CS4705PartofSpeechtagging

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1 Some slides adapted from: Dan Jurafsky, Julia Hirschberg, Jim Martin

Announcements• Readingfortoday:• Readingfornext0me:• Weareturningtosyntax.Today:part-of-speechtagging

• Homework2isout

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Gardenpathsentences• Theolddogthefootstepsoftheyoung.

• Thehorseracedpastthebarnfell.

• Theco5onclothingismadeofgrowsinMississippi.

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GardenpathsentencesN• Theolddog|thefootstepsoftheyoung.

• Thehorseracedpastthebarnfell.

• Theco5onclothingismadeofgrowsinMississippi. 4

GardenpathsentencesV• Theolddog|thefootstepsoftheyoung.

• Thehorseracedpastthebarnfell.

• Theco5onclothingismadeofgrowsinMississippi. 5

Gardenpathsentences• Theolddogthefootstepsoftheyoung.

VBD• Thehorseracedpastthebarn|fell.

• Theco5onclothingismadeofgrowsinMississippi. 6

Gardenpathsentences• Theolddogthefootstepsoftheyoung.

VBNVBD• Thehorseracedpastthebarn|fell.

• Theco5onclothingismadeofgrowsinMississippi. 7

Gardenpathsentences• Theolddogthefootstepsoftheyoung.

• Thehorseracedpastthebarnfell.

• Theco5onclothingismadeofgrowsinMississippi.

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Whatisawordclass?• Wordsthatsomehow‘behave’alike:

• Appearinsimilarcontexts• Performsimilarfunc0onsinsentences• Undergosimilartransforma0ons

• 9(orso)tradi0onalpartsofspeech• Noun,verb,adjec0ve,preposi0on,adverb,ar0cle,interjec0on,pronoun,conjunc0on,

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POSexamples• N nounchair,bandwidth,pacing• V verb study,debate,munch• ADJadjec0ve purple,tall,ridiculous• ADVadverb unfortunately,slowly,• P preposi0onof,by,to• PROpronoun I,me,mine• DETdeterminer the,a,that,those

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POSTagging:DeDinition• Theprocessofassigningapart-of-speechorlexicalclassmarkertoeachwordinacorpus:

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the koala put the keys on the table

WORDS TAGS

N V P DET

WhatisPOStagginggoodfor?•  IsthefirststepofavastnumberofCompLingtasks•  Speechsynthesis:

•  Howtopronounce“lead”?•  INsult inSULT•  OBject obJECT•  OVERflow overFLOW•  DIScount disCOUNT•  CONtent conTENT

•  Parsing•  NeedtoknowifawordisanNorVbeforeyoucanparse

• Wordpredic0oninspeechrecogni0on•  Possessivepronouns(my,your,her)followedbynouns•  Personalpronouns(I,you,he)likelytobefollowedbyverbs

•  MachineTransla0on

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Openandclosedclasswords• Closedclass:arela0velyfixedmembership

•  Preposi0ons:of,in,by,…•  Auxiliaries:may,can,willhad,been,…•  Pronouns:I,you,she,mine,his,them,…•  Usuallyfunc0onwords(shortcommonwordswhichplayaroleingrammar)

• Openclass:newonescanbecreatedallthe0me•  Englishhas4:Nouns,Verbs,Adjec0ves,Adverbs•  Manylanguageshaveall4,butnotall!•  InLakhotaandpossiblyChinese,whatEnglishtreatsasadjec0vesactmorelikeverbs. 17

Openclasswords•  Nouns

•  Propernouns(ColumbiaUniversity,NewYorkCity,ElsbethTurcan,MetropolitanTransitCenter).Englishcapitalizesthese.

•  Commonnouns(therest).Germancapitalizesthese.•  Countnounsandmassnouns

•  Count:haveplurals,getcounted:goat/goats,onegoat,twogoats•  Mass:don’tgetcounted(fish,salt,communism)(*twofishes)

•  Adverbs:tendtomodifyac0onsorpredicates•  Unfortunately,Johnwalkedhomeextremelyslowlyyesterday•  Direc0onal/loca0veadverbs(here,home,downhill)•  Degreeadverbs(extremely,very,somewhat)•  Manneradverbs(slowly,slinkily,delicately)

•  Verbs:•  InEnglish,havemorphologicalaffixes(eat/eats/eaten)•  Ac0ons(walk,ate)andstates(be,exude)

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• Manysubclasses,e.g.•  eats/V⇒eat/VB,eat/VBP,eats/VBZ,ate/VBD,eaten/VBN,ea0ng/VBG,...

• Reflectmorphologicalform&syntac0cfunc0on

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Howdowedecidewhichwordsgoinwhichclasses?

• Nounsdenotepeople,placesandthingsandcanbeprecededbyar0cles?But…

Mytypingisverybad.*TheMarylovesJohn.

• Verbsareusedtorefertoac0ons,processes,states•  ButsomeareclosedclassandsomeareopenIwillhaveemailedeveryonebynoon.• Adverbsmodifyac0ons•  IsMondayatemporaladverboranoun?

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DeterminingPart-of-Speech• Ablueseat/Achildseat:nounoradj?

• Sometests•  Syntac0c

•  Ablueseat Achildseat•  Averyblueseat *Averychildseat•  Thisseatisblue *Thisseatischild

• Morphological•  Bluer *childer

• Blueisanadjec0ve,butchildisanoun 22

DeterminingPart-of-Speech• Preposi0onorpar0cle?A.  Hethrewoutthegarbage.B.  Hethrewthegarbageoutthedoor.

C.  HethrewthegarbageoutD.  *Hethrewthegarbagethedoorout.

• outinAisapar0cle,inBisapreposi0on 23

ClosedClassWords• Idiosyncra0c• Closedclasswords(Prep,Det,Pron,Conj,Aux,Part,Num)areeasier,sincewecanenumeratethem….but• Partvs.Prep

•  Georgeeatsuphisdinner/Georgeeatshisdinnerup.

•  Georgeeatsupthestreet/*Georgeeatsthestreetup.

• Ar0clescomein2flavors:definite(the)andindefinite(a,an)

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POStagging:Choosingatagset•  TodoPOStagging,needtochooseastandardsetoftagstoworkwith

• Couldpickverycoarsetagsets•  N,V,Adj,Adv.

• BrownCorpus(Francis&Kucera‘82),1Mwords,87tags

• PennTreebank:hand-annotatedcorpusofWallStreetJournal,1Mwords,45-46tags•  Commonlyused•  setisfinergrained,

•  Evenmorefine-grainedtagsetsexist25

PennTreeBankPOSTagset

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UsingtheUPenntagset• The/DTgrand/JJjury/NNcommmented/VBDon/INa/DTnumber/NNof/INother/JJtopics/NNS./.

• Preposi0onsandsubordina0ngconjunc0onsmarkedIN(“although/INI/PRP..”)

• Exceptthepreposi0on/complemen0zer“to”isjustmarked“to”.

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POSTagging• WordsoqenhavemorethanonePOS:back•  Thebackdoor=JJ• Onmyback=NN• Winthevotersback=RB• Promisedtobackthebill=VB

• ThePOStaggingproblemistodeterminethePOStagforapar0cularinstanceofaword. 28

These examples from Dekang Lin

HowdoweassignPOStagstowordsinasentence?WhatinformationdoyouthinkwecouldusetoassignPOSinthefollowingsentences?

•  Timeflieslikeanarrow.•  Time/[V,N]flies/[V,N]like/[V,Prep]an/Detarrow/N

•  Time/Nflies/Vlike/Prepan/Detarrow/N•  Fruit/Nflies/Nlike/Va/DETbanana/N•  Fruit/Nflies/Vlike/Prepa/DETbanana/N•  The/Detflies/Nlike/Va/DETbanana/N 29

HowhardisPOStagging?Measuringambiguity

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Canyouthinkofsevensentenceswhereineachone“well”isusedwithadifferentpartofspeech?

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PotentialSourcesofDisambiguation• ManywordshaveonlyonePOStag(e.g.is,Mary,very,smallest)

• Othershaveasinglemostlikelytag(e.g.a,dog)• Buttagsalsotendtoco-occurregularlywithothertags(e.g.Det,N)

•  Inaddi0ontocondi0onalprobabili0esofwordsP(w1|wn-1),wecanlookatPOSlikelihoodsP(t1|tn-1)todisambiguatesentencesandtoassesssentencelikelihoods

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HiddenMarkovModelTagging• UsinganHMMtodoPOStagging

• AspecialcaseofBayesianinference

• Relatedtothe“noisychannel”modelusedinMT,ASRandotherapplica0ons

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POStaggingasasequenceclassiDicationtask• Wearegivenasentence(an“observa0on”or“sequenceofobserva0ons”)•  Secretariatisexpectedtoracetomorrow

• Whatisthebestsequenceoftagswhichcorrespondstothissequenceofobserva0ons?

•  Probabilis0cview:•  Considerallpossiblesequencesoftags•  Choosethetagsequencewhichismostprobablegiventheobserva0onsequenceofnwordsw1…wn.

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GettingtoHMM•  Outofallsequencesofntagst1…tnwantthesingletagsequencesuchthatP(t1…tn|w1…wn)ishighest.

•  Hat^means“oures0mateofthebestone”

•  Argmaxxf(x)means“thexsuchthatf(x)ismaximized”

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GettingtoHMM• Thisequa0onisguaranteedtogiveusthebesttagsequence

• Intui0onofBayesianclassifica0on:

• UseBayesruletotransformintoasetofotherprobabili0esthatareeasiertocompute

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UsingBayesRule

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Likelihoodandprior

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Twokindsofprobabilities(1)• Tagtransi0onprobabili0esp(ti|ti-1)

• Determinerslikelytoprecedeadjsandnouns•  That/DTflight/NN•  The/DTyellow/JJhat/NN•  SoweexpectP(NN|DT)andP(JJ|DT)tobehigh•  ButP(DT|JJ)tobe:

• ComputeP(NN|DT)bycoun0nginalabeledcorpus:

Twokindsofprobabilities(2)• Wordlikelihoodprobabili0esp(wi|ti)

• VBZ(3sgPresverb)likelytobe“is”• ComputeP(is|VBZ)bycoun0nginalabeledcorpus:

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AnExample:theverb“race”

• Secretariat/NNPis/VBZexpected/VBNto/TOrace/VBtomorrow/NR

• People/NNScon0nue/VBto/TOinquire/VBthe/DTreason/NNfor/INthe/DTrace/NNfor/INouter/JJspace/NN

• Howdowepicktherighttag?

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Disambiguating“race”

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•  P(NN|TO)=.00047•  P(VB|TO)=.83•  P(race|NN)=.00057•  P(race|VB)=.00012•  P(NR|VB)=.0027•  P(NR|NN)=.0012•  P(VB|TO)P(NR|VB)P(race|VB)=.00000027•  P(NN|TO)P(NR|NN)P(race|NN)=.00000000032•  Sowe(correctly)choosetheverbreading,

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SummaryPartsofspeech•  What’sPOStagginggoodforanyhow?•  Tagsets•  Sta0s0csandPOStagging•  Next0me:

•  HMMTagging

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Homework2

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