dave reistenberg supplemental (mva) presentation

8/6/2019 Dave Reistenberg Supplemental (MVA) Presentation

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6/13/11

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Monitoring Case Study: SECARB s Phase III Anthropogenic Test

Mobile

A l a b a m a

M i s s

i s s

i p p

i

MobileCounty

WashingtonCounty

CO2 Pipeline

A newly built 12 mile CO 2 pipeline willtransport CO 2 from a CO 2 capture unit atAlabama Power s (Southern Co.) Plant tothe Citronelle Dome.

From 100 to 300 thousand metric tonsof CO 2 will be injected into the Paluxysaline formation at Citronelle over 2 to 3years.

Advanced Resources and supportingresearchers will conduct 3 years of

monitoring after CO 2 injection and thenclose the site.

A Fully Integrated CCS Project

Plant Barry

Citronelle Dome

CO2 InjectionSite

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Capture Unit at Alabama Power s Plant Barry

MHI advanced aminecapture unit

• 25 MW post combustionslip stream (500 tonnesCO 2 per day)

• Fabricate off-site andbarge to Plant Barry

• Compress CO 2 to 2000 psi

• Scheduled start up duringsummer, 2011

• Separately funded

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Capture Plant and Compressor Will be Operational by July 2011

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9-2010

11-2010

1-2011

Source: Esposito et al., 2008

Structural Contour Map of the Top of the

Rodessa Formation

A A

Cross Section from Plant Barry to Citronelle Dome

Test Site Structural Geology

Regional data and studies show that theCitronelle Dome is:• A subtle open fold

• Limbs dipping less than 1 degree

• Four-way structural closure

Modified from: Pashin et al., 2008

Sources: Pashin et al., 2008; Cottingham, 1988; Esposito and others, 2008

Plant Barry

Anthro Test Site

TestSite



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Citronelle DomeSaline Reservoirs and Seals

CO 2 Storage Site

• Proven four-way closure at CitronelleDome.

• Deep Lower Cretaceous Paluxy Fm(at 9,400 ).

• Massive 1,100 foot interval of stackedfluvial sands and shales.

• Numerous overlying confining units(at least 5).

• No evidence of faulting or fracturing,

based on reinterpretation of existing2D seismic lines.• Test site is located within an existing

oilfield that produced from the deeper Donovan Sand

The saline formation selected for CO 2 injection and storage is regionallyextensive, but geologicallychallenging.

The Anthropogenic Test s CO 2 Storage Site

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• Sand continuity mapping to determineopen or closed sand intervals.

• Detailed analysis of over 80 well logsfor porosity and depositional style.

• Paluxy appears to be entirely fluvial(incised valley fill)

• Cross-plots of porosity versuspermeability.

Given the challenges posed by athick, fluvial sequence of sands andshales, the project investedconsiderable time and effort onreservoir characterization:

Detailed Reservoir Characterization

Establishing Reservoir Properties

for Paluxy Saline Formation

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(

(-

(-

(-

(-

9500

9400

9700

9600

9900

9800

10100

10000

10300

10200

10500

10400

Citronelle SE Unit # D-9-7

Log Depth (ft) Top of Paluxy

‘ Upper Paluxy ’

‘ MiddlePaluxy ’

‘ Lower Paluxy ’ Top of Mooringsport

Sand Layer 10060

Sand Layer 9620

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CO 2 Injection Well

• 100+ meters of net feet of sand

• Average sand porosity of 20%

• Permeability from <0.1 to >3 Darcies

• Normal pressure and temperaturegradients

Based on detailed characterization of the thick Paluxy sand/shale interval, weselected 17 sand units for CO 2 injection:

Subsequent reservoir characterization(currently underway) will help confirm andupdate the key CO 2 injectivity and storagecapacity parameters.

Detailed Reservoir Characterization (Cont d)

Building the Geologic Model

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CO2 Storage Monitoring, Verification, andAccounting Tool Kit

1) Deep Monitoring (Below Base of Freshwater): TrackCO 2 plume and pressure front in the reservoir. Monitor for migration above the confining unit

2) Shallow Monitoring (Above Base of Freshwater toGround Surface): Monitor for CO 2 buildup inunderground sources of drinking water

3) Surface/Atmospheric Monitoring: Monitor for elevated

CO 2 levels or tracers at ground surface or in theshallow atmosphere

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1) Deep Monitoring Tools

Seismic Tools – Established Industry Tools that can beused to determine area of significant CO 2 plumecoverage (i.e. saturation greater than 10%) but not

pressure or saturation.

Time-Lapse Surface Seismic : Source and receivers on groundsurface

• Large areal coverage• Can be deployed in 3D• Existing penetrations unnecessary• Baseline deployment can be used for geologic model• Vertical resolution of 30-100 meters• Challenge to use with small, thin, or low saturation plumes• Challenge to use in busy subsurfaces (i.e. extraction/injection

into shallower formations)

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Time-Lapse Vertical Seismic Profile (VSP): Source onsurface, receivers deployed in an existing deep wellbore

• Areal extent limited to <1,000 meter from receiver wellbore• Can be deployed in 3D• Existing penetration required• Baseline deployment can be used for geologic model• Vertical resolution of ~10 meters (10x higher than surface

seismic)• Potential to monitor smaller, thinner, or low stacked plumes




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Time-Lapse Crosswell Seismic: Source and Receiver in offsetexisting wellbores

• Areal limited to <300 meter from receiver wellbore• Detailed transect between two wellbores (2D image)• Existing penetrations required• Baseline deployment can be used for geologic model (detailed

stratigraphy)• Vertical resolution of ~3 meters (30x higher than surface

seismic)• Potential to monitor smaller, thinner, or low stacked plumes


Well Based Tools – Utilize Existing wellbores that penetrate the injection zone

Neutron Logging – Monitor neutron adsorption (CO 2 is aweak neutron adsorber)

• High degree of vertical resolution (<1 meter)• Capable of determining saturation levels• High repeatability (versus seismic)• Shallow penetration (~40 cm)

Pressure – Classic reservoir performance tool• Inexpensive, data rich

•

Establish reservoir capacity, boundaries• Limited to formation of interest




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Ground Surface Deformation

Satellite Interferometry (aka InSAR) – Map ground surface levelsin time lapse for indications of expansion (injection) or subsidence) extraction. Useful for determination of injectionpressure buildup

• Most promising in shallow reservoirs and/or reservoirs with lowpermeability (i.e. high pressure buildup)

• Inexpensive, historical data may be available• Non-unique solution (vertical position of CO 2 buildup must be

modeled)• Challenge in wooded areas or those with significant water

coverage• May not be useful in busy subsurfaces


Surface Tilt – deploy multiple tiltmeters on ground surface attest site

• Higher sensitivity than InSAR, may be useful for smaller,deeper or low pressure injections

• May not be useful in busy subsurfaces




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Groundwater Geochemistry: Monitor for changes in chemistrythat may indicate CO2 leakage (i.e. pH, dissolved metals)

Tracers: Introduce tracers into CO2 stream and monitor for presence in groundwater or at surface• Challenge is that tracers may not stay within injected CO 2.

Industry experience is mixed

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2) Shallow Monitoring Tools

Soil Flux Accumulation Chambers – monitor soil CO 2 levels atpoints on ground surface. High precision, low areal coverage(~ 1 square meter)• Long baseline required to establish natural variation

Eddy Covariance – Micrometeorological tool to monitor shallowatmospheric CO 2 levels in a several thousand square meter area• Assumes homogeneous surface conditions• Long baseline required to establish natural variation• Complex methodology for analysis• Cannot pinpoint leak within monitoring area

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3) Surface/Atmospheric Monitoring Tools



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Anthropogenic Test CO 2 Monitoring Design – Challenges and Opportunities

Challenges• Injection into multiple sand units, each less than 15 meters thick• Deep injection (>3,000 meters)• Subsurface is busy at Citronelle – shallow water extraction,

deep water injection and oil extraction• Existing wellbores present primary leakage risk• Public perception is always a consideration

Opportunities• Multiple proven industry (EOR and Sequestration) tools are available

for plume tracking• Existing oilfield well development (40 acre spacing) allow for high

density access to reservoir • Geological structure relatively simple (unfaulted/unfractured)• Additional funding available for novel monitoring tool deployment

Anthropogenic Test CO 2 Monitoring Design – Challenges and Opportunities



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• Near-surface (groundwater) and deep reservoir fluid sampling –Monitor for geochemical evidence for CO 2 buildup

• In-zone and above-zone pressure and temperature monitoring –Precise, inexpensive standard monitoring tool

• Cased-hole neutron logging – Measure CO 2 saturation in proximity toan existing wellbore (depth of penetration about 35 cm)

•

Crosswell seismic and VSP. Monitor CO 2 plume edge and verticalshape utilizing new and existing wellbores for tool deployment.

The anthropogenic test will use a mix of existing oilfield wellsand new drill wells for tracking the CO 2 plume using the followingproven industry tools:

Anthropogenic Test CO 2 Shallow and Deep Monitoring Design

Note that other promising tools are likely bad candidates at thetest site:

• 3D surface seismic – low degree of vertical resolution (30-100meters) makes ability to track multiple, thin plumes unliklely

• Surface deformation tools (measured by tiltmeters/GPS or satellite interferometry) are unattractive due to busy subsurface and low anticipated pressure buildup

Anthropogenic Test CO 2 Deep Monitoring Design



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Novel Tool DeploymentThe Carbon Capture Project s MBM Integrated Sensing

CO2CRC Otway

Modular BoreholeMonitoring

Provide a design of a flexibleintegrated sensor platform for acquiring multiplemeasurements using onedeployment completion

• Dedicated seismic string (for VSP)

• U-tube reservoir fluid sampler

• Distributed temperature

• Tracer monitoring – Monitor for the presence of tracers added to theinjected CO 2 at selected ground surface locations. Concentrateefforts on likely leakage conduits (existing well penetrations).

• Soil Flux – Monitor soil CO 2 levels at selected points on groundsurface. High precision, low areal coverage (~ 1 square meter)

The anthropogenic test deploy the following monitoring toolsfor regulatory compliance and as an outreach program

CO 2 MonitoringSurface Monitoring Design

Both of these monitoring methods are relatively inexpensive

(compared to deep monitoring tools) and are high profile . As suchthey act as defacto local outreach programs



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CO 2 Injection Monitoring

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D-4-13 and/or D-4-14

In-zone montoringAbove-zone monitoringFluid sampling

D-9-11

Neutron Logging

Proposed Injector Injection SurveysDownholePressure

Proposed Inj/Obs WellNeutron logging

Crosswell seismic (source)

New Characterization WellNeutron loggingMBM (in-zone pressure, fluidsampling, seismic, temp)

Modeled Plume

Extent

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