d e t e r m i n e d f r o m

    c o n s e r v a t i o n o f 4 - m o m e n t u m :

    j p

    1

    j = j p

    2

    j =

    ( m

    2

    ( m

    1

    + m

    2

    )

    2

    ) ( m

    2

    ( m

    1

    m

    2

    )

    2

    ) ]

    1 = 2

    2 m

    T h e p h a s e - s p a c e e l e m e n t t h e n r e d u c e s t o :

    d

    j p

    1

    j

    m

    2

    d ) d = d

    1

    d ( c o s

    1

    )

    w h e r e a u n i f o r m

    1

    ( ; ) a n d c o s

    1

    ( 1 ; 1 ) a r e c h o s e n .

    T h r e e - b o d y d e c a y s f o r m a u n i q u e p r o d u c t i o n p l a n e , w h e r e a D a l i t z

    p l o t o f a n y t w o n a l - s t a t e e n e r g i e s w i l l b e u n i f o r m . C h o o s i n g t w o

    s u c h e n e r g i e s E

    i

    ( m

    i

    < E

    i

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    11/17

    T e s t i n g P a r t i c l e D e c a y

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    12/17

    A p p l y i n g P a r t i c l e E n e r g y L o s s

    C h a r g e d p a r t i c l e s h e a v i e r t h a n e l e c t r o n s l o s e e n e r g y w i t h i n a m a -

    t e r i a l p r i m a r i l y t h r o u g h i n e l a s t i c c o l l i s i o n s w i t h a t o m i c e l e c t r o n s ,

    g i v e n b y t h e B e t h e - B l o c h e q u a t i o n :

    d E

    d x

    = K z

    2

    Z

    A

    1

    2

    2

    4

    1

    2

    l n

    2 m

    e

    c

    2

    2

    2

    T

    m a x

    I

    2

    2

    2

    C

    Z

    3

    5

    w h e r e t h e m a x i m u m k i n e t i c e n e r g y t r a n s f e r t o e l e c t r o n s i s :

    T

    m a x

    =

    2 m

    e

    c

    2

    2

    2

    1 + 2 ( m

    e

    = m ) + ( m

    e

    = m )

    2

    F o r a m a t e r i a l w i t h a t o m i c n u m b e r a n d m a s s ( Z ; A ) , t h e m e a n

    e x c i t a t i o n p o t e n t i a l I ( i n e V ) c a n b e a p p r o x i m a t e d w i t h :

    I =

    8

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    13/17

    T e s t i n g E n e r g y L o s s a n d R a n g e

    T h e p a r t i c l e e n e r g y l o s s i s c a l c u l a t e d f o r e a c h s t e p b y i n t e g r a t -

    i n g d E = d x o v e r t h e s t e p l e n g t h u s i n g a f o u r t h - o r d e r R u n g e - K u t t a

    s c h e m e , u n t i l t h e m o m e n t u m f a l l s b e l o w a p r e - d e t e r m i n e d t h r e s h -

    o l d ( 1 0 M e V ) .

    T e s t i n g t h e i n t e g r a t i o n w i t h m u o n s i n i r o n , t h e c a l c u l a t e d r a n g e

    a v e r a g e s a b o u t 5 % o f t a b u l a t e d v a l u e s .

    M o m e n t u m ( G e V ) R a n g e ( m ) E x p e c t ( m ) E r r o r ( % )

    0 . 1 0 . 0 1 2 8 0 . 0 1 2 1 - 5 . 8

    0 . 5 0 . 3 1 6 5 0 . 3 3 7 0 + 6 . 0

    1 0 . 7 3 2 0 0 . 7 4 0 0 + 1 . 0

    5 3 . 6 4 0 0 3 . 3 8 0 0 - 7 . 7

    1 0 6 . 9 2 0 0 6 . 7 3 0 0 - 2 . 8

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    14/17

    A p p l y i n g M u l t i p l e C o u l o m b S c a t t e r i n g

    C h a r g e d p a r t i c l e s t r a v e r s i n g a m a t e r i a l s u e r m a n y s m a l l - a n g l e

    s c a t t e r s f r o m c o l l i s i o n s w i t h n u c l e i . T h e r m s p l a n e s c a t t e r i n g a n g l e

    ( t h r o u g h p a t h l e n g t h x ) i s a p p r o x i m a t e d b y :

    0

    =

    1 3 : 6 M e V

    c p

    z

    q

    x = X

    0

    1 + 0 : 0 3 8 l n x = X

    0

    ]

    A s s u m i n g a n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n o f

    p l a n e

    , t w o n o r m a l r v ' s a r e c h o -

    s e n w i t h ( =

    0

    ) , s o t h e r a n d o m s p a c e s c a t t e r (

    s

    =

    q

    2

    1

    +

    2

    2

    )

    w i t h a u n i f o r m r a n d o m a z i m u t h a l a n g l e

    s

    .

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    15/17

    \ A B C " P h y s i c s S i m u l a t o r - E x a m p l e s

    R e p r o d u c e f a m o u s p h y s i c s e x p e r i m e n t s !

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    16/17

    E x a m p l e - D i s c o v e r y o f t h e

    M i m i c t h e B N L 8 0 - i n c h b u b b l e c h a m b e r w i t h a b o x c o n t a i n i n g

    l i q u i d h y d r o g e n a n d 0 : 4 T d i p o l e e l d .

    F o r c e

    d e c a y s ( a s s u m e c r e a t i o n b y K

    + p !

    + K

    +

    + K

    0

    ) ,

    f o r e x a m p l e :

    !

    0

    ;

    0

    !

    0

    0

    0

    ! e

    +

    e

    0

    ! p

    !

  • 8/6/2019 David Ambrose Term Project Presentation: The "ABC" Particle Physics Simulator

    17/17

    E x a m p l e - D e t e c t i o n o f m e s o n