csc1100 - chapter09 - computer security, ethics and privacy
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ကွန်ပျုတာလံုခြံရေး၊ကျင့်ဝတ်နှင့်ကိုယ်ရေးကိုယ်တာTRANSCRIPT
Discovering Computers 2008
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Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Chapter 9
Computer Security, Computer Security, Computer Security, Computer Security,
Ethics and PrivacyEthics and PrivacyEthics and PrivacyEthics and Privacy
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Chapter 10 ObjectivesChapter 10 ObjectivesChapter 10 ObjectivesChapter 10 Objectives
Describe the types of computer security risksDescribe the types of computer security risks
Identify ways to safeguard against computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, botnets, denial of service attacks, back
doors, and spoofing
Identify ways to safeguard against computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, botnets, denial of service attacks, back
doors, and spoofing
Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized
Discuss the types of devices available that protect computers from system failure
Discuss the types of devices available that protect computers from system failure
Explain the options available for backing up computer resources
Explain the options available for backing up computer resources
Identify risks and safeguards associated with wireless communications
Identify risks and safeguards associated with wireless communications
Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and use
Discuss techniques to prevent unauthorized computer access and use
Identify safeguards against hardware theft and vandalism
Identify safeguards against hardware theft and vandalism
Explain the ways software manufacturers protect against software piracy
Explain the ways software manufacturers protect against software piracy
Define encryption and explain why it is necessary
Define encryption and explain why it is necessary
Recognize issues related to information accuracy, rights, and conduct
Recognize issues related to information accuracy, rights, and conduct
Discuss issues surrounding information privacy
Discuss issues surrounding information privacy
Discuss ways to prevent health-related disorders and injuries due to computer use
Discuss ways to prevent health-related disorders and injuries due to computer use
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Computer Security RisksComputer Security RisksComputer Security RisksComputer Security Risks
What is a computer security risk?� Event or action that causes loss of or damage to
computer system
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Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks
What are viruses, worms, and Trojan horses?
VirusVirus is a potentially damaging computer program
WormWorm copies itself repeatedly,
using up resources
and possibly
Trojan horseTrojan horsehides within or looks like legitimate
program until
PayloadPayload(destructive event) that is
delivered when you open file, run program
and possibly shutting down computer or
network
program until triggered
you open file, run infected program, or boot computer with infected disk
in disk driveCan
spreadand
damage files
Does not replicateitself on
other computers
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Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks
How can a virus spread through an e-mail message?
Step 1. Unscrupulous programmers create a virus program. They hide the virus in a Word document and attach the Word document to an e-mail message.
Step 2. They use the Internet to send the e-mail message to thousands of users around the world.
Step 3b. Other users do not recognize the name of the sender of the e-mail message. These users do not open the e-mail message. Instead they delete the e-mail message. These users’ computers are not infected with the virus.
Step 3a. Some users open the attachment and their computers become infected with the virus.
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Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks
How can you protect your system from a macro virus?� Set macro security level in applications that allow you
to write macros
� Set security level so that warning displays that document contains document contains macro� Macrosare instructions
saved in an application, such as word processing or spreadsheet program
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Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks
What is an antivirus program?� Identifies and removes
computer viruses� Most also protect against
worms and Trojan horseshorses
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Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks
What is a virus signature?� Specific pattern of virus code
� Also called virus definition
� Antivirus programs look for virus signaturessignatures
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Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks
How does an antivirus program inoculatea program file?
Records Records information information
about program such about program such as file size and as file size and
creation creation datedate
Uses Uses information information
Keeps file in separate area of hard disk
datedate Attempts Attempts to remove to remove
any detected any detected virusvirus
information information to detect if to detect if
virus tampers virus tampers with filewith file
QuarantinesQuarantinesinfected infected
files that it files that it cannot cannot removeremove
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Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks
What are some tips for preventing virus, worm, and Trojan horse infections?
Never start a computer with
removable media
Never open an e-mail attachment
unless you are expecting it and
Install an antivirus program on all of your computers
Check all downloaded programs for
viruses, worms, or Trojan horses
Install a personalfirewall program
If the antivirus program flags an e-mail attachment as infected, delete the
attachmentimmediately
removable media inserted
expecting it and it is from a trusted
source
your computers
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Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks
What are a denial of service attack, back door andspoofing?
A denial of service (DOS) attackis an assault which disrupts computer access
to an Internet service such as the Web or e-mail
A back door is a program or set of instructionsin a program that allow users to bypass
security controls when accessing a computerresource
Spoofingis a technique intruders use to maketheir network or Internet transmission
appear legitimate to a victim computer ornetwork (email spoofing)
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Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks
What is a firewall ?� Security system consisting of hardware and/or
software that prevents unauthorized intrusion
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Internet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network AttacksInternet and Network Attacks
What is a personal firewall?� Program that protects personal computer and its data
from unauthorized intrusions� Monitors transmissions to and from computer� Informs you of attempted intrusion
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Unauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and Use
How can companies protect against hackers?
Intrusion detection softwareIntrusion detection softwareanalyzes network traffic, assesses analyzes network traffic, assesses
system vulnerabilities, and identifies system vulnerabilities, and identifies intrusions and suspicious behaviorintrusions and suspicious behavior
Access controlAccess controldefines who defines who can access computer and can access computer and
what actions they can takewhat actions they can take
Audit trailAudit trail records access records access attempts attempts ––successful & successful & unsuccessful attemptsunsuccessful attempts
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Unauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and Use
What are other ways to protect your personal computer?� Disable file and
printer sharing on Internet connection
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Unauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and Use
What is a user name?� Unique combination of characters that identifies user� Passwordis private
combination of characters associated with the user name with the user name that allows access to computer resources
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Unauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and Use
How can you make your password more secure?� Longer passwords provide greater security
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Unauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and Use
What is a possessed object?� Item that you must carry to gain access to
computer or facility� Often used with
numeric password called personal called personal identification number (PIN)
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Unauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and UseUnauthorized Access and Use
What is a biometric device?� Authenticates person’s
identity using personal characteristic� Fingerprint, hand geometry,
voice, signature, and irisvoice, signature, and iris
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Hardware Theft and VandalismHardware Theft and VandalismHardware Theft and VandalismHardware Theft and Vandalism
What are hardware theft and hardware vandalism?� Hardware theft is act of stealing
computer equipment� Cables sometimes used to lock
equipment
� Some notebook computers use passwords, possessed objects, and passwords, possessed objects, and biometrics as security methods
� For PDAs and smart phones, you can password-protect the device
� Hardware vandalism is act of defacing or destroying computer equipment
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Software TheftSoftware TheftSoftware TheftSoftware Theft
What is software theft?
Act of stealing or Act of stealing or illegally stealingillegally stealing
software, copying software, copying software or software or
Software Software piracypiracyis illegal is illegal duplication duplication of copyrighted of copyrighted
intentionally intentionally erasing erasing
programsprograms
softwaresoftware
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Software TheftSoftware TheftSoftware TheftSoftware Theft
What is a license agreement?� Right to use software� Single-user license agreement allows user to install software
on one computer, make backup copy, and sell software after removing from computer
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Software TheftSoftware TheftSoftware TheftSoftware Theft
What are some other safeguards against software theft?
Product activationProduct activation allows user to input allows user to input product identification number online or by product identification number online or by
phone and receive unique installation phone and receive unique installation identification numberidentification number
Business Software Alliance (BSA)Business Software Alliance (BSA)promotes promotes better understanding of software piracy better understanding of software piracy
problemsproblems
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Information TheftInformation TheftInformation TheftInformation Theft
What is encryption?� Safeguards against information theft� Process of converting plaintext (readable data) into ciphertext
(unreadable characters)� Encryption key (formula) often uses more than one method� To read the data, the recipient must decrypt, or decipher, the data
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Secure siteSecure siteis Web site that uses encryption
Information TheftInformation TheftInformation TheftInformation Theft
How do Web browsers provide secure data transmission?
Many Web browsers is Web site that uses encryption to secure data
Many Web browsers use encryption
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Information TheftInformation TheftInformation TheftInformation Theft
What is a certificate authority (CA)?� Authorized person
or company that issues and verifies digital certificates
� Users apply for � Users apply for digital certificate from CA
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Information TheftInformation TheftInformation TheftInformation Theft
What is Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)?� Provides encryption of all data that passes between
client and Internet server� Web addresses beginning
with “https” indicate secure connectionssecure connections
� Both client & server must have digital certificate
� Available in both 40-bit and 128-bit encryption
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Information TheftInformation TheftInformation TheftInformation Theft
What is Secure HTTP (S-HTTP)?� Allows users to choose an encryption scheme for data
that passes between a client & a server� More difficult than SSL but more secure
� Used by applications that need authenticity verification of client – e.g. online bankingof client – e.g. online banking
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Information TheftInformation TheftInformation TheftInformation Theft
What is Virtual Private Network (VPN)?� Mobile users today often access their company
network through VPN� For mobile users to connect to a main office using a
standard Internet connection
� Provides a secure connection to company network � Provides a secure connection to company network server, as if the user has a private line
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System FailureSystem FailureSystem FailureSystem Failure
What is a system failure?
Can cause loss of hardware, Can cause loss of hardware, software, or datasoftware, or data
Prolonged malfunction Prolonged malfunction of computerof computer
Undervoltage—drop in electrical supply
Overvoltageor power surge—
significant increase in electrical power
Noise—unwanted electrical signal
Caused by aging hardware, Caused by aging hardware, natural disasters, or electrical natural disasters, or electrical
power disturbancespower disturbances
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System FailureSystem FailureSystem FailureSystem Failure
What is a surge protector?� Protects computer and
equipment from electrical power disturbances
� Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)is surge protector that (UPS)is surge protector that provides power during power loss
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Backing Up Backing Up Backing Up Backing Up ———— The Ultimate SafeguardThe Ultimate SafeguardThe Ultimate SafeguardThe Ultimate Safeguard
What is a backup?
Duplicate of file, program, or disk
Full backupFull backupall files in
Full backupFull backupall files in
Selective backupSelective backupselect which files Selective backupSelective backupselect which files
ThreeThree--generation generation backupbackup
preserves
ThreeThree--generation generation backupbackup
preserves all files in computerall files in computer
select which files to back up
select which files to back up
preserves three copies of important files
preserves three copies of important files
In case of system failure or corrupted files, restorerestorefiles by copying to original location
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Wireless SecurityWireless SecurityWireless SecurityWireless Security
How can I ensure my wireless communication is secure?Secure your wireless access point (WAP)
� WAP should not broadcast your network name� Wireless security standards:
� Enable Wired Equivalent Privacy � Enable Wired Equivalent Privacy � Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) � 802.11i
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Ethics and SocietyEthics and SocietyEthics and SocietyEthics and Society
What are computer ethics?
Software theftSoftware theft Information accuracyInformation accuracyUnauthorized use of
computers and networks
Unauthorized use of computers and
networks
Moral guidelines that govern use of computers and information systemsMoral guidelines that govern use of computers and information systems
Information privacyInformation privacy
Intellectual property rights—rights to which creators are entitled for
their work
Intellectual property rights—rights to which creators are entitled for
their work
Codes of conductCodes of conduct
networksnetworks
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Ethics and SocietyEthics and SocietyEthics and SocietyEthics and Society
What is an IT code of conduct?� Written guideline
that helps determine whether computer action is ethicalethical
� Employers can distribute to employees
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
What is information privacy ?
Difficult to maintain today
Right of individuals and companies to deny or restrict
collection and use of information about them
Legal for employers to use monitoring software programs
Difficult to maintain today because data is stored online
Employee monitoringis using computers to observe employee
computer use
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
What are some ways to safeguard personal information?
Fill in only necessary informationon rebate, warranty, and
registration forms
Avoid shopping club and buyers cards
Install a cookie manager to filter cookies
Clear your history file when you are finished browsing
Set up a free e-mail account;
Sign up for e-mail filtering through your
Internet service provider or use an antispam program,
such as Brightmail
Inform merchants that you do not want them to distribute
your personal information
Limit the amount of information you provide to Web sites; fill in only required information
Set up a free e-mail account; use this e-mail address for
merchant forms
Turn off file and print sharing on your Internet connection
Install a personal firewall
Do not reply to spam for any reason
Surf the Web anonymously with a program such as Freedom Web Secure or through an anonymous
Web site such as Anonymizer.com
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
What is an electronic profile?� Data collected when you fill out form on Web� Merchants sell
your electronic profile
� Often you can � Often you can specify whether you want personal information distributed
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
What is a cookie?
Set browser to accept cookies, prompt you to accept cookies,
or disable
Some Web sites sell or trade information
stored in your
Small file on your computer that contains
data about you
User preferences
or disable cookies
stored in your cookies
data about you
Interests and
browsing habits
How regularly you visit Web sites
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
How do cookies work?
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
What are spyware, adware, and spam?� Spywareis program
placed on computer without user’s knowledge
� Adware is a program� Adware is a programthat displays onlineadvertisements
� Spamis unsolicited e-mail message sent to many recipients
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
How can you control spam?
Collects spam incentral location
that you can view any time
Service that blocks e-mail
messages from designated
EE--mail filteringmail filtering
view any timedesignated
sources
Sometimes removes valid
e-mail messages
Attempts to remove spam
AntiAnti--spam programspam program
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
What is phishing?
Scam in which a perpetratorsends an official lookingsends an official looking
e-mail that attemptsto obtain your personal and
financial information
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
What privacy laws have been enacted?
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
What privacy laws have been enacted? (cont’d)
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
What is content filtering?� Process of restricting access to certain material� Internet Content Rating
Association (ICRA)provides rating system of Web contentof Web content
� Web filtering softwarerestricts access to specified sites
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Information PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation PrivacyInformation Privacy
What is computer forensics?� Also called digital forensics, network forensics, or
cyberforensics� Discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence
found on computers and networks� Computer forensic analysts must have knowledge � Computer forensic analysts must have knowledge
of the law, technical experience, communication skills, and willingness to learn
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Computer vision syndrome Computer vision syndrome (CVS)(CVS) ——eye and vision eye and vision
problemsproblems
Computer vision syndrome Computer vision syndrome (CVS)(CVS) ——eye and vision eye and vision
problemsproblems
Health Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer Use
What are some health concerns of computer use?
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)——inflammation of nerve that inflammation of nerve that
connects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palm
Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS)——inflammation of nerve that inflammation of nerve that
connects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palm
Repetitive strain injury (RSI)Repetitive strain injury (RSI)Repetitive strain injury (RSI)Repetitive strain injury (RSI)
Computer addictionComputer addiction —— when when computer consumes entire computer consumes entire
social lifesocial life
Computer addictionComputer addiction —— when when computer consumes entire computer consumes entire
social lifesocial life
TendonitisTendonitis —— inflammation of inflammation of tendon due to repeated motiontendon due to repeated motionTendonitisTendonitis —— inflammation of inflammation of tendon due to repeated motiontendon due to repeated motion
connects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palmconnects forearm to palm
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Health Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer Use
What precautions can prevent tendonitis or carpal tunnel syndrome?� Spread fingers apart for several seconds while keeping
wrists straight� Gently push back fingers and
then thumbthen thumb� Dangle arms
loosely at sides and then shake arms and hands
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Health Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer Use
How can you ease eyestrain when working at the computer?
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Health Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer Use
What is ergonomics?� Applied science devoted to comfort, efficiency, and
safety in workplace
keyboard height: 23” to 28”
elbows at 90°and arms and hands parallel to floor
feet flat on floor
adjustable height chair with 4 or 5 legs for stability
adjustable seat
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Health Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer UseHealth Concerns of Computer Use
What is green computing?� Reducing electricity and environmental waste while
using computer
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Summary of Computer Security, Ethics and PrivacySummary of Computer Security, Ethics and PrivacySummary of Computer Security, Ethics and PrivacySummary of Computer Security, Ethics and Privacy
Potential computer risksPotential computer risks
Safeguards that schools, business, and individuals can
implement to minimize these risks
Safeguards that schools, business, and individuals can
implement to minimize these risks
Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy, intellectual property rights, codes
of conduct, and information privacy
Ethical issues surrounding information accuracy, intellectual property rights, codes
of conduct, and information privacy
implement to minimize these risksimplement to minimize these risks
Wireless security risks and safeguardsWireless security risks and safeguards
Computer-related health issues, their preventions, and ways to keep the environment healthy
Computer-related health issues, their preventions, and ways to keep the environment healthy
Chapter 8 Complete