SOMA 2011Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on

Mediterrean Archaeology, held at the University of Catania 3–5 March 2011

VOLUME I

Edited by

Pietro Maria MilitelloHakan Öniz

BAR International Series 2695 (I)2015

Università di Catania, Dipartimento di Scienze Umanistiche, Corso di laurea magistrale in

Archeologia, opzione internazionale Università di CataniaScuola di Specializzazione in

Beni Archeologici

Turkish Foundation for Underwater Archaeology

General Association of Mediterranean Archaeology

Published by

ArchaeopressPublishers of British Archaeological ReportsGordon House276 Banbury RoadOxford OX2 7EDEnglandbar@archaeopress.comwww.archaeopress.com

BAR S2695 (I)

SOMA 2011 Proceedings of the 15th Symposium on Mediterrean Archaeology, held at the University of Catania 3–5 March 2011

© Archaeopress and the individual authors 2015

ISBN 978 1 4073 1342 9 (Volume I)ISBN 978 1 4073 1343 6 (Volume II)ISBN 978 1 4073 1344 3 (Set of both volumes)

Printed in England by Information Press, Oxford

All BAR titles are available from:

Hadrian Books Ltd122 Banbury RoadOxfordOX2 7BPEnglandwww.hadrianbooks.co.uk

The current BAR catalogue with details of all titles in print, prices and means of payment is available free from Hadrian Books or may be downloaded from www.archaeopress.com

i

Table of Contents

Volume IPreface v

Part I – Prehistory and Protohistory of Europe and Anatolia 1

General Topics 3

Exchanges Between Paleolithic Hunter-gatherer Groups 3Neyir Kolankaya-Bostanci

Understanding Cross-cultural Communication in the European Bronze Age 11Paulina Suchowska-Ducke

Anatolia 21

Early Bronze Age (ca. 3000-2000 BC) Mining Activities in Central Anatolia, Turkey 21Derya Yilmaz

Observations on the Troy I Period in the Light of Recent Survey Finds from the Coastal Troad 27Derya Yilmaz

From the Middle Danube to Anatolia: Contacts During the Second Millennium BC. a Case Study 35Anca-Diana Popescu, Radu Băjenaru

Kitchen furniture in the second millennium BC: evidence from Salat Tepe 43Tuba A. Ökse, Ahmet Görmüş, Gamze Kaynak

Remnants of Incantation Rituals from the Middle Bronze Age Settlement at Salat Tepe: an Ethnoarchaeological Approach 51Tuba A. Ökse, Ahmet Görmüş, Tülin Bozkurt

Glass Trade in the Light of the Late Bronze Age Finds from Panaztepe 59Nazli Çinardali-Karaaslan

A Group of Urartian Metal Finds from the Karaman Archaeological Museum 65Makbule Ekici

Investigations in the Çaldiran Plain/Lake Van Basin: the Middle Iron Age 71Aynur Özfirat

Europe 81

Antique Bone and Antler Anvils Discovered in Romania 81Corneliu Beldiman, Diana-Maria Sztancs

A Joint Consideration of the Lithic Industries of Shell Middens in Muge, Portugal, and the Coastal Mediterranean Mesolithic Sites 89Anabela Joaquinito, Nuno Ribeiro

Daily Life and Social Reconstruction of an Argaric Settlement at Peñalosa (Baños de la Encina, Jaén) 93Juan Miguel Rivera Groennou, Eva Alarcón García

Greece 101

Archaeological Models and the Archaeology of Mesara (Crete) between the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age 101Rosario Maria Anzalone

Reconstructing the Landscape of the Dead. Some Observations on the Minoan Funerary Space in the Agiopharango Valley 111Sylviane Déderix

Some Eccentric Linear A Tablets from Ayia Triada 121Pietro Militello

Studying Grey Ceramics in the Adriatic Area. A Preliminary Report 127Eleonora Ballan

Protogeometric and Geometric Pottery from the Kos Early Iron Age Necropolis Revisited. Some Features of the Local Ceramic Production 135Maria Grazia Palmieri

ii

Italy 143

Settlement Strategies and Territorial Organization: a Methodological Approach to the Sardinian Bronze Age Context 143Francesca Cadeddu

Ceramic Ethnoarchaeometry in Western Sardinia: the Case of Oristano 155Evanthia Tsantini, Giuseppe Montana, Miguel Ángel Cau

Lyres in the Daunian Stelae: Towards a Better Understanding of Chordophones in the Mediterranean Iron Age 161Raquel Jiménez Pasalodos, Placido Scardina

Sicily 175

An Analytical Study of Neolithic Combustion Structures in the Province of Messina 175Francesca Cannizzaro, Maria Clara Martinelli

Material Culture and People. Some Methodological Remarks on the Study of Aeolian Middle Bronze Age Settlement Contexts 185Gianmarco Alberti

Oversea Lithic Exchanges Between the Aeolian Islands and Malta from an Inland Perspective: Preliminary Data from a Late Neolithic Site in Licodia Eubea, Catania - Sicily 197Damiano Bracchitta

Decorated Footed Bowls: Type, Distribution and Use 203Valeria Grasso, Carla Maria Caterina Cirino

Creating Boundaries: Elaborate Tombs and Trade Goods in the Early Bronze Age Necropolis at Castelluccio (Sicily, Italy) 211Anita Crispino, Massimo Cultraro

Dwelling in the Darkness: the Prehistoric Caves of the Hyblaean Mountains (Sicily) 217Dalma Cultrera

An Early Bronze Age Settlement Near Ragusa 227Francesco Cardinale, Giovanni Di Stefano, Milena Gusmano, Saverio Scerra

The Late Copper Age Phase in Rocchicella di Mineo: Preliminary Data 233Ivana Vacirca

Innovation and Tradition in the Technology of Large Storage Jars from the Sicilian Middle Bronze Age 239Carlo Veca

Piano dei Casazzi (Mineo, Catania). Data on the proto-historic inhabitation 249Francescaromana Alberghina

Ceramic ethnoarchaeometry in Sicily: recent traditional productions as a tool for understanding past manufactures 253Giuseppe Montana, Anna Maria Polito, Evanthia Tsantini

Use of Space in the Early Bronze Age on the Basis of Artefact Distribution: the Village of Coste Di Santa Febronia 259Roberta Mentesana

Archaeology and Sciences 265

Gis, Geographical Models and Archaeology: a Case Study for Late Prehistory Populations (5500-550 Bc) on the Ripoll River (Catalonia, Spain) 265Maria Yubero Gómez

Technical and Typological Approaches to Bronze Age Worked Bone from Central Iberia. The Settlement of Motilla del Azuer 273Manuel Altamirano García

Birch Resin Not Only As Climate Marker. Integration Between Chemical And Paleobotanical Analysis In Sicilian Prehistory 285Roberta Mentesana, Giuseppe De Benedetto, Girolamo Fiorentino

Part II – History and Archaeology of the Classical World I 291

Archaeology Greece and the Mediterranean 293

Seeing the Attic Vase: Mediterranean Shapes from 635 to 300 B.C. – The Beazley Data 293Filippo Giudice, Rossano Scicolone, Sebastiano Luca Tata

The Walled Towns of Thesprotia: from the Hellenistic Foundation to the Roman Destruction 313Marco Moderato

Ionian Sanctuaries and the Mediterranean World in the 7th Century B.C. 321Kenan Eren

iii

Stoa–bouleuterion? Some Observations on the Agora of Mantinea 329Oriana Silia Cannistraci

Archaeology The East 335

Two Fragmentary Sarcophagi from Aphrodisias in Caria: Imported Sculptors in the City of Sculpture? 335Esen Ogus

Hellenistic and Roman Pottery of Zengibar Kalesi (Isaura Nova?): from the South Necropolis Survey 349Zafer Korkmaz, Osman Doğanay

Some Archaeological Material from Seydişehir 361Asuman Baldiran

Archaeological Survey in Aksaray (Cappadocia): a Preliminary Report 379Mehmet Tekocak

Ancient Monuments between Research and Development: the Theatre of Kyme (Turkey) 391Stefania Mancuso

The Agora Basilica, Smyrna 399Burak Yolaçan

Archaeological Excavations at Istanbul’s Lake Kucukcekmece–2010 407Hakan Oniz, Sengul Aydingun, Emre Guldogan

Excavations in Ancient Smyrna 411Akin Ersoy, Gülten Çelik

The Cult of Zeus in Lykaonia 417Asuman Baldiran

‘Hierapolis of Phrygia’: a Roman imperial pottery deposit (US 274) found in the Northern Necropoli (Atlante di Hierapolis, foglio 18) 421Dario Sergio Corritore

Kyme of Aeolis. Excavations in the Necropolis (2007-2008): Preliminary Data 431Fabrizio Sudano

A Grave Dated to the Late- and Sub-Geometric Period at Mengefe 435Makbule Ekici

Archaeology The West and Africa 439

Beyond Aleria. Local Processes and Tyrrhenian Connections in the Early Corsican Iron Age (8Th–5Th Centuries Bc) 439Marine Lechenault

Genesis and Development of the First Complex Societies in the Northeastern Iberian Peninsula During the First Iron Age (7th-6th Centuries BC). The Sant Jaume Complex (Alcanar, Catalonia) 445David Garcia i Rubert, Isabel Moreno Martínez, Francisco Gracia Alonso, Laia Font Valentín, Marta Mateu

Sagué

Phoenicians in the Azores, Myth or Reality? 453Nuno Ribeiro, Anabela Joaquinito, Sérgio Pereira

The Roman uilla of Sa Mesquida: A rural settlement on the island of Mallorca (Balearic Islands, Spain) 461Catalina Mas Florit, Bartomeu Vallori Márquez, Patricia Murrieta Flore, María José Rivas Antequera,

Miguel Ángel Cau Ontivero

Lamps From the Anonymous Temple of the Main Decumanus at Leptis Magna 467Veronica Riso

New Data on the Roman Wall Paintings of Leptis Magna. A Preliminary Report 475Giuseppe Cinquemani

The Coin Hoard from Misurata: the Container 483Francesca Trapani

Archaeology Sicily and Italy 495

Francavilla Marittima: a Contextual Analysis of Male Burials in the Necropolis of Macchiabate (9Th-6Th Century BC) 495Claudia Speciale

The Fortified Settlement at Mura Pregne: an Indigenous Site Close to the Greek chora of Himera 507Calogero Maria Bongiorno

Licodia Eubea-Style: Some Remark 511Marco Camera

iv

Recent Discoveries at the Sanctuary of the Divine Palikoi 517Laura Maniscalco, Brian E. McConnell

Rock Architecture and Some Colonial and Indigenous Centres: the Case of Leontinoi and Montagna Di Ramacca (Ct) 523Maria Nicotra, Giuseppina Gisella Lidia Verde

The Necropoleis of Gela: Updated Researches and Topographical Observation 529Marina Congiu

A Sanctuary of Apollo (Re)discovered in Sicily? Archaeological Evidence, Topography and Historical Source 535Francesca Buscemi

Elite and Society in a Settlement in the Sicilian Hinterland: a New Interpretation of Some Funerary Assemblages from the Monte Castellazzo Necropolis Near Marianopoli 543Rosalba Panvini

A Female Clay Bust from the ‘Artemis Well’ in Syracuse 557Mario Cottonaro

Material Culture as an Indicator of Adoption and Resistance in the Cross-Craft and Cultural Interactions Among Greek and Indigenous Communities in Southern Italy: Loom Weights and Cooking Ware in Pre-Roman Lucania 563Alessandro Quercia, Lin Foxhall

Archaeological Analysis of Roman Naval Warfare in Iberia During the Second Punic War 575Eduard Ble Gimeno

Sailing Towards the West: Trade and Traders on the Routes Between the Iberian Peninsula and Campania Between the 2nd Century BC and the 1st Century AD 585Michele Stefanile

Roman Period Theatres in Sicily: a Structuralist Approach 593Zeynep Aktüre

A Fish-Processing Plant in Milazzo (ME) During the 1st Imperial Age 603Annunziata Ollà

Some Observations On The Road Network Through The Peloritani Region, North-Eastern Sicily 609Anna Lisa Palazzo

Volume II

Part III – History and Archaeology of the Classical World II 615

Iconography and Artistic Production 617

The ‘Mosaic of the Sages’ from Lyrbe / Seleukeia 617Nazlı Yildirim

Some Remarks on the Iconography of Hermes Kriophoros in Magna Graecia and Sicily in the 5th Century BC 627Ambra Pace

The Origins of the lorica segmentata 633Marco Conti

Handmade Terracotta Figurines: Subjects Of Daily Life 639Vanessa Chillemi

Hellenistic Plastic Vases in Sicily: Some Reflection 651Alessandra Granata

Between Myth and History: Mediterranean Funerary Monuments in the 4th Century BC 657Alessandro Poggio

Archaeology of Gesture and Relics: Early Signs of the Sacred In Veii 661Laura Maria Russo

History 677

The Dionysus Cult in Antioch 677İnanç Yamaç

Economy and Institutions in Ancient Greek Proverbs. A Contribution on Trade and Taxation 685Carmela Raccuia

Attic Weights and the Economy of Athen 691Mario Trabucco

v

Sitodosia, euerghesia and emporia: Some Examples from Sicily 695Elena Santagati

Greeks and Sikels in the Hyblaean Area: an Historical Interpretation of the Epigraphic Evidence in the Chalcidian Hinterland 699Nella Sudano

Reconstructing Aspects of pre-Roman History, Political Organization, Religion and Trading Contacts of Greek Colonies of ‘Thracia Pontica’: the Case of Histria and Kallati 709Maria Girtzi

The Role of Professional Associations in the Romanization Process of the Western Provinces. A Study Proposal 717Ilenia Gradante

The Eastern Mediterranean in the Greek Anthroponymy of Roman Hispania: the Case of Aegyptu 723Pedro Marques

In the Land West of the Euphrates: the Parthians in the Roman Empire 731Leonardo Gregoratti

The Ecclesia Dei in Early Christian Inscriptions: Bishops, Presbyters and Deacons in Sicily 737Giuseppe Falzone

The Two Agorai of the Piraeus: Literary, Epigraphic and Archaeological Source 749Valentina Consoli

From Earthquake to Archaeological Rediscovery: Two Unpublished Epigraphs from the Aquila Province 757Carla Ciccozzi, Alessandra Granata, Walter Grossi

Numismatic 763

Water Fauna and Sicilian Coins from the Greek Period 763Mariangela Puglisi

Coinage and Indigenous Populations in Central Sicily 779Lavinia Sole

Greek and Hellenistic Coins in the Central Adriatic Apennines Between the 5th and 2nd Centuries BC 789Maria Cristina Mancini

Coins in Messapia: Research and New Perspective 793Valeria G. Camilleri, Paola d’Angela, Valeria R. Maci, Stefania Montanaro, Lorenzo Rinaudo,

Giuseppe Sarcinelli, Aldo Siciliano, Adriana Travaglini

The ‘Six Emperors’ Coin Hoard’ from the Bay of Camarina 805Giovanni Di Stefano, Giuseppe Guzzetta, Viviana Lo Monaco, Maria Agata Vicari Sottosanti

Archaeology and Sciences 809

Trapeza: A Computer Approach to the Study of Domestic Pottery in Greek Sicily 809Alessandra Cilio

Punic Amphorae from Entella (Sicily): Archaeometric Characterisation of This Possible Consumption Centre 815Giuseppe Montana, Anna Maria Polito, Mariella Quartararo

Physical And Chemical Causes of Deterioration in Excavated Gla 825Ceren Baykan

Some Archaeological and Archeometric Observations on Two Amphorae from the Venice Lagoon 837Iwona Modrzewska, Giancarlo Taroni, Franco Pianetti

Part IV – Byzantine and Medieval Archaeology and History, Museography, Historiography 847

Byzantine and Medieval Anatolia 849

Byzantine Bronze Coins Found in Anatolia and Their Circulation 849Zeliha Demirel Gökalp

An Early Byzantine Graveyard Area in Ankara 857Ayse Fatma Erol

Stoneworks with Animal Motifs Along the Mediterranean Coast of Anatolia During the Byzantine Period 865Ferda Önengüt, Pinar Serdar

The Usage of the Golden Ratio in East Mediterranean Early Byzantine Churche 871Sener Yildirim

The Contribution of Women in the Construction and Decoration of Churches in the Holy Land 881Lihi Habas

vi

The Beçin–Yelli Madrasah 895Kadir Pektaş

Taş (Stone) Madrasah – The Akşehir Archaeological Museum 901Melda Arca Yalçın

Some Medieval Glazed Wares Uncovered from the Archaeological Excavations at Alanya Castle, Southern Turkey 911Sema Bilici

The 18th-Century Saliha Sultan Tomb 915Bilge Karaöz

Mediterranean Ships in the Russian Medieval Written and Graphic Tradition 919Petr Sorokin

Some Seljukid Tiles Uncovered from the Archaeologıcal Excavatıons at Alâıyye Castle, Southern Turkey 925Leyla Yılmaz

Italy, Sicily and the Mediterranean 929

Urban Topography in the Adriatic Italic Area: the Cult of S. Lorenzo in the Middle Age 929Carmen Soria

Late Medieval Pilgrim Ampullae from Southern Apulia. An Indicator of Long-Distance Pilgrimage or Local Shrines? 937Marco Leo Imperiale

Typological Analysis of a Cooking Ware Vessel for the Dating of Medieval and Post-Medieval Archaeological Contexts in Salento 941Patricia Caprino

The Serapieion and the Church of St. Pancratius in Taormina. The Building from Antiquity to the Middle Age 945Leonardo Fuduli

Importation and Trade of African Pottery in the Ancient Ecclesia Carinensis During the Late Roman Age 959Emma Vitale

Production and Circulation of Palermitan Amphorae in the Medieval Mediterranean 963Fabiola Ardizzone

Agrigento between Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Dynamics of Transformation in the Area of the Early Christian Cemetery from the 3rd to the 11th Centuries A.D. 975Giuseppina Cipriano

Vandals in the Mediterranean: a Problematical Presence 987Vincenzo Aiello

Vandals in the Mediterranean: Sicily and its Role 991Elena Caliri

Vandals in the Mediterranean: the Monetary System 997Daniele Castrizio

The Settlement in the District of Grammena-Valcorrente Near Belpasso (Ct) between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages 1001Elisa Bonacini, Maria Turco, Lucia Arcifa

Qui eadem aqua utuntur. A Late Antique and Early Byzantine Village in Rural Calamonaci (Agrigento, Sicily) 1011Maria Concetta Parello, Annalisa Amico

The Dump of Burgio: the Kiln Wastes of the First Pottery Workshops (16th-17th Centuries A.D.) in the Garella District 1019Maria Concetta Parello

Interdisciplinary Study of a Rupestrian Site Differently Utilized from 5Th-6th to 14th Centuries (South-East Sicily) 1025Noemi Billeci, Lorella Pellegrino, Giacomo Caruso, Francesco Paolo Mancuso, Franco Palla

Marble Production and Marble Trade Along the Mediterranean Coast in the Early Byzantine Period (5th-6th centuries AD): the Data from Quarries, Shipwrecks and Monument 1033Elena Flavia Castagnino Berlinghieri, Andrea Paribeni

Medieval Byzantine Shipwrecks in the Eastern Adriatic 1043Vesna Zmaić

Museums, Historiography, Enhancement 1051

The Archaeological Museum of Thassos: the New Permanent Exhibition 1051Dimitria Malamidou, Zisis Bonias, Konstantinos Galanaki

Ancient Sardinia on the Move 1063Barbara Costa

vii

From the Universal Museum to the Public Museum: the Role of Archaeological Finds in Palermo Between the 18th and 19th Century 1075Rosanna Equizzi

The Legend of Mount Nemrud: Commagene Kingdom 3D Reconstruction of the Archaeological Remains of the Holy Sanctuary on Mount Nemrud 1081Ahmet Denker, Hakan Onız

Some Examples of Traditional Housing from the Village of Eskikizilelma and the Aktopraklik Höyük Excavations, Bursa 1089Abdullah Deveci

21

Anatolia

Early Bronze Age (ca. 3000-2000 BC) Mining Activities in Central Anatolia, Turkey

Derya YılmazÇanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Faculty of Sciences and Arts, Department of Archaeology, Çanakkale-Turkey

Introduction

In this study, Early Bronze Age mining activities in central Anatolia are pres212121ented based on data concerning main types of metal works, find places, mineral deposits and local workshops. Types of artifacts, quantity and diversity of minerals, point out that central Anatolian people had an advanced mining technology during the Early Bronze Age.

Discussion

There are rich mineral deposits which were used by prehistoric miners in northern central Anatolia.1 Metal artifacts dating to EBA I are very few. In central Anatolia there are some metal finds of native copper, dated to the beginning of the EBA I.2 However, the presence of tin bronze examples are noteworthy in terms of metal processing. Most of the first type of metal artifact began to appear in EBA II and metal production increased in the region over the period. In the whole region, metal artifacts are large in number by EBA III. Crucibles and moulds, discovered in the region, prove the existence of local workshops.3 From south to north findspots of metals are gradually increasing in number (Fig. 1). This is probably linked to the spread of mineral deposits and the gradual presence of workshops towards the north. It is considered that the presence of regional metal schools began to emerge at the beginning of the EBA II in the region.4

According to the results of the analysis it can be assumed that natural arsenical copper was used in the whole region. In addition, tin-bronze was used in the northern part of the region at the beginning of EBA.5 The varieties of metals in EBA II and III illustrate the development of regional mining.6 Most of the metal finds discussed in this study are either from hoards or from graves. The majority of metal works were produced for the royal families. The distribution of varied metal objects made of gold, silver, lead, unalloyed copper, arsenical-copper, tin-bronze, and meteoric iron demonstrate that in central Anatolia craftmen were expert in metal working.7 It is known that varied techniques such as forging, casting, soldering, inlaying, riveting, and plating were used by miners.

The main metal groups include cult objects (Figs. 2-9), weapons and tools (Figs. 12-18), vessels (Figs. 30-39), ornaments (Figs. 19-29), seals, furniture fragments (Fig. 40), musical instruments

1 Jesus 1980: maps 13-15; Müller-Karpe 1994: Abb. 1; Wagner and Öztunalı 2000: 50-52. 2 Jesus 1980: 127; Yakar 1984: 65.3 Alkım et al. 2003: 25, pl. XVI,13; Müller-Karpe 1994: 43, taf. 11. 8, 33. 1, 37. 4. 4 Yakar 1984: 77 78. 5 Jesus 1980: 127; Yakar 1984, 65; Belli 2004: 15. 6 Yakar 1985: 29-34.7 Yalçın 2008: 15 25; Yılmaz 2010:142 146.

(Figs. 10-11), weaving tools, and ingots.8 Besides these, there are some metal pieces of unknown function. Religious artifacts consist of idols, figurines, and cult items.9 Musical instruments, i.e. metal sistra and castanets, suggest that music was extremely important in religious ceremonies.10 Weapon types and tools include flat axes, crescentic axeheads, shaft-hole axes, halberds, spearheads, daggers, long daggers, swords, maceheads, razors/knives, chisels, perforators, tweezers, sewing needles, hooks, fishing hooks, harpoons, and spindles.11 The local weapons were used together with Mesopotamian, Syrian and Palestinian weapon types. Ornaments are varied and the most characteristic types are hammer-headed pins, double spiral-headed pins, roll-headed pins double ball-headed pins, bird-headed pins, pyramid-headed pins, global-headed toggle pins, flange-headed pin, vase-headed pins, shell-lunate earrings, ring-shaped earrings, basket-shaped earrings, crescent-shaped earrings, bracelets, finger rings, anklets, dress and belt ornaments, global, ovaid, cone, disc-shaped necklace beads, long thin beads with end nodose, earplugs, combs, buckles and hair ornaments, torques, diadems, quadruple spiral beads and plates12. The most common form of metal vessels are ring based beakers, basket handled spouted teapots, omphalos pans, omphalos bowls, pan/mirror, ladle, footed goblets, Syrian bottles, cups, vases and beak-spouted pitchers.13 There are small numbers of furniture fragments of cast sheet metal.14

Conclusion

Advanced metal technology was introduced into central Anatolia towards the end of EBA III. In the area between Anatolia and Mesopotamia most of the finds were spread as a result of cultural relations. The metal types indicate some similarities of western Anatolian and Mesopotamian origin. However, central Anatolian miners also created regional original works. Mining played an important role in the Early Bronze Age economy of the region judging by the number of artifacts. In particular, many metal

8 Esin 1969: 43. 9 Özgüç and Akok 1958: 17-19; Arık 1937: CXC-CCV; Bilgi 2004: 52-55.10 Koşay 1951: pl. CXXVI; Özgüç and Akok 1958: pl. VII, 3 5; pl. XII. 11 Przeworski 1939: 50; Stronach 1957: 93, 95, 107, 110, 113, 118, 121, 122; Bilgi 1984: figs. 8 15; Anlağan and Bilgi 1989: 17, 18, 33, 34, 46, 48, 49, 75, 76, 77, 83, 98; Özgüç and Akok 1958: 16-17; Koşay 1951:pl. CXCVII.1; Arık 1937: CCLXXV; Esin 1969: 43; Bilgi 2001: 93; Bilgi 2004: 48-51; Yıldırım 2006: figs. 14 15.12 Arık 1937: CLXVII, CLXXVII, CLXXXI, CCXLI, CCXLVII, CCXLIX, CCLI; von der Osten 1937: 193 198; Bilgi 1984: figs. 16-18; Özgüç and Temizer 1993: 614; Özgüç 1986: 42 43; Esin 1998: 112; Muscarella 2003: 280 281; Maxwell-Hyslop 1971: 42 47; Yıldırım 2006: fig. 17.13 Özgüç and Akok 1958: 8-13; Arık 1937: CLXIX, CLXXI, CCXXXI, Al. 1083, CCXXXV; Koşay 1951: Pl. CXXXI-CXXXIII; CLXXV CLXXIX; Özgüç and Temizer 1993: 618, 620; Esin 1969: 90-91; Yıldırım 2006: fig. 13. 14 Özgüç and Akok 1958: 8 9, 20 21; Esin 1960: 91.

22

SOMA 2011

works demonstrate the presence of local workshops in northern central Anatolia. Recent studies in mineral deposits have yielded important results about prehistoric mining such as Göltepe, Kestel, and Derekütüğün.15 In addition, production places of metal finds should be linked to studies on regional source analyses. In recent years analysis of some metal works indicate the existence of new alloys that are uknown to us and this will mean reassessing our knowledge of central Anatolian mining in the light of new archaeometric methods.16

Acknowledgment

This study was prepared with the support of project (2010/178 COMU-BAP) funded by Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University.

Bibliography

Alkım, U.B., Alkım, H. and Bilgi, Ö. (2003) İkiztepe II, Üçüncü, Dördüncü, Beşinci, Altıncı, Yedinci Dönem Kazıları (1976-1980), Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.

Anlağan, Ç. and Bilgi, Ö. (1989) Sadberk Hanım Müzesi Protohistorik Çağ Silahları, Grafik Sanatlar Matbaası, İstanbul.

Arık, R. O. (1937) Alaca Höyük Hafriyatı, 1935’deki Çalışmalara ve Keşiflere Ait İlk Rapor, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.

Belli, O. (2004) Anadolu’da Kalay ve Bronzun Tarihçesi. Graphis Matbaa, Antalya.

Bilgi, Ö., 1984, “Metal Objects from İkiztepe-Turkey”, BeitrAllgA, Band 6, 31 96.

Bilgi, Ö. (2001) Protohistorik Çağ’da Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi Madencileri, Hint-Avrupalıların Anavatanı Sorununa Yeni Bir Yaklaşım, Task Vakfı Yayınları, İstanbul.

Bilgi, Ö., (Ed.) (2004) Anadolu Dökümün Beşiği, Graphis Matbaa, İstanbul.

Bingöl, F.R.I. (1999) Museum of Anatolian Civilizations Ancient Jewellery, Anıtlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ankara.

Esin, U. (1969) Kuantitatif Spektral Analiz Yardımıyla Anadolu’da Başlangıcından Asur Kolonileri Çağı’na Kadar Bakır ve Tunç Madenciliği, İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Yayınları No: 1427, İstanbul Taş Matbaası, İstanbul.

Esin, U. (1998) Paleolitik’ten Tunç Çağı’nın Sonuna: Tarihöncesi Çağların Kapadokyası. IN: M. Sözen ed., Kapadokya, Mas Matbaacılık A.Ş., İstanbul, 62 123.

Jesus, de P. S. (1980) The Development of Prehistoric Mining and Metallurgy in Anatolia, BAR International Series 74, Oxford.

Koşay, H. Z. (1951) T.T.K. Tarafından Yapılan Alaca Höyük Kazısı 1937-1939’daki Çalışmalara ve Keşiflere Ait İlk Rapor, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.

Kulaçoğlu, B. (1992) Anadolu Medeniyetleri Müzesi Tanrılar ve Tanrıçalar, Anıtlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ana Basım A.Ş., İstanbul.

Lapérouse, J.-F. de (2003) Pairs of basket earrings. IN: J. Aruz, R. Wallenfels eds., Art of the First Cities, The Third Millennium B.C. from the Mediteranean to the Indus, Yale University Press New Haven, 268 69.

Maxwell-Hyslop, K. R. (1971) Western Asiatic Jewelery c. 3000-612 B. C., Methuen & Co. Ltd London.

Muscarella, O.W. (2003) The Central Anatolian Plateau: The Tombs of Alaca Höyük. IN: J. Aruz, R. Wallenfels eds., Art of the First Cities, The Third Millennium B.C. from the

15 Yener 2000: 71 95; Wagner and Öztunalı 2000: 50. 16 Yalçın 2008: 25 26; Zimmermann and Yıldırım 2008: 87 91.

Mediteranean to the Indus, Yale University Press New Haven, 277 88.

Müller-Karpe, A. (1994). Altanatolisches Metallhandwerk, Wachholtz Verlag, Neumünster.

von der Osten, H.H. (1937) The Alishar Hüyük Seasons of 1930-32 Researches in Anatolia, Part I, OIP 28, University of Chicago press, Chicago.

Özgüç, T. (1986) New Observations on the Relationship of Kültepe with Southeast Anatolia and North Syria during the Third Millennium B.C. IN: J. V. Canby, E. Porada, B. S. Ridgway, T. Stech eds., Ancient Anatolia Aspects of Change and Cultural Development Essays in Honor of Machteld J. Mellink, University of Wisconsin press, Wisconsin, 31 47.

Özgüç, T. and Akok, M. (1958) Horoztepe Eski Tunç Devri Mezarlığı ve İskan Yeri, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara.

Özgüç, T. and Temizer, R. (1993) The Eskiyapar Treasure. IN: M. J. Mellink, E. Porada, T. Özgüç eds., Nimet Özgüç’e Armağan Aspects of Art and Iconography: Anatolia and Its Neighbors Studies in Honor of Nimet Özgüç, Türk Tarih Kurumu Basımevi, Ankara, 613 28.

Przeworski, S. (1939) Metallindustrie Anatoliens Die Metallindustrie Anatoliens in der Zeit von 1500-700 vor Chr. Rohstoffe, Technik, Produktion, E. J. Brill, Leiden.

Stronach, D. B. (1957) The Development and Diffusion of Metal Types in Early Bronze Age Anatolia. Anatolian Studies, 7, 89 124.

Toker, A. (1992) Museum of Anatolian Civilizations, Metal Vessels, Anıtlar ve Müzeler Genel Müdürlüğü Yayını, Ana Basım A.Ş., İstanbul.

Wagner, G. A. and Öztunalı, Ö. (2000) Prehistoric Copper Sources in Turkey. Anatolian Metal I, Bergbau Museum, Bochum, 31 67.

Yakar, J. (1984) Regional and Local Schools of Metalwork in Early Bronze Age Anatolia, Part I. Anatolian Studies, XXXIV, 59 86.

Yakar, J. (1985) Regional and Local Schools of Metalwork in Early Bronze Age Anatolia, Part II. Anatolian Studies, XXXV, 25 38.

Yalçın, Ü. (2008) Ancient Metallurgy in Anatolia. IN: Ü. Yalçın, H. Özbal, A. G. Paşamehmetoğlu eds., International Conference AMITEM Ancient Mining in Turkey and the Eastern Mediterranean, (Ed.), Atılım University Turkey Historical Research Applications and Research Center Publications, Ankara, 15 40.

Yener, K. A. (2000) Domestication of Metals, The Rise of Complex Metal Industries in Anatolia, Brill, Leiden.

Yıldırım, T. (2006) An Early Bronze Age Cemetery at Resuloğlu, Near Uğurludağ, Çorum. A Preliminary Report of the Archaeological Work Carried Out Between Years 2003-2005. Anatolia Antiqua, XIV, 1 14.

Yılmaz, D. (2010) M.Ö. III. Binde Batı ve Orta Anadolu Kültürel İlişkileri (Cultural Relations of Western and Central Anatolia During the Third Millennium B.C.), Unpublished PhD Thesis, Ankara Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.

Zimmermann, T. and Yıldırım, T.( 2008) Three Best to have in Plenty-Rethinking Central Anatolian Early Bronze Age Alloying Traditions. IN: Ü. Yalçın, H. Özbal, A. G. Paşamehmetoğlu eds., International Conference AMITEM Ancient Mining in Turkey and the Eastern Mediterranean, (Ed.), Atılım University Turkey Historical Research Applications and Research Center Publications, Ankara, 87 97.

23

Derya Yılmaz: Early Bronze age (ca. 3000-2000 BC) Mınıng Actıvıtıes

Fig.1: Anatolia map showing EBA findspots of metal objects

24

SOMA 2011

25

Derya Yılmaz: Early Bronze age (ca. 3000-2000 BC) Mınıng Actıvıtıes